1
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Niemietz I, Brown KL. Hyaluronan promotes intracellular ROS production and apoptosis in TNFα-stimulated neutrophils. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1032469. [PMID: 36814915 PMCID: PMC9939446 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1032469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hyaluronan (HA) is an important structural component of the extracellular matrix and has well-described roles in maintaining tissue integrity and homeostasis. With inflammation, HA metabolism (synthesis and degradation) increases and results in higher concentrations of soluble HA. Previously, we demonstrated that (soluble) HA primed resting neutrophils for the oxidative burst in response to a secondary stimulus. Notably, HA-mediated priming was not dependent on degranulation, which is a hallmark of priming by classical agents such as TNFα. In this study, we queried the ability of HA to prime neutrophils to different stimuli and its capacity to modulate neutrophil function in the presence of TNFα. Methods Blood neutrophils from healthy donors were stimulated ex vivo with HA in the absence and presence of classic neutrophil agonists, inclusive of TNFα. Western blotting was used to assess the activation (phosphorylation) of p38 MAPK, and key neutrophil functions associated with priming and activation, such as intracellular and extracellular ROS production, degranulation, and apoptosis, were evaluated by standard chemiluminescence assays (ROS) and flow cytometry. Results Hyaluronan is capable of atypical priming and, with TNFα, co-priming neutrophils for an enhanced (rate and/or magnitude) oxidative burst to various secondary stimuli. In addition, HA can augment intracellular ROS production that is directly induced by TNFα in resting neutrophils, which coincided with the activation of p38 MAPK and apoptosis. Conclusions These data demonstrate that the extracellular matrix component HA is a key modulator of neutrophil function(s) in the presence of inflammatory agents such as TNFα. Moreover, it provides additional evidence for the diversity and complexity of neutrophil priming and activation during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Niemietz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kelly L Brown
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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2
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Redox and Metabolic Regulation of Intestinal Barrier Function and Associated Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214463. [PMID: 36430939 PMCID: PMC9699094 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium forms a physical barrier assembled by intercellular junctions, preventing luminal pathogens and toxins from crossing it. The integrity of tight junctions is critical for maintaining intestinal health as the breakdown of tight junction proteins leads to various disorders. Redox reactions are closely associated with energy metabolism. Understanding the regulation of tight junctions by cellular metabolism and redox status in cells may lead to the identification of potential targets for therapeutic interventions. In vitro and in vivo models have been utilized in investigating intestinal barrier dysfunction and in particular the free-living soil nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, may be an important alternative to mammalian models because of its convenience of culture, transparent body for microscopy, short generation time, invariant cell lineage and tractable genetics.
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3
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Zhao Y, Gan L, Ren L, Lin Y, Ma C, Lin X. Factors influencing the blood-brain barrier permeability. Brain Res 2022; 1788:147937. [PMID: 35568085 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic structure that protects the brain from harmful blood-borne, endogenous and exogenous substances and maintains the homeostatic microenvironment. All constituent cell types play indispensable roles in the BBB's integrity, and other structural BBB components, such as tight junction proteins, adherens junctions, and junctional proteins, can control the barrier permeability. Regarding the need to exchange nutrients and toxic materials, solute carriers, ATP-binding case families, and ion transporter, as well as transcytosis regulate the influx and efflux transport, while the difference in localisation and expression can contribute to functional differences in transport properties. Numerous chemical mediators and other factors such as non-physicochemical factors have been identified to alter BBB permeability by mediating the structural components and barrier function, because of the close relationship with inflammation. In this review, we highlight recently gained mechanistic insights into the maintenance and disruption of the BBB. A better understanding of the factors influencing BBB permeability could contribute to supporting promising potential therapeutic targets for protecting the BBB and the delivery of central nervous system drugs via BBB permeability interventions under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Zhao
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Gan
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Ren
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yubo Lin
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Congcong Ma
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianming Lin
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
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4
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Kim Y, Cho AY, Kim HC, Ryu D, Jo SA, Jung YS. Effects of Natural Polyphenols on Oxidative Stress-Mediated Blood–Brain Barrier Dysfunction. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020197. [PMID: 35204080 PMCID: PMC8868362 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB), which consists mainly of brain microvascular endothelial cells and astrocytes connected by tight junctions (TJs) and adhesion molecules (AMs), maintains the homeostatic balance between brain parenchyma and extracellular fluid. Accumulating evidence shows that BBB dysfunction is a common feature of neurodegenerative diseases, including stroke, traumatic brain injury, and Alzheimer’s disease. Among the various pathological pathways of BBB dysfunction, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known to play a key role in inducing BBB disruption mediated via TJ modification, AM induction, cytoskeletal reorganization, and matrix metalloproteinase activation. Thus, antioxidants have been suggested to exert beneficial effects on BBB dysfunction-associated brain diseases. In this review, we summarized the sources of ROS production in multiple cells that constitute or surround the BBB, such as BBB endothelial cells, astrocytes, microglia, and neutrophils. We also reviewed various pathological mechanisms by which BBB disruption is caused by ROS in these cells. Finally, we summarized the effects of various natural polyphenols on BBB dysfunction to suggest a therapeutic strategy for BBB disruption-related brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonjae Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (Y.K.); (A.Y.C.); (H.C.K.); (D.R.)
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - A Yeon Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (Y.K.); (A.Y.C.); (H.C.K.); (D.R.)
| | - Hong Cheol Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (Y.K.); (A.Y.C.); (H.C.K.); (D.R.)
| | - Dajung Ryu
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (Y.K.); (A.Y.C.); (H.C.K.); (D.R.)
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Sangmee Ahn Jo
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea;
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Yi-Sook Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (Y.K.); (A.Y.C.); (H.C.K.); (D.R.)
