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Greenwald E, Posner C, Bharath A, Lyons A, Salmerón C, Sriram K, Wiley SZ, Insel PA, Zhang J. GPCR Signaling Measurement and Drug Profiling with an Automated Live-Cell Microscopy System. ACS Sens 2023; 8:19-27. [PMID: 36602887 PMCID: PMC9994309 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A major limitation of time-lapse microscopy combined with fluorescent biosensors, a powerful tool for quantifying spatiotemporal dynamics of signaling in single living cells, is low-experimental throughput. To overcome this limitation, we created a highly customizable, MATLAB-based platform: flexible automated liquid-handling combined microscope (FALCOscope) that coordinates an OpenTrons liquid handler and a fluorescence microscope to automate drug treatments, fluorescence imaging, and single-cell analysis. To test the feasibility of the FALCOscope, we quantified G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-stimulated Protein Kinase A activity and cAMP responses to GPCR agonists and antagonists. We also characterized cAMP dynamics induced by GPR68/OGR1, a proton-sensing GPCR, in response to variable extracellular pH values. GPR68-induced cAMP responses were more transient in acidic than neutral pH values, suggesting a pH-dependence for signal attenuation. Ogerin, a GPR68 positive allosteric modulator, enhanced cAMP response most strongly at pH 7.0 and sustained cAMP response for acidic pH values, thereby demonstrating the capability of the FALCOscope to capture allosteric modulation. At a high concentration, ogerin increased cAMP signaling independent of GPR68, likely via phosphodiesterase inhibition. The FALCOscope system thus enables enhanced throughput single-cell dynamic measurements and is a versatile system for interrogating spatiotemporal regulation of signaling molecules in living cells and for drug profiling and screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Greenwald
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Clara Posner
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Ananya Bharath
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Anne Lyons
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Cristina Salmerón
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Krishna Sriram
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Shu Z Wiley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Paul A Insel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 United States
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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2
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Imenez Silva PH, Câmara NO, Wagner CA. Role of proton-activated G protein-coupled receptors in pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C400-C414. [PMID: 35759438 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00114.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Local acidification is a common feature of many disease processes such as inflammation, infarction, or solid tumor growth. Acidic pH is not merely a sequelae of disease but contributes to recruitment and regulation of immune cells, modifies metabolism of parenchymal, immune and tumor cells, modulates fibrosis, vascular permeability, oxygen availability and consumption, invasiveness of tumor cells, and impacts on cell survival. Thus, multiple pH-sensing mechanisms must exist in cells involved in these processes. These pH-sensors play important roles in normal physiology and pathophysiology, and hence might be attractive targets for pharmacological interventions. Among the pH-sensing mechanisms, OGR1 (GPR68), GPR4 (GPR4), and TDAG8 (GPR65) have emerged as important molecules. These G protein-coupled receptors are widely expressed, are upregulated in inflammation and tumors, sense changes in extracellular pH in the range between pH 8 and 6, and are involved in modulating key processes in inflammation, tumor biology, and fibrosis. This review discusses key features of these receptors and highlights important disease states and pathways affected by their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro H Imenez Silva
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,National Center of Competence in Research NCCR Kidney.CH, Switzerland
| | - Niels Olsen Câmara
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carsten A Wagner
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,National Center of Competence in Research NCCR Kidney.CH, Switzerland
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Hu Y, Chen M, Wang M, Li X. Flow-mediated vasodilation through mechanosensitive G protein-coupled receptors in endothelial cells. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2021; 32:61-70. [PMID: 33406458 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2020.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Currently, endothelium-dependent vasodilatation involves three main mechanisms: production of nitric oxide (NO) by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), synthesis of prostanoids by cyclooxygenase, and/or opening of calcium-sensitive potassium channels. Researchers have proposed multiple mechanosensors that may be involved in flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD), including G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), ion channels, and intercellular junction proteins, among others. However, GPCRs are considered the major mechanosensors that play a pivotal role in shear stress signal transduction. Among mechanosensitive GPCRs, G protein-coupled receptor 68, histamine H1 receptors, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1, and bradykinin B2 receptors have been identified as endothelial sensors of flow shear stress regulating flow-mediated vasodilation. Thus, this review aims to expound on the mechanism whereby flow shear stress promotes vasodilation through the proposed mechanosensitive GPCRs in ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hu
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No.247, Beiyuan Street, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250031, China.
