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Saul S, Karim M, Ghita L, Huang PT, Chiu W, Durán V, Lo CW, Kumar S, Bhalla N, Leyssen P, Alem F, Boghdeh NA, Tran DH, Cohen CA, Brown JA, Huie KE, Tindle C, Sibai M, Ye C, Khalil AM, Martinez-Sobrido L, Dye JM, Pinsky BA, Ghosh P, Das S, Solow-Cordero DE, Jin J, Wikswo JP, Jochmans D, Neyts J, Jonghe SD, Narayanan A, Einav S. Anticancer pan-ErbB inhibitors reduce inflammation and tissue injury and exert broad-spectrum antiviral effects. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2021.05.15.444128. [PMID: 34159337 PMCID: PMC8219101 DOI: 10.1101/2021.05.15.444128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Targeting host factors exploited by multiple viruses could offer broad-spectrum solutions for pandemic preparedness. Seventeen candidates targeting diverse functions emerged in a screen of 4,413 compounds for SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors. We demonstrated that lapatinib and other approved inhibitors of the ErbB family receptor tyrosine kinases suppress replication of SARS-CoV-2, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), and other emerging viruses with a high barrier to resistance. Lapatinib suppressed SARS-CoV-2 entry and later stages of the viral life cycle and showed synergistic effect with the direct-acting antiviral nirmatrelvir. We discovered that ErbB1, 2 and 4 bind SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein and regulate viral and ACE2 internalization, and they are required for VEEV infection. In human lung organoids, lapatinib protected from SARS-CoV-2-induced activation of ErbB-regulated pathways implicated in non-infectious lung injury, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and epithelial barrier injury. Lapatinib suppressed VEEV replication, cytokine production and disruption of the blood-brain barrier integrity in microfluidic-based human neurovascular units, and reduced mortality in a lethal infection murine model. We validated lapatinib-mediated inhibition of ErbB activity as an important mechanism of antiviral action. These findings reveal regulation of viral replication, inflammation, and tissue injury via ErbBs and establish a proof-of-principle for a repurposed, ErbB-targeted approach to combat emerging viruses.
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Xue Q, Yan R, Ji S, Yu S. Regulation of mitochondrial network homeostasis by O-GlcNAcylation. Mitochondrion 2022; 65:45-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2022.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Rodríguez ML, Millán I, Ortega ÁL. Cellular targets in diabetic retinopathy therapy. World J Diabetes 2021; 12:1442-1462. [PMID: 34630899 PMCID: PMC8472497 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i9.1442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the existence of treatment for diabetes, inadequate metabolic control triggers the appearance of chronic complications such as diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy is considered a multifactorial disease of complex etiology in which oxidative stress and low chronic inflammation play essential roles. Chronic exposure to hyperglycemia triggers a loss of redox balance that is critical for the appearance of neuronal and vascular damage during the development and progression of the disease. Current therapies for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy are used in advanced stages of the disease and are unable to reverse the retinal damage induced by hyperglycemia. The lack of effective therapies without side effects means there is an urgent need to identify an early action capable of preventing the development of the disease and its pathophysiological consequences in order to avoid loss of vision associated with diabetic retinopathy. Therefore, in this review we propose different therapeutic targets related to the modulation of the redox and inflammatory status that, potentially, can prevent the development and progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Lucía Rodríguez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Iván Millán
- Neonatal Research Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángel Luis Ortega
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot 46100, Valencia, Spain
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The Effect of Dietary Supplements on Oxidative Stress in Pregnant Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Network Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072284. [PMID: 34209454 PMCID: PMC8308478 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) exacerbates the oxidative stress status of the pregnant women. Τo improve the oxidative stress status, several therapeutic interventions have been suggested. The aim of this network meta-analysis is to assess the effect of different dietary supplements on the oxidative stress status in pregnant women with GDM. METHODS A network meta-analysis of randomized control trials was performed comparing the changes delta (Δ) in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) as primary outcomes, following different therapeutic interventions with dietary supplements in pregnant women with GDM. Four electronic databases and grey literature sources were searched. The secondary outcomes were other markers of oxidative stress. RESULTS The meta-analysis included 16 studies of 1173 women with GDM. Regarding ΔTAC: probiotics and omega-3 with vitamin E were superior to placebo/no intervention. Regarding ΔMDA: vitamin D with calcium, omega-3, vitamin D, omega-3 with vitamin E, magnesium with zinc and calcium, and probiotics were superior to placebo/no intervention. CONCLUSIONS Administration of dietary supplements in women with GDM can be helpful in limiting the oxidative stress which develop in these pregnancies.
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Moiz B, Garcia J, Basehore S, Sun A, Li A, Padmanabhan S, Albus K, Jang C, Sriram G, Clyne AM. 13C Metabolic Flux Analysis Indicates Endothelial Cells Attenuate Metabolic Perturbations by Modulating TCA Activity. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11040226. [PMID: 33917224 PMCID: PMC8068087 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11040226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Disrupted endothelial metabolism is linked to endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. Targeted metabolic inhibitors are potential therapeutics; however, their systemic impact on endothelial metabolism remains unknown. In this study, we combined stable isotope labeling with 13C metabolic flux analysis (13C MFA) to determine how targeted inhibition of the polyol (fidarestat), pentose phosphate (DHEA), and hexosamine biosynthetic (azaserine) pathways alters endothelial metabolism. Glucose, glutamine, and a four-carbon input to the malate shuttle were important carbon sources in the baseline human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) 13C MFA model. We observed two to three times higher glutamine uptake in fidarestat and azaserine-treated cells. Fidarestat and DHEA-treated HUVEC showed decreased 13C enrichment of glycolytic and TCA metabolites and amino acids. Azaserine-treated HUVEC primarily showed 13C enrichment differences in UDP-GlcNAc. 13C MFA estimated decreased pentose phosphate pathway flux and increased TCA activity with reversed malate shuttle direction in fidarestat and DHEA-treated HUVEC. In contrast, 13C MFA estimated increases in both pentose phosphate pathway and TCA activity in azaserine-treated cells. These data show the potential importance of endothelial malate shuttle activity and suggest that inhibiting glycolytic side branch pathways can change the metabolic network, highlighting the need to study systemic metabolic therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Moiz
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (B.M.); (A.S.); (A.L.); (S.P.); (K.A.)