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-219-3444
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5
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Rauti R, Shahoha M, Leichtmann-Bardoogo Y, Nasser R, Paz E, Tamir R, Miller V, Babich T, Shaked K, Ehrlich A, Ioannidis K, Nahmias Y, Sharan R, Ashery U, Maoz BM. Effect of SARS-CoV-2 proteins on vascular permeability. eLife 2021; 10:69314. [PMID: 34694226 PMCID: PMC8545399 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2 infection leads to severe disease associated with cytokine storm, vascular dysfunction, coagulation, and progressive lung damage. It affects several vital organs, seemingly through a pathological effect on endothelial cells. The SARS-CoV-2 genome encodes 29 proteins, whose contribution to the disease manifestations, and especially endothelial complications, is unknown. We cloned and expressed 26 of these proteins in human cells and characterized the endothelial response to overexpression of each, individually. Whereas most proteins induced significant changes in endothelial permeability, nsp2, nsp5_c145a (catalytic dead mutant of nsp5), and nsp7 also reduced CD31, and increased von Willebrand factor expression and IL-6, suggesting endothelial dysfunction. Using propagation-based analysis of a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network, we predicted the endothelial proteins affected by the viral proteins that potentially mediate these effects. We further applied our PPI model to identify the role of each SARS-CoV-2 protein in other tissues affected by coronavirus disease (COVID-19). While validating the PPI network model, we found that the tight junction (TJ) proteins cadherin-5, ZO-1, and β-catenin are affected by nsp2, nsp5_c145a, and nsp7 consistent with the model prediction. Overall, this work identifies the SARS-CoV-2 proteins that might be most detrimental in terms of endothelial dysfunction, thereby shedding light on vascular aspects of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Rauti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Meishar Shahoha
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Rami Nasser
- Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eyal Paz
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rina Tamir
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Victoria Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tal Babich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Kfir Shaked
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Avner Ehrlich
- Grass Center for Bioengineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Yaakov Nahmias
- Grass Center for Bioengineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Roded Sharan
- Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Uri Ashery
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ben Meir Maoz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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6
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Wang P, Zhang J, Chen Y, Zhong H, Wang H, Li J, Zhu G, Xia P, Cui L, Li J, Dong J, Gao Q, Meng X. ClbG in Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli Contributes to Meningitis Development in a Mouse Model. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:546. [PMID: 34437417 PMCID: PMC8402462 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colibactin is a complex secondary metabolite that leads to genotoxicity that interferes with the eukaryotic cell cycle. It plays an important role in many diseases, including neonatal mouse sepsis and meningitis. Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is responsible for several diseases in the poultry industry and may threaten human health due to its potential zoonosis. In this study, we confirmed that clbG was necessary for the APEC XM strain to produce colibactin. The deletion of clbG on APEC XM contributed to lowered γH2AX expression, no megalocytosis, and no cell cycle arrest in vitro. None of the 4-week Institute of Cancer Research mice infected with the APEC XM ΔclbG contracted meningitis or displayed weakened clinical symptoms. Fewer histopathological lesions were observed in the APEC XM ΔclbG group. The bacterial colonization of tissues and the relative expression of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) in the brains decreased significantly in the APEC XM ΔclbG group compared to those in the APEC XM group. The tight junction proteins (claudin-5, occludin, and ZO-1) were not significantly destroyed in APEC XM ΔclbG group in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, clbG is necessary for the synthesis of the genotoxin colibactin and affects the development of APEC meningitis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peili Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (P.W.); (J.Z.); (Y.C.); (H.Z.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (G.Z.); (P.X.); (L.C.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (Q.G.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jiaxiang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (P.W.); (J.Z.); (Y.C.); (H.Z.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (G.Z.); (P.X.); (L.C.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (Q.G.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yanfei Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (P.W.); (J.Z.); (Y.C.); (H.Z.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (G.Z.); (P.X.); (L.C.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (Q.G.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Haoran Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (P.W.); (J.Z.); (Y.C.); (H.Z.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (G.Z.); (P.X.); (L.C.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (Q.G.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (P.W.); (J.Z.); (Y.C.); (H.Z.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (G.Z.); (P.X.); (L.C.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (Q.G.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jianji Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (P.W.); (J.Z.); (Y.C.); (H.Z.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (G.Z.); (P.X.); (L.C.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (Q.G.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (P.W.); (J.Z.); (Y.C.); (H.Z.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (G.Z.); (P.X.); (L.C.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (Q.G.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Pengpeng Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (P.W.); (J.Z.); (Y.C.); (H.Z.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (G.Z.); (P.X.); (L.C.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (Q.G.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Luying Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (P.W.); (J.Z.); (Y.C.); (H.Z.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (G.Z.); (P.X.); (L.C.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (Q.G.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (P.W.); (J.Z.); (Y.C.); (H.Z.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (G.Z.); (P.X.); (L.C.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (Q.G.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Junsheng Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (P.W.); (J.Z.); (Y.C.); (H.Z.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (G.Z.); (P.X.); (L.C.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (Q.G.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qingqing Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (P.W.); (J.Z.); (Y.C.); (H.Z.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (G.Z.); (P.X.); (L.C.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (Q.G.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xia Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (P.W.); (J.Z.); (Y.C.); (H.Z.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (G.Z.); (P.X.); (L.C.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (Q.G.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
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7
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Brunner J, Ragupathy S, Borchard G. Target specific tight junction modulators. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 171:266-288. [PMID: 33617902 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular tight junctions represent a formidable barrier against paracellular drug absorption at epithelia (e.g., nasal, intestinal) and the endothelium (e.g., blood-brain barrier). In order to enhance paracellular transport of drugs and increase their bioavailability and organ deposition, active excipients modulating tight junctions have been applied. First-generation of permeation enhancers (PEs) acted by unspecific interactions, while recently developed PEs address specific physiological mechanisms. Such target specific tight junction modulators (TJMs) have the advantage of a defined specific mechanism of action. To date, merely a few of these novel active excipients has entered into clinical trials, as their lack in safety and efficiency in vivo often impedes their commercialisation. A stronger focus on the development of such active excipients would result in an economic and therapeutic improvement of current and future drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Brunner
- Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sakthikumar Ragupathy
- Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gerrit Borchard
- Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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8
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ALS-causing SOD1 mutants regulate occludin phosphorylation/ubiquitination and endocytic trafficking via the ITCH/Eps15/Rab5 axis. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 153:105315. [PMID: 33636390 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly recognized that blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) breakdown is a hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). BSCB integrity is disrupted prior to disease onset. Occludin, as the functional component of the endothelial barrier, is downregulated in mouse models expressing ALS-linked superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) mutants. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of occludin expression remain elusive. Here, using SOD1G93A transgenic mice and endothelial cells expressing SOD1 mutants of different biochemical characteristics, we found that the SOD1 mutation disrupted endothelial barrier integrity and that the occludin expression level was downregulated with disease progression. Our mechanistic studies revealed that abnormal reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mutant SOD1-expressing cells induced occludin phosphorylation, which facilitated the subsequent occludin ubiquitination mediated by the E3 ligase ITCH. Moreover, ubiquitinated occludin interacted with Eps15 to initiate its internalization, then trafficked to Rab5-positive vesicles and be degraded by proteasomes, resulting in a reduction in cell surface localization and total abundance. Notably, either ITCH or Eps15 knockdown was sufficient to rescue occludin degradation and ameliorate endothelial barrier disruption. In conclusion, our study reveals a novel mechanism of occludin degradation mediated by ALS-causing SOD1 mutants and demonstrates a role for occludin in regulating BSCB integrity.
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9
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Yuan S, Liu KJ, Qi Z. Occludin regulation of blood-brain barrier and potential therapeutic target in ischemic stroke. Brain Circ 2020; 6:152-162. [PMID: 33210038 PMCID: PMC7646391 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_29_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Occludin is a key structural component of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) that has recently become an important focus of research in BBB damages. Many studies have demonstrated that occludin could regulate the integrity and permeability of the BBB. The function of BBB depends on the level of occludin protein expression in brain endothelial cells. Moreover, occludin may serve as a potential biomarker for hemorrhage transformation after acute ischemic stroke. In this review, we summarize the role of occludin in BBB integrity and the regulatory mechanisms of occludin in the permeability of BBB after ischemic stroke. Multiple factors have been found to regulate occludin protein functions in maintaining BBB permeability, such as Matrix metalloproteinas-mediated cleavage, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and related inflammatory factors. In addition, various signaling pathways participate in regulating the occludin expression, including nuclear factor-kappa B, mitogen-activated protein kinase, protein kinase c, RhoK, and ERK1/2. Emerging therapeutic interventions for ischemic stroke targeting occludin are described, including normobaric hyperoxia, Chinese medicine, chemical drugs, genes, steroid hormones, small molecular peptides, and other therapies. Since occludin has been shown to play a critical role in regulating BBB integrity, further preclinical studies will help evaluate and validate occludin as a viable therapeutic target for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Yuan
- Department of Research Laboratory in Brain Injury and Protection, Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Zhifeng Qi
- Department of Research Laboratory in Brain Injury and Protection, Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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10
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Jawi MM, Frohlich J, Chan SY. Lipoprotein(a) the Insurgent: A New Insight into the Structure, Function, Metabolism, Pathogenicity, and Medications Affecting Lipoprotein(a) Molecule. J Lipids 2020; 2020:3491764. [PMID: 32099678 PMCID: PMC7016456 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3491764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], aka "Lp little a", was discovered in the 1960s in the lab of the Norwegian physician Kåre Berg. Since then, we have greatly improved our knowledge of lipids and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Lp(a) is an enigmatic class of lipoprotein that is exclusively formed in the liver and comprises two main components, a single copy of apolipoprotein (apo) B-100 (apo-B100) tethered to a single copy of a protein denoted as apolipoprotein(a) apo(a). Plasma levels of Lp(a) increase soon after birth to a steady concentration within a few months of life. In adults, Lp(a) levels range widely from <2 to 2500 mg/L. Evidence that elevated Lp(a) levels >300 mg/L contribute to CVD is significant. The improvement of isoform-independent assays, together with the insight from epidemiologic studies, meta-analyses, genome-wide association studies, and Mendelian randomization studies, has established Lp(a) as the single most common independent genetically inherited causal risk factor for CVD. This breakthrough elevated Lp(a) from a biomarker of atherosclerotic risk to a target of therapy. With the emergence of promising second-generation antisense therapy, we hope that we can answer the question of whether Lp(a) is ready for prime-time clinic use. In this review, we present an update on the metabolism, pathophysiology, and current/future medical interventions for high levels of Lp(a).