| | - Miao Chen
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No.71, Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, China.
| | - Meili Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Shandong Province, Shandong University, NO.238, Jingshi East Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
| | - Xiucun Li
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No.247, Beiyuan Street, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250031, China; Department of Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, NO.44, Wenhua West Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
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4
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Gao L, Shi H, Sherchan P, Tang H, Peng L, Xie S, Liu R, Hu X, Tang J, Xia Y, Zhang JH. Inhibition of lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 attenuates neuroinflammation via PGE2/EP2/NOX2 signalling and improves the outcome of intracerebral haemorrhage in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 91:615-626. [PMID: 33035633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPA1) plays a critical role in proinflammatory processes in the central nervous system by modulating microglia activation. The aim of this study was to explore the anti-inflammatory effects and neurological function improvement of LPA1 inhibition after intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) in mice and to determine whether prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), E-type prostaglandin receptor 2 (EP2), and NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) signalling are involved in LPA1-mediated neuroinflammation. ICH was induced in CD1 mice by autologous whole blood injection. AM966, a selective LPA1 antagonist, was administered by oral gavage 1 h and 12 h after ICH. The LPA1 endogenous ligand, LPA was administered to verify the effect of LPA1 activation. To elucidate potential inflammatory mechanisms of LPA1, the selective EP2 activator butaprost was administered by intracerebroventricular injection with either AM966 or LPA1 CRISPR knockout (KO). Water content of the brain, neurobehavior, immunofluorescence staining, and western blot were performed. After ICH, EP2 was expressed in microglia whereas LPA1 was expressed in microglia, neurons, and astrocytes, which peaked after 24 h. AM966 inhibition of LPA1 improved neurologic function, reduced brain oedema, and suppressed perihematomal inflammatory cells after ICH. LPA administration aggravated neurological deficits after ICH. AM966 treatment and LPA1 CRISPR KO both decreased the expressions of PGE2, EP2, NOX2, NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β expressions after ICH, which was reversed by butaprost. This study demonstrated that inhibition of LPA1 attenuated neuroinflammation caused by ICH via PGE2/EP2/NOX2 signalling pathway in mice, which consequently improved neurobehavioral functions and alleviated brain oedema. LPA1 may be a promising therapeutic target to attenuate ICH-induced secondary brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou 570208, China; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Hui Shi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Prativa Sherchan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Hong Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou 570208, China; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Li Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou 570208, China; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Shucai Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou 570208, China; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; Department of Neurology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; Department of Neurology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou 570208, China.
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; Department of Neurosurgery and Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
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Nayak AP, Penn RB. The proton-sensing receptor ovarian cancer G-protein coupled receptor 1 (OGR1) in airway physiology and disease. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2020; 51:1-10. [PMID: 32361614 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Numerous G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) regulate multiple airway functions and play fundamental roles in normal and aberrant airway and lung physiology. Thus, GPCRs are prime candidates of targeting by disease therapeutics. The intriguing proton-sensing GPCR Ovarian cancer G-protein coupled receptor 1 (OGR1; aka GPR68) has recently been shown capable of regulating airway smooth muscle (ASM) contraction and proliferation. Although the study of OGR1 has been confounded by the fact that the proton is the presumed cognate ligand of OGR1, recent studies have begun to identify novel ligands and modulators capable of regulating the diverse signaling, and functional role of OGR1. Such studies offer hope for OGR1-targeting drugs as therapeutics for obstructive lung diseases such as asthma. Herein, we review the literature to date detailing the receptor biology and pharmacology of OGR1, receptor function in the airway, and describe the potential clinical utility of OGR1-modulating drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay P Nayak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Jane and Leonard Korman Lung Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust St., Suite 543G JAH, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, United States.
| | - Raymond B Penn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Jane and Leonard Korman Lung Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust St., Suite 543G JAH, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, United States.
