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Chen J, Song M, Qian D, Liu L, Yang K, Shou Y, Zhao H, Zhang L. Atorvastatin rescues pulmonary artery hypertension by inhibiting the AKT/ERK-dependent PDGF-BB/HIF-1α axis. Panminerva Med 2024; 66:4-9. [PMID: 33908728 DOI: 10.23736/s0031-0808.20.03910-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to explore the role of atorvastatin in rescuing pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) by inhibiting the AKT/ERK-dependent PDGF-BB/HIF-1α axis. METHODS PAH model in rats was established by MCT induction, followed by Atorvastatin intervention. Pulmonary hemodynamic measurement and pulmonary morphological evaluation in rats were conducted. Human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (hPASMCs) were subjected to hypoxic exposure or PDGF-BB treatment, followed by atorvastatin induction. Relative levels of HIF-1α, p-ERK and p-Akt were detected. Viability and apoptosis were respectively determined by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and flow cytometry. RESULTS Atorvastatin protected PAH-induced increases in RVSP and Fulton's index in rats. Meanwhile, it inhibited vascular remodeling following PAH by downregulating HIF-1α and PDGF-BB. Hypoxia or PDGF-BB treatment in hPASMCs resulted in upregulation of p-ERK and p-Akt, and viability increase, which were partially abolished by Atorvastatin intervention. In addition, atorvastatin triggered apoptosis in hypoxia or PDGF-BB-induced hPASMCs. CONCLUSIONS Atorvastatin inhibits the activation of HIF-1α and proliferative ability, and triggers apoptosis in hPASMCs exposed to hypoxia or PDGF-BB treatment through inactivating the AKT/ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Banan People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingbao Song
- Department of Cardiology, Kangxin Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Dehui Qian
- Department of Cardiology, Xingqiao Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Linqiong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Banan People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Banan People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunfeng Shou
- Department of Cardiology, Banan People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Hanru Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Banan People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, China -
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HMGB1 Upregulates RAGE to Trigger the Expression of Inflammatory Factors in the Lung Tissue in a Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension Rat Model. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:6823743. [PMID: 35903436 PMCID: PMC9325572 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6823743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH), a form of pulmonary hypertension (PH) caused by hypoxia, could cause serious complications and has a high mortality rate, and no clinically effective treatments are currently available. In this study, we established an HPH preclinical model in rats by simulating clinicopathological indicators of the disease. Our results showed that high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1) aggravated the clinical symptoms of HPH. We aimed at establishing protocols and ideas for the clinical treatment of HPH by identifying downstream HMGB1 binding receptors. Our investigation showed that continuous hypoxia could cause significant lung injury in rats. ELISA and western blotting experiments revealed that HPH induces inflammation in the lung tissue and increases the expression of a hypoxia-inducible factor. Testing of lung tissue proteins in vivo and in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells in vitro revealed that the HMGB1-mediated increase in the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) expression promoted inflammation. In summary, we successfully established an HPH rat model providing a new model for preclinical HPH research and elucidated the role of HMGB1 in HPH. Furthermore, we describe that HMGB1 induced inflammation in the HPH model via RAGE, causing severe lung dysfunction. This study could potentially provide novel ideas and methods for the clinical treatment of HPH.
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Assaggaf H, Yoo C, Lucchini RG, Black SM, Hamed M, Minshawi F, Felty Q. Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Pulmonary Hypertension. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084705. [PMID: 35457576 PMCID: PMC9029704 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent environmental pollutants that were banned because of their potential carcinogenicity. Population studies have shown that PCBs are associated with lung toxicity and hypertension. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether higher exposure to PCB congeners is associated with the risk of pulmonary hypertension. Serum levels of PCBs in 284 subjects with combined risk factors for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) were compared to 4210 subjects with no risk for PAH using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 to 2004. The major findings from this study include significantly higher PCB levels in PAH subjects compared to non-PAH subjects; for example, the geometric mean (GM) of PCB74 was 15.91 (ng/g) (14.45–17.53) vs. 11.48 (ng/g) (10.84–12.16), respectively. Serum levels of PCB congeners showed an increasing trend in the age group 20–59 years as PCB180 GM was 19.45 (ng/g) in PAH vs. 12.75 (ng/g) in the control. A higher body burden of PCB153 followed by PCB138, PCB180, and PCB118 was observed. Estimated age, race, BMI, and gender-adjusted ORs for PCB congener levels in subjects with the combined risk factors for PAH compared to controls was significant; for example, PCB99 (OR: 1.5 (CI: 1.49–1.50). In summary, these findings indicate that exposure, as well as body burden estimated based on lipid adjustment of PCBs, were higher in people with risk factors for PAH, and PCB congeners accumulated with age. These findings should be interpreted with caution because of the use of cross-sectional self-reported data and a small sample size of subjects with combined risk factors for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Nonetheless, our finding emphasizes a need for a comprehensive environmental molecular epidemiologic study to determine the potential role of environmental exposures to PCBs in the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Assaggaf
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.); (F.M.)