| | - Jonathan Garcia
- School of Bioengineering, Science, and Heath Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (J.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Sarah Basehore
- School of Bioengineering, Science, and Heath Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (J.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Angela Sun
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (B.M.); (A.S.); (A.L.); (S.P.); (K.A.)
| | - Andrew Li
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (B.M.); (A.S.); (A.L.); (S.P.); (K.A.)
| | - Surya Padmanabhan
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (B.M.); (A.S.); (A.L.); (S.P.); (K.A.)
| | - Kaitlyn Albus
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (B.M.); (A.S.); (A.L.); (S.P.); (K.A.)
| | - Cholsoon Jang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
| | - Ganesh Sriram
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA;
| | - Alisa Morss Clyne
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (B.M.); (A.S.); (A.L.); (S.P.); (K.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-301-405-9806
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Pharmacological Inhibition of O-GlcNAc Transferase Promotes mTOR-Dependent Autophagy in Rat Cortical Neurons. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10120958. [PMID: 33317171 PMCID: PMC7763293 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10120958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is a ubiquitous enzyme that regulates the addition of β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to serine and threonine residues of target proteins. Autophagy is a cellular process of self-digestion, in which cytoplasmic resources, such as aggregate proteins, toxic compounds, damaged organelles, mitochondria, and lipid molecules, are degraded and recycled. Here, we examined how three different OGT inhibitors, alloxan, BXZ2, and OSMI-1, modulate O-GlcNAcylation in rat cortical neurons, and their autophagic effects were determined by immunoblot and immunofluorescence assays. We found that the treatment of cortical neurons with an OGT inhibitor decreased O-GlcNAcylation levels and increased LC3-II expression. Interestingly, the pre-treatment with rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor, further increased the expression levels of LC3-II induced by OGT inhibition, implicating the involvement of mTOR signaling in O-GlcNAcylation-dependent autophagy. In contrast, OGT inhibitor-mediated autophagy was significantly attenuated by 3-methyladenine (3-MA), a blocker of autophagosome formation. However, when pre-treated with chloroquine (CQ), a lysosomotropic agent and a late-stage autophagy inhibitor, OGT inhibitors significantly increased LC3-II levels along with LC3 puncta formation, indicating the stimulation of autophagic flux. Lastly, we found that OGT inhibitors significantly decreased the levels of the autophagy substrate p62/SQSTM1 while increasing the expression of lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1). Together, our study reveals that the modulation of O-GlcNAcylation by OGT inhibition regulates mTOR-dependent autophagy in rat cortical neurons.
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Glutamine Analogues Impair Cell Proliferation, the Intracellular Cycle and Metacyclogenesis in Trypanosoma cruzi. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071628. [PMID: 32252252 PMCID: PMC7180609 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the aetiologic agent of Chagas disease, which affects people in the Americas and worldwide. The parasite has a complex life cycle that alternates among mammalian hosts and insect vectors. During its life cycle, T. cruzi passes through different environments and faces nutrient shortages. It has been established that amino acids, such as proline, histidine, alanine, and glutamate, are crucial to T. cruzi survival. Recently, we described that T. cruzi can biosynthesize glutamine from glutamate and/or obtain it from the extracellular environment, and the role of glutamine in energetic metabolism and metacyclogenesis was demonstrated. In this study, we analysed the effect of glutamine analogues on the parasite life cycle. Here, we show that glutamine analogues impair cell proliferation, the developmental cycle during the infection of mammalian host cells and metacyclogenesis. Taken together, these results show that glutamine is an important metabolite for T. cruzi survival and suggest that glutamine analogues can be used as scaffolds for the development of new trypanocidal drugs. These data also reinforce the supposition that glutamine metabolism is an unexplored possible therapeutic target.
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Park J, Lai MKP, Arumugam TV, Jo DG. O-GlcNAcylation as a Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer's Disease. Neuromolecular Med 2020; 22:171-193. [PMID: 31894464 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-019-08584-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and the number of elderly patients suffering from AD has been steadily increasing. Despite worldwide efforts to cope with this disease, little progress has been achieved with regard to identification of effective therapeutics. Thus, active research focusing on identification of new therapeutic targets of AD is ongoing. Among the new targets, post-translational modifications which modify the properties of mature proteins have gained attention. O-GlcNAcylation, a type of PTM that attaches O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to a protein, is being sought as a new target to treat AD pathologies. O-GlcNAcylation has been known to modify the two important components of AD pathological hallmarks, amyloid precursor protein, and tau protein. In addition, elevating O-GlcNAcylation levels in AD animal models has been shown to be effective in alleviating AD-associated pathology. Although studies investigating the precise mechanism of reversal of AD pathologies by targeting O-GlcNAcylation are not yet complete, it is clearly important to examine O-GlcNAcylation regulation as a target of AD therapeutics. This review highlights the mechanisms of O-GlcNAcylation and its role as a potential therapeutic target under physiological and pathological AD conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsu Park
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Korea
| | - Mitchell K P Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Thiruma V Arumugam
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea.
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117593, Singapore.
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea.
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Korea.
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea.
