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Hu XQ, Song H, Li N, Hao CX, Zhang B, Li XP, Xin J, Zhang YQ. Identification and analysis of miRNAs differentially expressed in male and female Trichosanthes kirilowii maxim. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:81. [PMID: 36810020 PMCID: PMC9945594 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09178-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. (TK) is a dioecious plant in the Cucurbitaceae family of which different sexes have separate medicinal uses. We used Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology to sequence miRNAs from male and female flower buds of TK. We performed bioinformatics analysis, miRNA identification, and target gene prediction on the data obtained from sequencing, and association analysis was performed in combination with the results of a previous transcriptome sequencing study. As a result, there were 80 differentially expressed miRNAs (DESs) between the female and male plants (48 upregulated and 32 downregulated in female plants). Moreover, 27 novel miRNAs in DESs were predicted to have 282 target genes, and 51 known miRNAs were predicted to have 3418 target genes. By establishing a regulatory network between miRNAs and target genes, 12 core genes were screened, including 7 miRNAs and 5 target genes. Among them, tkmiR157a-5p, tkmiR156c, tkmiR156_2, and tkmiR156k_2 jointly target the regulation of tkSPL18 and tkSPL13B. These two target genes are specifically expressed in male and female plants, respectively, and are involved in the biosynthesis process of BR, which is closely related to the sex differentiation process of TK. The identification of these miRNAs will provide a reference for the analysis of the sex differentiation mechanism of TK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-qin Hu
- grid.410747.10000 0004 1763 3680Medical College, Linyi University, Lin’yi, 276000 China ,grid.464402.00000 0000 9459 9325School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji’nan, 250355 China
| | - Han Song
- grid.410747.10000 0004 1763 3680Medical College, Linyi University, Lin’yi, 276000 China
| | - Na Li
- grid.410747.10000 0004 1763 3680Medical College, Linyi University, Lin’yi, 276000 China
| | - Chun-xiang Hao
- grid.410747.10000 0004 1763 3680Medical College, Linyi University, Lin’yi, 276000 China
| | - Bo Zhang
- grid.410747.10000 0004 1763 3680Medical College, Linyi University, Lin’yi, 276000 China
| | - Xin-peng Li
- grid.410747.10000 0004 1763 3680Medical College, Linyi University, Lin’yi, 276000 China
| | - Jie Xin
- Medical College, Linyi University, Lin'yi, 276000, China.
| | - Yong-qing Zhang
- grid.464402.00000 0000 9459 9325School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji’nan, 250355 China
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Lischke R, Shajari M, Feucht N, Kook D, Bechmann M, Wiltfang R, Priglinger SG, Mayer WJ. OCT- versus Scheimpflug-based Total Corneal Power Measurements Changes in Myopic Astigmatic SMILE Procedures. Curr Eye Res 2021; 47:12-17. [PMID: 34369205 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2021.1962362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the value of total keratometry (TK) to estimate corneal power in eyes that underwent SMILE for treatment of myopia or myopic astigmatism in subgroups of low and high astigmatism. METHODS The difference between preoperative and postoperative measurements of corneal power (ΔTCRP, ΔTK) was compared with the surgically induced refractive change at the corneal plane (ΔSEco) by Pearson correlation. Vector analysis of TCRP- and TK-derived astigmatism was performed to evaluate the corneal astigmatism. Single-angle plots were generated with the AstigMATIC tool for standard astigmatism vector analysis. RESULTS Paired t-test revealed statistically significant differences in preoperative (p = .02) and postoperative (p = .0455) measurements between TK and TCRP in the group of high-level astigmatism and the postoperative low astigmatism group (p < .01). No significant differences were found in preoperative data in the group of low-level astigmatism (p = .60). The correlation of ΔSEco and TK (low astigmatism, R2 = 0.978; high astigmatism R2 = 0.980) was stronger than the correlation of TCRP 4.0 mm and ΔSEco (low astigmatism, R2 = 0.743; high astigmatism R2 = 0.959) in both astigmatic groups. The vector analysis demonstrated nearly identical results concerning the correction index (CI) for TK and TCRP. Comparing the difference vector (DV) between both parameters, TK-derived results were closer to the optimum. CONCLUSIONS The findings endorse TK as a reliable measure of corneal power after SMILE in patients with low and high astigmatism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Lischke
- University Eye Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Mehdi Shajari
- University Eye Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Kook
- Prof. Kook & Partner, Private Practice, Graefelfing, Germany
| | | | | | - Siegfried G Priglinger
- University Eye Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,SMILE Eyes Clinic, Linz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang J Mayer
- University Eye Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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Roussou S, Albergati A, Liang F, Lindblad P. Engineered cyanobacteria with additional overexpression of selected Calvin-Benson-Bassham enzymes show further increased ethanol production. Metab Eng Commun 2021; 12:e00161. [PMID: 33520653 PMCID: PMC7820548 DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2021.e00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are one of the most promising microorganisms to produce biofuels and renewable chemicals due to their oxygenic autotrophic growth properties. However, to rely on photosynthesis, which is one of the main reasons for slow growth, low carbon assimlation rate and low production, is a bottleneck. To address this challenge, optimizing the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle is one of the strategies since it is the main carbon fixation pathway. In a previous study, we showed that overexpression of either aldolase (FBA), transketolase (TK), or fructose-1,6/sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase (FBP/SBPase), enzymes responsible for RuBP regeneration and vital for controlling the CBB carbon flux, led to higher production rates and titers in ethanol producing strains of Synechocystis PCC 6803. In the present study, we investigated the combined effects of the above enzymes on ethanol production in Synechocystis PCC 6803. The ethanol production of the strains overexpressing two CBB enzymes (FBA + TK, FBP/SBPase + FBA or FBP/SBPase + TK) was higher than the respective control strains, overexpressing either FBA or TK. The co-overexpression of FBA and TK led to more than 9 times higher ethanol production compared to the overexpression of FBA. Compared to TK the respective increase is 4 times more ethanol production. Overexpression of FBP/SBPase in combination with FBA showed 2.5 times higher ethanol production compared to FBA. Finally, co-overexpression of FBP/SBPase and TK reached about twice the production of ethanol compared to overexpression of only TK. This study clearly demonstrates that overexpression of two selected CBB enzymes leads to significantly increased ethanol production compared to overexpression of a single CBB enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stamatina Roussou
