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Filipović N, Marinović Guić M, Košta V, Vukojević K. Cardiac innervations in diabetes mellitus-Anatomical evidence of neuropathy. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023; 306:2345-2365. [PMID: 36251628 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The extensive innervations of the heart include a complex network of sympathetic, parasympathetic, and sensory nerves connected in loops that serve to regulate cardiac output. Metabolic dysfunction in diabetes affects many different organ systems, including the cardiovascular system; it causes cardiac arrhythmias, silent myocardial ischemia, and sudden cardiac death, among others. These conditions are associated with damage to the nerves that innervate the heart, cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN), which is caused by various pathophysiological mechanisms. In this review, the main facts about the anatomy of cardiac innervations and the current knowledge of CAN, its pathophysiological mechanisms, and its diagnostic approach are discussed. In addition, anatomical evidence for CAN from human and animal studies has been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalija Filipović
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Laboratory for Experimental Neurocardiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Maja Marinović Guić
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital of Split, Split, Croatia
- University Department of Health Studies, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Vana Košta
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Katarina Vukojević
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Laboratory for Experimental Neurocardiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
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Bryson TD, Harding P. Prostaglandin E2 EP receptors in cardiovascular disease: An update. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 195:114858. [PMID: 34822808 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review article provides an update for the role of prostaglandin E2 receptors (EP1, EP2, EP3 and EP4) in cardiovascular disease. Where possible we have reported citations from the last decade although this was not possible for all of the topics covered due to the paucity of publications. The authors have attempted to cover the subjects of ischemia-reperfusion injury, arrhythmias, hypertension, novel protein binding partners of the EP receptors and their pathophysiological significance, and cardiac regeneration. These latter two topics bring studies of the EP receptors into new and exciting areas of research that are just beginning to be explored. Where there is peer-reviewed literature, the authors have placed particular emphasis on clinical studies although these are limited in number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Bryson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Pamela Harding
- Hypertension & Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States; Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States.
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Aracil-Marco A, Sarabia JM, Pastor D, Guillén S, López-Grueso R, Gallar J, Moya-Ramón M. Acute Increase in Blood αCGRP at Maximal Exercise and Its Association to Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Carbohydrate Oxidation and Work Performed: An Exploratory Study in Young Men. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10080783. [PMID: 34440015 PMCID: PMC8389686 DOI: 10.3390/biology10080783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary αCGRP is a neuropeptide that increases in blood during high-intensity exercise in humans. However, the physiological meaning of this molecular response is unknown. Previous experimental works in rodents have related this neuropeptide to several biological processes in the skeletal muscle tissue and cardiorespiratory physiology. Based on the data from these animal studies we hypothesized that in humans αCGRP release during exercise could be similarly associated to metabolic and cardiorespiratory responses. To test this hypothesis, we subjected a sample of physically active young men to an exercise test up to exhaustion while their oxygen uptake (VO2max), CO2 production (VCO2), carbohydrate oxidation and performed work were measured. Blood samples were taken before the exercise test, at maximal intensity and after the volunteers have recovered, and the blood concentration of αCGRP was measured. We found that 2/3 of the volunteers responded to maximal exercise with an increase of their blood αCGRP concentration (responders), while the resting 1/3 did not (non-responders). We also found that VO2max, VCO2, carbohydrate oxidation and performed work were higher in the responders when compared to the non-responders. Therefore, our observations support that αCGRP release during exercise may be associated to physiological responses related to physical performance. Abstract This study aimed to explore if the acute variations in plasma concentration of α-calcitonin gene-related peptide (αCGRP) induced by a single maximal exercise bout may be associated to cardiorespiratory fitness and carbohydrate oxidation in humans. Twelve young adult Caucasian men (24.3 ± 0.9 years-old; 179.2 ± 1.9 cm of height; 23.9 ± 0.6 kg·m−2 body mass index) performed a graded exercise test. A venous catheter was placed before testing, and blood samples were taken at baseline, maximal effort and recovery. αCGRP was measured in plasma using a commercial double-sandwich enzyme-linked-immunoassay. A two-way repeated measurements ANOVA was used to compare the values obtained at baseline, maximal effort and recovery. In the whole sample, αCGRP increased at maximal effort and its concentration correlated directly, albeit non-significantly, with the muscle mass normalised VO2, VCO2, carbohydrate oxidation and relative power. Two thirds of the participants showed an increase in αCGRP concentration at maximal effort. Post hoc analysis showed that in these individuals, the muscle mass normalised VO2, VCO2, carbohydrate oxidation rate and relative power were higher than in the participants lacking this molecular response. Therefore, our data suggest that (a) a majority of young men respond to exercise with an increase in blood αCGRP concentration; and (b) individuals exhibiting this response also show a higher cardiorespiratory fitness, carbohydrate oxidation and work performed. These findings suggest that this neuropeptide could act as an exerkine with potential effects on physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo Aracil-Marco
- Instituto de Neurociencias, UMH-CSIC, Department of Sports Sciences, UMH, 03202 Elche, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.A.-M.); (M.M.-R.); Tel.: +34-966-658-877 (A.A.-M.); +34-965-222-046 (M.M.-R.)