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Role of the Wnt signalling pathway in the development of endothelial disorders in response to hyperglycaemia. Expert Rev Mol Med 2019; 21:e7. [PMID: 31796147 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2019.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common metabolic disease. A WHO report from 2016 indicates that 422 million people worldwide suffer from DM or hyperglycaemia because of impaired glucose metabolism. Chronic hyperglycaemia leads to micro- and macrovessel damage, which may result in life-threatening complications. The Wnt pathway regulates cell proliferation and survival by modulating the expression of genes that control cell differentiation. Three linked Wnt pathways have been discovered thus far: a β-catenin-dependent pathway and two pathways independent of β-catenin - the planar cell polarity pathway and calcium-dependent pathway. The Wnt pathway regulates genes associated with inflammation, cell cycle, angiogenesis, fibrinolysis and other molecular processes. AREAS COVERED This review presents the current state of knowledge regarding the contribution of the Wnt pathway to endothelial ageing under hyperglycaemic conditions and provides new insights into the molecular basis of diabetic endothelial dysfunction. CONCLUSION The β-catenin-dependent pathway is a potential target in the prophylaxis and treatment of early-stage diabetes-related vascular complications. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely undetermined and require further investigation.
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Paredes F, Williams HC, Quintana RA, San Martin A. Mitochondrial Protein Poldip2 (Polymerase Delta Interacting Protein 2) Controls Vascular Smooth Muscle Differentiated Phenotype by O-Linked GlcNAc (N-Acetylglucosamine) Transferase-Dependent Inhibition of a Ubiquitin Proteasome System. Circ Res 2019; 126:41-56. [PMID: 31656131 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.315932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The mitochondrial Poldip2 (protein polymerase interacting protein 2) is required for the activity of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. As a consequence, Poldip2 deficiency induces metabolic reprograming with repressed mitochondrial respiration and increased glycolytic activity. Though homozygous deletion of Poldip2 is lethal, heterozygous mice are viable and show protection against aneurysm and injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia, diseases linked to loss of vascular smooth muscle differentiation. Thus, we hypothesize that the metabolic reprograming induced by Poldip2 deficiency controls VSMC differentiation. OBJECTIVE To determine the role of Poldip2-mediated metabolic reprograming in phenotypic modulation of VSMC. METHODS AND RESULTS We show that Poldip2 deficiency in vascular smooth muscle in vitro and in vivo induces the expression of the SRF (serum response factor), myocardin, and MRTFA (myocardin-related transcription factor A) and dramatically represses KLF4 (Krüppel-like factor 4). Consequently, Poldip2-deficient VSMC and mouse aorta express high levels of contractile proteins and, more significantly, these cells do not dedifferentiate nor acquire macrophage-like characteristics when exposed to cholesterol or PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor). Regarding the mechanism, we found that Poldip2 deficiency upregulates the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway and OGT (O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase)-mediated protein O-GlcNAcylation. Increased protein glycosylation causes the inhibition of a nuclear ubiquitin proteasome system responsible for SRF stabilization and KLF4 repression and is required for the establishment of the differentiated phenotype in Poldip2-deficient cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that Poldip2 deficiency induces a highly differentiated phenotype in VSMCs through a mechanism that involves regulation of metabolism and proteostasis. Additionally, our study positions mitochondria-initiated signaling as key element of the VSMC differentiation programs that can be targeted to modulate VSMC phenotype during vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Paredes
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Holly C Williams
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Raymundo A Quintana
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Alejandra San Martin
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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Maamoun H, Benameur T, Pintus G, Munusamy S, Agouni A. Crosstalk Between Oxidative Stress and Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress in Endothelial Dysfunction and Aberrant Angiogenesis Associated With Diabetes: A Focus on the Protective Roles of Heme Oxygenase (HO)-1. Front Physiol 2019; 10:70. [PMID: 30804804 PMCID: PMC6378556 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Type-2 diabetes prevalence is continuing to rise worldwide due to physical inactivity and obesity epidemic. Diabetes and fluctuations of blood sugar are related to multiple micro- and macrovascular complications, that are attributed to oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) activation and inflammatory processes, which lead to endothelial dysfunction characterized, among other features, by reduced availability of nitric oxide (NO) and aberrant angiogenic capacity. Several enzymatic anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agents have been found to play protective roles against oxidative stress and its downstream signaling pathways. Of particular interest, heme oxygenase (HO) isoforms, specifically HO-1, have attracted much attention as major cytoprotective players in conditions associated with inflammation and oxidative stress. HO operates as a key rate-limiting enzyme in the process of degradation of the iron-containing molecule, heme, yielding the following byproducts: carbon monoxide (CO), iron, and biliverdin. Because HO-1 induction was linked to pro-oxidant states, it has been regarded as a marker of oxidative stress; however, accumulating evidence has established multiple cytoprotective roles of the enzyme in metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. The cytoprotective effects of HO-1 depend on several cellular mechanisms including the generation of bilirubin, an anti-oxidant molecule, from the degradation of heme; the induction of ferritin, a strong chelator of free iron; and the release of CO, that displays multiple anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic actions. The current review article describes the major molecular mechanisms contributing to endothelial dysfunction and altered angiogenesis in diabetes with a special focus on the interplay between oxidative stress and ER stress response. The review summarizes the key cytoprotective roles of HO-1 against hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction and aberrant angiogenesis and discusses the major underlying cellular mechanisms associated with its protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Maamoun
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tarek Benameur
- College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shankar Munusamy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Drake University, Des Moines, IA, United States