- Microbial Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alessia Albergati
- Microbial Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Feiyan Liang
- Microbial Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Lindblad
- Microbial Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
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Gwak SJ, Che L, Yun Y, Lee M, Ha Y. Combination Therapy by Tissue-Specific Suicide Gene and Bevacizumab in Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumor. Yonsei Med J 2020; 61:1042-1049. [PMID: 33251778 PMCID: PMC7700877 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2020.61.12.1042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Malignant gliomas are aggressive spinal cord tumors. In this study, we hypothesized that combination therapy using an anti-angiogenic agent, bevacizumab, and hypoxia-inducible glioblastoma-specific suicide gene could reduce tumor growth. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study, we evaluated the effect of combination therapy using bevacizumab and pEpo-NI2-SV-TK in reducing the proliferation of C6 cells and tumor growth in the spinal cord. Spinal cord tumor was generated by the injection of C6 cells into the T5 level of the spinal cord. Complexes of branched polyethylenimine (bPEI)/pEpo-NI2-SV-TK were injected into the spinal cord tumor. Bevacizumab was then administered by an intraperitoneal injection at a dose of 7 mg/kg. The anti-cancer effects of combination therapy were analyzed by histological analyses and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan scale scores for all of the treatment groups were recorded every other day for 15 days to assess the rat hind-limb strength. RESULTS The complexes of bPEI/pEpo-NI2-SV-TK inhibited the viability of C6 cells in the hypoxia condition at 5 days after treatment with ganciclovir. Bevacizumab was decreased in the cell viability of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Combination therapy reduced the tumor size by histological analyses and MRI. The combination therapy group showed improved hind-limb function compared to the other groups that were administered pEpo-NI2-SV-TK alone or bevacizumab alone. CONCLUSION This study suggests that combination therapy using bevacizumab with the pEpo-NI2-SV-TK therapeutic gene could be useful for increasing its therapeutic benefits for intramedullary spinal cord tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Jung Gwak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Lihua Che
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeomin Yun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minhyung Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Ha
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Li JY, Huang WX, Chen J, Zhao SP, Tang YY. Targeted Inhibitory Effect of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells by Hre 2.Grp78 Chimeric Promoter Regulating Fusion Gene TK/VP3. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2019; 18:1533033819875166. [PMID: 31769345 PMCID: PMC6880038 DOI: 10.1177/1533033819875166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To construct plasmids with Hre2.Grp78 chimeric promoter regulating fusion
gene TK/VP3 and elaborate the effects of overexpressed
TK/VP3 on nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Methods: Four plasmids were constructed, including pcDNA3.1-CMV-TK/VP3,
pcDNA3.1-Hre2.TK/VP3, pcDNA3.1-Grp78.TK/VP3, and
pcDNA3.1-Hre2.Grp78.TK/VP3. The human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line HNE1
cells were transfected with the 4 plasmids, respectively. Cell viabilities were
evaluated using 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT)
assay, and apoptosis was conducted using flow cytometry analysis. The expression of TK,
VP3, Grp78, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and apoptosis-related proteins was
determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Results: The recombinant plasmids that could steadily overexpress TK and VP3 were successfully
constructed. Expression of TK and VP3 in cells transfected with
pcDNA3.1-Hre2.TK/VP3 and pcDNA3.1-Grp78.TK/VP3 was significantly higher than
pcDNA3.1-CMV-TK/VP3, and expression in cells transfected with
pcDNA3.1-Hre2.Grp78.TK/VP3 was the highest. Under glucose deprivation or
hypoxia condition, Grp78 or hypoxia-inducible factor 1α was overexpressed so that
expression of TK and VP3 was significantly upregulated, which could further inhibit cell
proliferation and enhance cell apoptosis. Conclusion: We successfully constructed 4 plasmids with Hre2.Grp78 chimeric promoter
regulating fusion gene TK/VP3, which could significantly inhibit the
proliferation as well as enhance the apoptosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells under
glucose deprivation or hypoxia condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yun Li
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen-Xiao Huang
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Su-Ping Zhao
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yao-Yun Tang
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Przybyła T, Sakowicz-Burkiewicz M, Maciejewska I, Bielarczyk H, Pawełczyk T. Suppression of ID1 expression in colon cancer cells increases sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil. Acta Biochim Pol 2017; 64:315-322. [PMID: 28510612 DOI: 10.18388/abp.2016_1421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvant chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil remains the basic treatment for patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma. The major obstacle in successful treatment is the ability of CRC cells to acquire chemoresistance. Here we examined the impact of ID1 silencing on the sensitivity of CRC cells to 5-FU. To suppress ID1 expression in HT-29 and HCT-116 cells the cells were transduced with a lentiviral vector carrying the ID1 silencing sequence. Cells with silenced ID1 showed altered expression of epithelial and mesenchymal markers and exhibited increased proliferation rate compared to the parental cells. HCT-116 cells with suppressed ID1 became sensitized to 5-FU and this was not observed in HT-29 cells. Silencing ID1 resulted in altered expression of genes encoding enzymes metabolizing 5-FU. HT-29 cells with suppressed ID1 had significantly reduced mRNA level for thymidine phosphorylase, uridine-cytydine kinase 2 and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase. ID1 suppression in HCT-116 cells resulted in an increase of mRNA level for thymidine phosphorylase, thymidine kinase and uridine-cytydine kinase 2 with concurrent drop of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase and thymidylate synthetase mRNA levels. In conclusion, ID1 expression impacts the sensitivity of colon cancer cells to 5-FU and may be considered as a potential predictive marker in CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Przybyła
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Izabela Maciejewska
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Hanna Bielarczyk
- Departemnt of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Pawełczyk
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Abstract