| | - Changwon Yoo
- Department of Biostatistics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA;
| | - Roberto G. Lucchini
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA;
- Department of Medical Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Steven M. Black
- FIU-Center for Translational Science, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA;
| | - Munerah Hamed
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Faisal Minshawi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.); (F.M.)
| | - Quentin Felty
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Role of the LRP1-pPyk2-MMP9 pathway in hyperoxia-induced lung injury in neonatal rats. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2021; 23:1289-1294. [PMID: 34911615 PMCID: PMC8690715 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2108125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the role of the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1)-proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 phosphorylation (pPyk2)-matrix metalloproteinases 9 (MMP9) pathway in hyperoxia-induced lung injury in neonatal rats. METHODS A total of 16 neonatal rats were randomly placed in chambers containing room air (air group) or 95% medical oxygen (hyperoxia group) immediately after birth, with 8 rats in each group. All of the rats were sacrificed on day 8 of life. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to observe the pathological changes of lung tissue. ELISA was used to measure the levels of soluble LRP1 (sLRP1) and MMP9 in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Western blot was used to measure the protein expression levels of LRP1, MMP9, Pyk2, and pPyk2 in lung tissue. RT-PCR was used to measure the mRNA expression levels of LRP1 and MMP9 in lung tissue. RESULTS The hyperoxia group had significantly higher levels of sLRP1 and MMP9 in serum and BALF than the air group (P<0.05). Compared with the air group, the hyperoxia group had significant increases in the protein expression levels of LRP1, MMP9, and pPyk2 in lung tissue (P<0.05). The hyperoxia group had significantly higher relative mRNA expression levels of LRP1 and MMP9 in lung tissue than the air group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The activation of the LRP1-pPyk2-MMP9 pathway is enhanced in hyperoxia-induced lung injury in neonatal rats, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
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Li M, Pan D, Sun H, Zhang L, Cheng H, Shao T, Wang Z. The hypoxia adaptation of small mammals to plateau and underground burrow conditions. Animal Model Exp Med 2021; 4:319-328. [PMID: 34977483 PMCID: PMC8690988 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen is one of the important substances for the survival of most life systems on the earth, and plateau and underground burrow systems are two typical hypoxic environments. Small mammals living in hypoxic environments have evolved different adaptation strategies, which include increased oxygen delivery, metabolic regulation of physiological responses and other physiological responses that change tissue oxygen utilization. Multi-omics predictions have also shown that these animals have evolved different adaptations to extreme environments. In particular, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and erythropoietin (EPO), which have specific functions in the control of O2 delivery, have evolved adaptively in small mammals in hypoxic environments. Naked mole-rats and blind mole-rats are typical hypoxic model animals as they have some resistance to cancer. This review primarily summarizes the main living environment of hypoxia tolerant small mammals, as well as the changes of phenotype, physiochemical characteristics and gene expression mode of their long-term living in hypoxia environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengke Li
- School of Life SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouP.R. China
| | - Dan Pan
- School of Life SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouP.R. China
| | - Hong Sun
- School of Life SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouP.R. China
- Centre for Nutritional EcologyZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouP.R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Life SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouP.R. China
| | - Han Cheng
- School of Life SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouP.R. China
| | - Tian Shao
- School of Life SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouP.R. China
| | - Zhenlong Wang
- School of Life SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouP.R. China
