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Dos Anjos PMF, Volpe CMO, Miranda TC, Nogueira-Machado JA. Atorvastatin Inhibited ROS Generation and Increased IL-1β And IL-6 Release by Mononuclear Cells from Diabetic Patients. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2019; 19:1207-1215. [PMID: 31416412 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666190617160349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atorvastatin (ATV) inhibits the conversion of 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) to mevalonate formation and promotes lowering of the LDL cholesterol fraction. However, ATV exhibits pleiotropic metabolic actions beyond cholesterol-lowering properties. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the effect of ATV on oxidizing species generation and cytokine secretion in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMNC) of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients in comparison to healthy control. METHODS Both NADPH-oxidase-dependent and mitochondrial ROS generation were assessed by chemoluminescence luminol-dependent assay and fluorometric experiment, using Dichlorofluorescein Assay (DCFH-DA), respectively. IL-1β and IL-6 were quantified by classical ELISA. RESULTS ATV inhibited NADPH-oxidase dependent ROS generation, but showed no effect on mitochondrial ROS generation and activated IL-1β and IL-6 secretions in PBMNC from control and T2DM patients. ROS generation and cytokine secretion in the presence of an inhibitor of Protein Kinase Cβ (iPKCβ) and ATV led to similar results. The secretion of IL-1β, PDB-induced in the presence of iPKCβ, but not ATV, was increased. ATV and iPKCβ exacerbated PDB-induced IL-6 secretion. LPS activated the secretion of IL-1β and IL-6 which was potentiated by ATV. CONCLUSION ATV inhibited ROS generation and activated IL-1 β/IL-6 secretion in PBMNC of diabetes patients. Its effect was not affected by the hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M F Dos Anjos
- Núcleo de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa, Hospital Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Santa Efigênia, 30150-240, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Caroline M O Volpe
- Núcleo de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa, Hospital Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Santa Efigênia, 30150-240, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Thaís C Miranda
- Núcleo de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa, Hospital Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Santa Efigênia, 30150-240, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - José A Nogueira-Machado
- Núcleo de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa, Hospital Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Santa Efigênia, 30150-240, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Bielecka-Dabrowa A, Fabis J, Mikhailidis DP, von Haehling S, Sahebkar A, Rysz J, Banach M. Prosarcopenic Effects of Statins May Limit Their Effectiveness in Patients with Heart Failure. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:331-353. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Alp Yildirim Fİ, Kaleli Durman D, Aypar E, Ark M, Özdemir O, Uydeş Doğan BS. Atorvastatin acutely reduces the reactivity to spasmogens in rat aorta: implication of the inhibition of geranylgeranylation and MYPT-1 phosphorylation. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2016; 30:96-106. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatoş İlkay Alp Yildirim
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Istanbul University; 34116, Beyazit, Istanbul Turkey
| | - Deniz Kaleli Durman
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Istanbul University; 34116, Beyazit, Istanbul Turkey
| | - Eda Aypar
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Gazi University; 06330, Etiler, Ankara Turkey
| | - Mustafa Ark
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Gazi University; 06330, Etiler, Ankara Turkey
| | - Osman Özdemir
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Istanbul University; 34116, Beyazit, Istanbul Turkey
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Health Sciences; Cyprus International University; Lefkoşa North Cyprus Cyprus
| | - Birsel Sönmez Uydeş Doğan
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Istanbul University; 34116, Beyazit, Istanbul Turkey
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Fathi M, Nikzamir AR, Esteghamati A, Nakhjavani M, Yekaninejad MS. Combination of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Insertion/Deletion (I/D) (rs4646994) and VEGF Polymorphism (+405G/C; rs2010963) Synergistically Associated With the Development, of Albuminuria in Iranian Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2015; 17:e19469. [PMID: 25834741 PMCID: PMC4376980 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.19469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) polymorphisms have been shown to associate with diabetic nephropathy (DN). OBJECTIVES We examined the hypothesis that ACE-D and VEGF-G alleles act synergistically in association with DN, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). PATIENTS AND METHODS The VEGF (rs2010963) and ACE (rs4646994) genotypes were detected by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in 490 T2DM patients. Diabetic patients were classified as T2DM patients with and without albuminuria (control). The PCR and RFLP were used to detect the VEGF and ACE alleles. RESULTS A total of 255 consecutive patients with T2DM and microalbuminuria (Group A) and 235 patients with T2DM and normoalbuminuria (Group B) were included in the study. In univariate analysis, the groups were statistically similar for all variables, except for glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (P = 0.034), and the frequency of ACE (P = 0.015) and VEGF (P = 0.006) genotypes. Our study showed that the VEGF-G and ACE-D alleles are independently associated with the development of nephropathy. According to our data, the combination of these two risk factors had a significant synergistic effect on the risk of microalbuminuria development. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicated that ACE-D and VEGF-G alleles can be an independent risk factor for microalbominuria in T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Fathi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Abdol Rahim Nikzamir