In recent years, there has been increasing evidence that the totally brain-dead patient is able to continue to live and to maintain some integrated functions, albeit with the necessary assistance of mechanical ventilation. Several years ago, the autopsy report of a totally brain-dead patient named TK who was kept on life support for nearly twenty years was published in the Journal of Child Neurology. He remains the individual kept on life support the longest after suffering total brain failure. In this essay, I argue that the clinical data described in the autopsy report demonstrate that TK's long-term survival after total brain failure supports the claim acknowledged by the President's Council on Bioethics that the brain-dead patient retains his bodily integrity. As such, he is not dead. He is still a living, though severely disabled, human organism, a human person made in the image and likeness of God. LAY SUMMARY Traditionally, the presence or absence of bodily integration has been used to definitively discern the presence or absence of life in the human being where decomposition of the body is the surest sign of death. The autopsy report of a patient named TK who was brain-dead for nearly twenty years demonstrates that brain-dead patients retain their bodily integrity. As such, TK and other brain-dead patients are not dead. They are living, though severely disabled, human organisms, who are human persons made in the image and likeness of God.
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Skinner M, Philp K, Lengel D, Coverley L, Lamm Bergström E, Glaves P, Musgrove H, Prior H, Braddock M, Huby R, Curwen JO, Duffy P, Harmer AR. The contribution of VEGF signalling to fostamatinib-induced blood pressure elevation. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:2308-20. [PMID: 24329544 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Fostamatinib is an inhibitor of spleen tyrosine kinase (TK). In patients, fostamatinib treatment was associated with increased BP. Some TK inhibitors cause BP elevation, by inhibiting the VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2). Here, we have assessed the mechanistic link between fostamatinib-induced BP elevation and inhibition of VEGF signalling. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We used conscious rats with automated blood sampling and radio telemetry and anaesthetized rats to measure cardiovascular changes. Rat isolated aorta and isolated hearts, and human resistance vessels in vitro were also used. NO production by human microvascular endothelial cells was measured with the NO-dependent probe, DAF-FM and VEGFR2 phosphorylation was determined in mouse lung, ex vivo. KEY RESULTS In conscious rats, fostamatinib dose-dependently increased BP. The time course of the BP effect correlated closely with the plasma concentrations of R406 (the active metabolite of fostamatinib). In anaesthetized rats, infusion of R406 increased BP and decreased femoral arterial conductance. Endothelial function was unaffected, as infusion of R406 did not inhibit hyperaemia- or ACh-induced vasodilatation in rats. R406 did not affect contraction of isolated blood vessels. R406 inhibited VEGF-stimulated NO production from human endothelial cells in vitro, and treatment with R406 inhibited VEGFR2 phosphorylation in vivo. R406 inhibited VEGF-induced hypotension in anaesthetized rats. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Increased vascular resistance, secondary to reduced VEGF-induced NO release from endothelium, may contribute to BP increases observed with fostamatanib. This is consistent with the elevated BP induced by other drugs inhibiting VEGF signalling, although the contribution of other mechanisms cannot be excluded.
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Fiala O, Pesek M, Finek J, Benesova L, Minarik M, Bortlicek Z, Topolcan O. The role of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and thymidine kinase ( TK) levels in prediction of efficacy ofEGFR-TKIs in patients with advanced-stage NSCLC [corrected]. Anticancer Res 2014; 34:5193-5198. [PMID: 25202114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Tumor biomarkers are used for diagnostics and follow-up monitoring of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We focused on the predictive role of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and thymidine [corrected] kinase (TK) in patients with advanced-stage NSCLC treated with epidermal growth factor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs). PATIENTS AND METHODS In a total of 163 patients with advanced-stage (IIIB or IV) NSCLC treated with EGFR-TKIs (erlotinib or gefitinib), pre-treatment levels of NSE and TK were measured. RESULTS We observed significantly shorter progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with high NSE levels (p=0.002; p=0.003) and also in those with high TK levels (p=0.026; p=0.020). The multivariate Cox proportional hazards model confirmed that high NSE is a strong independent predictive factor for short PFS (hazard ratio; HR=2.36; p=0.003). CONCLUSION High pre-treatment serum levels of NSE is an independent biomarker predicting poor outcome of patients with NSCLC treated with EGFR-TKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Fiala
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical School and Teaching Hospital in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Milos Pesek
- Department of Pneumology, Medical School and Teaching Hospital in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Jindrich Finek
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical School and Teaching Hospital in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Benesova
- Center for Applied Genomics of Solid Tumours, Genomac Research Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Minarik
- Center for Applied Genomics of Solid Tumours, Genomac Research Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Bortlicek
- Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Topolcan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical School and Teaching Hospital in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic
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McSorley T, Ort S, Monnerjahn C, Konrad M. A designed equine herpes thymidine kinase (EHV4 TK) variant improves ganciclovir-induced cell-killing. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 87:435-44. [PMID: 24316433 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The limitations of the ganciclovir (GCV)/herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV1 TK: EC 2.7.1.21) system as a suicide gene therapy approach have been extensively studied over the years. In our study, we focused on improving the cytotoxic profile of the GCV/equine herpes virus-4 thymidine kinase (EHV4 TK: EC 2.7.1.21) system. Our approach involved the structure-guided mutagenesis of EHV4 TK in order to switch its ability to preferentially phosphorylate the natural substrate deoxythymidine (dT) to that of GCV. We performed steady-state kinetic analysis, genetic complementation in a thymidine kinase-deficient Escherichia coli strain, isothermal titration calorimetry, and analysis of GCV-induced cell killing through generation of HEK 293 stable cell-lines expressing EHV4 TK mutants and wild-type EHV4 TK. We found that the EHV4 TK S144H-GFP mutant preferentially phosphorylates GCV and confers increased GCV-induced cytotoxicity compared to wild-type EHV4 TK.