| | - Abdelali Agouni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Souza-Silva L, Alves-Lopes R, Silva Miguez J, Dela Justina V, Neves KB, Mestriner FL, Tostes RDC, Giachini FR, Lima VV. Glycosylation with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine induces vascular dysfunction via production of superoxide anion/reactive oxygen species. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 96:232-240. [PMID: 28793197 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2017-0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Overproduction of superoxide anion (•O2-) and O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification in the vascular system are contributors to endothelial dysfunction. This study tested the hypothesis that increased levels of O-GlcNAc-modified proteins contribute to •O2- production via activation of NADPH oxidase, resulting in impaired vasodilation. Rat aortic segments and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were incubated with vehicle (methanol) or O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucopyranosylidenamino) N-phenylcarbamate (PUGNAc) (100 μM). PUGNAc produced a time-dependent increase in O-GlcNAc levels in VSMC and decreased endothelium-dependent relaxation, which was prevented by apocynin and tiron, suggesting that •O2- contributes to endothelial dysfunction under augmented O-GlcNAc levels. Aortic segments incubated with PUGNAc also exhibited increased levels of reactive oxygen species, assessed by dihydroethidium fluorescence, and augmented •O2- production, determined by lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence. Additionally, PUGNAc treatment increased Nox-1 and Nox-4 protein expression in aortas and VSMCs. Translocation of the p47phox subunit from the cytosol to the membrane was greater in aortas incubated with PUGNAc. VSMCs displayed increased p22phox protein expression after PUGNAc incubation, suggesting that NADPH oxidase is activated in conditions where O-GlcNAc protein levels are increased. In conclusion, O-GlcNAc levels reduce endothelium-dependent relaxation by overproduction of •O2- via activation of NADPH oxidase. This may represent an additional mechanism by which augmented O-GlcNAc levels impair vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Souza-Silva
- a Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil
| | - Rheure Alves-Lopes
- b Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,c Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jéssica Silva Miguez
- a Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Dela Justina
- a Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil
| | - Karla Bianca Neves
- b Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,c Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Fabíola Leslie Mestriner
- b Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Rita de Cassia Tostes
- b Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Regina Giachini
- a Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil
| | - Victor Vitorino Lima
- a Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil
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Berezin AE. Endothelial progenitor cells dysfunction and impaired tissue reparation: The missed link in diabetes mellitus development. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2017; 11:215-220. [PMID: 27578620 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered a leading cause of premature cardiovascular (CV) mortality and morbidity in general population and in individuals with known CV disease. Recent animal and clinical studies have shown that reduced number and weak function of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) may not only indicate to higher CV risk, but contribute to the impaired heart and vessels reparation in patients with DM. Moreover, EPCs having a protective impact on the vasculature may mediate the functioning of other organs and systems. Therefore, EPCs dysfunction is probably promising target for DM treatment strategy, while the role of restoring of EPCs number and functionality in CV risk diminish and reduce of DM-related complications is not fully clear. The aim of the review is summary of knowledge regarding EPCs dysfunction in DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E Berezin
- State Medical University of Zaporozhye, 26, Mayakovsky av., Zaporozhye, UA, 69035, Ukraine.
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14
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Targeting endothelial metabolism for anti-angiogenesis therapy: A pharmacological perspective. Vascul Pharmacol 2017; 90:8-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Treps L, Conradi LC, Harjes U, Carmeliet P. Manipulating Angiogenesis by Targeting Endothelial Metabolism: Hitting the Engine Rather than the Drivers—A New Perspective? Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:872-87. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.116.012492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Therapeutic inhibition of mitochondrial function induces cell death in starvation-resistant renal cell carcinomas. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25669. [PMID: 27157976 PMCID: PMC4860706 DOI: 10.1038/srep25669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinomas (RCC) have two types of cells for carbon metabolism and for cell signaling under nutrient-deprivation conditions, namely starvation-resistant and starvation-sensitive cells. Here, we evaluated the mitochondrial characteristics of these cell types and found that the resistant type possessed higher activities for both mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis than the sensitive types. These higher activities were supported by the stored carbon, lipid and carbohydrate sources, and by a low level of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to sustained SOD2 expression in the resistant RCC cells. In metastatic RCC cases, higher SOD2 expression was associated with a significantly shorter survival period. We found that treatment with the drugs etomoxir and buformin significantly reduced mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and induced cell death under glucose-deprivation conditions in starvation-resistant RCC cells. Our data suggest that inhibitory targeting of mitochondria might offer an effective therapeutic option for metastatic RCC that is resistant to current treatments.
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McGarrity S, Halldórsson H, Palsson S, Johansson PI, Rolfsson Ó. Understanding the Causes and Implications of Endothelial Metabolic Variation in Cardiovascular Disease through Genome-Scale Metabolic Modeling. Front Cardiovasc Med 2016; 3:10. [PMID: 27148541 PMCID: PMC4834436 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2016.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
High-throughput biochemical profiling has led to a requirement for advanced data interpretation techniques capable of integrating the analysis of gene, protein, and metabolic profiles to shed light on genotype-phenotype relationships. Herein, we consider the current state of knowledge of endothelial cell (EC) metabolism and its connections to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and explore the use of genome-scale metabolic models (GEMs) for integrating metabolic and genomic data. GEMs combine gene expression and metabolic data acting as frameworks for their analysis and, ultimately, afford mechanistic understanding of how genetic variation impacts metabolism. We demonstrate how GEMs can be used to investigate CVD-related genetic variation, drug resistance mechanisms, and novel metabolic pathways in ECs. The application of GEMs in personalized medicine is also highlighted. Particularly, we focus on the potential of GEMs to identify metabolic biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and to discover methods of stratifying treatments for CVDs based on individual genetic markers. Recent advances in systems biology methodology, and how these methodologies can be applied to understand EC metabolism in both health and disease, are thus highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah McGarrity
- Center for Systems Biology, University of Iceland , Reykjavik , Iceland
| | - Haraldur Halldórsson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland , Reykjavik , Iceland