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Nandi SS, Katsurada K, Mahata SK, Patel KP. Neurogenic Hypertension Mediated Mitochondrial Abnormality Leads to Cardiomyopathy: Contribution of UPR mt and Norepinephrine-miR- 18a-5p-HIF-1α Axis. Front Physiol 2021; 12:718982. [PMID: 34912235 PMCID: PMC8667690 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.718982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: Hypertension increases the risk of heart disease. Hallmark features of hypertensive heart disease is sympathoexcitation and cardiac mitochondrial abnormality. However, the molecular mechanisms for specifically neurally mediated mitochondrial abnormality and subsequent cardiac dysfunction are unclear. We hypothesized that enhanced sympatho-excitation to the heart elicits cardiac miR-18a-5p/HIF-1α and mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) signaling that lead to mitochondrial abnormalities and consequent pathological cardiac remodeling. Methods and Results: Using a model of neurogenic hypertension (NG-HTN), induced by intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of Ang II (NG-HTN; 20 ng/min, 14 days, 0.5 μl/h, or Saline; Control, 0.9%) through osmotic mini-pumps in Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g), we attempted to identify a link between sympathoexcitation (norepinephrine; NE), miRNA and HIF-1α signaling and UPRmt to produce mitochondrial abnormalities resulting in cardiomyopathy. Cardiac remodeling, mitochondrial abnormality, and miRNA/HIF-1α signaling were assessed using histology, immunocytochemistry, electron microscopy, Western blotting or RT-qPCR. NG-HTN demonstrated increased sympatho-excitation with concomitant reduction in UPRmt, miRNA-18a-5p and increased level of HIF-1α in the heart. Our in silico analysis indicated that miR-18a-5p targets HIF-1α. Direct effects of NE on miRNA/HIF-1α signaling and mitochondrial abnormality examined using H9c2 rat cardiomyocytes showed NE reduces miR-18a-5p but increases HIF-1α. Electron microscopy revealed cardiac mitochondrial abnormality in NG-HTN, linked with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and fibrosis. Mitochondrial unfolded protein response was decreased in NG-HTN indicating mitochondrial proteinopathy and proteotoxic stress, associated with increased mito-ROS and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and oxidative phosphorylation. Further, there was reduced cardiac mitochondrial biogenesis and fusion, but increased mitochondrial fission, coupled with mitochondrial impaired TIM-TOM transport and UPRmt. Direct effects of NE on H9c2 rat cardiomyocytes also showed cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, increased mitochondrial ROS generation, and UPRmt corroborating the in vivo data. Conclusion: In conclusion, enhanced sympatho-excitation suppress miR-18a-5p/HIF-1α signaling and increased mitochondrial stress proteotoxicity, decreased UPRmt leading to decreased mitochondrial dynamics/OXPHOS/ΔΨm and ROS generation. Taken together, these results suggest that ROS induced mitochondrial transition pore opening activates pro-hypertrophy/fibrosis/inflammatory factors that induce pathological cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis commonly observed in NG-HTN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam S. Nandi
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Kenichi Katsurada
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Sushil K. Mahata
- Metabolic Physiology and Ultrastructural Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Kaushik P. Patel
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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Shihan M, Novoyatleva T, Lehmeyer T, Sydykov A, Schermuly RT. Role of the Purinergic P2Y2 Receptor in Pulmonary Hypertension. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111009. [PMID: 34769531 PMCID: PMC8582672 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), group 1 pulmonary hypertension (PH), is a fatal disease that is characterized by vasoconstriction, increased pressure in the pulmonary arteries, and right heart failure. PAH can be described by abnormal vascular remodeling, hyperproliferation in the vasculature, endothelial cell dysfunction, and vascular tone dysregulation. The disease pathomechanisms, however, are as yet not fully understood at the molecular level. Purinergic receptors P2Y within the G-protein-coupled receptor family play a major role in fluid shear stress transduction, proliferation, migration, and vascular tone regulation in systemic circulation, but less is known about their contribution in PAH. Hence, studies that focus on purinergic signaling are of great importance for the identification of new therapeutic targets in PAH. Interestingly, the role of P2Y2 receptors has not yet been sufficiently studied in PAH, whereas the relevance of other P2Ys as drug targets for PAH was shown using specific agonists or antagonists. In this review, we will shed light on P2Y receptors and focus more on the P2Y2 receptor as a potential novel player in PAH and as a new therapeutic target for disease management.
