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Wisniewski P, Gangnus T, Burckhardt BB. Recent advances in the discovery and development of drugs targeting the kallikrein-kinin system. J Transl Med 2024; 22:388. [PMID: 38671481 PMCID: PMC11046790 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05216-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The kallikrein-kinin system is a key regulatory cascade involved in blood pressure maintenance, hemostasis, inflammation and renal function. Currently, approved drugs remain limited to the rare disease hereditary angioedema. However, growing interest in this system is indicated by an increasing number of promising drug candidates for further indications. METHODS To provide an overview of current drug development, a two-stage literature search was conducted between March and December 2023 to identify drug candidates with targets in the kallikrein-kinin system. First, drug candidates were identified using PubMed and Clinicaltrials.gov. Second, the latest publications/results for these compounds were searched in PubMed, Clinicaltrials.gov and Google Scholar. The findings were categorized by target, stage of development, and intended indication. RESULTS The search identified 68 drugs, of which 10 are approved, 25 are in clinical development, and 33 in preclinical development. The three most studied indications included diabetic retinopathy, thromboprophylaxis and hereditary angioedema. The latter is still an indication for most of the drug candidates close to regulatory approval (3 out of 4). For the emerging indications, promising new drug candidates in clinical development are ixodes ricinus-contact phase inhibitor for thromboprophylaxis and RZ402 and THR-149 for the treatment of diabetic macular edema (all phase 2). CONCLUSION The therapeutic impact of targeting the kallikrein-kinin system is no longer limited to the treatment of hereditary angioedema. Ongoing research on other diseases demonstrates the potential of therapeutic interventions targeting the kallikrein-kinin system and will provide further treatment options for patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Wisniewski
- Individualized Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Tanja Gangnus
- Individualized Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Bjoern B Burckhardt
- Individualized Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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Alexander-Curtis M, Pauls R, Chao J, Volpi JJ, Bath PM, Verdoorn TA. Human tissue kallikrein in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2019; 12:1756286418821918. [PMID: 30719079 PMCID: PMC6348491 DOI: 10.1177/1756286418821918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) remains a major cause of death and disability throughout the world. The most severe form of stroke results from large vessel occlusion of the major branches of the Circle of Willis. The treatment strategies currently available in western countries for large vessel occlusion involve rapid restoration of blood flow through removal of the offending blood clot using mechanical or pharmacological means (e.g. tissue plasma activator; tPA). This review assesses prospects for a novel pharmacological approach to enhance the availability of the natural enzyme tissue kallikrein (KLK1), an important regulator of local blood flow. KLK1 is responsible for the generation of kinins (bradykinin and kallidin), which promote local vasodilation and long-term vascularization. Moreover, KLK1 has been used clinically as a direct treatment for multiple diseases associated with impaired local blood flow including AIS. A form of human KLK1 isolated from human urine is approved in the People's Republic of China for subacute treatment of AIS. Here we review the rationale for using KLK1 as an additional pharmacological treatment for AIS by providing the biochemical mechanism as well as the human clinical data that support this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rick Pauls
- DiaMedica Therapeutics, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Julie Chao
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - John J Volpi
- Houston Methodist, Stanley H. Appel Department of Neurology, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Philip M Bath
- Stroke Trials Unit, University of Nottingham, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, UK
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3
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Marceau F, Bawolak MT, Fortin JP, Morissette G, Roy C, Bachelard H, Gera L, Charest-Morin X. Bifunctional ligands of the bradykinin B 2 and B 1 receptors: An exercise in peptide hormone plasticity. Peptides 2018; 105:37-50. [PMID: 29802875 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Kinins are the small and fragile hydrophilic peptides related to bradykinin (BK) and derived from circulating kininogens via the action of kallikreins. Kinins bind to the preformed and widely distributed B2 receptor (B2R) and to the inducible B1 receptor (B1R). B2Rs and B1Rs are related G protein coupled receptors that possess natural agonist ligands of nanomolar affinity (BK and Lys BK for B2Rs, Lys-des-Arg9-BK for B1R). Decades of structure-activity exploration have resulted in the production of peptide analogs that are antagonists, one of which is clinically used (the B2R antagonist icatibant), and also non-peptide ligands for both receptor subtypes. The modification of kinin receptor ligands has made them resistant to extracellular or endosomal peptidases and/or produced bifunctional ligands, defined as agonist or antagonist peptide ligands conjugated with a chemical fluorophore (emitting in the whole spectrum, from the infrared to the ultraviolet), a drug-like moiety, an epitope, an isotope chelator/carrier, a cleavable sequence (thus forming a pro-drug) and even a fused protein. Dual molecular targets for specific modified peptides may be a source of side effects or of medically exploitable benefits. Biotechnological protein ligands for either receptor subtype have been produced: they are enhanced green fluorescent protein or the engineered peroxidase APEX2 fused to an agonist kinin sequence at their C-terminal terminus. Antibodies endowed with pharmacological actions (agonist, antagonist) at B2R have been reported, though not monoclonal antibodies. These findings define classes of alternative ligands of the kinin receptor of potential therapeutic and diagnostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Caroline Roy
- CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1 V 4G2, Canada
| | | | - Lajos Gera
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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4
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Potentiation of Paclitaxel-Induced Pain Syndrome in Mice by Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme Inhibition and Involvement of Kinins. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:7824-7837. [PMID: 27844290 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0275-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Paclitaxel is a chemotherapeutic agent used to treat solid tumours. However, it causes an acute and neuropathic pain syndrome that limits its use. Among the mechanisms involved in neuropathic pain caused by paclitaxel is activation of kinin receptors. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors can enhance kinin receptor signalling. The goal of this study was to evaluate the role of kinins on paclitaxel-associated acute pain syndromes (P-APS) and the effect of ACE inhibition on P-APS and paclitaxel-associated chronic peripheral neuropathy (P-CPN) in mice. Herein, we show that paclitaxel caused mechanical allodynia and spontaneous nociceptive behaviour that was reduced by antagonists of kinin receptors B1 (DALBk and SSR240612) and B2 (Hoe140 and FR173657). Moreover, enalapril (an ACE inhibitor) enhanced the mechanical allodynia induced by a low dose of paclitaxel. Likewise, paclitaxel injection inhibited ACE activity and increased the expressions of B1 and B2 receptors and bradykinin-related peptides levels in peripheral tissue. Together, our data support the involvement of kinin receptors in the P-APS and suggest kinin receptor antagonists to treat this syndrome. Because hypertension is the most frequent comorbidity affecting cancer patients, treatment of hypertension with ACE inhibitors in patients undergoing paclitaxel chemotherapy should be reviewed, since this could enhance the P-APS and P-CPN.
