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Ramos-Mondragón R, Lozhkin A, Vendrov AE, Runge MS, Isom LL, Madamanchi NR. NADPH Oxidases and Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Atrial Fibrillation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1833. [PMID: 37891912 PMCID: PMC10604902 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12101833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common type of cardiac arrhythmia and its prevalence increases with age. The irregular and rapid contraction of the atria can lead to ineffective blood pumping, local blood stasis, blood clots, ischemic stroke, and heart failure. NADPH oxidases (NOX) and mitochondria are the main sources of reactive oxygen species in the heart, and dysregulated activation of NOX and mitochondrial dysfunction are associated with AF pathogenesis. NOX- and mitochondria-derived oxidative stress contribute to the onset of paroxysmal AF by inducing electrophysiological changes in atrial myocytes and structural remodeling in the atria. Because high atrial activity causes cardiac myocytes to expend extremely high energy to maintain excitation-contraction coupling during persistent AF, mitochondria, the primary energy source, undergo metabolic stress, affecting their morphology, Ca2+ handling, and ATP generation. In this review, we discuss the role of oxidative stress in activating AF-triggered activities, regulating intracellular Ca2+ handling, and functional and anatomical reentry mechanisms, all of which are associated with AF initiation, perpetuation, and progression. Changes in the extracellular matrix, inflammation, ion channel expression and function, myofibril structure, and mitochondrial function occur during the early transitional stages of AF, opening a window of opportunity to target NOX and mitochondria-derived oxidative stress using isoform-specific NOX inhibitors and mitochondrial ROS scavengers, as well as drugs that improve mitochondrial dynamics and metabolism to treat persistent AF and its transition to permanent AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Ramos-Mondragón
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, 2301 Medical Science Research Building III, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (R.R.-M.); (L.L.I.)
| | - Andrey Lozhkin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48019, USA; (A.L.); (A.E.V.); (M.S.R.)
| | - Aleksandr E. Vendrov
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48019, USA; (A.L.); (A.E.V.); (M.S.R.)
| | - Marschall S. Runge
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48019, USA; (A.L.); (A.E.V.); (M.S.R.)
| | - Lori L. Isom
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, 2301 Medical Science Research Building III, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (R.R.-M.); (L.L.I.)
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nageswara R. Madamanchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48019, USA; (A.L.); (A.E.V.); (M.S.R.)
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Childress ES, Alexopoulos SJ, Hoehn KL, Santos WL. Small Molecule Mitochondrial Uncouplers and Their Therapeutic Potential. J Med Chem 2017; 61:4641-4655. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S. Childress
- Department of Chemistry and Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Stephanie J. Alexopoulos
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2033, Australia
| | - Kyle L. Hoehn
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2033, Australia
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, and Emily Couric Clinical Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - Webster L. Santos
- Department of Chemistry and Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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Valli H, Ahmad S, Chadda KR, Al-Hadithi ABAK, Grace AA, Jeevaratnam K, Huang CLH. Age-dependent atrial arrhythmic phenotype secondary to mitochondrial dysfunction in Pgc-1β deficient murine hearts. Mech Ageing Dev 2017; 167:30-45. [PMID: 28919427 PMCID: PMC5652526 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ageing and several age-related chronic conditions including obesity, insulin resistance and hypertension are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and represent independent risk factors for atrial fibrillation (AF). MATERIALS AND METHODS Atrial arrhythmogenesis was investigated in Langendorff-perfused young (3-4 month) and aged (>12 month), wild type (WT) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ coactivator-1β deficient (Pgc-1β-/-) murine hearts modeling age-dependent chronic mitochondrial dysfunction during regular pacing and programmed electrical stimulation (PES). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The Pgc-1β-/- genotype was associated with a pro-arrhythmic phenotype progressing with age. Young and aged Pgc-1β-/- hearts showed compromised maximum action potential (AP) depolarization rates, (dV/dt)max, prolonged AP latencies reflecting slowed action potential (AP) conduction, similar effective refractory periods and baseline action potential durations (APD90) but shortened APD90 in APs in response to extrasystolic stimuli at short stimulation intervals. Electrical properties of APs triggering arrhythmia were similar in WT and Pgc-1β-/- hearts. Pgc-1β-/- hearts showed accelerated age-dependent fibrotic change relative to WT, with young Pgc-1β-/- hearts displaying similar fibrotic change as aged WT, and aged Pgc-1β-/- hearts the greatest fibrotic change. Mitochondrial deficits thus result in an arrhythmic substrate, through slowed AP conduction and altered repolarisation characteristics, arising from alterations in electrophysiological properties and accelerated structural change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haseeb Valli
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, United Kingdom
| | - Shiraz Ahmad
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, United Kingdom
| | - Karan R Chadda
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, United Kingdom; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, GU2 7AL, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Ali B A K Al-Hadithi
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew A Grace
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Kamalan Jeevaratnam
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, United Kingdom; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, GU2 7AL, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom; PU-RCSI School of Medicine, Perdana University, 43400, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Christopher L-H Huang
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, United Kingdom.