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6
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Zhang W, Han Y, Li W, Cao L, Yan L, Qin C, Gao R. Clinical data analysis reveals the role of OGR1 (GPR68) in head and neck squamous cancer. Animal Model Exp Med 2020; 3:55-61. [PMID: 32318660 PMCID: PMC7167242 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Head and neck squamous cancer (HNSC) frequently occurs in the clinic. Revealing the role of the genes that correlate with cancer cell outgrowth will contribute to potential treatment target identification and tumor inhibition. METHODS The gene expression profiles and gene ontology of the proton-sensing G-protein-coupled receptor OGR1 were analyzed using the TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) database. The effects of sex, age, race, and degree of malignancy on HNSC were investigated, and the survival times of HNSC patients with high or low/medium expression levels of OGR1 were compared. Methylation of the OGR1 promoter CpG sites was also investigated and OGR1-related genes were analyzed using gene set enrichment analysis. RESULTS OGR1 is overexpressed in HNSC patients. However, compared with the low/median expression group, the high OGR1 expression group did not have different survival rates. The OGR1 expression level differed across sex, age, race, and degree of malignancy, while the methylation of the OGR1 promoter CpG sites was maintained at a similar level. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that OGR1 was positively correlated with head and neck cancer, cisplatin resistance, hypoxia, angiogenesis, cell migration, and TGF-β. CONCLUSION The expression of OGR1 correlated with HNSC progression and survival and thus can serve as a potential treatment target and prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine (National Health and Family Planning Commission)The Institute of Laboratory Animal ScienceChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingP.R. China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical DiseasesBeijingP.R. China
| | - Yong Han
- Department of PathologyZhejiang Provincial People’s HospitalHangzhouZhejiangP.R. China
- People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhouZhejiangP.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouZhejiangP.R. China
| | - Weisha Li
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine (National Health and Family Planning Commission)The Institute of Laboratory Animal ScienceChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingP.R. China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical DiseasesBeijingP.R. China
| | - Lin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine (National Health and Family Planning Commission)The Institute of Laboratory Animal ScienceChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingP.R. China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical DiseasesBeijingP.R. China
| | - Libo Yan
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine (National Health and Family Planning Commission)The Institute of Laboratory Animal ScienceChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingP.R. China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical DiseasesBeijingP.R. China
| | - Chuan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine (National Health and Family Planning Commission)The Institute of Laboratory Animal ScienceChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingP.R. China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical DiseasesBeijingP.R. China
| | - Ran Gao
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine (National Health and Family Planning Commission)The Institute of Laboratory Animal ScienceChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingP.R. China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical DiseasesBeijingP.R. China
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7
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Xu Y. Targeting Lysophosphatidic Acid in Cancer: The Issues in Moving from Bench to Bedside. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101523. [PMID: 31658655 PMCID: PMC6826372 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the clear demonstration of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)'s pathological roles in cancer in the mid-1990s, more than 1000 papers relating LPA to various types of cancer were published. Through these studies, LPA was established as a target for cancer. Although LPA-related inhibitors entered clinical trials for fibrosis, the concept of targeting LPA is yet to be moved to clinical cancer treatment. The major challenges that we are facing in moving LPA application from bench to bedside include the intrinsic and complicated metabolic, functional, and signaling properties of LPA, as well as technical issues, which are discussed in this review. Potential strategies and perspectives to improve the translational progress are suggested. Despite these challenges, we are optimistic that LPA blockage, particularly in combination with other agents, is on the horizon to be incorporated into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 W. Walnut Street R2-E380, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Nayak AP, Pera T, Deshpande DA, Michael JV, Liberato JR, Pan S, Tompkins E, Morelli HP, Yi R, Wang N, Penn RB. Regulation of ovarian cancer G protein-coupled receptor-1 expression and signaling. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 316:L894-L902. [PMID: 30724097 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00426.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer G protein-coupled receptor 1 (OGR1) is a recently deorphanized G protein-coupled receptor shown to signal in response to low extracellular pH (↓pHo) or certain benzodiazepines. The pleiotropic nature of OGR1 signaling in human airway smooth muscle (HASM) cells suggests that OGR1 is a potential therapeutic target for the management of obstructive lung diseases. However, the basic pharmacological and regulatory features of OGR1 remain poorly understood. We employed model systems of heterologously expressed [human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells] or endogenous (HASM) OGR1 to assess changes in expression, subcellular localization, and signaling capabilities following acute or chronic treatment with ↓pHo or the benzodiazepines lorazepam and sulazepam. In HEK293 cells expressing OGR1, treatment with ↓pHo and/or lorazepam, but not sulazepam, caused rapid OGR1 internalization. In HASM cells, acute treatment with ↓pHo or benzodiazepines did not alter abundance of OGR1 mRNA; however, significant downregulation was observed following chronic treatment. Acute and chronic pretreatment of HASM cells with sulazepam or lorazepam resulted in receptor desensitization as demonstrated by reduced phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) or p42/p44 upon rechallenge. Acid (acute but not chronic) pretreatment of HASM cells induced desensitization of OGR1-mediated VASP (but not p42/p44) phosphorylation. In contrast to a recent study reporting OGR1 upregulation and sensitization in cardiac tissue subject to ischemic/acidic insult, chronic OGR1 activation in multiple model systems did not increase OGR1 expression or signaling capacity. The ability to induce OGR1 internalization and desensitization was activator dependent, reflecting the ability of different activators to induce specific receptor confirmations and engagement of specific heterotrimeric G proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay P Nayak