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5
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Liu Y, Lu Z, Cui M, Yang Q, Tang Y, Dong Q. Tissue kallikrein protects SH-SY5Y neuronal cells against oxygen and glucose deprivation-induced injury through bradykinin B2 receptor-dependent regulation of autophagy induction. J Neurochem 2016; 139:208-220. [PMID: 27248356 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Liu
- Department of Neurology; Huashan Hospital; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology; Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Zhengyu Lu
- Department of Neurology; Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Mei Cui
- Department of Neurology; Huashan Hospital; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology; Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Neurology; Huashan Hospital; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology; Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Yuping Tang
- Department of Neurology; Huashan Hospital; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology; Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Qiang Dong
- Department of Neurology; Huashan Hospital; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology; Fudan University; Shanghai China
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6
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Kallikrein in the Interstitial Space. Protein Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1201/9781315374307-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Filippou PS, Karagiannis GS, Musrap N, Diamandis EP. Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) and the hallmarks of cancer. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2016; 53:277-91. [PMID: 26886390 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2016.1154643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) represent the largest family of serine proteases within the human genome and are expressed in various tissues. Although they regulate several important physiological functions, KLKs have also been implicated in numerous pathophysiological processes, including cancer. Growing evidence describing the deregulation of KLK expression and secretion, as well as activation in various malignancies, has uncovered their potential as mediators of cancer progression, biomarkers of disease and as candidate therapeutic targets. The diversity of signalling pathways and proteolytic cascades involving KLKs and their downstream targets appears to affect cancer biology through multiple mechanisms, including those related to the hallmarks of cancer. The aim of this review is to provide an update on the importance of KLK-driven molecular pathways in relation to cancer cell traits associated with the hallmarks of cancer and to highlight their potential in personalized therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota S Filippou
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Mount Sinai Hospital , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - George S Karagiannis
- b Department of Anatomy & Structural Biology , Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University Bronx , New York , NY , USA
| | - Natasha Musrap
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Mount Sinai Hospital , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Mount Sinai Hospital , Toronto , ON , Canada .,c Department of Clinical Biochemistry , University Health Network , Toronto , ON , Canada , and.,d Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada
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Charest-Morin X, Raghavan A, Charles ML, Kolodka T, Bouthillier J, Jean M, Robbins MS, Marceau F. Pharmacological effects of recombinant human tissue kallikrein on bradykinin B2 receptors. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015; 3:e00119. [PMID: 26038695 PMCID: PMC4448978 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue kallikrein (KLK-1), a serine protease, initiates the release of bradykinin (BK)-related peptides from low-molecular weight kininogen. KLK-1 and the BK B2 receptor (B2R) mediate beneficial effects on the progression of type 2 diabetes and renal disease, but the precise role of KLK-1 independent of its kinin-forming activity remains unclear. We used DM199, a recombinant form of human KLK-1, along with the isolated human umbilical vein, a robust bioassay of the B2R, to address the previous claims that KLK-1 directly binds to and activates the human B2R, with possible receptor cleavage. DM199 (1–10 nmol/L) contracted the isolated vein via the B2R, but in a tachyphylactic, kinin-dependent manner, without desensitization of the tissue to exogenously added BK. In binding experiments with recombinant N-terminally tagged myc-B2Rs expressed in HEK 293a cells, DM199 displaced [3H]BK binding from the rabbit myc-B2R, but not from the human or rat myc-B2Rs. No evidence of myc-B2R degradation by immunoblot analysis was apparent following treatment of these 3 myc-B2R constructs with DM199 (30 min, ≤10 nmol/L). In HEK 293 cells stably expressing rabbit B2R-GFP, DM199 (11–108 pmol/L) elicited signaling-dependent endocytosis and reexpression, while a higher concentration (1.1 nmol/L) induced a partially irreversible endocytosis of the construct (microscopy), paralleled by the appearance of free GFP in cells (immunoblotting, indicative of incomplete receptor down-regulation). The pharmacology of DM199 at relevant concentrations (<10 nmol/L) is essentially based on the activity of locally generated kinins. Binding to and mild down-regulation of the B2R is possibly a species-dependent idiosyncratic response to DM199.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Charest-Morin
- Centre de recherche en rhumatologie et immunologie, CHU de Québec Québec City, Québec, Canada, G1V 4G2
| | - Arvind Raghavan
- DiaMedica Inc. One Carlson Parkway, Suite 124, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55447
| | - Matthew L Charles
- DiaMedica Inc. One Carlson Parkway, Suite 124, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55447
| | - Tadeusz Kolodka
- DiaMedica Inc. One Carlson Parkway, Suite 124, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55447
| | - Johanne Bouthillier
