1
|
Navarro-Lopez S, Moya-Ramón M, Gallar J, Carracedo G, Aracil-Marco A. Effects of physical activity/exercise on tear film characteristics and dry eye associated symptoms: A literature review. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2023; 46:101854. [PMID: 37173175 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2023.101854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To conduct a review of the literature in order to identify the potential association between physical activity or exercise and the objective signs and/or subjective symptoms of dry-eye disease. METHODS A review of PubMed and Web of Science databases was performed, according to the PRISMA guidelines. The papers included in the review addressed the relationship of physical activity or exercise with dry-eye associated signs (changes in tear volume, osmolarity or biochemical composition) and/or subjective symptoms. RESULTS A total of 16 papers were included. In eight, the changes in tear film volume, osmolarity and/or biochemical composition were studied after a single, acute bout of aerobic exercise. In another eight, changes in dry-eye associated symptoms were studied in relation to the habitual practice of physical activity or to prescribed exercise programmes. Acute responses of the tear film to exercise included: a) an increase of tear volume, without an increase of the tear break-up time; b) a trend to increase tear osmolarity, although within its physiological range; and c) a reduced concentration of several cytokines, and other molecular markers of inflammation or oxidative stress. Long-term exposure to physical activity or exercise programmes was associated with relief of dry-eye associated symptoms and a trend to increased tear break-up time. CONCLUSIONS Despite a high heterogeneity in the studied population, study designs and methods, the current body of evidence suggests a potential role for physical activity as a modulatory stimulus for the proper functioning of the tear film and/or the relief of dry-eye symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Moya-Ramón
- Department of Sports Sciences, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica y Sanitaria de Alicante (ISABIAL), Spain
| | - Juana Gallar
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica y Sanitaria de Alicante (ISABIAL), Spain; Instituto de Neurociencias, UMH-CSIC, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Carracedo
- Ocupharm Research Group, Department of Optometry and Vision, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
| | - Adolfo Aracil-Marco
- Department of Sports Sciences, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica y Sanitaria de Alicante (ISABIAL), Spain; Instituto de Neurociencias, UMH-CSIC, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Luna C, Quirce S, Aracil-Marco A, Belmonte C, Gallar J, Acosta MC. Unilateral Corneal Insult Also Alters Sensory Nerve Activity in the Contralateral Eye. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:767967. [PMID: 34869482 PMCID: PMC8634144 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.767967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
After the unilateral inflammation or nerve lesion of the ocular surface, the ipsilateral corneal sensory nerve activity is activated and sensitized, evoking ocular discomfort, irritation, and pain referred to the affected eye. Nonetheless, some patients with unilateral ocular inflammation, infection, or surgery also reported discomfort and pain in the contralateral eye. We explored the possibility that such altered sensations in the non-affected eye are due to the changes in their corneal sensory nerve activity in the contralateral, not directly affected eye. To test that hypothesis, we recorded the impulse activity of the corneal mechano- and polymodal nociceptor and cold thermoreceptor nerve terminals in both eyes of guinea pigs, subjected unilaterally to three different experimental conditions (UV-induced photokeratitis, microkeratome corneal surgery, and chronic tear deficiency caused by removal of the main lacrimal gland), and in eyes of naïve animals ex vivo. Overall, after unilateral eye damage, the corneal sensory nerve activity appeared to be also altered in the contralateral eye. Compared with the naïve guinea pigs, animals with unilateral UV-induced mild corneal inflammation, showed on both eyes an inhibition of the spontaneous and stimulus-evoked activity of cold thermoreceptors, and increased activity in nociceptors affecting both the ipsilateral and the contralateral eye. Unilateral microkeratome surgery affected the activity of nociceptors mostly, inducing sensitization in both eyes. The removal of the main lacrimal gland reduced tear volume and increased the cold thermoreceptor activity in both eyes. This is the first direct demonstration that unilateral corneal nerve lesion, especially ocular surface inflammation, functionally affects the activity of the different types of corneal sensory nerves in both the ipsilateral and contralateral eyes. The mechanisms underlying the contralateral affectation of sensory nerves remain to be determined, although available data support the involvement of neuroimmune interactions. The parallel alteration of nerve activity in contralateral eyes has two main implications: a) in the experimental design of both preclinical and clinical studies, where the contralateral eyes cannot be considered as a control; and, b) in the clinical practice, where clinicians must consider the convenience of treating both eyes of patients with unilateral ocular conditions to avoid pain and secondary undesirable effects in the fellow eye.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Luna
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Susana Quirce
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Adolfo Aracil-Marco
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Carlos Belmonte
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Juana Gallar
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - M Carmen Acosta