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine; and Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tonio Pera
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine; and Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Deepak A Deshpande
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine; and Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - James V Michael
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine; and Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer R Liberato
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine; and Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shi Pan
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine; and Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Eric Tompkins
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine; and Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Henry P Morelli
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine; and Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Roslyn Yi
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine; and Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nadan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine; and Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Raymond B Penn
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine; and Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Wiley SZ, Sriram K, Salmerón C, Insel PA. GPR68: An Emerging Drug Target in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E559. [PMID: 30696114 PMCID: PMC6386835 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR68 (or ovarian cancer G protein-coupled receptor 1, OGR1) is a proton-sensing G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that responds to extracellular acidity and regulates a variety of cellular functions. Acidosis is considered a defining hallmark of the tumor microenvironment (TME). GPR68 expression is highly upregulated in numerous types of cancer. Emerging evidence has revealed that GPR68 may play crucial roles in tumor biology, including tumorigenesis, tumor growth, and metastasis. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding GPR68-its expression, regulation, signaling pathways, physiological roles, and functions it regulates in human cancers (including prostate, colon and pancreatic cancer, melanoma, medulloblastoma, and myelodysplastic syndrome). The findings provide evidence for GPR68 as a potentially novel therapeutic target but in addition, we note challenges in developing drugs that target GPR68.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Z Wiley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Krishna Sriram
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Cristina Salmerón
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Paul A Insel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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10
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Holland NA, Francisco JT, Johnson SC, Morgan JS, Dennis TJ, Gadireddy NR, Tulis DA. Cyclic Nucleotide-Directed Protein Kinases in Cardiovascular Inflammation and Growth. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2018; 5:E6. [PMID: 29367584 PMCID: PMC5872354 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd5010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD), including myocardial infarction (MI) and peripheral or coronary artery disease (PAD, CAD), remains the number one killer of individuals in the United States and worldwide, accounting for nearly 18 million (>30%) global deaths annually. Despite considerable basic science and clinical investigation aimed at identifying key etiologic components of and potential therapeutic targets for CVD, the number of individuals afflicted with these dreaded diseases continues to rise. Of the many biochemical, molecular, and cellular elements and processes characterized to date that have potential to control foundational facets of CVD, the multifaceted cyclic nucleotide pathways continue to be of primary basic science and clinical interest. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cyclic GMP) and their plethora of downstream protein kinase effectors serve ubiquitous roles not only in cardiovascular homeostasis but also in the pathogenesis of CVD. Already a major target for clinical pharmacotherapy for CVD as well as other pathologies, novel and potentially clinically appealing actions of cyclic nucleotides and their downstream targets are still being discovered. With this in mind, this review article focuses on our current state of knowledge of the cyclic nucleotide-driven serine (Ser)/threonine (Thr) protein kinases in CVD with particular emphasis on cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). Attention is given to the regulatory interactions of these kinases with inflammatory components including interleukin 6 signals, with G protein-coupled receptor and growth factor signals, and with growth and synthetic transcriptional platforms underlying CVD pathogenesis. This article concludes with a brief discussion of potential future directions and highlights the importance for continued basic science and clinical study of cyclic nucleotide-directed protein kinases as emerging and crucial controllers of cardiac and vascular disease pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Holland
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 600 Moye Boulevard, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
| | - Jake T Francisco
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 600 Moye Boulevard, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
| | - Sean C Johnson
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 600 Moye Boulevard, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
| | - Joshua S Morgan
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 600 Moye Boulevard, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