| | - Sirus Palsson
- Center for Systems Biology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; Sinopia Biosciences Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Pär I Johansson
- Section for Transfusion Medicine, Capital Region Blood Bank, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Óttar Rolfsson
- Center for Systems Biology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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18
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Toth-Manikowski S, Atta MG. Diabetic Kidney Disease: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Targets. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:697010. [PMID: 26064987 PMCID: PMC4430644 DOI: 10.1155/2015/697010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a worldwide epidemic that has led to a rise in diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Over the past two decades, there has been significant clarification of the various pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of DKD. Nonetheless, very little has changed in the way clinicians manage patients with this disorder. Indeed, treatment is primarily centered on controlling hyperglycemia and hypertension and inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. The purpose of this review is to describe the current understanding of how the hemodynamic, metabolic, inflammatory, and alternative pathways are all entangled in pathogenesis of DKD and detail the various therapeutic targets that may one day play a role in quelling this epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Toth-Manikowski
- Division of Nephrology, Johns Hopkins University, 1830 E. Monument Street, Suite 416, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Mohamed G. Atta
- Division of Nephrology, Johns Hopkins University, 1830 E. Monument Street, Suite 416, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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19
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Molecular mechanisms of diabetic retinopathy, general preventive strategies, and novel therapeutic targets. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:801269. [PMID: 25105142 PMCID: PMC4106080 DOI: 10.1155/2014/801269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The growing number of people with diabetes worldwide suggests that diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic macular edema (DME) will continue to be sight threatening factors. The pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy is a widespread cause of visual impairment in the world and a range of hyperglycemia-linked pathways have been implicated in the initiation and progression of this condition. Despite understanding the polyol pathway flux, activation of protein kinase C (KPC) isoforms, increased hexosamine pathway flux, and increased advanced glycation end-product (AGE) formation, pathogenic mechanisms underlying diabetes induced vision loss are not fully understood. The purpose of this paper is to review molecular mechanisms that regulate cell survival and apoptosis of retinal cells and discuss new and exciting therapeutic targets with comparison to the old and inefficient preventive strategies. This review highlights the recent advancements in understanding hyperglycemia-induced biochemical and molecular alterations, systemic metabolic factors, and aberrant activation of signaling cascades that ultimately lead to activation of a number of transcription factors causing functional and structural damage to retinal cells. It also reviews the established interventions and emerging molecular targets to avert diabetic retinopathy and its associated risk factors.
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20
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Isono T, Chano T, Kitamura A, Yuasa T. Glucose deprivation induces G2/M transition-arrest and cell death in N-GlcNAc2-modified protein-producing renal carcinoma cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96168. [PMID: 24796485 PMCID: PMC4010426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Some cancer cells can survive under glucose deprivation within the microenvironment of a tumor. Recently, we reported that N-linked (β-N-acetylglucosamine)2 [N-GlcNAc2]-modified proteins induce G2/M arrest and cell death under glucose deprivation. Here, we investigated whether such a response to glucose deprivation contributes to the survival of renal cell carcinomas, which are sensitive to nutritional stress. Specifically, we analyzed seven renal carcinoma cell lines. Four of these cell lines produced N-GlcNAc2-modified proteins and led G2/M-phase arrest under glucose deprivation, leading to cell death. The remaining three cell lines did not produce N-GlcNAc2-modified proteins and undergo G1/S-phase arrest under glucose deprivation, leading to survival. The four dead cell lines displayed significant up-regulation in the UDP-GlcNAc biosynthesis pathway as well as increased phosphorylation of p53, which was not observed in the surviving three cell lines. In addition, the four dead cell lines showed prolonged up-regulated expression of ATF3, which is related to unfolded protein response (UPR), while the surviving three cell lines showed only transient up-regulation of ATF3. In this study, we demonstrated that the renal carcinoma cells which accumulate N-GlcNAc2-modified proteins under glucose deprivation do not survive with abnormaly prolonged UPR pathway. By contrast, renal carcinoma cells that do not accumulate N-GlcNAc2-modified proteins under these conditions survive. Morover, we demonstrated that buformin, a UPR inhibitor, efficiently reduced cell survival under conditions of glucose deprivation for both sensitive and resistant phenotypes. Further studies to clarify these findings will lead to the development of novel chemotherapeutic treatments for renal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Isono
- Central Reseach Laboratory, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Tokuhiro Chano
- Departments of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Asuka Kitamura
- Central Reseach Laboratory, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yuasa
- Departments of Urology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Kumar A, Singh PK, Parihar R, Dwivedi V, Lakhotia SC, Ganesh S. Decreased O-linked GlcNAcylation protects from cytotoxicity mediated by huntingtin exon1 protein fragment. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:13543-53. [PMID: 24648514 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.553321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is an important post-translational modification of proteins and is known to regulate a number of pathways involved in cellular homeostasis. This involves dynamic and reversible modification of serine/threonine residues of different cellular proteins catalyzed by O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase and O-linked N-acetylglucosaminidase in an antagonistic manner. We report here that decreasing O-GlcNAcylation enhances the viability of neuronal cells expressing polyglutamine-expanded huntingtin exon 1 protein fragment (mHtt). We further show that O-GlcNAcylation regulates the basal autophagic process and that suppression of O-GlcNAcylation significantly increases autophagic flux by enhancing the fusion of autophagosome with lysosome. This regulation considerably reduces toxic mHtt aggregates in eye imaginal discs and partially restores rhabdomere morphology and vision in a fly model for Huntington disease. This study is significant in unraveling O-GlcNAcylation-dependent regulation of an autophagic process in mediating mHtt toxicity. Therefore, targeting the autophagic process through the suppression of O-GlcNAcylation may prove to be an important therapeutic approach in Huntington disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- From the Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016 and