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Delicado-Miralles M, Velasco E, Díaz-Tahoces A, Gallar J, Acosta MC, Aracil-Marco A. Deciphering the Action of Perfluorohexyloctane Eye Drops to Reduce Ocular Discomfort and Pain. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:709712. [PMID: 34765614 PMCID: PMC8577568 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.709712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfluorohexyloctane (F6H8) eyedrops have been recently introduced in Europe as a product to treat dry eye disease, based on its ability to reduce tear film instability in Meibomian gland dysfunction and evaporative dry eye disease, although its mechanism of action is still unknown. In the present pilot study, we evaluated the effects of the ocular instillation of a single drop of commercial F6H8 eyedrops in 20 healthy humans (9 women/11 men), measuring: (a) Corneal surface temperature (CST) from infrared video images; (b) tear volume using phenol red threads; (c) blinking frequency; and (d) ocular surface sensations (cold, dryness, pricking, foreign body, burning, itching, gritty, eye fatigue, watering eyes, and light-evoked discomfort sensations; scored using 10 cm Visual Analog Scales), before and 5–60 min after F6H8 or saline treatment. CST decreased and tearing and blinking frequency increased significantly after F6H8 but not after saline solution. When applied unilaterally, CST decreased only in the F6H8-treated eye. No sensations were evoked after F6H8 or saline. The corneal surface temperature reduction produced by topical F6H8 does not evoke conscious ocular sensations but is sufficient to increase the activity of corneal cold thermoreceptors, leading to an increased reflex lacrimation and blinking that may relieve dry eye condition thus reducing ocular discomfort and pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Delicado-Miralles
- Cellular and Systems Neurobiology Unit, Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Enrique Velasco
- Cellular and Systems Neurobiology Unit, Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, San Juan de Alicante, Spain.,The European University of Brain and Technology-NeurotechEU, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Ariadna Díaz-Tahoces
- Cellular and Systems Neurobiology Unit, Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, San Juan de Alicante, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Juana Gallar
- Cellular and Systems Neurobiology Unit, Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, San Juan de Alicante, Spain.,The European University of Brain and Technology-NeurotechEU, San Juan de Alicante, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - M Carmen Acosta
- Cellular and Systems Neurobiology Unit, Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, San Juan de Alicante, Spain.,The European University of Brain and Technology-NeurotechEU, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Adolfo Aracil-Marco
- Cellular and Systems Neurobiology Unit, Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Aracil-Marco A, Sarabia JM, Pastor D, Guillén S, López-Grueso R, Gallar J, Moya-Ramón M. Acute Increase in Blood αCGRP at Maximal Exercise and Its Association to Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Carbohydrate Oxidation and Work Performed: An Exploratory Study in Young Men. Biology (Basel) 2021; 10:biology10080783. [PMID: 34440015 PMCID: PMC8389686 DOI: 10.3390/biology10080783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary αCGRP is a neuropeptide that increases in blood during high-intensity exercise in humans. However, the physiological meaning of this molecular response is unknown. Previous experimental works in rodents have related this neuropeptide to several biological processes in the skeletal muscle tissue and cardiorespiratory physiology. Based on the data from these animal studies we hypothesized that in humans αCGRP release during exercise could be similarly associated to metabolic and cardiorespiratory responses. To test this hypothesis, we subjected a sample of physically active young men to an exercise test up to exhaustion while their oxygen uptake (VO2max), CO2 production (VCO2), carbohydrate oxidation and performed work were measured. Blood samples were taken before the exercise test, at maximal intensity and after the volunteers have recovered, and the blood concentration of αCGRP was measured. We found that 2/3 of the volunteers responded to maximal exercise with an increase of their blood αCGRP concentration (responders), while the resting 1/3 did not (non-responders). We also found that VO2max, VCO2, carbohydrate oxidation and performed work were higher in the responders when compared to the non-responders. Therefore, our observations support that αCGRP release during exercise may be associated to physiological responses related to physical performance. Abstract This study aimed to explore if the acute variations in plasma concentration of α-calcitonin gene-related peptide (αCGRP) induced by a single maximal exercise bout may be associated to cardiorespiratory fitness and carbohydrate oxidation in humans. Twelve young adult Caucasian men (24.3 ± 0.9 years-old; 179.2 ± 1.9 cm of height; 23.9 ± 0.6 kg·m−2 body mass index) performed a graded exercise test. A venous catheter was placed before testing, and blood samples were taken at baseline, maximal effort and recovery. αCGRP was measured in plasma using a commercial double-sandwich enzyme-linked-immunoassay. A two-way repeated measurements ANOVA was used to compare the values obtained at baseline, maximal effort and recovery. In the whole sample, αCGRP increased at maximal effort and its concentration correlated directly, albeit non-significantly, with the muscle mass normalised VO2, VCO2, carbohydrate oxidation and relative power. Two thirds of the participants showed an increase in αCGRP concentration at maximal effort. Post hoc analysis showed that in these individuals, the muscle mass normalised VO2, VCO2, carbohydrate oxidation rate and relative power were higher than in the participants lacking this molecular response. Therefore, our data suggest that (a) a majority of young men respond to exercise with an increase in blood αCGRP concentration; and (b) individuals exhibiting this response also show a higher cardiorespiratory fitness, carbohydrate oxidation and work performed. These findings suggest that this neuropeptide could act as an exerkine with potential effects on physical performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo Aracil-Marco
- Instituto de Neurociencias, UMH-CSIC, Department of Sports Sciences, UMH, 03202 Elche, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.A.-M.); (M.M.-R.); Tel.: +34-966-658-877 (A.A.-M.); +34-965-222-046 (M.M.-R.)