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Yang C, Zhong ZF, Wang SP, Vong CT, Yu B, Wang YT. HIF-1: structure, biology and natural modulators. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 19:521-527. [PMID: 34247775 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(21)60051-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), as a main transcriptional regulator of metabolic adaptation to changes in the oxygen environment, participates in many physiological and pathological processes in the body, and is closely related to the pathogenesis of many diseases. This review outlines the mechanisms of HIF-1 activation, its signaling pathways, natural inhibitors, and its roles in diseases. This article can provide new insights in the diagnosis and treatment of human diseases, and recent progress on the development of HIF-1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Institute of Innovation and Application, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Zhang-Feng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Sheng-Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Chi-Teng Vong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Bin Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Yi-Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
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Pullamsetti SS, Mamazhakypov A, Weissmann N, Seeger W, Savai R. Hypoxia-inducible factor signaling in pulmonary hypertension. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:5638-5651. [PMID: 32881714 DOI: 10.1172/jci137558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized by pulmonary artery remodeling that can subsequently culminate in right heart failure and premature death. Emerging evidence suggests that hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signaling plays a fundamental and pivotal role in the pathogenesis of PH. This Review summarizes the regulation of HIF isoforms and their impact in various PH subtypes, as well as the elaborate conditional and cell-specific knockout mouse studies that brought the role of this pathway to light. We also discuss the current preclinical status of pan- and isoform-selective HIF inhibitors, and propose new research areas that may facilitate HIF isoform-specific inhibition as a novel therapeutic strategy for PH and right heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soni Savai Pullamsetti
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the DZL and CPI, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Argen Mamazhakypov
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the DZL and CPI, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the DZL and CPI, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.,Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rajkumar Savai
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the DZL and CPI, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.,Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Rudyk O, Aaronson PI. Redox Regulation, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Group 3 Pulmonary Hypertension. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1303:209-241. [PMID: 33788196 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63046-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Group 3 pulmonary hypertension (PH), which occurs secondary to hypoxia lung diseases, is one of the most common causes of PH worldwide and has a high unmet clinical need. A deeper understanding of the integrative pathological and adaptive molecular mechanisms within this group is required to inform the development of novel drug targets and effective treatments. The production of oxidants is increased in PH Group 3, and their pleiotropic roles include contributing to disease progression by promoting prolonged hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and pathological pulmonary vascular remodeling, but also stimulating adaptation to pathological stress that limits the severity of this disease. Inflammation, which is increasingly being viewed as a key pathological feature of Group 3 PH, is subject to complex regulation by redox mechanisms and is exacerbated by, but also augments oxidative stress. In this review, we investigate aspects of this complex crosstalk between inflammation and oxidative stress in Group 3 PH, focusing on the redox-regulated transcription factor NF-κB and its upstream regulators toll-like receptor 4 and high mobility group box protein 1. Ultimately, we propose that the development of specific therapeutic interventions targeting redox-regulated signaling pathways related to inflammation could be explored as novel treatments for Group 3 PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Rudyk
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London, UK.