- Centre de recherche en rhumatologie et immunologie, CHU de Québec Québec City, Québec, Canada, G1V 4G2
| | - Mélissa Jean
- Centre de recherche en rhumatologie et immunologie, CHU de Québec Québec City, Québec, Canada, G1V 4G2
| | - Mark S Robbins
- DiaMedica Inc. One Carlson Parkway, Suite 124, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55447
| | - François Marceau
- Centre de recherche en rhumatologie et immunologie, CHU de Québec Québec City, Québec, Canada, G1V 4G2
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Maneva-Radicheva L, Amatya C, Parker C, Ellefson J, Radichev I, Raghavan A, Charles ML, Williams MS, Robbins MS, Savinov AY. Autoimmune diabetes is suppressed by treatment with recombinant human tissue Kallikrein-1. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107213. [PMID: 25259810 PMCID: PMC4178025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) comprises a cascade of proteolytic enzymes and biogenic peptides that regulate several physiological processes. Over-expression of tissue kallikrein-1 and modulation of the KKS shows beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity and other parameters relevant to type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, much less is known about the role of kallikreins, in particular tissue kallikrein-1, in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D). We report that chronic administration of recombinant human tissue kallikrein-1 protein (DM199) to non-obese diabetic mice delayed the onset of T1D, attenuated the degree of insulitis, and improved pancreatic beta cell mass in a dose- and treatment frequency-dependent manner. Suppression of the autoimmune reaction against pancreatic beta cells was evidenced by a reduction in the relative numbers of infiltrating cytotoxic lymphocytes and an increase in the relative numbers of regulatory T cells in the pancreas and pancreatic lymph nodes. These effects may be due in part to a DM199 treatment-dependent increase in active TGF-beta1. Treatment with DM199 also resulted in elevated C-peptide levels, elevated glucagon like peptide-1 levels and a reduction in dipeptidyl peptidase-4 activity. Overall, the data suggest that DM199 may have a beneficial effect on T1D by attenuating the autoimmune reaction and improving beta cell health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Maneva-Radicheva
- Sanford Project/Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Christina Amatya
- Sanford Project/Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Camille Parker
- Sanford Project/Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Jacob Ellefson
- Sanford Project/Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Ilian Radichev
- Sanford Project/Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Arvind Raghavan
- DiaMedica USA, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AR); (AYS)
| | | | - Mark S. Williams
- DiaMedica USA, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Mark S. Robbins
- DiaMedica USA, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Alexei Y. Savinov
- Sanford Project/Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AR); (AYS)
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10
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Kolodka T, Charles ML, Raghavan A, Radichev IA, Amatya C, Ellefson J, Savinov AY, Nag A, Williams MS, Robbins MS. Preclinical characterization of recombinant human tissue kallikrein-1 as a novel treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103981. [PMID: 25100328 PMCID: PMC4123992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Modulation of the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) has been shown to have beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis and several other physiological responses relevant to the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). The importance of bradykinin and its receptors in mediating these responses is well documented, but the role of tissue kallikrein-1, the protease that generates bradykinin insitu, is much less understood. We developed and tested DM199, recombinant human tissue kallikrein-1 protein (rhKLK-1), as a potential novel therapeutic for T2D. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies suggest that DM199 increases whole body glucose disposal in non-diabetic rats. Single-dose administration of DM199 in obese db/db mice and ZDF rats, showed an acute, dose-dependent improvement in whole-body glucose utilization. Sub-acute dosing for a week in ZDF rats improved glucose utilization, with a concomitant rise in fasting insulin levels and HOMA1-%B scores. After cessation of sub-acute dosing, fasting blood glucose levels were significantly lower in ZDF rats during a drug wash-out period. Our studies show for the first time that DM199 administration results in acute anti-hyperglycemic effects in several preclinical models, and demonstrate the potential for further development of DM199 as a novel therapeutic for T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz Kolodka
- DiaMedica USA, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | | | - Arvind Raghavan
- DiaMedica USA, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ilian A. Radichev
- Sanford Project/Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Christina Amatya
- Sanford Project/Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Jacob Ellefson
- Sanford Project/Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Alexei Y. Savinov
- Sanford Project/Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Abhijeet Nag
- Invitek, Inc., Hayward, California, United States of America
| | - Mark S. Williams
- DiaMedica USA, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Mark S. Robbins
- DiaMedica USA, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
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11