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Affiliation(s)
- Motasim M. Jawi
- Healthy Heart Program, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V5Z 1M9, Canada
- Department of Clinical PhysiologyCorrection: Department of Physiology, University of Jeddah, P.O. Box: 24, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jiri Frohlich
- Healthy Heart Program, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Sammy Y. Chan
- Healthy Heart Program, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V5Z 1M9, Canada
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11
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Cong X, Kong W. Endothelial tight junctions and their regulatory signaling pathways in vascular homeostasis and disease. Cell Signal 2019; 66:109485. [PMID: 31770579 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial tight junctions (TJs) regulate the transport of water, ions, and molecules through the paracellular pathway, serving as an important barrier in blood vessels and maintaining vascular homeostasis. In endothelial cells (ECs), TJs are highly dynamic structures that respond to multiple external stimuli and pathological conditions. Alterations in the expression, distribution, and structure of endothelial TJs may lead to many related vascular diseases and pathologies. In this review, we provide an overview of the assessment methods used to evaluate endothelial TJ barrier function both in vitro and in vivo and describe the composition of endothelial TJs in diverse vascular systems and ECs. More importantly, the direct phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of TJ proteins by intracellular kinases and phosphatases, as well as the signaling pathways involved in the regulation of TJs, including and the protein kinase C (PKC), PKA, PKG, Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, and Wnt/β-catenin pathways, are discussed. With great advances in this area, targeting endothelial TJs may provide novel treatment for TJ-related vascular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing 100191, China.
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12
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Tay MHD, Lim SYJ, Leong YFI, Thiam CH, Tan KW, Torta FT, Narayanaswamy P, Wenk M, Angeli V. Halted Lymphocyte Egress via Efferent Lymph Contributes to Lymph Node Hypertrophy During Hypercholesterolemia. Front Immunol 2019; 10:575. [PMID: 30972070 PMCID: PMC6446103 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is a central component of atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome linked to chronic inflammation and immune dysfunction. Previously, we showed that hypercholesterolemic apolipoprotein E knock out (apoE−/−) mice exhibit systemic effects including skin inflammation and hypertrophic lymph nodes (LNs). However, the mechanisms accounting for LN hypertrophy in these mice remain unknown. Here, we show that hypercholesterolemia led to the accumulation of lymphocytes in LNs. We excluded that the increased number of lymphocytes in expanded LNs resulted from increased lymphocyte proliferation or entry into those LNs. Instead, we demonstrated that the egress of lymphocytes from the enlarged LN of apoE−/− mice was markedly decreased. Impairment in efferent lymphatic emigration of lymphocytes from LNs resulted from an aberrant expansion of cortical and medullary sinuses that became hyperplastic. Moreover, CCL21 was more abundant on these enlarged sinuses whereas lymph levels of sphingosine 1 phosphate (S1P) were decreased in apoE−/− mice. Normal LN size, lymphatic density and S1P levels were restored by reversing hypercholesterolemia. Thus, systemic changes in cholesterol can sequester lymphocytes in tissue draining LNs through the extensive remodeling of lymphatic sinuses and alteration of the balance between retention/egress signals leading to LN hypertrophy which subsequently may contribute to poor immunity. This study further illustrates the role of lymphatic vessels in immunity through the regulation of immune cell trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Hwee Daniel Tay
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Science Institute, Yoon Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Swee Yeng Jason Lim
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Science Institute, Yoon Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yew Fai Ivan Leong
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Science Institute, Yoon Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chung Hwee Thiam
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Science Institute, Yoon Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kar Wai Tan
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Science Institute, Yoon Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Federico Tesio Torta
- Department of Biochemistry, Life Science Institute, SLING-Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Yoon Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pradeep Narayanaswamy
- Department of Biochemistry, Life Science Institute, SLING-Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Yoon Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Markus Wenk
- Department of Biochemistry, Life Science Institute, SLING-Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Yoon Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Véronique Angeli
- Department of Biochemistry, Life Science Institute, SLING-Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Yoon Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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13
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Białas AJ, Sitarek P, Miłkowska-Dymanowska J, Piotrowski WJ, Górski P. The Role of Mitochondria and Oxidative/Antioxidative Imbalance in Pathobiology of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:7808576. [PMID: 28105251 PMCID: PMC5220474 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7808576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common preventable and treatable disease, characterized by persistent airflow limitation that is usually progressive and associated with an enhanced chronic inflammatory response in the airways and the lung to noxious particles or gases. The major risk factor of COPD, which has been proven in many studies, is the exposure to cigarette smoke. However, it is 15-20% of all smokers who develop COPD. This is why we should recognize the pathobiology of COPD as involving a complex interaction between several factors, including genetic vulnerability. Oxidant-antioxidant imbalance is recognized as one of the significant factors in COPD pathogenesis. Numerous exogenous and endogenous sources of ROS are present in pathobiology of COPD. One of endogenous sources of ROS is mitochondria. Although leakage of electrons from electron transport chain and forming of ROS are the effect of physiological functioning of mitochondria, there are various intra- and extracellular factors which may increase this amount and significantly contribute to oxidative-antioxidative imbalance. With the coexistence with impaired antioxidant defence, all these issues lead to oxidative and carbonyl stress. Both of these states play a significant role in pathobiology of COPD and may account for development of major comorbidities of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Jerzy Białas
- Department of Pneumology and Allergy, 1st Chair of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
- Healthy Aging Research Centre (HARC), Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Przemysław Sitarek
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Joanna Miłkowska-Dymanowska
- Department of Pneumology and Allergy, 1st Chair of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
- Healthy Aging Research Centre (HARC), Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Wojciech Jerzy Piotrowski
- Department of Pneumology and Allergy, 1st Chair of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
- Healthy Aging Research Centre (HARC), Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Paweł Górski
- Department of Pneumology and Allergy, 1st Chair of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
- Healthy Aging Research Centre (HARC), Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
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14
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Zhang LZ, Lei S. Changes of junctions of endothelial cells in coronary sclerosis: A review. Chronic Dis Transl Med 2016; 2:22-26. [PMID: 29063021 PMCID: PMC5643598 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdtm.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the major cause of cardiovascular diseases, has been a leading contributor to morbidity and mortality in the United States and it has been on the rise globally. Endothelial cell-cell junctions are critical for vascular integrity and maintenance of vascular function. Endothelial cell junctions dysfunction is the onset step of future coronary events and coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Zi Zhang
- Dalian Municipal Women and Children Medical Center, Pathological Department, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, China
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15
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Pappa V, Seydel K, Gupta S, Feintuch CM, Potchen MJ, Kampondeni S, Goldman-Yassen A, Veenstra M, Lopez L, Kim RS, Berman JW, Taylor T, Daily JP. Lipid metabolites of the phospholipase A2 pathway and inflammatory cytokines are associated with brain volume in paediatric cerebral malaria. Malar J 2015; 14:513. [PMID: 26691993 PMCID: PMC4687364 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-1036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebral malaria (CM) remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in children in sub-Saharan Africa. CM mortality has been associated with increased brain volume, seen on neuroimaging studies. Methods To examine the potential role of blood metabolites and inflammatory mediators in increased brain volume in Malawian children with CM, an association study was performed between plasma metabolites, cytokine levels and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity with brain volume. Results The metabolomics analysis demonstrated arachidonic acid and other lysophospholipids to be positively associated with brain swelling. These lipids are products of the PLA2 enzyme and an association of plasma PLA2 enzymatic activity with brain swelling was confirmed. TNFα, which can upregulate PLA2 activity, was associated with brain volume. In addition, CCL2 and IL-8 were also associated with brain volume. Some of these cytokines can alter endothelial cell tight junction proteins and increase blood brain barrier permeability. Conclusions Taken together, paediatric CM brain volume was associated with products of the PLA2 pathway and inflammatory cytokines. Their role in causality is unknown. These molecules will need to undergo testing in vitro and in animal models to understand their role in processes of increased brain volume. These observations provide novel data on host physiology associated with paediatric CM brain swelling, and may both inform pathogenesis models and suggest adjunct therapies that could improve the morbidity and mortality associated with paediatric CM. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-015-1036-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Pappa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Karl Seydel
- Blantyre Malaria Project, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi. .,Department of Osteopathic Medical Specialties, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Sanchit Gupta
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Catherine M Feintuch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Michael J Potchen
- Department of Radiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA. .,Lusaka Apex Medical University, Medical Radiation Sciences, Lusaka, Zambia.