| | - Philip I Aaronson
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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Zheng L, Trease AJ, Katsurada K, Spagnol G, Li H, Shi W, Duan B, Patel KP, Sorgen PL. Inhibition of Pyk2 and Src activity improves Cx43 gap junction intercellular communication. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 149:27-40. [PMID: 32956670 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Identification of proteins that interact with Cx43 has been instrumental in the understanding of gap junction (GJ) regulation. An in vitro phosphorylation screen identified that Protein tyrosine kinase 2 beta (Pyk2) phosphorylated purified Cx43CT and this led us to characterize the impact of this phosphorylation on Cx43 function. Mass spectrometry identified Pyk2 phosphorylates Cx43 residues Y247, Y265, Y267, and Y313. Western blot and immunofluorescence staining using HeLaCx43 cells, HEK 293 T cells, and neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) revealed Pyk2 can be activated by Src and active Pyk2 interacts with Cx43 at the plasma membrane. Overexpression of Pyk2 increases Cx43 phosphorylation and knock-down of Pyk2 decreases Cx43 phosphorylation, without affecting the level of active Src. In HeLaCx43 cells treated with PMA to activate Pyk2, a decrease in Cx43 GJ intercellular communication (GJIC) was observed when assayed by dye transfer. Moreover, PMA activation of Pyk2 could be inhibited by the small molecule PF4618433. This partially restored GJIC, and when paired with a Src inhibitor, returned GJIC to the no PMA control-level. The ability of Pyk2 and Src inhibitors to restore Cx43 function in the presence of PMA was also observed in NRVMs. Additionally, an animal model of myocardial infarction induced heart failure showed a higher level of active Pyk2 activity and increased interaction with Cx43 in ventricular myocytes. Src inhibitors have been used to reverse Cx43 remodeling and improve heart function after myocardial infarction; however, they alone could not fully restore proper Cx43 function. Our data suggest that Pyk2 may need to be inhibited, in addition to Src, to further (if not completely) reverse Cx43 remodeling and improve intercellular communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Andrew J Trease
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Kenichi Katsurada
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Gaelle Spagnol
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Hanjun Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Wen Shi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine/Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Bin Duan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine/Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Kaushik P Patel
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Paul L Sorgen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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Yamanaka R, Hoshino A, Fukai K, Urata R, Minami Y, Honda S, Fushimura Y, Hato D, Iwai-Kanai E, Matoba S. TIGAR reduces smooth muscle cell autophagy to prevent pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 319:H1087-H1096. [PMID: 32946259 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00314.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Yamanaka R, Hoshino A, Fukai K, Urata R, Minami Y, Honda S, Fushimura Y, Hato D, Iwai-Kanai E, Matoba S. TIGAR reduces smooth muscle cell autophagy to prevent pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 319: H1087-H1096, 2020. First published September 18, 2020; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00314.2020.-Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a refractory disease. Its prognosis remains poor; hence, establishment of novel therapeutic targets is urgent. TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR) is a downstream target of p53 and exhibits functions inhibiting autophagy and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recently, p53 was shown to suppress PAH progression. Because inhibition of autophagy and ROS is known to improve PAH, we examined the effect of TIGAR on PAH progression. We compared pulmonary hypertension (PH) development between TIGAR-deficient knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice using a hypoxia-induced PH model. Human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) were used for in vitro experiments with small interfering RNA (siRNA) to investigate the possible molecular mechanisms. From the analysis of right ventricular pressure, right ventricular weight, and mortality rate, we concluded that the hypoxia-induced PH development was remarkably higher in TIGAR KO than in WT mice. Pathological investigation revealed that medial thickening of the pulmonary arterioles and cell proliferation were increased in TIGAR KO mice. Autophagy and ROS activity were also increased in TIGAR KO mice. TIGAR knockdown by siRNA increased cell proliferation and migration, exacerbated autophagy, and increased ROS generation during hypoxia. Autophagy inhibition by chloroquine and ROS inhibition by N-acetylcysteine attenuated the proliferation and migration of PASMCs caused by TIGAR knockdown and hypoxia exposure. TIGAR suppressed the proliferation and migration of PASMCs via inhibiting autophagy and ROS and, therefore, improved hypoxia-induced PH. Thus, TIGAR might be a promising therapeutic target for PAH.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a refractory disease. TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR) is a downstream target of p53 and exhibits functions inhibiting autophagy and reactive oxygen species (ROS). By using TIGAR-deficient knockout mice and human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells, we found that TIGAR suppressed the proliferation and migration of PASMCs via inhibiting autophagy and ROS and, therefore, improved hypoxia-induced PH. TIGAR will be a promising therapeutic target for PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoetsu Yamanaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hoshino
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kuniyoshi Fukai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryota Urata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshito Minami
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sakiko Honda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yohei Fushimura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daichi Hato
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eri Iwai-Kanai
- Faculty of Health Care, Tenri Health Care University, Tenri, Nara, Japan
| | - Satoaki Matoba
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kyoto, Japan
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Murphy JM, Jeong K, Lim STS. FAK Family Kinases in Vascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103630. [PMID: 32455571 PMCID: PMC7279255 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In various vascular diseases, extracellular matrix (ECM) and integrin expression are frequently altered, leading to focal adhesion kinase (FAK) or proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) activation. In addition to the major roles of FAK and Pyk2 in regulating adhesion dynamics via integrins, recent studies have shown a new role for nuclear FAK in gene regulation in various vascular cells. In particular, FAK primarily localizes within the nuclei of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) of healthy arteries. However, vessel injury increased FAK localization back to adhesions and elevated FAK activity, leading to VSMC hyperplasia. The study suggested that abnormal FAK or Pyk2 activation in vascular cells may cause pathology in vascular diseases. Here we will review several studies of FAK and Pyk2 associated with integrin signaling in vascular diseases including restenosis, atherosclerosis, heart failure, pulmonary arterial hypertension, aneurysm, and thrombosis. Despite the importance of FAK family kinases in vascular diseases, comprehensive reviews are scarce. Therefore, we summarized animal models involving FAK family kinases in vascular diseases.