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Yiu WH, Wong DWL, Chan LYY, Leung JCK, Chan KW, Lan HY, Lai KN, Tang SCW. Tissue kallikrein mediates pro-inflammatory pathways and activation of protease-activated receptor-4 in proximal tubular epithelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88894. [PMID: 24586431 PMCID: PMC3931644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue kallikrein (KLK1) expression is up-regulated in human diabetic kidney tissue and induced by high glucose (HG) in human proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTEC). Since the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) has been linked to cellular inflammatory process in many diseases, it is likely that KLK1 expression may mediate the inflammatory process during the development of diabetic nephropathy. In this study, we explored the role of KLK1 in tubular pro-inflammatory responses under the diabetic milieu. Recombinant KLK1 stimulated the production of inflammatory cytokines in PTEC via the activation of p42/44 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. Molecular knockdown of endogenous KLK1 expression by siRNA transfection in PTEC attenuated advanced glycation end-products (AGE)-induced IL-8 and ICAM-1 productions in vitro. Interestingly, exposure of PTEC to KLK1 induced the expression of protease-activated receptors (PARs). There was a 2.9-fold increase in PAR-4, 1.4-fold increase in PAR-1 and 1.2-fold increase in PAR-2 mRNA levels. Activation of PAR-4 by a selective agonist was found to elicit the pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic phenotypes in PTEC while blockade of the receptor by specific antagonist attenuated high glucose-induced IL-6, CCL-2, CTGF and collagen IV expression. Calcium mobilization by the PAR-4 agonist in PTEC was desensitized by pretreatment with KLK1. Consistent with these in vitro findings, there was a markedly up-regulation of tubular PAR-4 expression in human diabetic renal cortical tissues. Together, these results suggest that up-regulation of KLK1 in tubular epithelial cells may mediate pro-inflammatory pathway and PAR activation during diabetic nephropathy and provide a new therapeutic target for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Han Yiu
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Dickson W. L. Wong
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Loretta Y. Y. Chan
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Joseph C. K. Leung
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kwok Wah Chan
- Department of Pathology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Hui Yao Lan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kar Neng Lai
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Sydney C. W. Tang
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- * E-mail:
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12
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Chao J, Bledsoe G, Chao L. Tissue kallikrein-kinin therapy in hypertension and organ damage. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2014; 69:37-57. [PMID: 25130039 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-06683-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Tissue kallikrein is a serine proteinase that cleaves low molecular weight kininogen to produce kinin peptides, which in turn activate kinin receptors to trigger multiple biological functions. In addition to its kinin-releasing activity, tissue kallikrein directly interacts with the kinin B2 receptor, protease-activated receptor-1, and gamma-epithelial Na channel. The tissue kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) elicits a wide spectrum of biological activities, including reducing hypertension, cardiac and renal damage, restenosis, ischemic stroke, and skin wound injury. Both loss-of-function and gain-of-function studies have shown that the KKS plays an important endogenous role in the protection against health pathologies. Tissue kallikrein/kinin treatment attenuates cardiovascular, renal, and brain injury by inhibiting oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, hypertrophy, and fibrosis and promoting angiogenesis and neurogenesis. Approaches that augment tissue kallikrein-kinin activity might provide an effective strategy for the treatment of hypertension and associated organ damage.
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da Costa PLN, Sirois P, Tannock IF, Chammas R. The role of kinin receptors in cancer and therapeutic opportunities. Cancer Lett 2013; 345:27-38. [PMID: 24333733 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Kinins are generated within inflammatory tissue microenvironments, where they exert diverse functions, including cell proliferation, leukocyte activation, cell migration, endothelial cell activation and nociception. These pleiotropic functions depend on signaling through two cross talking receptors, the constitutively expressed kinin receptor 2 (B2R) and the inducible kinin receptor 1 (B1R). We have reviewed evidence, which supports the concept that kinin receptors, especially kinin receptor 1, are promising targets for cancer therapy, since (1) many tumor cells express aberrantly high levels of these receptors; (2) some cancers produce kinins and use them as autocrine factors to stimulate their growth; (3) activation of kinin receptors leads to activation of macrophages, dendritic cells and other cells from the tumor microenvironment; (4) kinins have pro-angiogenic properties; (5) kinin receptors have been implicated in cancer migration, invasion and metastasis; and (6) selective antagonists for either B1R or B2R have shown anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic and anti-migratory properties. The multiple cross talks between kinin receptors and renin-angiotensin system (RAS) as well as its implications for targeting KKS or RAS for the treatment of malignancies are also discussed. It is expected that B1R antagonists would interfere less with housekeeping functions and therefore would be attractive compounds to treat selected types of cancer. Reliable clinical studies are needed to establish the translatability of these data to human settings and the usefulness of kinin receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia L N da Costa
- Laboratório de Oncologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo and Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pierre Sirois
- CHUL Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Ian F Tannock
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Roger Chammas
- Laboratório de Oncologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo and Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Brazil.