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Stewart RK, Dangi A, Huang C, Murase N, Kimura S, Stolz DB, Wilson GC, Lentsch AB, Gandhi CR. A novel mouse model of depletion of stellate cells clarifies their role in ischemia/reperfusion- and endotoxin-induced acute liver injury. J Hepatol 2014; 60:298-305. [PMID: 24060854 PMCID: PMC4195246 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) that express glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) are located between the sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatocytes. HSCs are activated during liver injury and cause hepatic fibrosis by producing excessive extracellular matrix. HSCs also produce many growth factors, chemokines and cytokines, and thus may play an important role in acute liver injury. However, this function has not been clarified due to unavailability of a model, in which HSCs are depleted from the normal liver. METHODS We treated mice expressing HSV-thymidine kinase under the GFAP promoter (GFAP-Tg) with 3 consecutive (3 days apart) CCl4 (0.16 μl/g; ip) injections to stimulate HSCs to enter the cell cycle and proliferate. This was followed by 10-day ganciclovir (40 μg/g/day; ip) treatment, which is expected to eliminate actively proliferating HSCs. Mice were then subjected to hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) or endotoxin treatment. RESULTS CCl4/ganciclovir treatment caused depletion of the majority of HSCs (about 64-72%), while the liver recovered from the initial CCl4-induced injury (confirmed by histology, serum ALT and neutrophil infiltration). The magnitude of hepatic injury due to I/R or endotoxemia (determined by histopathology and serum ALT) was lower in HSC-depleted mice. Their hepatic expression of TNF-α, neutrophil chemoattractant CXCL1 and endothelin-A receptor also was significantly lower than the control mice. CONCLUSIONS HSCs play an important role both in I/R- and endotoxin-induced acute hepatocyte injury, with TNF-α and endothelin-1 as important mediators of these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K. Stewart
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and Departments of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Anil Dangi
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and Departments of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213,Department of Surgery University of Cincinnati and Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA and Cincinnati Veterans Administration, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Chao Huang
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and Departments of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Noriko Murase
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and Departments of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Shoko Kimura
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and Departments of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Donna B. Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gregory C. Wilson
- Department of Surgery University of Cincinnati and Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA and Cincinnati Veterans Administration, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Alex B. Lentsch
- Department of Surgery University of Cincinnati and Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA and Cincinnati Veterans Administration, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Chandrashekhar R. Gandhi
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and Departments of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213,Department of Surgery University of Cincinnati and Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA and Cincinnati Veterans Administration, Cincinnati, OH, USA,Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Saghir SA, Marty MS, Zablotny CL, Passage JK, Perala AW, Neal BH, Hammond L, Bus JS. Life-stage-, sex-, and dose-dependent dietary toxicokinetics and relationship to toxicity of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in rats: implications for toxicity test dose selection, design, and interpretation. Toxicol Sci 2013; 136:294-307. [PMID: 24105888 PMCID: PMC3858196 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Life-stage-dependent toxicity and dose-dependent toxicokinetics (TK) were evaluated in Sprague Dawley rats following dietary exposure to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). 2,4-D renal clearance is impacted by dose-dependent saturation of the renal organic anion transporter; thus, this study focused on identifying inflection points of onset of dietary nonlinear TK to inform dose selection decisions for toxicity studies. Male and female rats were fed 2,4-D-fortified diets at doses to 1600 ppm for 4-weeks premating, <2 weeks during mating, and to test day (TD) 71 to parental (P1) males and to P1 females through gestation/lactation to TD 96. F1 offspring were exposed via milk with continuing diet exposure until postnatal day (PND) 35. As assessed by plasma area under the curve for the time-course plasma concentration, nonlinear TK was observed ≥ 1200 ppm (63 mg/kg/day) for P1 males and between 200 and 400 ppm (14-27 mg/kg/day) for P1 females. Dam milk and pup plasma levels were higher on lactation day (LD) 14 than LD 4. Relative to P1 adults, 2,4-D levels were higher in dams during late gestation/lactation and postweaning pups (PND 21-35) and coincided with elevated intake of diet/kg body weight. Using conventional maximum tolerated dose (MTD) criteria based on body weight changes for dose selection would have resulted in excessive top doses approximately 2-fold higher than those identified incorporating critical TK data. These data indicate that demonstration of nonlinear TK, if present at dose levels substantially above real-world human exposures, is a key dose selection consideration for improving the human relevance of toxicity studies compared with studies employing conventional MTD dose selection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakil A. Saghir
- *Intrinsik Environmental Sciences Inc., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5T 0A3, and Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan 74800
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Larry Hammond
- §Industry Task Force II on 2,4-D Research Data, Washington, District of Columbia 20006
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Niu Y, Li JS, Luo XR. Enhancement of expression of survivin promoter-driven CD/ TK double suicide genes by the nuclear matrix attachment region in transgenic gastric cancer cells. Gene. 2014;534:177-182. [PMID: 24220851 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to study a novel transgenic expression system of the CD/TK double suicide genes enhanced by the nuclear matrix attachment region (MAR) for gene therapy. The recombinant vector pMS-CD/TK containing the MAR-survivin promoter-CD/TK cassette was developed and transfected into human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells. Expression of the CD/TK genes was detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and Western blot. Cell viability and apoptosis were measured using the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay and flow cytometry. When the MAR fragment was inserted into the upstream of the survivin promoter, the qPCR result showed that the expression of the CD/TK genes significantly increased 7.7-fold in the transgenic SGC-7901 cells with plasmid pMS-CD/TK compared with that without MAR. MTT and flow cytometry analyses indicated that treatment with the prodrugs (5-FC+GCV) significantly decreased the cellular survival rate and enhanced the cellular apoptosis in the SGC-7901 cells. The expression of the CD/TK double suicide genes driven by the survivin promoter can be enhanced by the MAR fragment in human gastric cancer cells.