- Department of Biochemistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-e-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Abdol Rahim Nikzamir, Department of Biochemistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2166948671, Fax: +98-2166948671, E-mail:
| | - Alireza Esteghamati
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-e-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Manouchehr Nakhjavani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-e-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mir Saeed Yekaninejad
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
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Moradzadegan A, Vaisi-Raygani A, Nikzamir A, Rahimi Z. Angiotensin converting enzyme insertion/deletion (I/D) (rs4646994) and Vegf polymorphism (+405G/C; rs2010963) in type II diabetic patients: Association with the risk of coronary artery disease. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2014; 16:672-80. [PMID: 24505095 DOI: 10.1177/1470320313497819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Little is known about the concomitant presence of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) (rs4646994) D allele and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) (+405G/C; rs2010963) G allele on the susceptibility of coronary artery disease (CAD). Here we examined the hypothesis that ACE-D and VEGF-G alleles act synergistically to increase the severity of CAD in patients with type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). MATERIALS AND METHODS The VEGF (rs2010963) and ACE (rs4646994) genotypes were detected by polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and PCR, respectively in 510 T2DM patients undergoing their first coronary angiography. Diabetic patients were classified as T2DM patients with and without CAD (control). RESULTS The crude odds ratio (OR) for the presence of CAD in ID+DD and D allele carriers were 1.98 (p=0.01) and 1.55 (p=0.001), respectively. Also, adjusted ORs in the presence of normolipidemia and the absence of history of hypertension for the risk of CAD in the either ACE(rs4646994) D allele or VGEF(rs2010963)-G alleles were 2.08 (p=0.004) and 1.75 (p=0.024), respectively. In addition, the concomitant presence of the ACE-D and VEGF-G alleles increased the risk of CAD 2.25-fold (p=0.043). CONCLUSION Our results indicated that ACE(rs4646994)-D allele alone and in the presence of VEGF(rs2010963)-G allele can be an important independent risk factor for susceptibility of CAD in T2DM patients even after correcting for conventional risk factors in a population of Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atousa Moradzadegan
- Department of Experimental Sciences, Dezful Branch, Islamic Azad University, Dezful, Iran
| | - Asad Vaisi-Raygani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Abdolrahim Nikzamir
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahwaz Jondi Shapour University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Zohreh Rahimi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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Dubuis C, May L, Alonso F, Luca L, Mylonaki I, Meda P, Delie F, Jordan O, Déglise S, Corpataux JM, Saucy F, Haefliger JA. Atorvastatin-loaded hydrogel affects the smooth muscle cells of human veins. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 347:574-81. [PMID: 24071735 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.208769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Intimal hyperplasia (IH) is the major cause of stenosis of vein grafts. Drugs such as statins prevent stenosis, but their systemic administration has limited effects. We developed a hyaluronic acid hydrogel matrix, which ensures a controlled release of atorvastatin (ATV) at the site of injury. The release kinetics demonstrated that 100% of ATV was released over 10 hours, independent of the loading concentration of the hydrogel. We investigated the effects of such a delivery on primary vascular smooth muscle cells isolated from human veins. ATV decreased the proliferation, migration, and passage of human smooth muscle cells (HSMCs) across a matrix barrier in a similar dose-dependent (5-10 µM) and time-dependent manner (24-72 hours), whether the drug was directly added to the culture medium or released from the hydrogel. Expression analysis of genes known to be involved in the development of IH demonstrated that the transcripts of both the gap junction protein connexin43 (Cx43) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) were decreased after a 24-48-hour exposure to the hydrogel loaded with ATV, whereas the transcripts of the heme oxygenase (HO-1) and the inhibitor of tissue plasminogen activator were increased. At the protein level, Cx43, PAI-1, and metalloproteinase-9 expression were decreased, whereas HO-1 was upregulated in the presence of ATV. The data demonstrate that ATV released from a hydrogel has effects on HSMCs similar to the drug being freely dissolved in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Dubuis
- Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital, Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Lausanne, Switzerland (C.D., L.M., F.A., S.D., J.-M.C., F.S., J.-A.H.); School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva and University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland (L.L., I.M., F.D., O.J.); and Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland (P.M.)