| | - Troy J Dennis
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 600 Moye Boulevard, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
| | - Nishitha R Gadireddy
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 600 Moye Boulevard, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
| | - David A Tulis
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 600 Moye Boulevard, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
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11
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Smith NJ, Fuller M, Saville JT, Cox TM. Reduced cerebral vascularization in experimental neuronopathic Gaucher disease. J Pathol 2018; 244:120-128. [PMID: 28981147 DOI: 10.1002/path.4992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The glycosphingolipidosis, Gaucher disease, in which a range of neurological manifestations occur, results from a deficiency of acid β-glucocerebrosidase, with subsequent accumulation of β-glucocerebroside, its upstream substrates, and the non-acylated congener β-glucosylsphingosine. However, the mechanisms by which end-organ dysfunction arise are poorly understood. Here, we report strikingly diminished cerebral microvascular density in a murine model of disease, and provide a detailed analysis of the accompanying cerebral glycosphingolipidome in these animals, with marked elevations of β-glucosylsphingosine. Further in vitro studies confirmed a concentration-dependent impairment of endothelial cytokinesis upon exposure to quasi-pathological concentrations of β-glucosylsphingosine. These findings support a premise for pathogenic disruption of cerebral angiogenesis as an end-organ effect, with potential for therapeutic modulation in neuronopathic Gaucher disease. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Jc Smith
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Women's and Children's Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maria Fuller
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology at Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jennifer T Saville
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology at Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Timothy M Cox
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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12
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Huang XP, Karpiak J, Kroeze WK, Zhu H, Chen X, Moy SS, Saddoris KA, Nikolova VD, Farrell MS, Wang S, Mangano TJ, Deshpande DA, Jiang A, Penn RB, Jin J, Koller BH, Kenakin T, Shoichet BK, Roth BL. Allosteric ligands for the pharmacologically dark receptors GPR68 and GPR65. Nature 2015; 527:477-83. [PMID: 26550826 DOI: 10.1038/nature15699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
At least 120 non-olfactory G-protein-coupled receptors in the human genome are 'orphans' for which endogenous ligands are unknown, and many have no selective ligands, hindering the determination of their biological functions and clinical relevance. Among these is GPR68, a proton receptor that lacks small molecule modulators for probing its biology. Using yeast-based screens against GPR68, here we identify the benzodiazepine drug lorazepam as a non-selective GPR68 positive allosteric modulator. More than 3,000 GPR68 homology models were refined to recognize lorazepam in a putative allosteric site. Docking 3.1 million molecules predicted new GPR68 modulators, many of which were confirmed in functional assays. One potent GPR68 modulator, ogerin, suppressed recall in fear conditioning in wild-type but not in GPR68-knockout mice. The same approach led to the discovery of allosteric agonists and negative allosteric modulators for GPR65. Combining physical and structure-based screening may be broadly useful for ligand discovery for understudied and orphan GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Ping Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-7365, USA.,National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (NIMH PDSP), School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7365, USA
| | - Joel Karpiak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco, Byers Hall, 1700 4th Street, San Francisco, California 94158-2550, USA
| | - Wesley K Kroeze
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-7365, USA
| | - Hu Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-7365, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery (CICBDD), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7363, USA.,Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7360, USA
| | - Sheryl S Moy
- Department of Psychiatry and Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities (CIDD), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7146, USA
| | - Kara A Saddoris
- Department of Psychiatry and Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities (CIDD), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7146, USA
| | - Viktoriya D Nikolova
- Department of Psychiatry and Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities (CIDD), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7146, USA
| | - Martilias S Farrell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-7365, USA
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-7365, USA
| | - Thomas J Mangano
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-7365, USA.,National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (NIMH PDSP), School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7365, USA
| | - Deepak A Deshpande
- Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
| | - Alice Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-7365, USA.,National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (NIMH PDSP), School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7365, USA
| | - Raymond B Penn
- Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
| | - Jian Jin
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery (CICBDD), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7363, USA.,Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7360, USA
| | - Beverly H Koller
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7264, USA
| | - Terry Kenakin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-7365, USA
| | - Brian K Shoichet
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco, Byers Hall, 1700 4th Street, San Francisco, California 94158-2550, USA
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-7365, USA.,National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (NIMH PDSP), School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7365, USA.,Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7360, USA
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13
