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Claesson-Welsh L, Dejana E, McDonald DM. Permeability of the Endothelial Barrier: Identifying and Reconciling Controversies. Trends Mol Med 2020; 27:314-331. [PMID: 33309601 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Leakage from blood vessels into tissues is governed by mechanisms that control endothelial barrier function to maintain homeostasis. Dysregulated endothelial permeability contributes to many conditions and can influence disease morbidity and treatment. Diverse approaches used to study endothelial permeability have yielded a wealth of valuable insights. Yet, ongoing questions, technical challenges, and unresolved controversies relating to the mechanisms and relative contributions of barrier regulation, transendothelial sieving, and transport of fluid, solutes, and particulates complicate interpretations in the context of vascular physiology and pathophysiology. Here, we describe recent in vivo findings and other advances in understanding endothelial barrier function with the goal of identifying and reconciling controversies over cellular and molecular processes that regulate the vascular barrier in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Claesson-Welsh
- Uppsala University, Rudbeck, SciLifeLab and Beijer Laboratories, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Elisabetta Dejana
- Uppsala University, Rudbeck, SciLifeLab and Beijer Laboratories, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala, Sweden; IFOM-FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Donald M McDonald
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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4
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Ubba V, Soni UK, Chadchan S, Maurya VK, Kumar V, Maurya R, Chaturvedi H, Singh R, Dwivedi A, Jha RK. RHOG-DOCK1-RAC1 Signaling Axis Is Perturbed in DHEA-Induced Polycystic Ovary in Rat Model. Reprod Sci 2016; 24:738-752. [PMID: 27662902 DOI: 10.1177/1933719116669057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The function of RHOG, a RAC1 activator, was explored in the ovary during ovarian follicular development and pathological conditions. With the help of immunoblotting and immunolocalization, we determined the expression and localization of RHOG in normal (estrous cycle) and polycystic ovaries using Sprague Dawley (SD) rat model. Employing polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry, we analyzed the transcript and expression levels of downstream molecules of RHOG, DOCK1, and RAC1 in the polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) ovary along with normal antral follicular theca and granulosa cells after dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) supplementation. The effect of RHOG knockdown on DOCK1, VAV, and RAC1 expression was evaluated in the human ovarian cells (SKOV3), theca cells, and granulosa cells from SD rats with the help of flow cytometry. Oocyte at secondary follicles along with stromal cells showed optimal expression of RHOG. Immunoblotting of RHOG revealed its maximum expression at diestrus and proestrus, which was downregulated at estrus stage. Mild immunostaining of RHOG was also present in the theca and granulosa cells of the secondary and antral follicles. Polycystic ovary exhibited weak immunostaining for RHOG and that was corroborated by immunoblotting-based investigations. RHOG effectors DOCK1 and ELMO1 were found reduced in the ovary in PCOS condition/DHEA. RHOG silencing reduced the expression of DOCK1 and RAC1 in the theca and granulosa cells from SD rat antral follicles and that was mirrored in the human ovarian cells. Collectively, RHOG can mediate signaling through downstream effectors DOCK1 and RAC1 during ovarian follicular development (theca and granulosa cells and oocyte), but DHEA downregulated them in the PCOS ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhave Ubba
- 1 Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Upendra Kumar Soni
- 1 Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Sangappa Chadchan
- 1 Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Vineet Kumar Maurya
- 1 Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- 1 Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Ruchika Maurya
- 1 Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Himanshu Chaturvedi
- 1 Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Rajender Singh
- 1 Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Anila Dwivedi
- 1 Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Jha
- 1 Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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Adam AP, Lowery AM, Martino N, Alsaffar H, Vincent PA. Src Family Kinases Modulate the Loss of Endothelial Barrier Function in Response to TNF-α: Crosstalk with p38 Signaling. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161975. [PMID: 27603666 PMCID: PMC5014308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of Src Family Kinase (SFK) signaling is required for the increase in endothelial permeability induced by a variety of cytokines and growth factors. However, we previously demonstrated that activation of endogenous SFKs by expression of dominant negative C-terminal Src Kinase (DN-Csk) is not sufficient to decrease endothelial adherens junction integrity. Basal SFK activity has been observed in normal venular endothelia and was not associated with increased basal permeability. The basal SFK activity however was found to contribute to increased sensitivity of the venular endothelium to inflammatory mediator-induced leakage. How SFK activation achieves this is still not well understood. Here, we show that SFK activation renders human dermal microvascular endothelial cells susceptible to low doses of TNF-α. Treatment of DN-Csk-expressing cells with 50 pg/ml TNF-α induced a loss of TEER as well as drastic changes in the actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesion proteins. This synergistic effect was independent of ROCK or NF-κB activity. TNF-α-induced p38 signaling was required for the synergistic effect on barrier function, and activation of the p38 MAPK alone was also able to induce changes in permeability only in monolayers with active SFKs. These results suggest that the activation of endogenous levels of SFK renders the endothelial barrier more susceptible to low, physiologic doses of TNF-α through activation of p38 which leads to a loss of endothelial tight junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro P. Adam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PAV); (APA)
| | - Anthony M. Lowery
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Nina Martino
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Hiba Alsaffar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Vincent
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PAV); (APA)
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Regulation of Endothelial Adherens Junctions by Tyrosine Phosphorylation. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:272858. [PMID: 26556953 PMCID: PMC4628659 DOI: 10.1155/2015/272858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells form a semipermeable, regulated barrier that limits the passage of fluid, small molecules, and leukocytes between the bloodstream and the surrounding tissues. The adherens junction, a major mechanism of intercellular adhesion, is comprised of transmembrane cadherins forming homotypic interactions between adjacent cells and associated cytoplasmic catenins linking the cadherins to the cytoskeleton. Inflammatory conditions promote the disassembly of the adherens junction and a loss of intercellular adhesion, creating openings or gaps in the endothelium through which small molecules diffuse and leukocytes transmigrate. Tyrosine kinase signaling has emerged as a central regulator of the inflammatory response, partly through direct phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the adherens junction components. This review discusses the findings that support and those that argue against a direct effect of cadherin and catenin phosphorylation in the disassembly of the adherens junction. Recent findings indicate a complex interaction between kinases, phosphatases, and the adherens junction components that allow a fine regulation of the endothelial permeability to small molecules, leukocyte migration, and barrier resealing.