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14
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Chen S, Xu H, Hu F, Wang T. Identification of Key Players Involved in CoCl 2 Hypoxia Induced Pulmonary Artery Hypertension in vitro. Front Genet 2020; 11:232. [PMID: 32391042 PMCID: PMC7193018 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The proliferation of human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (HPASMCs) induced by hypoxia was considered as the main cause of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). This study aimed to explore potential genes and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) involved in the mechanism of hypoxia-induced PAH. Methods CoCl2 was utilized to induce hypoxia in HPASMCs, and then cell proliferation, apoptosis, and expression of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF)-1α were determined. Meanwhile, the RNA isolated from CoCl2-treated cells and control cells were sequenced and differentially expressed genes/lncRNA (DEGs/DELs) were screened, followed by protein-protein interaction (PPI) construction, functional enrichment analyses, and lncRNA-target prediction. Finally, the expression of key genes and lncRNAs were validated using quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting. Results CoCl2 treatment could significantly increase the expression of HIF-1α and the proliferation of HPASMCs. A total of 360 DEGs and 57 DELs were identified between CoCl2 treated and control cells. Functional enrichment analysis showed that up-regulated DEGs and DELs’ targets, including LDHA, PFKP, and VEGFA, were significantly enriched in biological processes related to hypoxia or oxygen levels, and the downregulated DEGs and DELs’ targets were significantly enriched in extracellular-matrix-related biological processes. In addition, LDHA, PFKP, and VEGFA exhibited a strong relationship with miR-100HG and TSPEAR-AS2 in lncRNA-target network. The protein level of LDHA, PFKP, and VEGFA were all increased. Conclusion LDHA, PFKP, VEGFA, and lncRNA miR-100HG and TSPEAR-AS2 probably played crucial roles in the pathogenesis of CoCl2 hypoxia-induced-HAP, which might serve as promising therapeutic targets for PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fen Hu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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15
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Knock GA. NADPH oxidase in the vasculature: Expression, regulation and signalling pathways; role in normal cardiovascular physiology and its dysregulation in hypertension. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 145:385-427. [PMID: 31585207 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The last 20-25 years have seen an explosion of interest in the role of NADPH oxidase (NOX) in cardiovascular function and disease. In vascular smooth muscle and endothelium, NOX generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that act as second messengers, contributing to the control of normal vascular function. NOX activity is altered in response to a variety of stimuli, including G-protein coupled receptor agonists, growth-factors, perfusion pressure, flow and hypoxia. NOX-derived ROS are involved in smooth muscle constriction, endothelium-dependent relaxation and smooth muscle growth, proliferation and migration, thus contributing to the fine-tuning of blood flow, arterial wall thickness and vascular resistance. Through reversible oxidative modification of target proteins, ROS regulate the activity of protein tyrosine phosphatases, kinases, G proteins, ion channels, cytoskeletal proteins and transcription factors. There is now considerable, but somewhat contradictory evidence that NOX contributes to the pathogenesis of hypertension through oxidative stress. Specific NOX isoforms have been implicated in endothelial dysfunction, hyper-contractility and vascular remodelling in various animal models of hypertension, pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary arterial hypertension, but also have potential protective effects, particularly NOX4. This review explores the multiplicity of NOX function in the healthy vasculature and the evidence for and against targeting NOX for antihypertensive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg A Knock
- Dpt. of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, UK.