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14
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Lu Z, Cui M, Zhao H, Wang T, Shen Y, Dong Q. Tissue kallikrein mediates neurite outgrowth through epidermal growth factor receptor and flotillin-2 pathway in vitro. Cell Signal 2014; 26:220-32. [PMID: 24211626 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tissue kallikrein (TK) was previously shown to take most of its biological effects through bradykinin receptors. In this study, we assumed that TK mediated neurite outgrowth was independent of bradykinin receptors. To test the hypothesis, we investigated TK-induced neurite outgrowth and its signaling mechanisms in cultured primary neurons and human SH-SY5Y cells. We found that TK stimulation could increase the number of processes and mean process length of primary neurons, which were blocked by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor or down-regulation, small interfering RNA for flotillin-2 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 inhibitor. Moreover, TK-induced neurite outgrowth was associated with EGFR and ERK1/2 activation, which were inhibited by EGFR antagonist or RNA interference and flotillin-2 knockdown. Interestingly, inhibition of bradykinin receptors had no significant effects on EGFR and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In the present research, our data also suggested that EGFR and flotillin-2 formed constitutive complex that translocated to around the nuclei in the TK stimulation. In sum, our findings provided evidence that TK could promote neurite outgrowth via EGFR, flotillin-2 and ERK1/2 signaling pathway in vitro.
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15
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Jarilla BR, Tokuhiro S, Nagataki M, Uda K, Suzuki T, Acosta LP, Agatsuma T. The role of Y84 on domain 1 and Y87 on domain 2 of Paragonimus westermani taurocyamine kinase: Insights on the substrate binding mechanism of a trematode phosphagen kinase. Exp Parasitol 2013; 135:695-700. [PMID: 24184078 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The two-domain taurocyamine kinase (TK) from Paragonimus westermani was suggested to have a unique substrate binding mechanism. We performed site-directed mutagenesis on each domain of this TK and compared the kinetic parameters Km(Tc) and Vmax with that of the wild-type to determine putative amino acids involved in substrate recognition and binding. Replacement of Y84 on domain 1 and Y87 on domain 2 with R resulted in the loss of activity for the substrate taurocyamine. Y84E mutant has a dramatic decrease in affinity and activity for taurocyamine while Y87E has completely lost catalytic activity. Substituting H and I on the said positions also resulted in significant changes in activity. Mutation of the residues A59 on the GS region of domain 1 also caused significant decrease in affinity and activity while mutation on the equivalent position on domain 2 resulted in complete loss of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca R Jarilla
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Kochi University, Kochi 783-8505, Japan; Department of Immunology, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa 1781, Philippines
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16
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Roberts SA, Andrews PA, Blanset D, Flagella KM, Gorovits B, Lynch CM, Martin PL, Kramer-Stickland K, Thibault S, Warner G. Considerations for the nonclinical safety evaluation of antibody drug conjugates for oncology. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 67:382-91. [PMID: 24012707 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) include monoclonal antibodies that are linked to cytotoxic small molecules. A number of these agents are currently being developed as anti-cancer agents designed to improve the therapeutic index of the cytotoxin (i.e., cytotoxic small molecule or cytotoxic agent) by specifically delivering it to tumor cells. This paper presents primary considerations for the nonclinical safety evaluation of ADCs and includes strategies for the evaluation of the entire ADC or the various individual components (i.e., antibody, linker or the cytotoxin). Considerations are presented on how to design a nonclinical safety assessment program to identify the on- and off-target toxicities to enable first-in-human (FIH) studies. Specific discussions are also included that provide details as to the need and how to conduct the studies for evaluating ADCs in genetic toxicology, tissue cross-reactivity, safety pharmacology, carcinogenicity, developmental and reproductive toxicology, biotransformation, toxicokinetic monitoring, bioanalytical assays, immunogenicity testing, test article stability and the selection of the FIH dose. Given the complexity of these molecules and our evolving understanding of their properties, there is no single all-encompassing nonclinical strategy. Instead, each ADC should be evaluated on a case-by-case scientifically-based approach that is consistent with ICH and animal research guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley A Roberts
- SAR Safety Assessment, 14677 Via Bettona, Suite #100 - 432, San Diego, CA 92127, USA.