| | - José Manuel Sarabia
- Department of Sports Sciences, Centro de Investigación del Deporte, UMH, 03202 Elche, Spain; (J.M.S.); (D.P.)
| | - Diego Pastor
- Department of Sports Sciences, Centro de Investigación del Deporte, UMH, 03202 Elche, Spain; (J.M.S.); (D.P.)
| | - Silvia Guillén
- Centro de Investigación del Deporte, UMH, Hospital Universitario de Elda, 03600 Elda, Spain;
| | | | - Juana Gallar
- Instituto de Neurociencias, UMH-CSIC, Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain;
| | - Manuel Moya-Ramón
- Department of Sports Sciences, Centro de Investigación del Deporte, UMH, Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), 03202 Elche, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.A.-M.); (M.M.-R.); Tel.: +34-966-658-877 (A.A.-M.); +34-965-222-046 (M.M.-R.)
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Lin YH, Liu YP, Lin YC, Lee PL, Tung CS. Characterization of the role of endogenous nitric oxide in myogenic vascular oscillations during cooling-evoked hemodynamic perturbations of rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 95:803-810. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rapid immersion of a rat’s limbs into 4 °C water, a model of cold stress, can elicit hemodynamic perturbations (CEHP). We previously reported that CEHP is highly relevant to sympathetic activation and nitric oxide production. This study identifies the role of nitric oxide in CEHP. Conscious rats were pretreated with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME (NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester) alone or following the removal of sympathetic influences using hexamethonium or guanethidine. Rats were then subjected to a 10 min cold-stress trial. Hemodynamic indices were telemetrically monitored throughout the experiment. The analyses included measurements of systolic blood pressure; heart rate; dicrotic notch; short-term cardiovascular oscillations and coherence between blood pressure variability and heart rate variability in regions of very low frequency (0.02–0.2 Hz), low frequency (0.2–0.6 Hz), and high frequency (0.6–3.0 Hz). We observed different profiles of hemodynamic reaction between hexamethonium and guanethidine superimposed on L-NAME, suggesting an essential role for a functional adrenal medulla release of epinephrine under cold stress. These results indicate that endogenous nitric oxide plays an important role in the inhibition of sympathetic activation and cardiovascular oscillations in CEHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsien Lin
- Division of Medical Research and Education, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yia-Ping Liu
- Department of Physiology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chieh Lin
- Division of Medical Research and Education, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Lei Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Che-Se Tung
- Division of Medical Research and Education, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptors are important to maintain cerebrovascular reactivity in chronic hypertension. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123697. [PMID: 25860809 PMCID: PMC4393086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral blood flow autoregulation (CA) shifts to higher blood pressures in chronic hypertensive patients, which increases their risk for brain damage. Although cerebral vascular smooth muscle cells express the potent vasodilatatory peptides calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and adrenomedullin (AM) and their receptors (calcitonin receptor-like receptor (Calclr), receptor-modifying proteins (RAMP) 1 and 2), their contribution to CA during chronic hypertension is poorly understood. Here we report that chronic (10 weeks) hypertensive (one-kidney-one-clip-method) mice overexpressing the Calclr in smooth muscle cells (CLR-tg), which increases the natural sensitivity of the brain vasculature to CGRP and AM show significantly better blood pressure drop-induced cerebrovascular reactivity than wt controls. Compared to sham mice, this was paralleled by increased cerebral CGRP-binding sites (receptor autoradiography), significantly in CLR-tg but not wt mice. AM-binding sites remained unchanged. Whereas hypertension did not alter RAMP-1 expression (droplet digital (dd) PCR) in either mouse line, RAMP-2 expression dropped significantly in both mouse lines by about 65%. Moreover, in wt only Calclr expression was reduced by about 70% parallel to an increase of smooth muscle actin (Acta2) expression. Thus, chronic hypertension induces a stoichiometric shift between CGRP and AM receptors in favor of the CGRP receptor. However, the parallel reduction of Calclr expression observed in wt mice but not CLR-tg mice appears to be a key mechanism in chronic hypertension impairing cerebrovascular reactivity.