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22
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Yang Z, Ming XF. mTOR signalling: the molecular interface connecting metabolic stress, aging and cardiovascular diseases. Obes Rev 2012; 13 Suppl 2:58-68. [PMID: 23107260 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2012.01038.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The continuing increase in the prevalence of obesity and metabolic disorders such as type-II diabetes and an accelerating aging population globally will remain the major contributors to cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in the 21st century. It is well known that aging is highly associated with metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Growing evidence also shows that obesity and metabolic diseases accelerate aging process. Studies in experimental animal models demonstrate similarity of metabolic and cardiovascular phenotypes in metabolic diseases and old age, e.g. insulin resistance, oxidative stress, chronic low grade inflammation, cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac fibrosis, and heart failure, as well as vascular dysfunctions. Despite intensive research, the molecular mechanisms linking metabolic stress, aging, and ultimately cardiovascular diseases are still elusive. Although the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling is a well known regulator of metabolism and lifespan in model organisms, its central role in linking metabolic stress, aging and cardiovascular diseases is recently emerging. In this article, we review the evidence supporting the role of mTOR signalling as a molecular interface connecting metabolic stress, aging and cardiovascular diseases. The therapeutic potentials of targeting mTOR signalling to protect against metabolic and age-associated cardiovascular diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Yang
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Fribourg, Rue du Musée 5, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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23
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O-GlcNAcylation and oxidation of proteins: is signalling in the cardiovascular system becoming sweeter? Clin Sci (Lond) 2012; 123:473-86. [PMID: 22757958 PMCID: PMC3389386 DOI: 10.1042/cs20110638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is an unusual form of protein glycosylation, where a single-sugar [GlcNAc (N-acetylglucosamine)] is added (via β-attachment) to the hydroxyl moiety of serine and threonine residues of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. A complex and extensive interplay exists between O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation. Many phosphorylation sites are also known glycosylation sites, and this reciprocal occupancy may produce different activities or alter the stability in a target protein. The interplay between these two post-translational modifications is not always reciprocal, as some proteins can be concomitantly phosphorylated and O-GlcNAcylated, and the adjacent phosphorylation or O-GlcNAcylation can regulate the addition of either moiety. Increased cardiovascular production of ROS (reactive oxygen species), termed oxidative stress, has been consistently reported in various chronic diseases and in conditions where O-GlcNAcylation has been implicated as a contributing mechanism for the associated organ injury/protection (for example, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, arterial hypertension, aging and ischaemia). In the present review, we will briefly comment on general aspects of O-GlcNAcylation and provide an overview of what has been reported for this post-translational modification in the cardiovascular system. We will then specifically address whether signalling molecules involved in redox signalling can be modified by O-GlcNAc (O-linked GlcNAc) and will discuss the critical interplay between O-GlcNAcylation and ROS generation. Experimental evidence indicates that the interactions between O-GlcNAcylation and oxidation of proteins are important not only for cell regulation in physiological conditions, but also under pathological states where the interplay may become dysfunctional and thereby exacerbate cellular injury.
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24
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Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside, a typical anthocyanin, exhibits antilipolytic effects in 3T3-L1 adipocytes during hyperglycemia: involvement of FoxO1-mediated transcription of adipose triglyceride lipase. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:3040-7. [PMID: 22721980 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Revised: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Elevated concentrations of circulating free fatty acids (FFAs) have been demonstrated to potentially link obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Inhibition of lipolysis reduces FFAs availability and improves insulin sensitivity. Anthocyanins from different plant foods were shown to improve hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance in vivo. In this study, cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside (C3G), a typical anthocyanin was selected to examine its in vitro effects on high-glucose-induced lipolysis in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Incubation with C3G efficiently inhibited FFAs and glycerol release from the adipocytes during hyperglycemia in a dose- and time-dependent manner. C3G treatment also increased the activity of AMP-activated protein kinase, decreased the activity of glutamine:fructose 6-phosphate aminotransferase, reduced cellular UDP-N-acetylglucosamine production, thereby suppressing the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway. In addition, C3G attenuated high-glucose-promoted O-glycosylation of transcription factor FoxO1, resulting in decreased expression of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL). Our findings reveal a novel mechanism by which anthocyanin regulates FoxO1-mediated transcription of ATGL and thus inhibits adipocyte lipolysis, suggesting its potential therapeutic application in diabetes-associated hyperlipidemia.
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25
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Verspohl EJ. Novel Pharmacological Approaches to the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. Pharmacol Rev 2012; 64:188-237. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.003319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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26
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Hyperglycemia and endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis: lessons from type 1 diabetes. Int J Vasc Med 2012; 2012:569654. [PMID: 22489274 PMCID: PMC3303762 DOI: 10.1155/2012/569654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A clear relationship between diabetes and cardiovascular disease has been established for decades. Despite this, the mechanisms by which diabetes contributes to plaque formation remain in question. Some of this confusion derives from studies in type 2 diabetics where multiple components of metabolic syndrome show proatherosclerotic effects independent of underlying diabetes. However, the hyperglycemia that defines the diabetic condition independently affects atherogenesis in cell culture systems, animal models, and human patients. Endothelial cell biology plays a central role in atherosclerotic plaque formation regulating vessel permeability, inflammation, and thrombosis. The current paper highlights the mechanisms by which hyperglycemia affects endothelial cell biology to promote plaque formation.
