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Pires IS, Berthiaume F, Palmer AF. Engineering Therapeutics to Detoxify Hemoglobin, Heme, and Iron. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2023; 25:1-21. [PMID: 37289555 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-081622-031203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hemolysis (i.e., red blood cell lysis) can increase circulatory levels of cell-free hemoglobin (Hb) and its degradation by-products, namely heme (h) and iron (Fe). Under homeostasis, minor increases in these three hemolytic by-products (Hb/h/Fe) are rapidly scavenged and cleared by natural plasma proteins. Under certain pathophysiological conditions, scavenging systems become overwhelmed, leading to the accumulation of Hb/h/Fe in the circulation. Unfortunately, these species cause various side effects such as vasoconstriction, hypertension, and oxidative organ damage. Therefore, various therapeutics strategies are in development, ranging from supplementation with depleted plasma scavenger proteins to engineered biomimetic protein constructs capable of scavenging multiple hemolytic species. In this review, we briefly describe hemolysis and the characteristics of the major plasma-derived protein scavengers of Hb/h/Fe. Finally, we present novel engineering approaches designed to address the toxicity of these hemolytic by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan S Pires
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA;
| | - François Berthiaume
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Andre F Palmer
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA;
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2
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Switzer CH, Fukuto JM. The antioxidant and oxidant properties of hydropersulfides (RSSH) and polysulfide species. Redox Biol 2022; 57:102486. [PMID: 36201912 PMCID: PMC9535303 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It has become apparent that hydrogen sulfide (H2S), hydropersulfides (RSSH) and other polysulfide species are all intimately linked biochemically. Indeed, at least some of the biological activity attributed to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) may actually be due to its conversion to RSSH and derived polysulfur species (and vice-versa). The unique chemistry associated with the hydropersulfide functional group (-SSH) predicts that it possesses possible protective properties that can help a cell contend with oxidative and/or electrophilic stress. However, since RSSH and polysulfides possess chemical properties akin to disulfides (RSSR), they can also be sources of oxidative/electrophilic stress/signaling as well. Herein are discussed the unique chemistry, possible biochemistry and the physiological implications of RSSH (and polysulfides), especially as it pertains to their putative cellular protection properties against a variety of stresses and/or as possible stressors/signaling agents themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Switzer
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jon M Fukuto
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA; Department of Chemistry, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA, 94928, USA.
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3
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Peluffo RD. Cationic amino acid transporters and their modulation by nitric oxide in cardiac muscle cells. Biophys Rev 2022; 13:1071-1079. [PMID: 35059028 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00870-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cationic amino acid transporters (CATs) play a central role in the supply of the substrate L-arginine to intracellular nitric oxide synthases (NOS), the enzymes responsible for the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO). In heart, NO produced by cardiac myocytes has diverse and even opposite effects on myocardial contractility depending on the subcellular location of its production. Approximately a decade ago, using a combination of biophysical and biochemical approaches, we discovered and characterized high- and low-affinity CATs that function simultaneously in the cardiac myocyte plasma membrane. Later on, we reported a negative feedback regulation of NO on the activity of cardiac CATs. In this way, NO was found to modulate its own biosynthesis by regulating the amount of L-arginine that becomes available as NOS substrate. We have recently solved the molecular determinants for this NO regulation on the low-affinity high-capacity CAT-2A. This review highlights some biophysical and biochemical features of L-arginine transporters and their potential relation to cardiac muscle physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Daniel Peluffo
- Group of Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de La República, Rivera 1350, CP: 50000 Salto, Uruguay.,Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103 USA
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4
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Paim RMM, Nascimento BWL, Nascimento AMD, Pacheco DE, Soares AC, Araujo RN, Sant'Anna MRV, Pessoa GCD, Gontijo NF, Pereira MH. Functional aspects of salivary nitric oxide synthase of Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) and nitric oxide trafficking at the vector-host interface. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16036. [PMID: 29167493 PMCID: PMC5700186 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16097-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodnius prolixus expresses nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the cytosol of the salivary gland (SG) cells. The NO produced is stored in the SG lumen bound to NO-carrier haemeproteins called nitrophorins (NPs). NPs bind tightly to NO in the acidic SG lumen, but release NO when the pH becomes high, e.g., at the host skin (pH~7.4). NO elicits potent and transient relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. Here, we investigated the role of salivary NO in the R. prolixus feeding behaviour and the salivary vasodilator activity of the host microcirculation. NOS knockdown in R. prolixus changed the SG colour, decreased the number of NO-loaded NPs and caused impairment of feeding performance. When salivary gland extracts (SGEs) were obtained from NOS- and NPs-knockdown insects and prepared in pH 5.0 solution and injected (i.v.) into mice via the tail vein, no vasodilation was observed, whereas SGEs from control insects caused long-term venodilation in the mouse skin. SGs disrupted directly in PBS (pH 7.4) containing BSA produced long-term vasodilation compared to the controls without BSA due to the possible formation of nitroso-albumin, suggesting that host serum albumin extends the NO half-life when NO is injected into the host skin by triatomine during their blood-feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela M M Paim
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Bruno W L Nascimento
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Mércia D Nascimento
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Dimitri E Pacheco
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Adriana C Soares
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ricardo N Araujo