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Schuler B, Rieger G, Gubser M, Arras M, Gianella M, Vogel O, Jirkof P, Cesarovic N, Klohs J, Jakob P, Brock M, Gorr TA, Baum O, Hoppeler H, Samillan-Soto V, Gassmann M, Fischer JA, Born W, Vogel J. Endogenous α-calcitonin-gene-related peptide promotes exercise-induced, physiological heart hypertrophy in mice. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 211:107-21. [PMID: 24479375 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM It is unknown how the heart distinguishes various overloads, such as exercise or hypertension, causing either physiological or pathological hypertrophy. We hypothesize that alpha-calcitonin-gene-related peptide (αCGRP), known to be released from contracting skeletal muscles, is key at this remodelling. METHODS The hypertrophic effect of αCGRP was measured in vitro (cultured cardiac myocytes) and in vivo (magnetic resonance imaging) in mice. Exercise performance was assessed by determination of maximum oxygen consumption and time to exhaustion. Cardiac phenotype was defined by transcriptional analysis, cardiac histology and morphometry. Finally, we measured spontaneous activity, body fat content, blood volume, haemoglobin mass and skeletal muscle capillarization and fibre composition. RESULTS While αCGRP exposure yielded larger cultured cardiac myocytes, exercise-induced heart hypertrophy was completely abrogated by treatment with the peptide antagonist CGRP(8-37). Exercise performance was attenuated in αCGRP(-/-) mice or CGRP(8-37) treated wild-type mice but improved in animals with higher density of cardiac CGRP receptors (CLR-tg). Spontaneous activity, body fat content, blood volume, haemoglobin mass, muscle capillarization and fibre composition were unaffected, whereas heart index and ventricular myocyte volume were reduced in αCGRP(-/-) mice and elevated in CLR-tg. Transcriptional changes seen in αCGRP(-/-) (but not CLR-tg) hearts resembled maladaptive cardiac phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Alpha-calcitonin-gene-related peptide released by skeletal muscles during exercise is a hitherto unrecognized effector directing the strained heart into physiological instead of pathological adaptation. Thus, αCGRP agonists might be beneficial in heart failure patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Schuler
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology; Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | - G. Rieger
- Institute of Anatomy; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - M. Gubser
- Institute of Anatomy; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - M. Arras
- Division of Surgical Research; University Hospital Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - M. Gianella
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology; Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - O. Vogel
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology; Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - P. Jirkof
- Division of Surgical Research; University Hospital Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - N. Cesarovic
- Division of Surgical Research; University Hospital Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - J. Klohs
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering; University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology; Zürich (ETHZ); Zürich Switzerland
| | - P. Jakob
- Institute of Physiology and Cardiovascular Research; University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - M. Brock
- Division of Pulmonology; University Hospital Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
- Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP); Zürich Switzerland
| | - T. A. Gorr
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology; Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
- Clinic IV; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology; University Medical Center; Freiburg Germany
| | - O. Baum
- Institute of Anatomy; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - H. Hoppeler
- Institute of Anatomy; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - V. Samillan-Soto
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology; Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
- Physiology Department; Medical School; Universidad Alas Peruanas; Lima Peru
| | - M. Gassmann
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology; Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
- Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP); Zürich Switzerland
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH); Lima Peru
| | - J. A. Fischer
- Former Research Laboratory for Calcium Metabolism; Orthopedic University Hospital Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - W. Born
- Former Research Laboratory for Calcium Metabolism; Orthopedic University Hospital Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - J. Vogel
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology; Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
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Li L, Hatcher JT, Hoover DB, Gu H, Wurster RD, Cheng ZJ. Distribution and morphology of calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P immunoreactive axons in the whole-mount atria of mice. Auton Neurosci 2014; 181:37-48. [PMID: 24433968 PMCID: PMC10506417 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The murine model has been used to investigate the role of cardiac sensory axons in various disease states. However, the distribution and morphological structures of cardiac nociceptive axons in normal murine tissues have not yet been well characterized. In this study, whole-mount atria from FVB mice were processed with calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) primary antibodies followed by secondary antibodies, and then examined using confocal microscopy. We found: 1) Large CGRP-IR axon bundles entered the atria with the major veins, and these large bundles bifurcated into small bundles and single axons that formed terminal end-nets and free endings in the epicardium. Varicose CGRP-IR axons had close contacts with muscle fibers, and some CGRP-IR axons formed varicosities around principle neurons (PNs) within intrinsic cardiac ganglia (ICGs). 2) SP-IR axons also were found in the same regions of the atria, attached to veins, and within cardiac ganglia. Similar to CGRP-IR axons, these SP-IR axons formed terminal end-nets and free endings in the atrial epicardium and myocardium. Within ICGs, SP-IR axons formed varicose endings around PNs. However, SP-IR nerve fibers were less abundant than CGRP-IR fibers in the atria. 3) None of the PNs were CGRP-IR or SP-IR. 4) CGRP-IR and SP-IR often colocalized in terminal varicosities around PNs. Collectively, our data document the distribution pattern and morphology of CGRP-IR and SP-IR axons and terminals in different regions of the atria. This knowledge provides useful information for CGRP-IR and SP-IR axons that can be referred to in future studies of pathological remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- Biomolecular Science Center, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, United States
| | - Jeffrey T Hatcher
- Biomolecular Science Center, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, United States
| | - Donald B Hoover
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States
| | - He Gu
- Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Robert D Wurster
- Department of Physiology, Loyola University, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, United States
| | - Zixi Jack Cheng
- Biomolecular Science Center, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, United States.