| | - Samuel Kampondeni
- Blantyre Malaria Project, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi.
| | - Adam Goldman-Yassen
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Mike Veenstra
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Lillie Lopez
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Ryung S Kim
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Joan W Berman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Terrie Taylor
- Blantyre Malaria Project, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi. .,Department of Osteopathic Medical Specialties, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Johanna P Daily
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA. .,Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
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16
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Oxidized low-density lipoprotein attenuated desmoglein 1 and desmocollin 2 expression via LOX-1/Ca2+/PKC-β signal in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 468:380-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kelesidis T, Roberts CK, Huynh D, Martínez-Maza O, Currier JS, Reddy ST, Yang OO. A high throughput biochemical fluorometric method for measuring lipid peroxidation in HDL. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111716. [PMID: 25368900 PMCID: PMC4219769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Current cell-based assays for determining the functional properties of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) have limitations. We report here the development of a new, robust fluorometric cell-free biochemical assay that measures HDL lipid peroxidation (HDLox) based on the oxidation of the fluorochrome Amplex Red. HDLox correlated with previously validated cell-based (r = 0.47, p<0.001) and cell-free assays (r = 0.46, p<0.001). HDLox distinguished dysfunctional HDL in established animal models of atherosclerosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) patients. Using an immunoaffinity method for capturing HDL, we demonstrate the utility of this novel assay for measuring HDLox in a high throughput format. Furthermore, HDLox correlated significantly with measures of cardiovascular diseases including carotid intima media thickness (r = 0.35, p<0.01) and subendocardial viability ratio (r = -0.21, p = 0.05) and physiological parameters such as metabolic and anthropometric parameters (p<0.05). In conclusion, we report the development of a new fluorometric method that offers a reproducible and rapid means for determining HDL function/quality that is suitable for high throughput implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Kelesidis
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Christian K. Roberts
- Exercise and Metabolic Disease Research Laboratory, Translational Sciences Section, School of Nursing, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Diana Huynh
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Otoniel Martínez-Maza
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Judith S. Currier
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Srinivasa T. Reddy
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Otto O. Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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18
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Mittal M, Siddiqui MR, Tran K, Reddy SP, Malik AB. Reactive oxygen species in inflammation and tissue injury. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1126-67. [PMID: 23991888 PMCID: PMC3929010 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.5149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2839] [Impact Index Per Article: 283.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are key signaling molecules that play an important role in the progression of inflammatory disorders. An enhanced ROS generation by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) at the site of inflammation causes endothelial dysfunction and tissue injury. The vascular endothelium plays an important role in passage of macromolecules and inflammatory cells from the blood to tissue. Under the inflammatory conditions, oxidative stress produced by PMNs leads to the opening of inter-endothelial junctions and promotes the migration of inflammatory cells across the endothelial barrier. The migrated inflammatory cells not only help in the clearance of pathogens and foreign particles but also lead to tissue injury. The current review compiles the past and current research in the area of inflammation with particular emphasis on oxidative stress-mediated signaling mechanisms that are involved in inflammation and tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Mittal
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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19
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Abstract
Increased endothelial permeability and reduction of alveolar liquid clearance capacity are two leading pathogenic mechanisms of pulmonary edema, which is a major complication of acute lung injury, severe pneumonia, and acute respiratory distress syndrome, the pathologies characterized by unacceptably high rates of morbidity and mortality. Besides the success in protective ventilation strategies, no efficient pharmacological approaches exist to treat this devastating condition. Understanding of fundamental mechanisms involved in regulation of endothelial permeability is essential for development of barrier protective therapeutic strategies. Ongoing studies characterized specific barrier protective mechanisms and identified intracellular targets directly involved in regulation of endothelial permeability. Growing evidence suggests that, although each protective agonist triggers a unique pattern of signaling pathways, selected common mechanisms contributing to endothelial barrier protection may be shared by different barrier protective agents. Therefore, understanding of basic barrier protective mechanisms in pulmonary endothelium is essential for selection of optimal treatment of pulmonary edema of different etiology. This article focuses on mechanisms of lung vascular permeability, reviews major intracellular signaling cascades involved in endothelial monolayer barrier preservation and summarizes a current knowledge regarding recently identified compounds which either reduce pulmonary endothelial barrier disruption and hyperpermeability, or reverse preexisting lung vascular barrier compromise induced by pathologic insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin G Birukov
- Lung Injury Center, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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20
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Dörfel MJ, Westphal JK, Bellmann C, Krug SM, Cording J, Mittag S, Tauber R, Fromm M, Blasig IE, Huber O. CK2-dependent phosphorylation of occludin regulates the interaction with ZO-proteins and tight junction integrity. Cell Commun Signal 2013; 11:40. [PMID: 23758859 PMCID: PMC3695765 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-11-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Casein kinase 2 (CK2) is a ubiquitously expressed Ser/Thr kinase with multiple functions in the regulation of cell proliferation and transformation. In targeting adherens and tight junctions (TJs), CK2 modulates the strength and dynamics of epithelial cell-cell contacts. Occludin previously was identified as a substrate of CK2, however the functional consequences of CK2-dependent occludin phosphorylation on TJ function were unknown. Results Here, we present evidence that phosphorylation of a Thr400-XXX-Thr404-XXX-Ser408 motif in the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail of human occludin regulates assembly/disassembly and barrier properties of TJs. In contrast to wildtype and T400A/T404A/S408A-mutated occludin, a phospho-mimetic Occ-T400E/T404E/S408E construct was impaired in binding to ZO-2. Interestingly, pre-phosphorylation of a GST-Occ C-terminal domain fusion protein attenuated binding to ZO-2, whereas, binding to ZO-1 was not affected. Moreover, Occ-T400E/T404E/S408E showed delayed reassembly into TJs in Ca2+-switch experiments. Stable expression of Occ-T400E/T404E/S408E in MDCK C11 cells augments barrier properties in enhancing paracellular resistance in two-path impedance spectroscopy, whereas expression of wildtype and Occ-T400A/T404A/S408A did not affect transepithelial resistance. Conclusions These results suggest an important role of CK2 in epithelial tight junction regulation. The occludin sequence motif at amino acids 400–408 apparently represents a hotspot for Ser/Thr-kinase phosphorylation and depending on the residue(s) which are phosphorylated it differentially modulates the functional properties of the TJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max J Dörfel
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Nonnenplan 2, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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21