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Tissue kallikrein mediates neurite outgrowth through epidermal growth factor receptor and flotillin-2 pathway in vitro. Cell Signal 2013; 26:220-32. [PMID: 24211626 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tissue kallikrein (TK) was previously shown to take most of its biological effects through bradykinin receptors. In this study, we assumed that TK mediated neurite outgrowth was independent of bradykinin receptors. To test the hypothesis, we investigated TK-induced neurite outgrowth and its signaling mechanisms in cultured primary neurons and human SH-SY5Y cells. We found that TK stimulation could increase the number of processes and mean process length of primary neurons, which were blocked by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor or down-regulation, small interfering RNA for flotillin-2 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 inhibitor. Moreover, TK-induced neurite outgrowth was associated with EGFR and ERK1/2 activation, which were inhibited by EGFR antagonist or RNA interference and flotillin-2 knockdown. Interestingly, inhibition of bradykinin receptors had no significant effects on EGFR and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In the present research, our data also suggested that EGFR and flotillin-2 formed constitutive complex that translocated to around the nuclei in the TK stimulation. In sum, our findings provided evidence that TK could promote neurite outgrowth via EGFR, flotillin-2 and ERK1/2 signaling pathway in vitro.
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Figueroa CD, Ehrenfeld P, Bhoola KD. Kinin receptors as targets for cancer therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2012; 16:299-312. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2012.662957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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16
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Gao L, Smith RS, Chen LM, Chai KX, Chao L, Chao J. Tissue kallikrein promotes prostate cancer cell migration and invasion via a protease-activated receptor-1-dependent signaling pathway. Biol Chem 2011; 391:803-12. [PMID: 20482314 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2010.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that tissue kallikrein (TK) promotes keratinocyte migration through activation of protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR(1)) and transactivation of the epi-dermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). In this study, we investigated the potential role of PAR(1) in mediating the effect of TK on cancer cell migration, invasion and proliferation. Our results show that TK promotes DU145 prostate cancer cell migration in a concentration-dependent manner, but has no effect on A549 lung cancer cells. Active TK markedly increases DU145 cell migration and invasion, which are blocked by aprotinin but minimally affected by icatibant; kinin treatment has little effect. TK-induced cell migration and invasion are abolished by inhibition of PAR(1) using a pharmacological inhibitor or RNA interference. The effect of TK on cell migration and invasion are also blocked by inhibitors of protein kinase C, c-Src, matrix metalloproteinase, EGFR and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Moreover, TK stimulates ERK phosphorylation, which is inhibited by an EGFR antagonist. Additionally, TK but not kinin stimulates DU145 cell proliferation through activation of the kinin B2 receptor, but not PAR(1) and EGFR. These results indicate differential signaling pathways mediated by TK in promoting prostate cancer cell migration and invasion via PAR(1) activation, and proliferation via kinin B2 receptor stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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17
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Human tissue kallikrein (hK1) generates vasodilator kinins from kininogen and promotes angiogenesis by kinin-dependent and kinin-independent mechanisms. Here, we investigate the expression and functional relevance of hK1 in human gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST). METHODS Vascularisation and hK1 expression of GIST samples were assessed by immunohistochemistry. In two GIST cell lines, hK1 expression was assessed by PCR, and hK1 protein levels and activity were measured by ELISA and an amidolytic assay, respectively. The effect of hK1 silencing, inhibition or overexpression on GIST cell proliferation, migration and paracrine induction of angiogenesis was studied. Finally, local and systemic levels of hK1 were assessed in mice injected with GIST cells. RESULTS Human tissue kallikrein was detected in 19 out of 22 human GIST samples. Moreover, GIST cells express and secrete active hK1. Titration of hK1 demonstrated its involvement in GIST invasive behaviour, but not proliferation. Furthermore, hK1 released by GIST cells promoted endothelial cell migration and network formation through kinin-dependent mechanisms. Gastrointestinal stromal tumour implantation in nude mice resulted in local and systemic hK1 expression proportional to tumour dimension. CONCLUSIONS Human tissue kallikrein is produced and released by GIST and participates in tumour invasion. Further studies are needed to validate hK1 as a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target in GIST.
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Chao J, Shen B, Gao L, Xia CF, Bledsoe G, Chao L. Tissue kallikrein in cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and renal diseases and skin wound healing. Biol Chem 2010; 391:345-55. [PMID: 20180644 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2010.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tissue kallikrein (KLK1) processes low-molecular weight kininogen to produce vasoactive kinins, which exert biological functions via kinin receptor signaling. Using various delivery approaches, we have demonstrated that tissue kallikrein through kinin B2 receptor signaling exhibits a wide spectrum of beneficial effects by reducing cardiac and renal injuries, restenosis and ischemic stroke, and by promoting angiogenesis and skin wound healing, independent of blood pressure reduction. Protection by tissue kallikrein in oxidative organ damage is attributed to the inhibition of apoptosis, inflammation, hypertrophy and fibrosis. Tissue kallikrein also enhances neovascularization in ischemic heart and limb. Moreover, tissue kallikrein/kinin infusion not only prevents but also reverses kidney injury, inflammation and fibrosis in salt-induced hypertensive rats. Furthermore, there is a wide time window for kallikrein administration in protection against ischemic brain infarction, as delayed kallikrein infusion for 24 h after cerebral ischemia in rats is effective in reducing neurological deficits, infarct size, apoptosis and inflammation. Importantly, in the clinical setting, human tissue kallikrein has been proven to be effective in the treatment of patients with acute brain infarction when injected within 48 h after stroke onset. Finally, kallikrein promotes skin wound healing and keratinocyte migration by direct activation of protease-activated receptor 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Chao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, 29425, USA.