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Le Mével JC, Lancien F, Mimassi N, Kermorgant M, Conlon JM. Central ventilatory and cardiovascular actions of calcitonin gene-related peptide in unanesthetized trout. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 215:1930-7. [PMID: 22573772 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.070177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and its receptors are widely distributed in the tissues of teleost fish, including the brain, but little is known about the ventilatory and cardiovascular effects of the peptide in these vertebrates. The present study was undertaken to compare the central and peripheral actions of graded doses (5-50 pmol) of trout CGRP on ventilatory and cardiovascular variables in unanesthetized rainbow trout. Compared with vehicle, intracerebroventricular injection of CGRP significantly elevated the ventilation frequency (f(V)) and the ventilation amplitude (V(AMP)) and, consequently, the total ventilation (V(TOT)). The maximum hyperventilatory effect of CGRP (V(TOT): +300%), observed at a dose of 50 pmol, was mostly due to its stimulatory action on V(AMP) (+200%) rather than f(V) (+30%). In addition, CGRP produced a significant and dose-dependent increase in mean dorsal aortic blood pressure (P(DA)) (50 pmol: +40%) but the increase in heart rate (f(H)) was not significant. Intra-arterial injections of CGRP were without effect on the ventilatory variables but significantly and dose-dependently elevated P(DA) (50 pmol: +36%) without changing f(H). At the highest dose tested, this hypertensive phase was preceded by a rapid and transient hypotensive response. In conclusion, our study suggests that endogenous CGRP within the brain of the trout may act as a potent neurotransmitter and/or neuromodulator in the regulation of cardio-ventilatory functions. In the periphery, endogenous CGRP may act as a local and/or circulating hormone preferentially involved in vasoregulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Le Mével
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, Université de Brest, INSERM UMR101, Brest, CHU de Brest, France.
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Guo R, Chen XP, Guo X, Chen L, Li D, Peng J, Li YJ. Evidence for involvement of calcitonin gene-related peptide in nitroglycerin response and association with mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) Glu504Lys polymorphism. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52:953-60. [PMID: 18772068 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Revised: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to determine whether calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is involved in glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) response in humans, and its association with mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) Glu504Lys (ALDH2*2) polymorphism. BACKGROUND In animal models, CGRP contributes to the cardiovascular effects of GTN. The enzyme principally responsible for GTN bioactivation is ALDH2. The common ALDH2*2 polymorphism is associated with a lack of GTN efficacy. METHODS In 18 ALDH2*2-genotyped Chinese volunteers, we observed the changes in plasma concentrations of CGRP after sublingual GTN administration and its correlation with GTN response, and assessed the expression of CGRP messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) in cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) pre-treated with 10(-5) mol/l GTN. RESULTS In contrast to carriers of the ALDH2*2 allele, ALDH2*1/*1 homozygotes showed a significantly higher extent of absolute changes in both systolic blood pressure (DeltaSBP) and HR (DeltaHR) at several time points after GTN administration. Plasma concentrations of CGRP were increased significantly 12 min after GTN administration, the percentage increase in plasma concentrations of CGRP correlated positively with both DeltaSBP and DeltaHR, and percentage increase in plasma concentrations of CGRP was significantly higher in ALDH2*1/*1 homozygotes. In addition, PBMCs from ALDH2*1/*1 homozygotes showed a higher-fold increase in both CGRP I and CGRP II mRNA after GTN stimulation, and the GTN-induced increase in CGRP mRNA expression in PBMCs from ALDH2*1/*1 homozygotes was inhibited by the ALDH2 inhibitor chloral hydrate. CONCLUSIONS We found that CGRP is associated with the cardiovascular effect of GTN through an ALDH2-dependent pathway in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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