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27
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Ming XF, Montani JP, Yang Z. Perspectives of Targeting mTORC1-S6K1 in Cardiovascular Aging. Front Physiol 2012; 3:5. [PMID: 22291661 PMCID: PMC3265748 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The global population aging is accelerating and age-associated diseases including cardiovascular diseases become more challenging. The underlying mechanisms of aging and age-associated cardiovascular dysfunction remain elusive. There are substantial evidences demonstrating a pivotal role of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and its down-stream effector S6K1 signaling in mammalian lifespan regulation and age-related diseases such as type II diabetes mellitus and cancer. The role of mTORC1–S6K1 in age-related cardiovascular diseases is, however, largely unknown and the available experimental results are controversial. This review article primarily summarizes the most recent advances toward understanding the role of mTORC1–S6K1 in cardiovascular aging and discusses the future perspectives of targeting mTORC1–S6K1 signaling as a healthy lifespan extension modality in anti-aging and anti-cardiovascular aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Fen Ming
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Fribourg Fribourg, Switzerland
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28
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Lappas M, Hiden U, Desoye G, Froehlich J, Hauguel-de Mouzon S, Jawerbaum A. The role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:3061-100. [PMID: 21675877 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Normal human pregnancy is considered a state of enhanced oxidative stress. In pregnancy, it plays important roles in embryo development, implantation, placental development and function, fetal development, and labor. However, pathologic pregnancies, including gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), are associated with a heightened level of oxidative stress, owing to both overproduction of free radicals and/or a defect in the antioxidant defenses. This has important implications on the mother, placental function, and fetal well-being. Animal models of diabetes have confirmed the important role of oxidative stress in the etiology of congenital malformations; the relative immaturity of the antioxidant system facilitates the exposure of embryos and fetuses to the damaging effects of oxidative stress. Of note, there are only a few clinical studies evaluating the potential beneficial effects of antioxidants in GDM. Thus, whether or not increased antioxidant intake can reduce the complications of GDM in both mother and fetus needs to be explored. This review provides an overview and updated data on our current understanding of the complications associated with oxidative changes in GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Lappas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
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29
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Goldberg H, Whiteside C, Fantus IG. O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine supports p38 MAPK activation by high glucose in glomerular mesangial cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 301:E713-26. [PMID: 21712532 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00108.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia augments flux through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway and subsequent O-linkage of single β-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine moieties to serine and threonine residues on cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins (O-GlcNAcylation). Perturbations in this posttranslational modification have been proposed to promote glomerular matrix accumulation in diabetic nephropathy, but clear evidence and mechanism are lacking. We tested the hypothesis that O-GlcNAcylation enhances profibrotic signaling in rat mesangial cells. An adenovirus expressing shRNA directed against O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) markedly reduced basal and high-glucose-stimulated O-GlcNAcylation. Interestingly, O-GlcNAc depletion prevented high-glucose-induced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase phosphorylation. Downstream of p38, O-GlcNAc controlled the expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, fibronectin, and transforming growth factor-β, important factors in matrix accumulation in diabetic nephropathy. Treating mesangial cells with thiamet-G, a highly selective inhibitor of O-GlcNAc-specific hexosaminidase (O-GlcNAcase), increased O-GlcNAcylation and p38 phosphorylation. The high-glucose-stimulated kinase activity of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), an upstream MAPK kinase kinase for p38 that is negatively regulated by Akt, was inhibited by OGT shRNA. Akt Thr(308) and Ser(473) phosphorylation were enhanced following OGT shRNA expression in high-glucose-exposed mesangial cells, but high-glucose-induced p38 phosphorylation was not attenuated by OGT shRNA in cells pretreated with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor LY-294002. OGT shRNA also reduced high-glucose-stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. In contrast, diminished O-GlcNAcylation caused elevated ERK phosphorylation and PKCδ membrane translocation. Thus, O-GlcNAcylation is coupled to profibrotic p38 MAPK signaling by high glucose in part through Akt and possibly through ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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30
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Rajapakse AG, Yepuri G, Carvas JM, Stein S, Matter CM, Scerri I, Ruffieux J, Montani JP, Ming XF, Yang Z. Hyperactive S6K1 mediates oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in aging: inhibition by resveratrol. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19237. [PMID: 21544240 PMCID: PMC3081344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/S6K1 signalling emerges as a critical regulator of aging. Yet, a role of mTOR/S6K1 in aging-associated vascular endothelial dysfunction remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of S6K1 in aging-associated endothelial dysfunction and effects of the polyphenol resveratrol on S6K1 in aging endothelial cells. We show here that senescent endothelial cells displayed higher S6K1 activity, increased superoxide production and decreased bioactive nitric oxide (NO) levels than young endothelial cells, which is contributed by eNOS uncoupling. Silencing S6K1 in senescent cells reduced superoxide generation and enhanced NO production. Conversely, over-expression of a constitutively active S6K1 mutant in young endothelial cells mimicked endothelial dysfunction of the senescent cells through eNOS uncoupling and induced premature cellular senescence. Like the mTOR/S6K1 inhibitor rapamycin, resveratrol inhibited S6K1 signalling, resulting in decreased superoxide generation and enhanced NO levels in the senescent cells. Consistent with the data from cultured cells, an enhanced S6K1 activity, increased superoxide generation, and decreased bioactive NO levels associated with eNOS uncoupling were also detected in aortas of old WKY rats (aged 20–24 months) as compared to the young animals (1–3 months). Treatment of aortas of old rats with resveratrol or rapamycin inhibited S6K1 activity, oxidative stress, and improved endothelial NO production. Our data demonstrate a causal role of the hyperactive S6K1 in eNOS uncoupling leading to endothelial dysfunction and vascular aging. Resveratrol improves endothelial function in aging, at least in part, through inhibition of S6K1. Targeting S6K1 may thus represent a novel therapeutic approach for aging-associated vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angana G. Rajapakse
- Department of Medicine, Division of Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Gautham Yepuri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - João M. Carvas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Sokrates Stein
- Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich and Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian M. Matter
- Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich and Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Scerri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jean Ruffieux
- Department of Medicine, Division of Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pierre Montani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Xiu-Fen Ming
- Department of Medicine, Division of Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Zhihong Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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31