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Correale M, Totaro A, Passero T, Abruzzese S, Musaico F, Ferraretti A, Ieva R, Di Biase M, Brunetti ND. Treatment with atorvastatin is associated with a better prognosis in chronic heart failure with systolic dysfunction: results from The Daunia Heart Failure Registry. Neth Heart J 2013; 21:408-16. [PMID: 23712465 PMCID: PMC3751026 DOI: 10.1007/s12471-013-0430-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few works have evaluated the effect of statins on left ventricular dysfunction in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), by using tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). We therefore aimed to investigate whether atorvastatin treatment may influence prognosis and myocardial performance evaluated by TDI in subjects with CHF. METHODS Five hundred thirty-two consecutive CHF outpatients enrolled in a local registry, the Daunia Heart Failure Registry, were prospectively analysed. 195 patients with CHF and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤40 %, either in treatment with atorvastatin (N: 114) or without statins (N: 81), underwent TDI examination. Adverse events were evaluated during follow-up. RESULTS The atorvastatin group showed a lower incidence of adverse events (cardiac death: 0 % vs 7 %, p < 0.01), and better TDI performance (E/E' 15 ± 5.7 vs 18 ± 8.3, p < 001) than controls. Ischaemic CHF patients in treatment with atorvastatin also showed a lower incidence of adverse events (death: 10 % vs 26 %, p < 0.05; sustained ventricular arrhythmias: 5 % vs 19 %, p < 0.05, cardiac death: 0 vs 8 %, p < 0.05) and better TDI performance (E/E' ratio: 15.00 ± 5.68 vs 19.72 ± 9.14, p < 0.01; St: 353.70 ± 48.96 vs 303.33 ± 68.52 msec, p < 0.01) than controls. The association between atorvastatin and lower rates of cardiac death remained statistically significant even after correction in a multivariable analysis (RR 0.83, 95 % CI 0.71-0.96, p < 0.05 in CHF with LVEF ≤40 %; RR 0.77, 95 % CI 0.62-0.95, p < 0.05 in ischaemic CHF with LVEF ≤40 %). CONCLUSIONS Treatment with atorvastatin in outpatients with systolic CHF is associated with fewer cardiac deaths, and a better left ventricular performance, as assessed by TDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Correale
- Department of Cardiology, University of Foggia, "Ospedali Riuniti" OO.RR, viale L Pinto, 1, 71100, Foggia, Italy,
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Suski M, Gębska A, Olszanecki R, Stachowicz A, Uracz D, Madej J, Korbut R. Influence of atorvastatin on angiotensin I metabolism in resting and TNF-α -activated rat vascular smooth muscle cells. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2013; 15:378-83. [PMID: 23390189 DOI: 10.1177/1470320313475907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are essential for maintaining vasculature homeostasis and function. By influence on its growth and activation both proinflammatory cytokines and peptides of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) are potent regulators of VSMCs. Interestingly, angiotensin (Ang) II and Ang-(1-7) elicit opposite effects on VSMC activation, differentiation and proliferation. It has been suggested that statins, besides anti-inflammatory effects, may also modulate VSMC activation by their influence on the RAS. METHODS The effect of atorvastatin on Ang I metabolism in a culture of explanted rat VSMCs was examined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS); expression of mRNA of the main RAS enzymes in VSMC was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS In VSMC culture Ang-(1-7) was identified as a major product of Ang I metabolism. In this setting, TNF-α (1 ng/ml) caused a decrease in the conversion of Ang I to Ang-(1-7). This effect was accompanied by a decrease of mRNA expression of neutral endopeptidase (NEP) and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and increase of mRNA of ACE. Interestingly, atorvastatin (3 μM) attenuated the effects of TNF-α on Ang-(1-7) production as well as reversed the influence of TNF-α on ACE and ACE2 expression. CONCLUSIONS Enhancement by atorvastatin of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7) axis in VSMCs could represent a new and beneficial mechanism on cardiovascular action of this widely used drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Suski
- School of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Poland
| | - Anna Gębska
- School of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Poland
| | | | | | - Danuta Uracz
- School of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Poland
| | - Jozef Madej
- School of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Poland