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Tobo A, Tobo M, Nakakura T, Ebara M, Tomura H, Mogi C, Im DS, Murata N, Kuwabara A, Ito S, Fukuda H, Arisawa M, Shuto S, Nakaya M, Kurose H, Sato K, Okajima F. Characterization of Imidazopyridine Compounds as Negative Allosteric Modulators of Proton-Sensing GPR4 in Extracellular Acidification-Induced Responses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129334. [PMID: 26070068 PMCID: PMC4466532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 4 (GPR4), previously proposed as the receptor for sphingosylphosphorylcholine, has recently been identified as the proton-sensing G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) coupling to multiple intracellular signaling pathways, including the Gs protein/cAMP and G13 protein/Rho. In the present study, we characterized some imidazopyridine compounds as GPR4 modulators that modify GPR4 receptor function. In the cells that express proton-sensing GPCRs, including GPR4, OGR1, TDAG8, and G2A, extracellular acidification stimulates serum responsive element (SRE)-driven transcriptional activity, which has been shown to reflect Rho activity, with different proton sensitivities. Imidazopyridine compounds inhibited the moderately acidic pH-induced SRE activity only in GPR4-expressing cells. Acidic pH-stimulated cAMP accumulation, mRNA expression of inflammatory genes, and GPR4 internalization within GPR4-expressing cells were all inhibited by the GPR4 modulator. We further compared the inhibition property of the imidazopyridine compound with psychosine, which has been shown to selectively inhibit actions induced by proton-sensing GPCRs, including GPR4. In the GPR4 mutant, in which certain histidine residues were mutated to phenylalanine, proton sensitivity was significantly shifted to the right, and psychosine failed to further inhibit acidic pH-induced SRE activation. On the other hand, the imidazopyridine compound almost completely inhibited acidic pH-induced action in mutant GPR4. We conclude that some imidazopyridine compounds show specificity to GPR4 as negative allosteric modulators with a different action mode from psychosine, an antagonist susceptible to histidine residues, and are useful for characterizing GPR4-mediated acidic pH-induced biological actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Tobo
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tobo
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakakura
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Masashi Ebara
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tomura
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Chihiro Mogi
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Dong-Soon Im
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Naoya Murata
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kuwabara
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Saki Ito
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hayato Fukuda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Arisawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shuto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Michio Nakaya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kurose
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koichi Sato
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
- * E-mail: (FO); (KS)
| | - Fumikazu Okajima
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
- * E-mail: (FO); (KS)
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14
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Abe-Ohya R, Ishikawa T, Shiozawa H, Suda K, Nara F. Identification of metals from osteoblastic ST-2 cell supernatants as novel OGR1 agonists. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2015; 35:485-92. [DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2015.1015736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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15
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Mochimaru Y, Azuma M, Oshima N, Ichijo Y, Satou K, Matsuda K, Asaoka Y, Nishina H, Nakakura T, Mogi C, Sato K, Okajima F, Tomura H. Extracellular acidification activates ovarian cancer G-protein-coupled receptor 1 and GPR4 homologs of zebra fish. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 457:493-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.12.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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16
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Mogi C, Nakakura T, Okajima F. Role of extracellular proton-sensing OGR1 in regulation of insulin secretion and pancreatic β-cell functions. Endocr J 2014; 61:101-10. [PMID: 24088601 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej13-0380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin secretion with respect to pH environments has been investigated for a long time but its mechanism remains largely unknown. Extracellular pH is usually maintained at around 7.4 and, its change has been thought to occur in non-physiological situations. Acidification takes place under ischemic and inflammatory microenvironments, where stimulation of anaerobic glycolysis results in the production of lactic acid. In addition to ionotropic ion channels, such as transient receptor potential V1 (TRPV1) and acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs), metabotropic proton-sensing G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have also been identified recently as proton-sensing machineries. While ionotropic ion channels usually sense strong acidic pH, proton-sensing GPCRs sense pH of 7.6 to 6.0 and have been shown to mediate a variety of biological actions in neutral and mildly acidic pH environments. Studies with receptor knockout mice have revealed that proton-sensing receptors, including ovarian cancer G protein-coupled receptor 1 (OGR1), a proton-sensing GPCRs, play a role in the regulation of insulin secretion and glucose metabolism under physiological conditions. Small molecule 3,5-disubstituted isoxazoles have recently been identified as OGR1 agonists working at neutral pH and have been shown to stimulate pancreatic β-cell differentiation and insulin synthesis. Thus, proton-sensing OGR1 may be an important player for insulin secretion and a potential target for improving β-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Mogi
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan
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17