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Klaassen I, Van Noorden CJF, Schlingemann RO. Molecular basis of the inner blood-retinal barrier and its breakdown in diabetic macular edema and other pathological conditions. Prog Retin Eye Res 2013; 34:19-48. [PMID: 23416119 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 471] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Breakdown of the inner endothelial blood-retinal barrier (BRB), as occurs in diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinal vein occlusions, uveitis and other chronic retinal diseases, results in vasogenic edema and neural tissue damage, causing loss of vision. The central mechanism of altered BRB function is a change in the permeability characteristics of retinal endothelial cells caused by elevated levels of growth factors, cytokines, advanced glycation end products, inflammation, hyperglycemia and loss of pericytes. Subsequently, paracellular but also transcellular transport across the retinal vascular wall increases via opening of endothelial intercellular junctions and qualitative and quantitative changes in endothelial caveolar transcellular transport, respectively. Functional changes in pericytes and astrocytes, as well as structural changes in the composition of the endothelial glycocalyx and the basal lamina around BRB endothelium further facilitate BRB leakage. As Starling's rules apply, active transcellular transport of plasma proteins by the BRB endothelial cells causing increased interstitial osmotic pressure is probably the main factor in the formation of macular edema. The understanding of the complex cellular and molecular processes involved in BRB leakage has grown rapidly in recent years. Although appropriate animal models for human conditions like diabetic macular edema are lacking, these insights have provided tools for rational design of drugs aimed at restoring the BRB as well as for design of effective transport of drugs across the BRB, to treat the chronic retinal diseases such as diabetic macular edema that affect the quality-of-life of millions of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingeborg Klaassen
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Lee S, Birukov KG, Romanoski CE, Springstead JR, Lusis AJ, Berliner JA. Role of phospholipid oxidation products in atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2012; 111:778-99. [PMID: 22935534 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.256859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing clinical evidence that phospholipid oxidation products (Ox-PL) play a role in atherosclerosis. This review focuses on the mechanisms by which Ox-PL interact with endothelial cells, monocyte/macrophages, platelets, smooth muscle cells, and HDL to promote atherogenesis. In the past few years major progress has been made in identifying these mechanisms. It has been recognized that Ox-PL promote phenotypic changes in these cell types that have long-term consequences for the vessel wall. Individual Ox-PL responsible for specific cellular effects have been identified. A model of the configuration of bioactive truncated Ox-PL within membranes has been developed that demonstrates that the oxidized fatty acid moiety protrudes into the aqueous phase, rendering it accessible for receptor recognition. Receptors and signaling pathways for individual Ox-PL species are now determined and receptor independent signaling pathways identified. The effects of Ox-PL are mediated both by gene regulation and transcription independent processes. It has now become apparent that Ox-PL affects multiple genes and pathways, some of which are proatherogenic and some are protective. However, at concentrations that are likely present in the vessel wall in atherosclerotic lesions, the effects promote atherogenesis. There have also been new insights on enzymes that metabolize Ox-PL and the significance of these enzymes for atherosclerosis. With the knowledge we now have of the regulation and effects of Ox-PL in different vascular cell types, it should be possible to design experiments to test the role of specific Ox-PL on the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangderk Lee
- Department of Pathology, University of California-Los Angeles, MRL 4760, 675 Charles E. Young Dr. S., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Birukova AA, Lee S, Starosta V, Wu T, Ho T, Kim J, Berliner JA, Birukov KG. A role for VEGFR2 activation in endothelial responses caused by barrier disruptive OxPAPC concentrations. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30957. [PMID: 22303475 PMCID: PMC3269437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oxidation products of 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (OxPAPC) differentially modulate endothelial cell (EC) barrier function in a dose-dependent fashion. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2) is involved in the OxPAPC-induced EC inflammatory activation. This study examined a role of VEGFR2 in barrier dysfunction caused by high concentrations of OxPAPC and evaluated downstream signaling mechanisms resulting from the effect of OxPAPC in EC from pulmonary and systemic circulation. METHODS EC monolayer permeability in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAEC) and human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) was monitored by changes in transendothelial electrical resistance (TER) across EC monolayers. Actin cytoskeleton was examined by immunostaining with Texas Red labeled phalloidin. Phosphorylation of myosin light chains (MLC) and VE-Cadherin was examined by Western blot and immunofluorescence techniques. The role of VEGFR2 in OxPAPC-induced permeability and cytoskeletal arrangement were determined using siRNA-induced VEGFR2 knockdown. RESULTS Low OxPAPC concentrations (5-20 µg/ml) induced a barrier protective response in both HPAEC and HAEC, while high OxPAPC concentrations (50-100 µg/ml) caused a rapid increase in permeability; actin stress fiber formation and increased MLC phosphorylation were observed as early as 30 min after treatment. VEGFR2 knockdown dramatically decreased the amount of MLC phosphorylation and stress fiber formation caused by high OxPAPC concentrations with modest effects on the amount of VE-cadherin phosphorylation at Y(731). We present evidence that activation of Rho is involved in the OxPAPC/VEGFR2 mechanism of EC permeability induced by high OxPAPC concentrations. Knockdown of VEGFR2 did not rescue the early drop in TER but prevented further development of OxPAPC-induced barrier dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that VEGFR2 is involved in the delayed phase of EC barrier dysfunction caused by high OxPAPC concentrations and contributes to stress fiber formation and increased MLC phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A. Birukova
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Lung Injury Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sangderk Lee
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Vitaliy Starosta
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Lung Injury Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Tinghuai Wu
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Lung Injury Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Tiffany Ho
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jin Kim
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Judith A. Berliner
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Konstantin G. Birukov
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Lung Injury Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Intercellular tight junctions (TJs) exhibit a complex molecular architecture involving the regulated cointeraction of cytoplasmic adaptor proteins (e.g., zonula occludens) and integral membrane linker proteins (e.g., occludin and claudins). They provide structural integrity to epithelial and endothelial tissues and create highly polarized barriers essential to homeostatic maintenance within vertebrate physiological systems, while their dysregulation is an established pathophysiological hallmark of many diseases (e.g., cancer, stroke, and inflammatory lung disease). The junctional complex itself is a highly dynamic signaling entity wherein participant proteins constantly undergo a blend of regulatory modifications in response to diverse physiological and pathological cues, ultimately diversifying the overall adhesive properties of the TJ. Occludin, a 65-kDa tetraspan integral membrane protein, contributes to TJ stabilization and optimal barrier function. This paper reviews our current knowledge of how tissue occludin is specifically modified at the posttranscriptional and posttranslational levels in diverse circumstances, with associated consequences for TJ dynamics and epithelial/endothelial homeostasis. Mechanistic concepts such as splice variance and alternate promoter usage, proteolysis, phosphorylation, dimerization, and ubiquitination are comprehensively examined, and possible avenues for future investigation highlighted.