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Salata C, Ferreira-Machado SC, Mencalha AL, de Andrade CBV, de Campos VMA, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA, deAlmeida CE. Chemotherapy and radiation regimens to breast cancer treatment induce changes in mRNA levels of renin–angiotensin system related genes in cardiac tissue. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2012; 14:330-6. [DOI: 10.1177/1470320312465218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Salata
- Laboratório de Ciências Radiológicas, Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Morfometria e Morfologia Cardiovascular, Instituto de Biologia, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Samara Cristina Ferreira-Machado
- Laboratório de Ciências Radiológicas, Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Geral – GBG, UFF, Niterói, Brazil
| | | | - Cherley Borba Vieira de Andrade
- Laboratório de Ciências Radiológicas, Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura e Biologia Tecidual, Departamento de Histologia, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carlos Eduardo deAlmeida
- Laboratório de Ciências Radiológicas, Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Verma N, Figueredo VM. Statins in non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy: an update on our current clinical and pathophysiological understanding. Int J Clin Pract 2011; 65:1156-64. [PMID: 21851514 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2011.02753.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins are a cornerstone in reducing cardiovascular events. Studies show that statins are beneficial even in patients with normal or low cholesterol levels, indicating pleiotropic mechanisms of therapeutic benefit apart from their antihyperlipidemic effect. Non-randomised, observational and retrospective studies suggest that statins are associated with better outcomes in patients with heart failure (HF) of both ischaemic and non-ischaemic aetiologies. While cholesterol reduction and plaque stabilisation likely play a role in reducing cardiovascular events in ischaemic HF patients, the mechanisms underlying the benefit in non-ischaemic HF patients is less clear. This review suggests the pleiotropic effects of statin therapy can beneficially alter the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the clinical benefit observed in non-ischaemic HF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Verma
- Institute for Heart & Vascular Health, Albert Einstein Medical Center, PA 19141, USA
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Correale M, Brunetti ND, Totaro A, Montrone D, Russo AR, Fanigliulo AM, Ieva R, Di Biase M. Statin therapy blunts inflammatory activation and improves prognosis and left ventricular performance assessed by Tissue Doppler Imaging in subjects with chronic ischemic heart failure: results from the Daunia Heart Failure Registry. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2011; 66:777-84. [PMID: 21789380 PMCID: PMC3109375 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322011000500012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A limited number of studies have used Tissue Doppler Imaging (TDI) to evaluate the effect of statin therapy on left ventricular dysfunction in patients with chronic heart failure. In this work, we aimed to determine whether statin administration influenced prognosis, inflammatory activation and myocardial performance evaluated by Tissue Doppler Imaging in subjects enrolled in the Daunia Heart Failure Registry, a local registry of patients with chronic heart failure. METHODS This study retrospectively analyzed 353 consecutive outpatients with chronic heart failure (mean follow-up 384 days), based on whether statin therapy was used. In all patients, several Tissue Doppler Imaging parameters were measured; circulating levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10 and C-reactive protein were also assayed. RESULTS Statin administration in 128 subjects with ischemic heart disease was associated with a lower incidence of adverse events (rehospitalization for HF 15% vs. 46%, p<0.001; ventricular arrhythmias 5% vs. 21%, p<0.01; cardiac death 1% vs. 8%, p<0.05), lower circulating levels of IL-6 (p<0.05) and IL-10 (p<0.01), lower rates of chronic heart failure (p<0.001) and better Tissue Doppler Imaging performance (E/E' ratio 12.82 ± 5.42 vs. 19.85 ± 9.14, p<0.001; ET: 260.62 ± 44.16 vs. 227.11 ± 37.58 ms, p<0.05; TP: 176.79 ± 49.93 vs. 136.7 ± 37.78 ms, p<0.05 and St: 352.35 ± 43.17 vs. 310.67 ± 66.46 ± 37.78 ms, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Chronic ischemic heart failure outpatients undergoing statin treatment had fewer readmissions for adverse events, blunted inflammatory activation and improved left ventricular performance assessed by Tissue Doppler Imaging.