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Justus CR, Dong L, Yang LV. Acidic tumor microenvironment and pH-sensing G protein-coupled receptors. Front Physiol 2013; 4:354. [PMID: 24367336 PMCID: PMC3851830 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is acidic due to glycolytic cancer cell metabolism, hypoxia, and deficient blood perfusion. It is proposed that acidosis in the tumor microenvironment is an important stress factor and selection force for cancer cell somatic evolution. Acidic pH has pleiotropic effects on the proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis, and therapeutic response of cancer cells and the function of immune cells, vascular cells, and other stromal cells. However, the molecular mechanisms by which cancer cells and stromal cells sense and respond to acidic pH in the tumor microenvironment are poorly understood. In this article the role of a family of pH-sensing G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in tumor biology is reviewed. Recent studies show that the pH-sensing GPCRs, including GPR4, GPR65 (TDAG8), GPR68 (OGR1), and GPR132 (G2A), regulate cancer cell metastasis and proliferation, immune cell function, inflammation, and blood vessel formation. Activation of the proton-sensing GPCRs by acidosis transduces multiple downstream G protein signaling pathways. Since GPCRs are major drug targets, small molecule modulators of the pH-sensing GPCRs are being actively developed and evaluated. Research on the pH-sensing GPCRs will continue to provide important insights into the molecular interaction between tumor and its acidic microenvironment and may identify new targets for cancer therapy and chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin R Justus
- Department of Oncology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Lixue Dong
- Department of Oncology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Li V Yang
- Department of Oncology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University Greenville, NC, USA ; Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University Greenville, NC, USA ; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University Greenville, NC, USA
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18
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Aoki H, Mogi C, Hisada T, Nakakura T, Kamide Y, Ichimonji I, Tomura H, Tobo M, Sato K, Tsurumaki H, Dobashi K, Mori T, Harada A, Yamada M, Mori M, Ishizuka T, Okajima F. Proton-sensing ovarian cancer G protein-coupled receptor 1 on dendritic cells is required for airway responses in a murine asthma model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79985. [PMID: 24244587 PMCID: PMC3823589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer G protein-coupled receptor 1 (OGR1) stimulation by extracellular protons causes the activation of G proteins and subsequent cellular functions. However, the physiological and pathophysiological roles of OGR1 in airway responses remain largely unknown. In the present study, we show that OGR1-deficient mice are resistant to the cardinal features of asthma, including airway eosinophilia, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), and goblet cell metaplasia, in association with a remarkable inhibition of Th2 cytokine and IgE production, in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma model. Intratracheal transfer to wild-type mice of OVA-primed bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) from OGR1-deficient mice developed lower AHR and eosinophilia after OVA inhalation compared with the transfer of those from wild-type mice. Migration of OVA-pulsed DCs to peribronchial lymph nodes was also inhibited by OGR1 deficiency in the adoption experiments. The presence of functional OGR1 in DCs was confirmed by the expression of OGR1 mRNA and the OGR1-sensitive Ca2+ response. OVA-induced expression of CCR7, a mature DC chemokine receptor, and migration response to CCR7 ligands in an in vitro Transwell assay were attenuated by OGR1 deficiency. We conclude that OGR1 on DCs is critical for migration to draining lymph nodes, which, in turn, stimulates Th2 phenotype change and subsequent induction of airway inflammation and AHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Aoki
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Chihiro Mogi
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hisada
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakakura
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kamide
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Isao Ichimonji
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tomura
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tobo
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Koichi Sato
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tsurumaki
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Kunio Dobashi
- Gunma University School of Health Sciences, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mori
- Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki, Japan
| | - Akihiro Harada
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masanobu Yamada
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Masatomo Mori
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Ishizuka
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- * E-mail: (FO); (TI)
| | - Fumikazu Okajima
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
- * E-mail: (FO); (TI)
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19
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Regulation of inflammation by extracellular acidification and proton-sensing GPCRs. Cell Signal 2013; 25:2263-71. [PMID: 23917207 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Under ischemic and inflammatory circumstances, such as allergic airway asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, and tumors, extracellular acidification occurs due to the stimulation of anaerobic glycolysis. An acidic microenvironment has been shown to modulate pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory responses, including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, prostaglandin synthesis, and cytokine expression, in a variety of cell types, and thereby to exacerbate or ameliorate inflammation. However, molecular mechanisms underlying extracellular acidic pH-induced actions have not been fully understood. Recent studies have shown that ovarian cancer G protein-coupled receptor 1 (OGR1)-family G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can sense extracellular pH or protons, which in turn stimulates intracellular signaling pathways and subsequent diverse cellular responses. In the present review, I discuss extracellular acidic pH-induced inflammatory responses and related responses in inflammatory cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils, and non-inflammatory cells, such as smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells, focusing especially on proton-sensing GPCRs.