| | - José Manuel Sarabia
- Department of Sports Sciences, Centro de Investigación del Deporte, UMH, 03202 Elche, Spain; (J.M.S.); (D.P.)
| | - Diego Pastor
- Department of Sports Sciences, Centro de Investigación del Deporte, UMH, 03202 Elche, Spain; (J.M.S.); (D.P.)
| | - Silvia Guillén
- Centro de Investigación del Deporte, UMH, Hospital Universitario de Elda, 03600 Elda, Spain;
| | | | - Juana Gallar
- Instituto de Neurociencias, UMH-CSIC, Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain;
| | - Manuel Moya-Ramón
- Department of Sports Sciences, Centro de Investigación del Deporte, UMH, Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), 03202 Elche, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.A.-M.); (M.M.-R.); Tel.: +34-966-658-877 (A.A.-M.); +34-965-222-046 (M.M.-R.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sanz-Quinto S, Brizuela G, López-Grueso R, Flatt AA, Aracil-Marco A, Reina R, Moya-Ramón M. Monitoring Heart Rate Variability Before and After a Marathon in an Elite Wheelchair Athlete: A Case Study. J Sports Sci Med 2018; 17:557-562. [PMID: 30479523 PMCID: PMC6243632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze heart rate variability (HRV) oscillations before and after a marathon which involved trans-meridian air travel and substantial time zone differences in a professional wheelchair athlete with Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease. The natural logarithm of the root mean square difference between adjacent normal R-R intervals (Ln rMSSD) was measured daily on the days before, including and following the race. Relative to baseline, small (-3.8 - -4.6%) reductions in LnRMSSD were observed following relocation and on race-day, indicating only minor effects of travel on cardiac-autonomic activity. On the morning following the marathon, a 23.1% reduction in Ln rMSSD was observed, which returned to baseline by 48 h. The race time set by the athlete was the world-leading time in his class. This case study showed that Ln rMSSD responses to marathon in an elite wheelchair athlete with CMT was similar to those previously reported among unrestricted endurance athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel Brizuela
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Andrew A Flatt
- Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, Georgia, USA
| | - Adolfo Aracil-Marco
- Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, Spain
- Instituto de Neurociencias, UMH-CSIC, Spain
| | - Raúl Reina
- Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, Spain
| | - Manuel Moya-Ramón
- Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, Spain
- Department of Health Psychology, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL-FISABIO Foundation), Alicante, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sánchez-Martos MÁ, Gomis-Díaz JM, Sarabia-Marín JM, Moya-Ramón M, Aracil-Marco A. Individualized exercise prescription in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a case report. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2015; 107:178-181. [PMID: 25733044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of an individualized exercise programme on a non-alcoholic steatohepatitis case is presented. Before entering the programme the patient was treated with conventional recommendations on diet plus aerobic exercise during fourteen years, without major improvements of his analytical parameters.Two years after including him in a tailored exercise programme, aimed to fulfil the recommendations of the American College of Sports Medicine, his blood markers of liver dysfunction and cardiometabolic risk tended to improve. Consequently, our data support the idea that in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis the exercise-based therapeutic interventions should be individualized taking into account the cardio-respiratory and muscular fitness of the patient, rather than using generic behavioural recommendations.
Collapse
|