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Erdös EG, Tan F, Skidgel RA. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitors are allosteric enhancers of kinin B1 and B2 receptor function. Hypertension 2010; 55:214-20. [PMID: 20065150 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.109.144600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial effects of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors go beyond the inhibition of ACE to decrease angiotensin (Ang) II or increase kinin levels. ACE inhibitors also affect kinin B1 and B2 receptor (B1R and B2R) signaling, which may underlie some of their therapeutic usefulness. They can indirectly potentiate the actions of bradykinin (BK) and ACE-resistant BK analogs on B2Rs to elevate arachidonic acid and NO release in laboratory experiments. Studies indicate that ACE inhibitors and some Ang metabolites increase B2R functions as allosteric enhancers by inducing a conformational change in ACE. This is transmitted to B2Rs via heterodimerization with ACE on the plasma membrane of cells. ACE inhibitors are also agonists of the B1R, at a Zn-binding sequence on the second extracellular loop that differs from the orthosteric binding site of the des-Arg-kinin peptide ligands. Thus, ACE inhibitors act as direct allosteric B1R agonists. When ACE inhibitors enhance B2R and B1R signaling, they augment NO production. Enhancement of B2R signaling activates endothelial NO synthase, yielding a short burst of NO; activation of B1Rs results in a prolonged high output of NO by inducible NO synthase. These actions, outside inhibiting peptide hydrolysis, may contribute to the pleiotropic therapeutic effects of ACE inhibitors in various cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ervin G Erdös
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Ill 60612, USA.
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20
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A novel signaling pathway of tissue kallikrein in promoting keratinocyte migration: activation of proteinase-activated receptor 1 and epidermal growth factor receptor. Exp Cell Res 2009; 316:376-89. [PMID: 19879874 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Revised: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Biological functions of tissue kallikrein (TK, KLK1) are mainly mediated by kinin generation and subsequent kinin B2 receptor activation. In this study, we investigated the potential role of TK and its signaling pathways in cultured human keratinocyte migration and in a rat skin wound healing model. Herein, we show that TK promoted cell migration and proliferation in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Inactive TK or kinin had no significant effect on cell migration. Interestingly, cell migration induced by active TK was not blocked by icatibant or L-NAME, indicating an event independent of kinin B2 receptor and nitric oxide formation. TK's stimulatory effect on cell migration was inhibited by small interfering RNA for proteinase-activated receptor 1 (PAR(1)), and by PAR(1) inhibitor. TK-induced migration was associated with increased phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), which was blocked by inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC), Src, EGFR and ERK. TK-induced cell migration and EGFR phosphorylation were blocked by metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor, heparin, and antibodies against EGFR external domain, heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) and amphiregulin (AR). Local application of TK promoted skin wound healing in rats, whereas icatibant and EGFR inhibitor blocked TK's effect. Skin wound healing was further delayed by aprotinin and neutralizing TK antibody. This study demonstrates a novel role of TK in skin wound healing and uncovers new signaling pathways mediated by TK in promoting keratinocyte migration through activation of the PAR(1)-PKC-Src-MMP pathway and HB-EGF/AR shedding-dependent EGFR transactivation.
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Bodin S, Chollet C, Goncalves-Mendes N, Gardes J, Pean F, Heudes D, Bruneval P, Marre M, Alhenc-Gelas F, Bouby N. Kallikrein protects against microalbuminuria in experimental type I diabetes. Kidney Int 2009; 76:395-403. [DOI: 10.1038/ki.2009.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Dietze GJ, Henriksen EJ. Angiotensin-converting enzyme in skeletal muscle: sentinel of blood pressure control and glucose homeostasis. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2008; 9:75-88. [PMID: 18584583 DOI: 10.3317/jraas.2008.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests a coordinated regulation by the local renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and tissue kallikrein-kinin system (TKKS) of blood flow and substrate supply in oxidative red myofibres of skeletal muscle tissue during endurance exercise. The performance of these myofibres is dependent on the increased oxidation of substrates facilitated by augmenting nutritive blood flow and glucose uptake. Humoral factors released by the contracting fibres, such as adenosine and kinins, are suggested to be responsible for this metabolic adjustment. The considerable drain of blood volume and the enormous consumption of glucose during endurance exercise require a control mechanism for the maintenance of blood pressure (BP) and glucose homeostasis. This is achieved by the sympathetic nervous system and its subordinate RAS, which is located in the nutritive vessels and parenchyma of the red myofibres. The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is the primary enzyme responsible for kinin degradation during exercise, underscoring the important interrelationship between the RAS and the TKKS in the critical role of kinins in the multifactorial regulation of muscle bioenergetics and glucose and BP homeostasis. Importantly, overactivity of the ACE, as occurs in individuals displaying risk factors such as overweight, causes exaggerated BP response and reduced glucose disposal. If they persist over years, compensatory responses to this ACE overactivity, such as hypersecretion of insulin and compliance of the vessel walls, will inevitably be exhausted, leading ultimately to the manifestation of type 2 diabetes and hypertension. This concept also provides a unifying explanation for the beneficial effects of ACE-inhibitors and Angiotensin II receptor antagonists in the treatment of hypertension and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guenther J Dietze
- Hypertension and Diabetes Research Unit, Max Grundig Clinic, Buehl, Germany