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Rajapakse AG, Ming XF, Carvas JM, Yang Z. O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine during hyperglycemia exerts both anti-inflammatory and pro-oxidative properties in the endothelial system. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2011; 2:172-5. [PMID: 20592773 PMCID: PMC2763244 DOI: 10.4161/oxim.2.3.8482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Elevated cellular levels of protein O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) through hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) are suggested to contribute to cardiovascular adverse effects under chronic hyperglycemic condition associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. Conversely, enhancing O-GlcNAc levels have also been demonstrated being protective against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. We recently demonstrated that hyperglycemia increases oxidative stress and HBP flux in endothelial cells and enhances endothelial expression of vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in response to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) through oxidative stress rather than HBP pathway. Here we present further complementary data showing that enhancing O-GlcNAc levels by glucosamine does not mimic hyperglycemia's effect on TNFalpha-induced endothelial VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression. Glucosamine however inhibits ICAM-1 (not VCAM-1) expression and induces superoxide generation in the cells. The results further suggest that increased O-GlcNAc levels do not mediate the enhancing effect of hyperglycemia on the endothelial inflammatory responses to TNFalpha. In contrast, it exerts certain anti-inflammatory effects accompanied by pro-oxidative properties. Further work should delineate the exact role of HPB pathway in different aspects of cardiovascular functions, especially those of diabetic cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angana Gupta Rajapakse
- Vascular Biology, Department of Medicine, Division of Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
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32
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López-Romero E, Reyes-Montes MDR, Pérez-Torres A, Ruiz-Baca E, Villagómez-Castro JC, Mora-Montes HM, Flores-Carreón A, Toriello C. Sporothrix schenckii complex and sporotrichosis, an emerging health problem. Future Microbiol 2011; 6:85-102. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii, now named the S. schenckii species complex, has largely been known as the etiological agent of sporotrichosis, which is an acute or chronic subcutaneous mycosis of humans and other mammals. Gene sequencing has revealed the following species in the S. schenckii complex: Sporothrix albicans, Sporothrix brasiliensis, Sporothrix globosa, Sporothrix luriei, Sporothrix mexicana and S. schenckii. The increasing number of reports of Sporothrix infection in immunocompromised patients, mainly the HIV-infected population, suggests sporotrichosis as an emerging global health problem concomitant with the AIDS pandemic. Molecular studies have demonstrated a high level of intraspecific variability. Components of the S. schenckii cell wall that act as adhesins and immunogenic inducers, such as a 70-kDa glycoprotein, are apparently specific to this fungus. The main glycan peptidorhamnomannan cell wall component is the only O-linked glycan structure known in S. schenckii. It contains an α-mannobiose core followed by one α-glucuronic acid unit, which may be mono- or di-rhamnosylated. The oligomeric structure of glucosamine-6-P synthase has led to a significant advance in the development of antifungals targeted to the enzyme’s catalytic domain in S. schenckii.
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Wang HC, Brumaghim JL. Polyphenol Compounds as Antioxidants for Disease Prevention: Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging, Enzyme Regulation, and Metal Chelation Mechanisms in E. coliand Human Cells. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2011-1083.ch005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao C. Wang
- Chemistry Department, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0973
| | - Julia L. Brumaghim
- Chemistry Department, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0973
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Zhang LN, Vincelette J, Chen D, Gless RD, Anandan SK, Rubanyi GM, Webb HK, MacIntyre DE, Wang YXJ. Inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase attenuates endothelial dysfunction in animal models of diabetes, obesity and hypertension. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 654:68-74. [PMID: 21187082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is a hallmark of, and plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic diseases, including type II diabetes, obesity, and hypertension. It has been well established that epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) act as an endothelial derived hyperpolarization factor (EDHF). Soluble epoxide hydrolase (s-EH) rapidly hydrolyses certain epoxylipids (e.g. EETs) to less bioactive diols (DHETs), thereby attenuating the evoked vasodilator effects. The aim of the present study was to examine if inhibition of s-EH can restore impaired endothelial function in three animal models of cardiometabolic diseases. Isolated vessel rings of the aorta and/or mesenteric artery from mice or rats were pre-contracted using phenylephrine or U46619. Endothelium-dependent and independent vasorelaxation to acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were measured using wire myography in vessels isolated from db/db or diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice, and angiotensin II-induced hypertensive rats treated chronically with s-EH inhibitors AR9281 or AR9276 or with vehicle. Vasorelaxation to acetylcholine, but not to SNP was severely impaired in all three animal models. Oral administration of AR9281 or AR9276 abolished whole blood s-EH activity, elevated epoxy/diol lipid ratio, and abrogated endothelial dysfunction in all three models. Incubating the mesenteric artery of db/db mice with L-NAME and indomethacin to block nitric oxide (NO) and prostacyclin formation did not affect AR9821-induced improvement of endothelial function. These data indicate that inhibition of s-EH ameliorates endothelial dysfunction and that effects in the db/db model are independent of the presence of NO and cyclooxygenase derived prostanoids. Thus, preserving vasodilator EETs by inhibition of s-EH may be of therapeutic benefit by improving endothelial function in cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Ning Zhang
- Arete Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Popov D. Endothelial cell dysfunction in hyperglycemia: Phenotypic change, intracellular signaling modification, ultrastructural alteration, and potential clinical outcomes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdm.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Karunakaran U, Jeoung NH. O-GlcNAc Modification: Friend or Foe in Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease. KOREAN DIABETES JOURNAL 2010; 34:211-9. [PMID: 20835337 PMCID: PMC2932889 DOI: 10.4093/kdj.2010.34.4.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
O-Linked β-N-acetyl glucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is a dynamic post-translational modification that occurs on serine and threonine residues of cytosolic and nuclear proteins in all cell types, including those involved in the cardiovascular system. O-GlcNAcylation is thought to act in a manner analogous to protein phosphorylation. O-GlcNAcylation rapidly cycles on/off proteins in a time scale similar to that for phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of proteins. Several studies indicate that O-GlcNAc might induce nuclear localization of some transcription factors and may affect their DNA binding activities. However, at the cellular level, it has been shown that O-GlcNAc levels increase in response to stress and augmentation of this response suppresses cell survival. Increased levels of O-GlcNAc have been implicated as a pathogenic contributor to glucose toxicity and insulin resistance, which are major hallmarks of type 2 diabetes and diabetes-related cardiovascular complications. Thus, O-GlcNAc and its metabolic functions are not yet well-understood; focusing on the role of O-GlcNAc in the cardiovascular system is a viable target for biomedical investigation. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the role of O-GlcNAc on the regulation of cell function and survival in the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udayakumar Karunakaran
- Department of Medical Sciences, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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