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16
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Liu A, Liu Y, Li B, Yang M, Liu Y, Su J. Role of miR-223-3p in pulmonary arterial hypertension via targeting ITGB3 in the ECM pathway. Cell Prolif 2018; 52:e12550. [PMID: 30507047 PMCID: PMC6496671 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate the functions of miR‐223‐3p and ITGB3 in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Materials and Methods Microarray analysis was used to detect differentially expressed genes and microRNAs. In in vitro models, the expressions of miR‐223‐3p and ITGB3 were detected by qRT‐PCR and Western blot. α‐SMA expression and cell proliferation were analysed by immunofluorescence and MTT assay, respectively. In in vivo models, PAH progressions were determined by measuring the levels of mPAP and RVSP. Lung and myocardial tissues were subjected to HE staining and Masson and Sirius red‐saturated carbazotic acid staining to investigate the pathological features. Results The microarray analysis revealed that ITGB3 was upregulated, while hsa‐miR‐223‐3p was downregulated in PAH. After the induction of hypoxia, miR‐223‐3p was downregulated and ITGB3 was upregulated in PASMCs. Hypoxia induction promoted cell proliferation and inhibited α‐SMA expression in PASMCs. Both the upregulation of miR‐223‐3p and the downregulation of ITGB3 attenuated the aberrant proliferation induced by hypoxia conditions. After approximately 4 weeks, the mPAP and RVSP levels of rats injected with MCT were decreased by the overexpression of miR‐223‐3p or the silencing of ITGB3. The staining results revealed that both miR‐223‐3p overexpression and ITGB3 knockdown alleviated the pulmonary vascular remodelling and improved the PAH pathological features of rats. Conclusions MiR‐223‐3p alleviated the progression of PAH by suppressing the expression of ITGB3, a finding which provides novel targets for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijun Liu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Liu
- Weifang Medicial University, Weifang, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Junwu Su
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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17
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Strassheim D, Karoor V, Stenmark K, Verin A, Gerasimovskaya E. A current view of G protein-coupled receptor - mediated signaling in pulmonary hypertension: finding opportunities for therapeutic intervention. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 2. [PMID: 31380505 PMCID: PMC6677404 DOI: 10.20517/2574-1209.2018.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pathological vascular remodeling is observed in various cardiovascular diseases including pulmonary hypertension (PH), a disease of unknown etiology that has been characterized by pulmonary artery vasoconstriction, right ventricular hypertrophy, vascular inflammation, and abnormal angiogenesis in pulmonary circulation. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family in the genome and widely expressed in cardiovascular system. They regulate all aspects of PH pathophysiology and represent therapeutic targets. We overview GPCRs function in vasoconstriction, vasodilation, vascular inflammation-driven remodeling and describe signaling cross talk between GPCR, inflammatory cytokines, and growth factors. Overall, the goal of this review is to emphasize the importance of GPCRs as critical signal transducers and targets for drug development in PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Strassheim
- Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Vijaya Karoor
- Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research laboratories, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kurt Stenmark
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research laboratories, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Alexander Verin
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Evgenia Gerasimovskaya
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research laboratories, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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18
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Li Y, Shi B, Huang L, Wang X, Yu X, Guo B, Ren W. Suppression of the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α by RNA interference alleviates hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in adult rats. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:1786-1794. [PMID: 27748831 PMCID: PMC5117750 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (PH). However, the potential clinical value of HIF-1α as a therapeutic target in the treatment of PH has not yet been evaluated. In this study, an animal model of hypoxia-induced PH was established by exposing adult rats to 10% O2 for 3 weeks, and the effects of the lentivirus-mediated delivery of HIF-1α short hairpin RNA (shRNA) by intratracheal instillation prior to exposure to hypoxia on the manifestations of hypoxia-induced PH were assessed. The successful delivery of HIF-1α shRNA into the pulmonary arteries effectively suppressed the hypoxia-induced upregulation of HIF-1α, accompanied by the prominent attenuation the symptoms associated with hypoxia-induced PH, including the elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure, hypertrophy and hyperplasia of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), as well as the muscularization of pulmonary arterioles. In addition, the knockdown of HIF-1α in cultured rat primary PASMCs significantly inhibited the hypoxia-induced acceleration of the cell cycle and the proliferation of the PASMCs, suggesting that HIF-1α may be a direct mediator of PASMC hyperplasia in hypoxia-induced PH. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the potent suppressive effects of HIF-1α shRNA on hypoxia-induced PH and PASMC hyperplasia, providing evidence for the potential application of HIF-1α shRNA in the treatment of hypoxic PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Bo Shi