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Kanaporis G, Treinys R, Fischmeister R, Jurevičius J. Metabolic inhibition reduces cardiac L-type Ca2+ channel current due to acidification caused by ATP hydrolysis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184246. [PMID: 28859158 PMCID: PMC5578678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic stress evoked by myocardial ischemia leads to impairment of cardiac excitation and contractility. We studied the mechanisms by which metabolic inhibition affects the activity of L-type Ca2+ channels (LTCCs) in frog ventricular myocytes. Metabolic inhibition induced by the protonophore FCCP (as well as by 2,4- dinitrophenol, sodium azide or antimycin A) resulted in a dose-dependent reduction of LTCC current (ICa,L) which was more pronounced during β-adrenergic stimulation with isoprenaline. ICa,L was still reduced by metabolic inhibition even in the presence of 3 mM intracellular ATP, or when the cell was dialysed with cAMP or ATP-γ-S to induce irreversible thiophosphorylation of LTCCs, indicating that reduction in ICa,L is not due to ATP depletion and/or reduced phosphorylation of the channels. However, the effect of metabolic inhibition on ICa,L was strongly attenuated when the mitochondrial F1F0-ATP-synthase was blocked by oligomycin or when the cells were dialysed with the non-hydrolysable ATP analogue AMP-PCP. Moreover, increasing the intracellular pH buffering capacity or intracellular dialysis of the myocytes with an alkaline solution strongly attenuated the inhibitory effect of FCCP on ICa,L. Thus, our data demonstrate that metabolic inhibition leads to excessive ATP hydrolysis by the mitochondrial F1F0-ATP-synthase operating in the reverse mode and this results in intracellular acidosis causing the suppression of ICa,L. Limiting ATP break-down by F1F0-ATP-synthase and the consecutive development of intracellular acidosis might thus represent a potential therapeutic approach for maintaining a normal cardiac function during ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giedrius Kanaporis
- Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rimantas Treinys
- Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rodolphe Fischmeister
- INSERM UMR-S 1180, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Jonas Jurevičius
- Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Gordan R, Fefelova N, Gwathmey JK, Xie LH. Involvement of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) in cardiac arrhythmias: Evidence from cyclophilin D knockout mice. Cell Calcium 2016; 60:363-372. [PMID: 27616659 PMCID: PMC5127715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we have used a genetic mouse model that lacks cyclophilin D (CypD KO) to assess the cardioprotective effect of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) inhibition on Ca2+ waves and Ca2+ alternans at the single cell level, and cardiac arrhythmias in whole-heart preparations. The protonophore carbonyl cyanide p-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone (FCCP) caused mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization to the same extent in cardiomyocytes from both WT and CypD KO mice, however, cardiomyocytes from CypD KO mice exhibited significantly less mPTP opening than cardiomyocytes from WT mice (p<0.05). Consistent with these results, FCCP caused significant increases in CaW rate in WT cardiomyocytes (p<0.05) but not in CypD KO cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, the incidence of Ca2+ alternans after treatment with FCCP and programmed stimulation was significantly higher in WT cardiomyocytes (11 of 13), than in WT cardiomyocytes treated with CsA (2 of 8; p<0.05) or CypD KO cardiomyocytes (2 of 10; p<0.01). (Pseudo-)Lead II ECGs were recorded from ex vivo hearts. We observed ST-T-wave alternans (a precursor of lethal arrhythmias) in 5 of 7 WT hearts. ST-T-wave alternans was not seen in CypD KO hearts (n=5) and in only 1 of 6 WT hearts treated with CsA. Consistent with these results, WT hearts exhibited a significantly higher average arrhythmia score than CypD KO (p<0.01) hearts subjected to FCCP treatment or chemical ischemia-reperfusion (p<0.01). In conclusion, CypD deficiency- induced mPTP inhibition attenuates CaWs and Ca2+ alternans during mitochondrial depolarization, and thereby protects against arrhythmogenesis in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Gordan
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Nadezhda Fefelova
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Judith K Gwathmey