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Sidibé A, Polena H, Pernet-Gallay K, Razanajatovo J, Mannic T, Chaumontel N, Bama S, Maréchal I, Huber P, Gulino-Debrac D, Bouillet L, Vilgrain I. VE-cadherin Y685F knock-in mouse is sensitive to vascular permeability in recurrent angiogenic organs. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 307:H455-63. [PMID: 24858856 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00774.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Covalent modifications such as tyrosine phosphorylation are associated with the breakdown of endothelial cell junctions and increased vascular permeability. We previously showed that vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin was tyrosine phosphorylated in vivo in the mouse reproductive tract and that Y685 was a target site for Src in response to vascular endothelial growth factor in vitro. In the present study, we aimed to understand the implication of VE-cadherin phosphorylation at site Y685 in cyclic angiogenic organs. To achieve this aim, we generated a knock-in mouse carrying a tyrosine-to-phenylalanine point mutation of VE-cadherin Y685 (VE-Y685F). Although homozygous VE-Y685F mice were viable and fertile, the nulliparous knock-in female mice exhibited enlarged uteri with edema. This phenotype was observed in 30% of females between 4 to 14 mo old. Histological examination of longitudinal sections of the VE-Y685F uterus showed an extensive disorganization of myometrium and endometrium with highly edematous uterine glands, numerous areas with sparse cells, and increased accumulation of collagen fibers around blood vessels, indicating a fibrotic state. Analysis of cross section of ovaries showed the appearance of spontaneous cysts, which suggested increased vascular hyperpermeability. Electron microscopy analysis of capillaries in the ovary showed a slight but significant increase in the gap size between two adjacent endothelial cell membranes in the junctions of VE-Y685F mice (wild-type, 11.5 ± 0.3, n = 78; and VE-Y685F, 12.48 ± 0.3, n = 65; P = 0.045), as well as collagen fiber accumulation around capillaries. Miles assay revealed that either basal or vascular endothelial growth factor-stimulated permeability in the skin was increased in VE-Y685F mice. Since edema and fibrotic appearance have been identified as hallmarks of initial increased vascular permeability, we conclude that the site Y685 in VE-cadherin is involved in the physiological regulation of capillary permeability. Furthermore, this knock-in mouse model is of potential interest for further studies of diseases that are associated with abnormal vascular permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adama Sidibé
- INSERM, U1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; UJF-Grenoble 1, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
| | - Helena Polena
- INSERM, U1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; UJF-Grenoble 1, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
| | - Karin Pernet-Gallay
- Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, Grenoble, France; INSERM U836, Electron microscopy platform, Grenoble, France; and
| | - Jeremy Razanajatovo
- INSERM, U1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; UJF-Grenoble 1, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
| | - Tiphaine Mannic
- INSERM, U1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; UJF-Grenoble 1, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
| | - Nicolas Chaumontel
- INSERM, U1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; UJF-Grenoble 1, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
| | - Soumalamaya Bama
- INSERM, U1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; UJF-Grenoble 1, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
| | - Irène Maréchal
- INSERM, U1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; UJF-Grenoble 1, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Huber
- INSERM, U1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; UJF-Grenoble 1, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
| | - Danielle Gulino-Debrac
- INSERM, U1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; UJF-Grenoble 1, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
| | - Laurence Bouillet
- INSERM, U1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; UJF-Grenoble 1, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; Division of Internal Medicine, Grenoble University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Isabelle Vilgrain
- INSERM, U1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; UJF-Grenoble 1, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France; CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France;
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