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17
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Eisele J, Haynes G, Kreuzer K, Rosamilia T. Characterisation and toxicological assessment of Neutral Methacrylate Copolymer for GRAS evaluation. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 67:392-408. [PMID: 24012708 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neutral Methacrylate Copolymer is a fully polymerised copolymer used in the pharmaceutical industry to permit pH-independent delayed release of active ingredients from oral dosage forms. This function has potential use with food supplements and this article describes available information on the safety of the substance. Oral administration of radiolabelled copolymer to rats resulted in the detection of chemically unchanged copolymer in the faeces, with negligible absorption. Safety studies revealed no adverse toxicity following repeated administration at doses of up to 2000 mg/kg bw/d in a sub-chronic study in rats or 250 mg/kg bw/d in a sub-chronic study in dogs. No reproductive toxicity occurred at up to 2000 mg/kg bw/d in rats or rabbits. The substance shows no evidence of genotoxicity, has low acute toxicity and no irritation or sensitisation potential. An ADI value of 20 mg/kg bw was concluded from two alternative approaches. Daily exposure from use in dietary supplements is estimated as up to 10.0 mg/kg bw in adults and 13.3 mg/kg bw in children. There would therefore appear to be no safety concerns under the intended conditions of use. The information provided is intended to support an evaluation that the substance may be "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS).
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18
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Donius LR, Orlando CM, Weis JJ, Weis JH. Generation of a novel Cr2 gene allele by homologous recombination that abrogates production of Cr2 but is sufficient for expression of Cr1. Immunobiology 2013; 219:53-63. [PMID: 24012440 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The enhancing effects of the complement system for humoral immunity have primarily focused upon the recognition of complement-bound foreign antigens by a co-receptor complex of the antigen-specific B cell receptor (BCR) and complement receptor 2 (Cr2). In vivo experiments using Cr2 gene deficient mice (which lack the expression of both the Cr1 and Cr2 proteins) do demonstrate depressed humoral responses to immunization but cannot be used to define specific contributions of the singular Cr1 or Cr2 proteins on B cell functions. To study the effect of a Cr2 deficiency in a Cr1 sufficient environment we created a mouse line in which the alternative splice site required for the expression of the Cr2 isoform was removed. This mouse line, Cr2KO, still expressed Cr1 on B cells but was deficient for the full length Cr2 protein. Surprisingly a new alternative splice within the Cr2 gene created a truncated product that encoded a novel protein termed iCr2 that was expressed on the surface of the cells. The Cr2KO mouse thus provides a new model system for the analysis of Cr1 and Cr2 functions in the immune response of the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke R Donius
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States
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19
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Barton MD, Trembly BS. Measurement of the anisotropic thermal conductivity of the porcine cornea. Exp Eye Res 2013; 115:216-23. [PMID: 23933570 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Accurate thermal models for the cornea of the eye support the development of thermal techniques for reshaping the cornea and other scientific purposes. Heat transfer in the cornea must be quantified accurately so that a thermal treatment does not destroy the endothelial layer, which cannot regenerate, and yet is responsible for maintaining corneal transparency. We developed a custom apparatus to measure the thermal conductivity of ex vivo porcine corneas perpendicular to the surface and applied a commercial apparatus to measure thermal conductivity parallel to the surface. We found that corneal thermal conductivity is 14% anisotropic at the normal state of corneal hydration. Small numbers of ex vivo feline and human corneas had a thermal conductivity perpendicular to the surface that was indistinguishable from the porcine corneas. Aqueous humor from ex vivo porcine, feline, and human eyes had a thermal conductivity nearly equal to that of water. Including the anisotropy of corneal thermal conductivity will improve the predictive power of thermal models of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Barton
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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20
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Conconi MT, Marzaro G, Urbani L, Zanusso I, Di Liddo R, Castagliuolo I, Brun P, Tonus F, Ferrarese A, Guiotto A, Chilin A. Quinazoline-based multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitors: synthesis, modeling, antitumor and antiangiogenic properties. Eur J Med Chem 2013. [PMID: 23900004 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.06.057.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work the synthesis and the biological evaluation of some novel anilinoquinazoline derivatives carrying modifications in the quinazoline scaffold and in the aniline moiety were reported. Preliminary cytotoxicity studies identified three derivatives, carrying dioxygenated rings fused on the quinazoline portion and the biphenylamino substituent as aniline portion, as the most effective compounds. Further investigations revealed that these compounds exhibited antiproliferative activity on a wide panel of human tumor cell lines through the inhibition of both receptor and nonreceptor TKs. Furthermore, the compound bearing the dioxolane nucleus was also able to inhibit in vivo tumor growth. Molecular modeling of these compounds into kinase domain suggested that the phenyl group allows favorable interaction energies with the target proteins: this feature is favored by fused dioxygenated ring at the 6,7 positions, whereas free rotating functions do not allow the correct placement of the molecule, thus impairing the inhibitory potency. Finally, the biphenylamino derivatives, at noncytotoxic concentrations, acted as antiangiogenic agents both in in vitro and in vivo assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Conconi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
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21
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Allen CE, Chow CL, Caldwell JJ, Westwood IM, van Montfort RLM, Collins I. Synthesis and evaluation of heteroaryl substituted diazaspirocycles as scaffolds to probe the ATP-binding site of protein kinases. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:5707-24. [PMID: 23920481 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
With the success of protein kinase inhibitors as drugs to target cancer, there is a continued need for new kinase inhibitor scaffolds. We have investigated the synthesis and kinase inhibition of new heteroaryl-substituted diazaspirocyclic compounds that mimic ATP. Versatile syntheses of substituted diazaspirocycles through ring-closing metathesis were demonstrated. Diazaspirocycles directly linked to heteroaromatic hinge binder groups provided ligand efficient inhibitors of multiple kinases, suitable as starting points for further optimization. The binding modes of representative diazaspirocyclic motifs were confirmed by protein crystallography. Selectivity profiles were influenced by the hinge binder group and the interactions of basic nitrogen atoms in the scaffold with acidic side-chains of residues in the ATP pocket. The introduction of more complex substitution to the diazaspirocycles increased potency and varied the selectivity profiles of these initial hits through engagement of the P-loop and changes to the spirocycle conformation, demonstrating the potential of these core scaffolds for future application to kinase inhibitor discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E Allen
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
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22