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Rodríguez C, Alcudia JF, Martínez-González J, Guadall A, Raposo B, Sánchez-Gómez S, Badimon L. Statins normalize vascular lysyl oxidase down-regulation induced by proatherogenic risk factors. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 83:595-603. [PMID: 19406911 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Statins are lipid-lowering drugs widely used in the management of vascular diseases. Clinical and experimental evidence suggest that statins improve endothelial function by both cholesterol-lowering-dependent and -independent mechanisms. We have previously shown that endothelial dysfunction induced by risk factors and proinflammatory cytokines is associated with down-regulation of lysyl oxidase (LOX), a key enzyme modulating extracellular matrix maturation and vascular integrity. Our aim was to analyse whether statins could normalize LOX expression impaired by proatherogenic risk factors. METHODS AND RESULTS We observed that pharmacological concentrations of statins (atorvastatin and simvastatin) modulated LOX transcriptional activity, counteracting the down-regulation of LOX (at the mRNA, protein, and activity level) caused by tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) in porcine, bovine, and human aortic endothelial cells. Geranylgeraniol but not farnesol reversed this effect, suggesting the involvement of geranylgeranylated proteins. In accordance, inhibitors of RhoA/Rho kinase also counteracted LOX down-regulation caused by TNFalpha, and over-expression of a RhoA dominant-negative mutant mimicked statin effects. Statins were also able to counteract the decrease in LOX expression produced by atherogenic concentrations of LDL by a similar mechanism and to partially prevent the increase in endothelial permeability elicited by these lipoproteins. Finally, in the in vivo porcine model of hypercholesterolaemia, we observed that statins abrogated the reduction of vascular LOX expression triggered by high plasma levels of LDL. CONCLUSION These data indicate that statins normalize vascular LOX expression altered by atherogenic risk factors through a RhoA/Rho kinase-dependent mechanism. Thus, modulation of LOX by statins could contribute to vascular protection and to the cardiovascular risk reduction achieved by this therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular, Antoni M Claret 167, Barcelona 08025, Spain.
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Ramasubbu K, Estep J, White DL, Deswal A, Mann DL. Experimental and Clinical Basis for the Use of Statins in Patients With Ischemic and Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51:415-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Revised: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Lipinski MJ, Abbate A, Fuster V, Vetrovec GW. Drug Insight: statins for nonischemic heart failure—evidence and potential mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 4:196-205. [PMID: 17380165 DOI: 10.1038/ncpcardio0855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
While 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, also known as statins, have a well-established in role in the treatment and prevention of ischemic coronary artery disease, their utility in the setting of heart failure (HF) and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction remains under investigation. Although a reduction in LDL is the major effect of statin therapy, pleiotropic effects have been demonstrated, which could be responsible for the reduction in morbidity and mortality seen with statin use in patients with HF. Patients with both ischemic and nonischemic HF have been shown to have improved survival with statin therapy, and patients receiving statin therapy are less likely to develop HF. Studies have demonstrated that statins reduce inflammation, improve endothelial function, decrease thrombogenicity, and improve LV and autonomic function. In this Review, we present the literature supporting the pleiotropic effects of statin therapy in patients with HF or LV dysfunction, and discuss the mechanisms by which statins might elicit the improvements in morbidity and mortality seen in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Lipinski
- University of Virginia Health System, Department of Internal Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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Saijonmaa O, Nyman T, Fyhrquist F. Atorvastatin inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme induction in differentiating human macrophages. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 292:H1917-21. [PMID: 17158648 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00920.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Statins are effective drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Recent studies suggested that statins have additional beneficial effects on the vascular wall independent of their cholesterol-lowering effects. We investigated whether atorvastatin influences angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) production in differentiating human macrophages. Human peripheral blood monocytes (PBM) were isolated from fresh buffy coats. The cells were allowed to differentiate for 0-8 days in macrophage serum-free medium with 5 ng/ml granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Atorvastatin (0.005-0.5 microM), mevalonate (200-400 microM), geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (1.25-2.5 microM), and/or farnesylpyrophosphate (FPP; 1.25-2.5 microM) was added on the second day of differentiation and then every other day. After incubation time, the ACE amount in intact macrophages was measured. ACE amount in PBM was low. A marked time-dependent ACE induction was noticed during differentiation of monocytes to macrophages. Atorvastatin treatment inhibited ACE induction during differentiation. In the presence of mevalonate, atorvastatin failed to downregulate ACE production. Cotreatment of the cells with atorvastatin and FPP reversed the suppressive effect of atorvastatin on ACE. In conclusion, atorvastatin inhibited ACE upregulation, normally occurring in differentiating human macrophages. This effect was mediated via the mevalonate pathway, and inhibition of FPP was probably involved. The finding that atorvastatin inhibited ACE upregulation may represent a novel pleiotropic action and an additional beneficial effect of statins in treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Outi Saijonmaa
- Minerva Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland.
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