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Lai-Hua Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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Sedmera D, Kockova R, Vostarek F, Raddatz E. Arrhythmias in the developing heart. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 213:303-20. [PMID: 25363044 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Prevalence of cardiac arrhythmias increases gradually with age; however, specific rhythm disturbances can appear even prior to birth and markedly affect foetal development. Relatively little is known about these disorders, chiefly because of their relative rarity and difficulty in diagnosis. In this review, we cover the most common forms found in human pathology, specifically congenital heart block, pre-excitation, extrasystoles and long QT syndrome. In addition, we cover pertinent literature data from prenatal animal models, providing a glimpse into pathogenesis of arrhythmias and possible strategies for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Sedmera
- Institute of Anatomy; First Faculty of Medicine; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
- Institute of Physiology; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - R. Kockova
- Institute of Physiology; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
- Department of Cardiology; Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Prague Czech Republic
| | - F. Vostarek
- Institute of Physiology; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - E. Raddatz
- Department of Physiology; Faculty of Biology and Medicine; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
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Wolf AR, Humphry AT. Limitations and vulnerabilities of the neonatal cardiovascular system: considerations for anesthetic management. Paediatr Anaesth 2014; 24:5-9. [PMID: 24330443 DOI: 10.1111/pan.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Development of the cardiovascular system through the last trimester of pregnancy and the subsequent neonatal period is profound. Morphological changes within the myocardium make the heart vulnerable to challenges such as fluid shifts and anesthetic drugs. The sensitivity of the myocardium to metabolic challenges and potential harm of drugs needed to maintain adequate blood pressure and cardiac output are highlighted. Traditional monitoring under anesthesia has focussed on maintaining oxygenation and heart rate in the neonate with less attention paid to blood pressure, cardiac output, and more importantly organ well-being. There is now a better understanding of the limitations of blood pressure homeostasis in the neonate and the potential consequences of marginal hypoperfusion. This article highlights some of these vulnerabilities particularly as they relate to anesthesia and surgery in the very young.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Wolf
- Department of Paediatric Intensive Care, Bristol Royal Children's Hospital, Bristol, UK; Department of Paediatric Anaesthesia, Bristol Royal Children's Hospital, Bristol, UK
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Zhao Z, Gordan R, Wen H, Fefelova N, Zang WJ, Xie LH. Modulation of intracellular calcium waves and triggered activities by mitochondrial ca flux in mouse cardiomyocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80574. [PMID: 24348912 PMCID: PMC3857829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that mitochondria may play important roles in the Ca(2+) homeostasis of cardiac myocytes. However, it is still unclear if mitochondrial Ca(2+) flux can regulate the generation of Ca(2+) waves (CaWs) and triggered activities in cardiac myocytes. In the present study, intracellular/cytosolic Ca(2+) (Cai (2+)) was imaged in Fluo-4-AM loaded mouse ventricular myocytes. Spontaneous sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+) release and CaWs were induced in the presence of high (4 mM) external Ca(2+) (Cao (2+)). The protonophore carbonyl cyanide p-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone (FCCP) reversibly raised basal Cai (2+) levels even after depletion of SR Ca(2+) in the absence of Cao (2+) , suggesting Ca(2+) release from mitochondria. FCCP at 0.01 - 0.1 µM partially depolarized the mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ m ) and increased the frequency and amplitude of CaWs in a dose-dependent manner. Simultaneous recording of cell membrane potentials showed the augmentation of delayed afterdepolarization amplitudes and frequencies, and induction of triggered action potentials. The effect of FCCP on CaWs was mimicked by antimycin A (an electron transport chain inhibitor disrupting Δψ m ) or Ru360 (a mitochondrial Ca(2+) uniporter inhibitor), but not by oligomycin (an ATP synthase inhibitor) or iodoacetic acid (a glycolytic inhibitor), excluding the contribution of intracellular ATP levels. The effects of FCCP on CaWs were counteracted by the mitochondrial permeability transition pore blocker cyclosporine A, or the mitochondrial Ca(2+) uniporter activator kaempferol. Our results suggest that mitochondrial Ca(2+) release and uptake exquisitely control the local Ca(2+) level in the micro-domain near SR ryanodine receptors and play an important role in regulation of intracellular CaWs and arrhythmogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Richard Gordan