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20
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Nakakura T, Mogi C, Tobo M, Tomura H, Sato K, Kobayashi M, Ohnishi H, Tanaka S, Wayama M, Sugiyama T, Kitamura T, Harada A, Okajima F. Deficiency of proton-sensing ovarian cancer G protein-coupled receptor 1 attenuates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Endocrinology 2012; 153:4171-80. [PMID: 22733973 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer G protein-coupled receptor 1 (OGR1) has been shown as a receptor for protons. In the present study, we aimed to know whether OGR1 plays a role in insulin secretion and, if so, the manner in which it does. To this end, we created OGR1-deficient mice and examined insulin secretion activity in vivo and in vitro. OGR1 deficiency reduced insulin secretion induced by glucose administered ip, although it was not associated with glucose intolerance in vivo. Increased insulin sensitivity and reduced plasma glucagon level may explain, in part, the unusual normal glucose tolerance. In vitro islet experiments revealed that glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was dependent on extracellular pH and sensitive to OGR1; insulin secretion at pH 7.4 to 7.0, but not 8.0, was significantly suppressed by OGR1 deficiency and inhibition of G(q/11) proteins. Insulin secretion induced by KCl and tolbutamide was also significantly inhibited, whereas that induced by several insulin secretagogues, including vasopressin, a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, and forskolin, was not suppressed by OGR1 deficiency. The inhibition of insulin secretion was associated with the reduction of glucose-induced increase in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration. In conclusion, the OGR1/G(q/11) protein pathway is activated by extracellular protons existing under the physiological extracellular pH of 7.4 and further stimulated by acidification, resulting in the enhancement of insulin secretion in response to high glucose concentrations and KCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakakura
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan
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21
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Park SY, Lee YJ, Min Y, Kim HR, Jeong JH, Sohn UD. The mechanism of MAP kinase activation under acidic condition in feline esophageal smooth muscle cells. Arch Pharm Res 2011; 34:1759-68. [PMID: 22076776 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-011-1020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Reflux esophagitis results from repeated exposure of the esophagus to acidic gastric juice or bile-containing duodenal contents. In Barrett's adenocarcinoma, acid increases proliferation via ERK and p38 MAPK activation. This study was focused on determination of the mechanism(s) underlying MAPKs (ERK 1/2, p38 MAPK, and JNK) activation induced by acidic medium at pH 4 in normal feline primary cultured esophageal smooth muscle cells (FESMCs). We detected ERK 1/2 and p38 MAPK phosphorylation after exposure to pH 4 or neutral media in the presence or absence of several inhibitors and quantified the MAPK levels using western blotting analysis and densitometry. Acidic medium markedly increased the phosphorylation of ERK 1/2 and p38 MAPK within 10 min. Acid-induced ERK 1/2 and p38 MAPK activation was inhibited by pertussis toxin (PTX-sensitive G(i/o) protein inhibitor), DEDA (phospholipase (PL) A(2) inhibitor), ρCMB (PLD inhibitor), GF109203X (protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor) and D609 (phosphatidylcholine-specific PLC inhibitor). But, genistein (tyrosine kinase inhibitor), forskolin (adenylate cyclase activator) and U73122 (phosphatidylinositol-specific PLC inhibitor) had no effect on acid-induced ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK activation. These findings indicate that the activation of ERK 1/2 and p38 MAPK pathways by acidic conditions, at least in part, may be mediated by activation of the G(i/o) protein coupled receptors, PC-PLC, PLD, PLA(2), and PKC in FESMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
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