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Liping Huang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaona Yu
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Baosheng Guo
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Weidong Ren
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
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Bijli KM, Kang BY, Sutliff RL, Hart CM. Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 downregulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma to promote hypoxia-induced pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation. Pulm Circ 2016; 6:202-10. [PMID: 27252847 DOI: 10.1086/686012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia stimulates pulmonary hypertension (PH), in part by increasing the proliferation of human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (HPASMCs) via sustained activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK 1/2), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB); elevated expression of NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4); and downregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) levels. However, the upstream mediators that control these responses remain largely unknown. We hypothesized that proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) plays a critical role in the mechanism of hypoxia-induced HPASMC proliferation. To test this hypothesis, HPASMCs were exposed to normoxia or hypoxia (1% O2) for 72 hours. Hypoxia activated Pyk2 (detected as Tyr402 phosphorylation), and inhibition of Pyk2 with small interfering RNA (siRNA) or tyrphostin A9 attenuated hypoxia-induced HPASMC proliferation. Pyk2 inhibition attenuated ERK 1/2 activation as early as 24 hours after the onset of hypoxia, suggesting a proximal role for Pyk2 in this response. Pyk2 inhibition also attenuated hypoxia-induced NF-κB activation, reduced HPASMC PPARγ messenger RNA levels and activity, and increased NF-κB-mediated Nox4 levels. The siRNA-mediated PPARγ knockdown enhanced Pyk2 activation, whereas PPARγ overexpression reduced Pyk2 activation in HPASMCs, confirming a reciprocal relationship between Pyk2 and PPARγ. Pyk2 depletion also attenuated hypoxia-induced NF-κB p65 activation and reduced PPARγ protein levels in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells. These in vitro findings suggest that Pyk2 plays a central role in the proliferative phenotype of pulmonary vascular wall cells under hypoxic conditions. Coupled with recent reports that hypoxia-induced PH is attenuated in Pyk2 knockout mice, these findings suggest that Pyk2 may represent a novel therapeutic target in PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiser M Bijli
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Bum-Yong Kang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Roy L Sutliff
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - C Michael Hart
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Cardiac mesenchymal progenitors differentiate into adipocytes via Klf4 and c-Myc. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2190. [PMID: 27077806 PMCID: PMC4855651 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Direct reprogramming of differentiated cells to pluripotent stem cells has great potential to improve our understanding of developmental biology and disorders such as cancers, and has implications for regenerative medicine. In general, the effects of transcription factors (TFs) that are transduced into cells can be influenced by pre-existing transcriptional networks and epigenetic modifications. However, previous work has identified four key TFs, Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc, which can reprogram various differentiated cells to generate induced pluripotent stem cells. Here, we show that in the heart, the transduction of cardiac mesenchymal progenitors (CMPs) with Klf4 and c-Myc (KM) was sufficient to drive the differentiation of these cells into adipocytes without the use of adipogenic stimulation cocktail, that is, insulin, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) and dexamethasone. KM-transduced CMPs exhibited a gradually increased expression of adipogenic-related genes, such as C/Ebpα, Pparγ and Fabp4, activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway, inactivation of the cell cycle-related pathway and formation of cytoplasmic lipid droplets within 10 days. In contrast, NIH3T3 fibroblasts, 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells transduced with KM did not differentiate into adipocytes. Both in vitro and in vivo cardiac ischemia reperfusion injury models demonstrated that the expression of KM genes sharply increased following a reperfusion insult. These results suggest that ectopic adipose tissue formation in the heart following myocardial infarction results from CMPs that express KM following a stress response.
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