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Starosta V, Wu T, Zimman A, Pham D, Tian X, Oskolkova O, Bochkov V, Berliner JA, Birukova AA, Birukov KG. Differential regulation of endothelial cell permeability by high and low doses of oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 46:331-41. [PMID: 21997484 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0153oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of phospholipid oxidation products in atherosclerosis, sepsis, and lung pathologies affects endothelial barrier function, which exerts significant consequences on disease outcomes in general. Our group previously showed that oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (OxPAPC) at low concentrations increases endothelial cell (EC) barrier function, but decreases it at higher concentrations. In this study, we determined the mechanisms responsible for the pulmonary endothelial cell barrier dysfunction induced by high OxPAPC concentrations. OxPAPC at a range of 5-20 μg/ml enhanced EC barriers, as indicated by increased transendothelial electrical resistance. In contrast, higher OxPAPC concentrations (50-100 μg/ml) rapidly increased EC permeability, which was accompanied by increased total cell protein tyrosine (Tyr) phosphorylation, phosphorylation at Tyr-418, the activation of Src kinase, and the phosphorylation of adherens junction (AJ) protein vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) at Tyr-731 and Tyr-658, which was not observed in ECs stimulated with low OxPAPC doses. The early tyrosine phosphorylation of VE-cadherin was linked to the dissociation of VE-cadherin-p120-catenin/β-catenin complexes and VE-cadherin internalization, whereas low OxPAPC doses promoted the formation of VE-cadherin-p120-catenin/β-catenin complexes. High but not low doses of OxPAPC increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protein oxidation. The inhibition of Src by PP2 and ROS production by N-acetyl cysteine inhibited the disassembly of VE-cadherin-p120-catenin complexes, and attenuated high OxPAPC-induced EC barrier disruption. These results show the differential effects of OxPAPC doses on VE-cadherin-p120-catenin complex assembly and EC barrier function. These data suggest that the rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of VE-cadherin and other potential targets mediated by Src and ROS-dependent mechanisms plays a key role in the dissociation of AJ complexes and EC barrier dysfunction induced by high OxPAPC doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaliy Starosta
- Lung Injury Center, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Office N611, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Blasig IE, Bellmann C, Cording J, Del Vecchio G, Zwanziger D, Huber O, Haseloff RF. Occludin protein family: oxidative stress and reducing conditions. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:1195-219. [PMID: 21235353 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The occludin-like proteins belong to a family of tetraspan transmembrane proteins carrying a marvel domain. The intrinsic function of the occludin family is not yet clear. Occludin is a unique marker of any tight junction and is found in polarized endothelial and epithelial tissue barriers, at least in the adult vertebrate organism. Occludin is able to oligomerize and to form tight junction strands by homologous and heterologous interactions, but has no direct tightening function. Its oligomerization is affected by pro- and antioxidative agents or processes. Phosphorylation of occludin has been described at multiple sites and is proposed to play a regulatory role in tight junction assembly and maintenance and, hence, to influence tissue barrier characteristics. Redox-dependent signal transduction mechanisms are among the pathways modulating occludin phosphorylation and function. This review discusses the novel concept that occludin plays a key role in the redox regulation of tight junctions, which has a major impact in pathologies related to oxidative stress and corresponding pharmacologic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingolf E Blasig
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin-Buch, Germany.
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Birukova AA, Zebda N, Fu P, Poroyko V, Cokic I, Birukov KG. Association between adherens junctions and tight junctions via Rap1 promotes barrier protective effects of oxidized phospholipids. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:2052-62. [PMID: 21520057 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that cyclopenthenone-containing products resulting from oxidation of a natural phospholipid, 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (OxPAPC) exhibit potent barrier-protective effects in the in vitro and in vivo models of lung endothelial cell (EC) barrier dysfunction, and these effects are associated with enhancement of peripheral actin cytoskeleton, cell-cell and cell-substrate contacts driven by activation of Rac and Cdc42 GTPases. Rap1 GTPase is another member of small GTPase family involved in control of cell-cell interactions; however, its involvement in EC barrier-protective effects by OxPAPC remains unknown. This study examined a role of Rap1 in regulation of OxPAPC-induced interactions in adherens junctions (AJ) and tight junctions (TJ) as a novel mechanism of EC barrier preservation in vitro and in vivo. Immunofluorescence analysis, subcellular fractionation, and co-immunoprecipitation assays indicate that OxPAPC promoted accumulation of AJ proteins: VE-cadherin, p120-catenin, and β-catenin; and TJ proteins: ZO-1, occludin, and JAM-A in the cell membrane, and induced novel cross-interactions between AJ and TJ protein complexes, that were dependent on OxPAPC-induced Rap1 activation. Inhibition of Rap1 function suppressed OxPAPC-mediated pulmonary EC barrier enhancement and AJ and TJ interactions in vitro, as well as inhibited protective effects of OxPAPC against ventilator-induced lung injury in vivo. These results show for the first time a role of Rap1-mediated association between adherens junctions and tight junction complexes in the OxPAPC-induced pulmonary vascular EC barrier protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Birukova
- Lung Injury Center, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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Diesel exhaust particles modulate vascular endothelial cell permeability: implication of ZO-1 expression. Toxicol Lett 2010; 197:163-8. [PMID: 20576493 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to air pollutants increases the incidence of cardiovascular disease. Recent toxicity studies revealed that ultra-fine particles (UFP, d(p)<100-200 nm), the major portion of particulate matter (PM) by numbers in the atmosphere, induced atherosclerosis. In this study, we posited that variations in chemical composition in diesel exhausted particles (DEP) regulated endothelial cell permeability to a different extent. Human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) were exposed to well-characterized DEP (d(p)<100 nm) emitted from a diesel engine in either idling mode (DEP1) or in urban dynamometer driving schedule (UDDS) (DEP2). Horse Radish Peroxidase-Streptavidin activity assay showed that DEP2 increased endothelial permeability to a greater extent than DEP1 (control=0.077+/-0.005, DEP1=0.175+/-0.003, DEP2=0.265+/-0.006, n=3, p<0.01). DEP2 also down-regulated tight junction protein, Zonular Occludin-1 (ZO-1), to a greater extent compared to DEP1. LDH and caspase-3 activities revealed that DEP-mediated increase in permeability was not due to direct cytotoxicity, and DEP-mediated ZO-1 down-regulation was not due to a decrease in ZO-1 mRNA. Hence, our findings suggest that DEP1 vs. DEP2 differentially influenced the extent of endothelial permeability at the post-translational level. This increase in endothelium permeability is implicated in inflammatory cell transmigration into subendothelial layers with relevance to the initiation of atherosclerosis.