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Selting KA, Sharp CR, Ringold R, Knouse J. Serum thymidine kinase 1 and C-reactive protein as biomarkers for screening clinically healthy dogs for occult disease. Vet Comp Oncol 2013; 13:373-84. [PMID: 23859156 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thymidine kinase (TK1) is a biomarker that correlates well with diagnosis and prognosis in certain canine cancers. Canine C-reactive protein (cCRP) is a widely accepted marker of inflammation correlated with increased risk and severity of various diseases. We evaluated serum TK1 and cCRP concentrations in apparently healthy dogs (n = 360). All dogs were followed up for a minimum of 6 months by health questionnaire. All dogs with cancer were identified using a proprietary dual-biomarker algorithm [termed Neoplasia Index (NI)]. Specificity of positive NI is 0.91 and high positive is 0.98. All-cause mortality was 20% in dogs with elevated cCRP and 3% in dogs with low cCRP. The performance of serum TK1 and cCRP as tools for screening for occult cancer is improved when evaluated together. Serum TK1 and cCRP (unified in the NI) are useful in the screening of occult canine cancer. cCRP is useful in screening for other serious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Selting
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - C R Sharp
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - R Ringold
- Veterinary Diagnostics Institute, Simi Valley, CA, USA
| | - J Knouse
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Collet G, Grillon C, Nadim M, Kieda C. Trojan horse at cellular level for tumor gene therapies. Gene 2013; 525:208-16. [PMID: 23542073 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Among innovative strategies developed for cancer treatments, gene therapies stand of great interest despite their well-known limitations in targeting, delivery, toxicity or stability. The success of any given gene-therapy is highly dependent on the carrier efficiency. New approaches are often revisiting the mythic trojan horse concept to carry therapeutic nucleic acid, i.e. DNAs, RNAs or small interfering RNAs, to pathologic tumor site. Recent investigations are focusing on engineering carrying modalities to overtake the above limitations bringing new promise to cancer patients. This review describes recent advances and perspectives for gene therapies devoted to tumor treatment, taking advantage of available knowledge in biotechnology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Collet
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, UPR4301 CNRS, Rue Charles Sadron, 45071, Orléans, cedex 2, France.
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Euling SY, Thompson CM, Chiu WA, Benson R. An approach for integrating toxicogenomic data in risk assessment: the dibutyl phthalate case study. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 271:324-35. [PMID: 23537663 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An approach for evaluating and integrating genomic data in chemical risk assessment was developed based on the lessons learned from performing a case study for the chemical dibutyl phthalate. A case study prototype approach was first developed in accordance with EPA guidance and recommendations of the scientific community. Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) was selected for the case study exercise. The scoping phase of the dibutyl phthalate case study was conducted by considering the available DBP genomic data, taken together with the entire data set, for whether they could inform various risk assessment aspects, such as toxicodynamics, toxicokinetics, and dose-response. A description of weighing the available dibutyl phthalate data set for utility in risk assessment provides an example for considering genomic data for future chemical assessments. As a result of conducting the scoping process, two questions--Do the DBP toxicogenomic data inform 1) the mechanisms or modes of action?, and 2) the interspecies differences in toxicodynamics?--were selected to focus the case study exercise. Principles of the general approach include considering the genomics data in conjunction with all other data to determine their ability to inform the various qualitative and/or quantitative aspects of risk assessment, and evaluating the relationship between the available genomic and toxicity outcome data with respect to study comparability and phenotypic anchoring. Based on experience from the DBP case study, recommendations and a general approach for integrating genomic data in chemical assessment were developed to advance the broader effort to utilize 21st century data in risk assessment.
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Key Words
- 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/delta-5–delta-4 isomerase type II
- ADME
- AGD
- ALDH2
- AR
- BBDR model
- CNPs
- CYP2D6
- Cyp11a1/P450scc
- Cyp17a1
- Cyp2b1
- Cyp3a1
- DBP
- DEG
- DEHP
- D–R
- EDC
- Endocrine disrupting chemical
- GO
- Hsd3b
- IRIS
- Insl3
- Integrated Risk Information System
- MBP
- MOA
- Male development
- NIEHS
- NOAEL
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
- PBPK modeling
- Phthalates
- RT-PCR
- Risk assessment
- SD
- STAR
- Scarb1
- Science to Achieve Results
- Sprague–Dawley
- Star
- T
- TD
- TDS
- TGx
- TK
- Testosterone
- Toxicogenomic
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
- UDP glucuronosyltransferase 2B1
- UF(H)
- US EPA
- Ugt2b1
- WOE
- absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
- aldehyde dehydrogenase-2
- androgen receptor
- anogenital distance
- biologically based dose–response model
- copy number polymorphisms
- cytochrome P450 2D6
- cytochrome P450, family 11, subfamily a, polypeptide 1
- cytochrome P450, family 17, subfamily a, polypeptide 1
- cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily b, polypeptide 1
- cytochrome P450, family 3, subfamily a, polypeptide 1
- di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
- dibutyl phthalate
- differentially-expressed gene
- dose–response
- endocrine disrupting chemical
- gene ontology
- insulin-like 3
- mode of action
- monobutyl phthalate
- no observed adverse effect level
- physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling
- reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
- scavenger receptor class B, member 1
- steroidogenic acute regulatory protein
- testicular dysgenesis syndrome
- testosterone
- toxicodynamics
- toxicogenomic
- toxicokinetics
- uncertainty factor for uncertainty in extrapolating animal data to humans (i.e., interspecies uncertainty) (http://www.epa.gov/IRIS/)
- weight-of-evidence
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Burgess-Herbert SL, Euling SY. Use of comparative genomics approaches to characterize interspecies differences in response to environmental chemicals: challenges, opportunities, and research needs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 271:372-85. [PMID: 22142766 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A critical challenge for environmental chemical risk assessment is the characterization and reduction of uncertainties introduced when extrapolating inferences from one species to another. The purpose of this article is to explore the challenges, opportunities, and research needs surrounding the issue of how genomics data and computational and systems level approaches can be applied to inform differences in response to environmental chemical exposure across species. We propose that the data, tools, and evolutionary framework of comparative genomics be adapted to inform interspecies differences in chemical mechanisms of action. We compare and contrast existing approaches, from disciplines as varied as evolutionary biology, systems biology, mathematics, and computer science, that can be used, modified, and combined in new ways to discover and characterize interspecies differences in chemical mechanism of action which, in turn, can be explored for application to risk assessment. We consider how genetic, protein, pathway, and network information can be interrogated from an evolutionary biology perspective to effectively characterize variations in biological processes of toxicological relevance among organisms. We conclude that comparative genomics approaches show promise for characterizing interspecies differences in mechanisms of action, and further, for improving our understanding of the uncertainties inherent in extrapolating inferences across species in both ecological and human health risk assessment. To achieve long-term relevance and consistent use in environmental chemical risk assessment, improved bioinformatics tools, computational methods robust to data gaps, and quantitative approaches for conducting extrapolations across species are critically needed. Specific areas ripe for research to address these needs are recommended.