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Hairuo Wen
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Reproductive and Genetic Toxicology, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Nadezhda Fefelova
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Wei-Jin Zang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lai-Hua Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
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Mitochondrial targets for arrhythmia suppression: is there a role for pharmacological intervention? J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2013; 37:249-58. [PMID: 23824789 DOI: 10.1007/s10840-013-9809-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of common cardiovascular disorders, including ischemia-reperfusion injury, hypertrophy, heart failure, and diabetes mellitus. While the role of the mitochondrial network in regulating energy production and cell death pathways is well established, its active control of other critical cellular functions, including excitation-contraction coupling and excitability, is less understood. The purpose of this focused review article is to highlight the growing mechanistic link between mitochondrial dysfunction and arrhythmogenesis. The goal is not to provide a comprehensive listing of all factors by which mitochondrial bioenergetics and altered cellular redox status affect ion channel function but rather to focus on one central mechanism of arrhythmogenesis which arises from a mitochondrial origin. In doing so, we discuss the role of mitochondrial targets for suppressing arrhythmias through this mechanism.
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10
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Akar FG, O'Rourke B. Mitochondria are sources of metabolic sink and arrhythmias. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 131:287-94. [PMID: 21513732 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria have long been recognized for their central role in energy transduction and apoptosis. More recently, extensive work in multiple laboratories around the world has significantly extended the role of cardiac mitochondria from relatively static arbitrators of cell death and survival pathways to highly dynamic organelles that form interactive functional networks across cardiomyocytes. These coupled networks were shown to strongly affect cardiomyocyte responses to oxidative stress by modulating cell signaling pathways that strongly impact physiological properties. Of particular importance is the role of mitochondria in modulating key electrophysiological and calcium cycling properties in cardiomyocytes, either directly through activation of a myriad of mitochondrial ion channels or indirectly by affecting cell signaling cascades, ATP levels, and the over-all redox state of the cardiomyocyte. This important recognition has ushered a renewed interest in understanding, at a more fundamental level, the exact role that cardiac metabolism, in general and mitochondria, in particular, play in both health and disease. In this article, we provide an overview of recent advances in our growing understanding of the fundamental role that cardiac mitochondria play in the genesis of lethal arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi G Akar
- Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Illaste A, Kalda M, Schryer DW, Sepp M. Life of mice - development of cardiac energetics. J Physiol 2010; 588:4617-9. [PMID: 20937714 PMCID: PMC3010130 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.199901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ardo Illaste
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Cybernetics at Tallinn, University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia.
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To MS, Aromataris EC, Castro J, Roberts ML, Barritt GJ, Rychkov GY. Mitochondrial uncoupler FCCP activates proton conductance but does not block store-operated Ca2+ current in liver cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 495:152-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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