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Bochkov VN, Oskolkova OV, Birukov KG, Levonen AL, Binder CJ, Stöckl J. Generation and biological activities of oxidized phospholipids. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 12:1009-59. [PMID: 19686040 PMCID: PMC3121779 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glycerophospholipids represent a common class of lipids critically important for integrity of cellular membranes. Oxidation of esterified unsaturated fatty acids dramatically changes biological activities of phospholipids. Apart from impairment of their structural function, oxidation makes oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs) markers of "modified-self" type that are recognized by soluble and cell-associated receptors of innate immunity, including scavenger receptors, natural (germ line-encoded) antibodies, and C-reactive protein, thus directing removal of senescent and apoptotic cells or oxidized lipoproteins. In addition, OxPLs acquire novel biological activities not characteristic of their unoxidized precursors, including the ability to regulate innate and adaptive immune responses. Effects of OxPLs described in vitro and in vivo suggest their potential relevance in different pathologies, including atherosclerosis, acute inflammation, lung injury, and many other conditions. This review summarizes current knowledge on the mechanisms of formation, structures, and biological activities of OxPLs. Furthermore, potential applications of OxPLs as disease biomarkers, as well as experimental therapies targeting OxPLs, are described, providing a broad overview of an emerging class of lipid mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery N Bochkov
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Biomolecular Medicine and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Arreola-Mendoza L, Del Razo LM, Mendoza-Garrido ME, Martin D, Namorado MC, Calderon-Salinas JV, Reyes JL. The protective effect of alpha-tocopherol against dichromate-induced renal tight junction damage is mediated via ERK1/2. Toxicol Lett 2009; 191:279-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Revised: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Lim HY, Rutkowski JM, Helft J, Reddy ST, Swartz MA, Randolph GJ, Angeli V. Hypercholesterolemic mice exhibit lymphatic vessel dysfunction and degeneration. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 175:1328-37. [PMID: 19679879 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels are essential for lipid absorption and transport. Despite increasing numbers of observations linking lymphatic vessels and lipids, little research has been devoted to address how dysregulation of lipid balance in the blood, ie, dyslipidemia, may affect the functional biology of lymphatic vessels. Here, we show that hypercholesterolemia occurring in apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE(-/-)) mice is associated with tissue swelling, lymphatic leakiness, and decreased lymphatic transport of fluid and dendritic cells from tissue. Lymphatic dysfunction results in part from profound structural abnormalities in the lymphatic vasculature: namely, initial lymphatic vessels were greatly enlarged, and collecting vessels developed notably decreased smooth muscle cell coverage and changes in the distribution of lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronic acid receptor-1 (LYVE-1). Our results provide evidence that hypercholesterolemia in adult apoE(-/-) mice is associated with a degeneration of lymphatic vessels that leads to decreased lymphatic drainage and provides an explanation for why dendritic cell migration and, thus, immune priming, are compromised in hypercholesterolemic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwee Ying Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology Programme, Yoon Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore
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Stamatovic SM, Keep RF, Wang MM, Jankovic I, Andjelkovic AV. Caveolae-mediated internalization of occludin and claudin-5 during CCL2-induced tight junction remodeling in brain endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:19053-66. [PMID: 19423710 PMCID: PMC2707189 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.000521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Revised: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbance of the tight junction (TJ) complexes between brain endothelial cells leads to increased paracellular permeability, allowing leukocyte entry into inflamed brain tissue and also contributing to edema formation. The current study dissects the mechanisms by which a chemokine, CCL2, induces TJ disassembly. It investigates the potential role of selective internalization of TJ transmembrane proteins (occludin and claudin-5) in increased permeability of the brain endothelial barrier in vitro. To map the internalization and intracellular fate of occludin and claudin-5, green fluorescent protein fusion proteins of these TJ proteins were generated and imaged by fluorescent microscopy with simultaneous measurement of transendothelial electrical resistance. During CCL2-induced reductions in transendothelial electrical resistance, claudin-5 and occludin became internalized via caveolae and further processed to early (EEA1+) and recycling (Rab4+) endosomes but not to late endosomes. Western blot analysis of fractions collected from a sucrose gradient showed the presence of claudin-5 and occludin in the same fractions that contained caveolin-1. For the first time, these results suggest an underlying molecular mechanism by which the pro-inflammatory chemokine CCL2 mediates brain endothelial barrier disruption during CNS inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael M. Wang
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and
- Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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Lee DBN, Jamgotchian N, Allen SG, Abeles MB, Ward HJ. A lipid-protein hybrid model for tight junction. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 295:F1601-12. [PMID: 18701633 PMCID: PMC2604825 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00097.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial tight junction (TJ) was first described ultrastructurally as a fusion of the outer lipid leaflets of the adjoining cell membrane bilayers (hemifusion). The discovery of an increasing number of integral TJ and TJ-associated proteins has eclipsed the original lipid-based model with the wide acceptance of a protein-centric model for the TJ. In this review, we stress the importance of lipids in TJ structure and function. A lipid-protein hybrid model accommodates a large body of information supporting the lipidic characteristics of the TJ, harmonizes with the accumulating evidence supporting the TJ as an assembly of lipid rafts, and focuses on an important, but relatively unexplored, field of lipid-protein interactions in the morphology, physiology, and pathophysiology of the TJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B N Lee
- Dept. of Medicine (111 VA Medical Center, 16111 Plummer St., North Hills, CA 91343, USA.
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The role of phospholipid oxidation products in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases: evidence from animal models and in humans. Subcell Biochem 2008; 49:325-50. [PMID: 18751917 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-8830-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of oxidized phospholipids (OxPL) and their implication as modulators of inflammation in cardiovascular disease, roles for these lipid oxidation products have been suggested in many other disease settings. Lipid oxidation products accumulate in inflamed and oxidatively damaged tissue, where they are derived from oxidative modification of lipoproteins, but also from membranes of cells undergoing apoptosis. Thus, increased oxidative stress as well as decreased clearance of apoptotic cells has been implied to contribute to accumulation of OxPL in chronically inflamed tissues.A central role for OxPL in disease states associated with dyslipedemia, including atherosclerosis, diabetes and its complications, metabolic syndrome, and renal insufficiency, as well as general prothrombotic states, has been proposed. In addition, in organs which are constantly exposed to oxidative stress, including lung, skin, and eyes, increased levels of OxPL are suggested to contribute to inflammatory conditions. Moreover, accumulation of OxPL causes general immunmodulation and may lead to autoimmune diseases. Evidence is accumulating that OxPL play a role in lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid syndrome, and rheumatoid arthritis. Last but not least, a role for OxPL in neurological disorders including multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease has been suggested.This chapter will summarize recent findings obtained in animal models and from studies in humans that indicate that formation of OxPL represents a general mechanism that may play a major role in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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McCaffrey G, Seelbach MJ, Staatz WD, Nametz N, Quigley C, Campos CR, Brooks TA, Davis TP. Occludin oligomeric assembly at tight junctions of the blood-brain barrier is disrupted by peripheral inflammatory hyperalgesia. J Neurochem 2008; 106:2395-409. [PMID: 18647175 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05582.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) dynamically alter paracellular diffusion of blood-borne substances from the peripheral circulation to the CNS in response to external stressors, such as pain, inflammation, and hypoxia. In this study, we investigated the effect of lambda-carrageenan-induced peripheral inflammatory pain (i.e., hyperalgesia) on the oligomeric assembly of the key TJ transmembrane protein, occludin. Oligomerization of integral membrane proteins is a critical step in TJ complex assembly that enables the generation of tightly packed, large multiprotein complexes capable of physically obliterating the interendothelial space to inhibit paracellular diffusion. Intact microvessels isolated from rat brains were fractionated by detergent-free density gradient centrifugation, and gradient fractions were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis/ Western blot. Injection of lambda-carrageenan into the rat hind paw produced after 3 h a marked change in the relative amounts of oligomeric, dimeric, and monomeric occludin isoforms associated with different plasma membrane lipid raft domains and intracellular compartments in endothelial cells at the BBB. Our findings suggest that increased BBB permeability (i.e., leak) associated with lambda-carrageenan-induced peripheral inflammatory pain is promoted by the disruption of disulfide-bonded occludin oligomeric assemblies, which renders them incapable of forming an impermeant physical barrier to paracellular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwen McCaffrey
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona 85745, USA.