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Mortensen HM, Euling SY. Integrating mechanistic and polymorphism data to characterize human genetic susceptibility for environmental chemical risk assessment in the 21st century. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 271:395-404. [PMID: 21291902 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Response to environmental chemicals can vary widely among individuals and between population groups. In human health risk assessment, data on susceptibility can be utilized by deriving risk levels based on a study of a susceptible population and/or an uncertainty factor may be applied to account for the lack of information about susceptibility. Defining genetic susceptibility in response to environmental chemicals across human populations is an area of interest in the NAS' new paradigm of toxicity pathway-based risk assessment. Data from high-throughput/high content (HT/HC), including -omics (e.g., genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics) technologies, have been integral to the identification and characterization of drug target and disease loci, and have been successfully utilized to inform the mechanism of action for numerous environmental chemicals. Large-scale population genotyping studies may help to characterize levels of variability across human populations at identified target loci implicated in response to environmental chemicals. By combining mechanistic data for a given environmental chemical with next generation sequencing data that provides human population variation information, one can begin to characterize differential susceptibility due to genetic variability to environmental chemicals within and across genetically heterogeneous human populations. The integration of such data sources will be informative to human health risk assessment.
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Sahin F, Sladek TL. E2F-1 binding affinity for pRb is not the only determinant of the E2F-1 activity. Int J Biol Sci 2010; 6:382-95. [PMID: 20616879 PMCID: PMC2899456 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.6.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
E2F-1 is the major cellular target of pRB and is regulated by pRB during cell proliferation. Interaction between pRB and E2F-1 is dependent on the phosphorylation status of pRB. Despite the fact that E2F-1 and pRB have antagonistic activities when they are overexpressed, the role of the E2F-1-pRB interaction in cell growth largely remains unknown. Ideally, it would be better to study the properties of a pRB mutant that fails to bind to E2F, but retains all other activities. To date, no pRB mutation has been characterized in sufficient detail to show that it specifically eliminates E2F binding but leaves other interactions intact. An alternative approach to this issue is to ask whether mutations that change E2F proteins binding affinity to pRB are sufficient to change cell growth in aspect of cell cycle and tumor formation. Therefore, we used the E2F-1 mutants including E2F-1/S332-7A, E2F-1/S375A, E2F-1/S403A, E2F-1/Y411A and E2F-1/L132Q that have different binding affinities for pRB to better understand the roles of the E2F-1 phosphorylation and E2F-1-pRB interaction in the cell cycle, as well as in transformation and gene expression. Data presented in this study suggests that in vivo phosphorylation at amino acids 332-337, 375 and 403 is important for the E2F-1 and pRB interaction in vivo. However, although E2F-1 mutants 332-7, 375 and 403 showed similar binding affinity to pRB, they showed different characteristics in transformation efficiency, G0 accumulation, and target gene experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fikret Sahin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Finch University of Health Sciences/Chicago Medical School (now Rosalind Franklin University), North Chicago, Illinois 60064-3095, USA.
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Abstract
The E2F family of transcription factors play a critical role in the control of cell proliferation. E2F-1 is the major cellular target of pRB and is regulated by pRB during cell proliferation. E2F-1-mediated activation and repression of target genes occurs in different settings. The role of E2F-1 and E2F-1/pRB complexes in regulation of different target genes, and in cycling versus quiescent cells, is unclear. In this study, effects of free E2F-1 (doesn't complex with pRb) and E2F-1/pRb complex, on E2F-1 target gene expression were compared in different cell growth conditions. Findings suggest that E2F-1 acts in different ways, not only depending on the target gene but also depending on different stages of the cell cycle. For example, E2F-1 acts as part of the repression complex with pRB in the expression of DHFR, b-myb, TK and cdc2 in asynchronously growing cells; on the other hand, E2F-1 acts as an activator in the expression of the same genes in cells that are re-entering the cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fikret Sahin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Finch University of Health Sciences/Chicago Medical School (now Rosalind Franklin University), 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-3095, USA.
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