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Vandell AG, Larson N, Laxmikanthan G, Panos M, Blaber SI, Blaber M, Scarisbrick IA. Protease-activated receptor dependent and independent signaling by kallikreins 1 and 6 in CNS neuron and astroglial cell lines. J Neurochem 2008; 107:855-70. [PMID: 18778305 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05658.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
While protease-activated receptors (PARs) are known to mediate signaling events in CNS, contributing both to normal function and pathogenesis, the endogenous activators of CNS PARs are poorly characterized. In this study, we test the hypothesis that kallikreins (KLKs) represent an important pool of endogenous activators of CNS PARs. Specifically, KLK1 and KLK6 were examined for their ability to evoke intracellular Ca(2+) flux in a PAR-dependent fashion in NSC34 neurons and Neu7 astrocytes. Both KLKs were also examined for their ability to activate mitogen-activated protein kinases (extracellular signal-regulated kinases, C-Jun N-terminal kinases, and p38) and protein kinase B (AKT) intracellular signaling cascades. Cumulatively, these studies show that KLK6, but not KLK1, signals through PARs. KLK6 evoked intracellular Ca(2+) flux was mediated by PAR1 in neurons and both PAR1 and PAR2 in astrocytes. Importantly, both KLK1 and KLK6 altered the activation state of mitogen-activated protein kinases and AKT, suggestive of important roles for each in CNS neuron and glial differentiation, and survival. The cellular specificity of CNS-KLK activity was underscored by observations that both proteases promoted AKT activation in astrocytes, but inhibited such signaling in neurons. PAR1 and bradykinin receptor inhibitors were used to demonstrate that KLK1-mediated activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases in neurons occurred in a non-PAR, bradykinin 2 (B2) receptor-dependent fashion, while similar signaling by KLK6 was mediated by the combined activation of PAR1 and B2. Cumulatively results indicate KLK6, but not KLK1 is an activator of CNS PARs, and that both KLKs are poised to signal in a B2 receptor-dependent fashion to regulate multiple signal transduction pathways relevant to CNS physiologic function and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Vandell
- Molecular Neuroscience Program, Mayo Medical and Graduate School, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Chao J, Yin H, Gao L, Hagiwara M, Shen B, Yang ZR, Chao L. Tissue kallikrein elicits cardioprotection by direct kinin b2 receptor activation independent of kinin formation. Hypertension 2008; 52:715-20. [PMID: 18768400 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.108.114587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tissue kallikrein exerts various biological functions through kinin formation with subsequent kinin B2 receptor activation. Recent studies showed that tissue kallikrein directly activates kinin B2 receptor in cultured cells expressing human kinin B2 receptor. In the present study, we investigated the role of tissue kallikrein in protection against cardiac injury through direct kinin B2 receptor activation using kininogen-deficient Brown Norway Katholiek rats after acute myocardial infarction. Tissue kallikrein was injected locally into the myocardium of Brown Norway Katholiek rats after coronary artery ligation with and without coinjection of icatibant (a kinin B2 receptor antagonist) and N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methylester (an NO synthase inhibitor). One day after myocardial infarction, tissue kallikrein treatment significantly improved cardiac contractility and reduced myocardial infarct size and left ventricle end diastolic pressure in Brown Norway Katholiek rats. Kallikrein attenuated ischemia-induced apoptosis and monocyte/macrophage accumulation in the ischemic myocardium in conjunction with increased NO levels and reduced myeloperoxidase activity. Icatibant and N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methylester abolished kallikrein's effects, indicating a kinin B2 receptor NO-mediated event. Moreover, inactive kallikrein had no beneficial effects in cardiac function, myocardial infarction, apoptosis, or inflammatory cell infiltration after myocardial infarction. In primary cardiomyocytes derived from Brown Norway Katholiek rats under serum-free conditions, active, but not inactive, kallikrein reduced hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis and caspase-3 activity, and the effects were mediated by kinin B2 receptor/nitric oxide formation. This is the first study to demonstrate that tissue kallikrein directly activates kinin B2 receptor in the absence of kininogen to reduce infarct size, apoptosis, and inflammation and improve cardiac performance of infarcted hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Chao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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25
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Koch M, Bonaventura K, Spillmann F, Dendorfer A, Schultheiss HP, Tschöpe C. Attenuation of left ventricular dysfunction by an ACE inhibitor after myocardial infarction in a kininogen-deficient rat model. Biol Chem 2008; 389:719-23. [DOI: 10.1515/bc.2008.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Bradykinin (BK) coronary outflow and left ventricular (LV) performance of kininogen-deficient Brown Norway Katholiek (BNK) rats and Brown Norway Hannover (BNH) controls were investigated. We analyzed whether the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor ramipril is able to attenuate LV dysfunction after induction of myocardial infarction (MI) in this animal model. Ex vivo, the basal BK content in the coronary outflow of buffer-perfused, isolated hearts was measured by specific radioimmunoassay. In vivo, left ventricular pressure (LVP), the maximal rate of LVP increase, LV end-diastolic pressure, the maximal rate of LVP decrease and heart rate were determined using a tip catheter 3 weeks after induction of MI. Compared to BNK rats, basal BK outflow was increased 30-fold in controls (p<0.01). In vivo, we found no significant differences between sham-ligated BNK and BNH rats in basal LV function. After MI, the impairment of LV function was significantly worse in BNK rats when compared to BNH rats. ACE inhibition significantly attenuated this LV dysfunction in both groups, when compared to untreated animals. Reduced basal BK level resulting from kininogen deficiency has no effect on basal LV function, but remains to be a risk factor for the ischemic heart. However, ACE inhibition is sufficient to improve LV function despite kininogen deficiency.