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Jayagopal A, Sussman EM, Shastri VP. Functionalized solid lipid nanoparticles for transendothelial delivery. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2008; 7:28-34. [PMID: 18334453 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2008.2000147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to synthesize and characterize functionalized solid lipid nanoparticles (fSLN) to investigate their interaction with endothelial cell monolayers and to evaluate their transendothelial transport capabilities. fSLN bearing tetramethylrhodamine-isothiocyanate-labeled bovine serum albumin (TRITC-BSA) and Coumarin 6 were prepared using a single-step phase-inversion process that afforded concurrent surface modification with a variety of macromolecules such as polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), poly-L-lysine (PLL), heparin (Hep), polyacrylic acid (PAA), polyvinyl alcohol, and polyethylene glycol (PEG). TRITC-BSA/Coumarin 6 encapsulated in fSLN with composite surface functionality (PSS-PLL and PSS-PLL-Hep) were also investigated. Size and surface charge of fSLN were analyzed using dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. Transport across bovine aortic endothelial cell (BAEC) monolayers was assessed spectrophotometrically using a transwell assay, and fSLN localization at the level of the cell and permeable support was analyzed using fluorescence microscopy. fSLN with tunable size and surface functionality were successfully produced, and had significant effects on cell localization and transport. Specifically, fSLN with PSS-PLL-Hep composite surface functionalization was capable of translocating 53.2 +/- 8.7 mug of TRITC-BSA within 4 h, with fSLN-PEG, fSLN-PAA, and fSLN-PSS exhibiting near-complete apical, paracellular, and cytosolic localization, respectively. Coumarin 6 was released by fSLN as indicated by dye labeling of BAEC membranes. We have developed a rapid process for the production of fSLN bearing low- and high-molecular-weight payloads of varying physicochemical properties. These findings have impications for drug delivery and bioimaging applications, since due to tunable surface chemistry, fSLN internalization and/or translocation across intact endothelial cell monolayers is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jayagopal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA. ash
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Crosstalk of tight junction components with signaling pathways. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2007; 1778:729-56. [PMID: 17950242 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 565] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Revised: 08/03/2007] [Accepted: 08/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) regulate the passage of ions and molecules through the paracellular pathway in epithelial and endothelial cells. TJs are highly dynamic structures whose degree of sealing varies according to external stimuli, physiological and pathological conditions. In this review we analyze how the crosstalk of protein kinase C, protein kinase A, myosin light chain kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinases, phosphoinositide 3-kinase and Rho signaling pathways is involved in TJ regulation triggered by diverse stimuli. We also report how the phosphorylation of the main TJ components, claudins, occludin and ZO proteins, impacts epithelial and endothelial cell function.
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39
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Eiselein L, Wilson DW, Lamé MW, Rutledge JC. Lipolysis products from triglyceride-rich lipoproteins increase endothelial permeability, perturb zonula occludens-1 and F-actin, and induce apoptosis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 292:H2745-53. [PMID: 17259442 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00686.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Products generated from lipoprotein lipase-mediated hydrolysis of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TGRL) are reported to increase endothelial layer permeability. We hypothesize that these increases in permeability result from the active rearrangement and dissolution of the junctional barrier in human aortic endothelial cells, as well as induction of the apoptotic cascade. Human aortic endothelial cells were treated with TGRL lipolysis products generated from coincubation of human TGRL plus lipoprotein lipase. Measurement of transendothelial electrical resistance demonstrated a time-dependent decrease in endothelial barrier function in response to TGRL lipolysis products. Immunofluorescent localization of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) showed radial rearrangement along cell borders after 1.5 h of treatment with lipolysis products. A concurrent redistribution of F-actin from the cell body to the cell margins was observed via rhodamine phalloidin staining. Immunofluorescent imaging for occludin and vascular endothelial cadherin showed that these proteins relocalize as well, although these changes are less prominent than for ZO-1. Western analysis of cells exposed to lipolysis products for 3 h revealed the fragmentation of ZO-1, a reduction in occludin, and no change of vascular endothelial cadherin. Lipolysis products also increased caspase-3 activity and induced nuclear fragmentation. Treatments did not cause oncosis in cells at any point during the incubation. These results demonstrate that TGRL lipolysis products play an important role in the regulation of endothelial permeability, the organization of the actin cytoskeleton, the localization and expression of junctional proteins, especially ZO-1, and the induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Eiselein
- Division of Endocrinology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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40
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Erickson KK, Sundstrom JM, Antonetti DA. Vascular permeability in ocular disease and the role of tight junctions. Angiogenesis 2007; 10:103-17. [PMID: 17340211 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-007-9067-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Vascular permeability is closely linked with angiogenesis in a number of pathologies. In the retina, the normally well-developed blood-retinal barrier is altered in a host of eye diseases preceding or commensurate with angiogenesis. This review examines the literature regarding the tight junction complex that establishes the blood-retinal barrier focusing on the transmembrane proteins occludin and the claudin family and the membrane associated protein zonula occludens. The changes observed in these proteins associated with vascular and epithelial permeability is discussed. Finally, novel literature addressing the link between the tight junction complex and angiogenesis is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn K Erickson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Hwang J, Rouhanizadeh M, Hamilton RT, Lin TC, Eiserich JP, Hodis HN, Hsiai TK. 17beta-Estradiol reverses shear-stress-mediated low density lipoprotein modifications. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 41:568-78. [PMID: 16863990 PMCID: PMC3320656 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2005] [Revised: 03/23/2006] [Accepted: 04/10/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Within arterial bifurcations or branching points, oscillatory shear stress (OSS) induces oxidative stress mainly via the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleodtide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase system. It is unknown whether 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) can regulate OSS-mediated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) modifications. Bovine aortic endothelial cells were pretreated with E(2) at 5 nmol/L, followed by exposure to OSS (0 +/- 3.0 dynes/cm(2) s and 60 cycles/min) in a flow system. E(2) decreased OSS-mediated NADPH oxidase mRNA expression, and E(2)-mediated (.-)NO production was mitigated by the NO synthase inhibitor N(G)-nitro-l-argenine methyl ester. The rates of O(2)(-.) production in response to OSS increased steadily as determined by superoxide-dismutase-inhibited ferricytochrome c reduction; whereas, pretreatment with E(2) decreased OSS-mediated O(2)(-.) production (n = 4, p < 0.05). In the presence of native LDL (50 microg/mL), E(2) also significantly reversed OSS-mediated LDL oxidation as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. In the presence of O(2)(-.) donor, xanthine oxidase (XO), E(2) further reversed XO-induced LDL lipid peroxidation (n = 3, p < 0.001). Mass spectra acquired in the m/z 400-1800 range, revealed XO-mediated LDL protein nitration involving tyrosine 2535 in the alpha-2 domains, whereas pretreatment with E(2) reversed nitration, as supported by the changes in nitrotyrosine intensities. Thus, E(2) plays an indirect antioxidative role. In addition to upregulation of endothelial (.-)NO synthase and downregulation of Nox4 expression, E(2) influences LDL modifications via lipid peroxidation and protein nitration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Cardiovascular Medicine, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90081, USA
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