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Zhao W, Wang L, Lu X, Yang W, Huang J, Chen S, Gu D. A coding polymorphism of the kallikrein 1 gene is associated with essential hypertension: a tagging SNP-based association study in a Chinese Han population. J Hypertens 2007; 25:1821-7. [PMID: 17762646 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e328244e119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the association between common variants in the human tissue kallikrein 1 (KLK1) gene and susceptibility to essential hypertension in Chinese Han. METHODS A tagging single nucleotide polymorphism (tSNP) approach was used for a case-control study in 2411 patients with essential hypertension and 2348 controls. All DNA samples and clinical data were collected from the International Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease in Asia (InterASIA). RESULTS Based on the HapMap data of Han Chinese in Beijing (CHB) population, two non-synonymous polymorphisms, namely rs5517 (Glu162Lys) and rs5516 (Gln121Glu), were selected as tSNPs which could efficiently tag eight SNPs of the KLK1 gene with R larger than 90% for both haplotypes and single locus. Significant differences were found between groups for frequencies of rs5517 A allele (42.48% in cases versus 39.32% in controls, P=0.0019) and AA genotype [adjusted odds ratio (OR)=1.25 for AA versus AG/GG, P=0.0067]. The haplotype composed of the rs5517 A and rs5516 G allele significantly increased the risk of hypertension, with adjusted OR of 1.12 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.04-1.28, P=0.0377] when compared with the common haplotype G-C. Diplotype analysis also showed a significant association between the diplotype of AG-AC and essential hypertension (OR=1.34, 95% CI, 1.07-1.68, P=0.0096). CONCLUSIONS The present study suggested that rs5517 in the KLK1 gene was significantly associated with essential hypertension in a Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyan Zhao
- Department of Evidence Based Medicine and Division of Population Genetics, Cardiovascular Institute and Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Emami N, Diamandis EP. New insights into the functional mechanisms and clinical applications of the kallikrein-related peptidase family. Mol Oncol 2007; 1:269-87. [PMID: 19383303 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2007.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Revised: 09/04/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Kallikrein-related peptidase (KLK) family consists of fifteen conserved serine proteases that form the largest contiguous cluster of proteases in the human genome. While primarily recognized for their clinical utilities as potential disease biomarkers, new compelling evidence suggests that this family plays a significant role in various physiological processes, including skin desquamation, semen liquefaction, neural plasticity, and body fluid homeostasis. KLK activation is believed to be mediated through highly organized proteolytic cascades, regulated through a series of feedback loops, inhibitors, auto-degradation and internal cleavages. Gene expression is mainly hormone-dependent, even though transcriptional epigenetic regulation has also been reported. These regulatory mechanisms are integrated with various signaling pathways to mediate multiple functions. Dysregulation of these pathways has been implicated in a large number of neoplastic and non-neoplastic pathological conditions. This review highlights our current knowledge of structural/phylogenetic features, functional role and regulatory/signaling mechanisms of this important family of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nashmil Emami
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Fink E, Bhoola KD, Snyman C, Neth P, Figueroa CD. Cellular expression of plasma prekallikrein in human tissues. Biol Chem 2007; 388:957-63. [PMID: 17696780 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2007.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Plasma prekallikrein (PPK) is synthesised in hepatocytes and secreted into the blood, where it participates in the surface-dependent activation of blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, kinin generation and inflammation. Recently we demonstrated by quantitative RT-PCR that the human PPK gene is transcribed not only in the liver, but also in various non-hepatic human tissues at significant levels. However, up to now no reliable information is available concerning protein synthesis in the corresponding human tissues. Here we demonstrate by immunohistochemical studies that PPK or plasma kallikrein (PK) is localised in cells of different embryologically derived human tissues. In the human nephron, single cells of the distal tubules stained intensely, while the cytoplasm of cells forming proximal tubules and collecting ducts stained uniformly. PPK/PK was localised in hepatic epithelial cells of the liver, in cells of the pancreatic islet of Langerhans, in the interstitial Leydig cells of the testes, in the follicular and thecal granulosa cells of the ovary, and in the parotid gland, oesophagus, skin, respiratory tract, prostate and breast. We conclude that the cellular localisation of PPK/PK in multiple different progenitor-derived cells indicates specific cellular functions of this enzyme, in addition to its known function in the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Fink
- Abteilung für Klinische Chemie und Klinische Biochemie, Chirurgische Klinik Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Nussbaumstrasse 20, D-80336 Munich, Germany
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