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mauricio R V Sant'Anna
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Grasielle C D Pessoa
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Nelder F Gontijo
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcos H Pereira
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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5
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Abstract
Human serum albumin (HSA) is the predominant product of hepatic protein synthesis and one of the more abundant plasma proteins. HSA is a monomeric multidomain macromolecule, representing the main determinant of plasma oncotic pressure and the main modulator of fluid distribution between body compartments. HSA displays an essential role in maintaining the integrity of the vascular barrier. HSA is the most important antioxidant capacity of human plasma, in addition to its ability to protect the body from the harmful effects of heavy metals such as iron and copper and reduce their ability to produce reactive oxygen radicals. HSA is the main depot for nitric oxide (NO) transport in the blood. HSA represents the main carrier for fatty acids, affects pharmacokinetics of many drugs, and provides the metabolic modification of some drugs and displays pseudo-enzymatic properties. HSA has been widely used successfully for more than 50 years in many settings of perioperative medicine including hypovolemia, shock, burns, surgical blood loss, sepsis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Recently, the use of HSA has shown a promising neuroprotective effect in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. The most recent evidence-based functions and uses of HSA in the perioperative period are reviewed in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab Farag
- grid.254293.b0000000404350569Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Director of Clinical Research Staff Anesthesiologist General Anesthesia and Outcomes Research Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio USA
| | - Andrea Kurz
- grid.254293.b0000000404350569Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Chairman of General Anesthesia Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio USA
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6
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Human Albumin Improves Long-Term Behavioral Sequelae After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Through Neurovascular Remodeling. Crit Care Med 2015; 43:e440-9. [PMID: 26181220 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000001193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Subarachnoid hemorrhage results in significant long-lasting neurologic sequelae. Here, we investigated whether human albumin improves long-term outcomes in experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage and whether neurovascular remodeling is involved in the protection of albumin. DESIGN Laboratory investigation. SETTING Hospital research laboratory. SUBJECTS Male Sprague-Dawley rats. INTERVENTIONS Rats underwent subarachnoid hemorrhage by endovascular perforation. Albumin of either 0.63 or 1.25 g/kg was injected IV immediately after the surgery. Modified Garcia test, beam-walking test, novel object recognition, and Morris water maze were employed to determine the behavioral deficits. The effects of albumin on early neurovascular dysfunction and chronic synaptic plasticity were also studied. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Both doses of albumin significantly improved the sensorimotor scores (F = 31.277; p = 0.001) and cognitive performance (F = 7.982; p = 0.001 in novel object recognition test; and F = 3.431; p = 0.026 in the latency analysis of Morris water maze test) for at least 40 days after subarachnoid hemorrhage. There were remarkable microvasculature hypoperfusion, intracranial pressure rise, early vasoconstriction, neural apoptosis, and degeneration in subarachnoid hemorrhage rats, with albumin significantly attenuating such neurovascular dysfunction. Furthermore, albumin markedly prevented blood-brain barrier disruption, as indicated by less blood-brain barrier leakage, preserved blood-brain barrier-related proteins, and dampened gelatinase activities. The expressions of key synaptic elements were up-regulated with albumin supplementation in both acute and chronic phases. Accordingly, a higher dendritic spine density was observed in the prefrontal and hippocampal areas of albumin-treated subarachnoid hemorrhage animals. CONCLUSIONS Albumin at low-to-moderate doses markedly improves long-term neurobehavioral sequelae after subarachnoid hemorrhage, which may involve an integrated process of neurovascular remodeling.
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7
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Schudel A, Kassis T, Dixon JB, Thomas SN. S-Nitrosated Polypropylene Sulfide Nanoparticles for Thiol-Dependent Transnitrosation and Toxicity Against Adult Female Filarial Worms. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:1484-90, 1423. [PMID: 25939735 PMCID: PMC4640194 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A synthetic polymer nanoparticle formulation utilizing the physiological nitrosothiol chemistry for nitric oxide delivery is shown. Toxicity of S-nitroso nanoparticles against adult female Brugia malayi worms, which are responsible for lymphatic filariasis, is dependent on nitric oxide release through transnitrosation as S-nitrosocysteine, a potent endogenous nitric oxide donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Schudel
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Timothy Kassis
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - J. Brandon Dixon
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 315 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Susan N. Thomas
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, 315 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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8
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Anraku M, Chuang VTG, Maruyama T, Otagiri M. Redox properties of serum albumin. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:5465-72. [PMID: 23644037 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative damage results in protein modification, and is observed in numerous diseases. Human serum albumin (HSA), the most abundant circulating protein in the plasma, exerts important antioxidant activities against oxidative damage. SCOPE OF REVIEW The present review focuses on the characterization of chemical changes in HSA that are induced by oxidative damage, their relevance to human pathology and the most recent advances in clinical applications. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The antioxidant properties of HSA are largely dependent on Cys34 and its contribution to the maintenance of intravascular homeostasis, including protecting the vascular endothelium under disease conditions related to oxidative stress. Recent studies also evaluated the susceptibility of other important amino acid residues to free radicals. The findings suggest that a redox change in HSA is related to the oxidation of several amino acid residues by different oxidants. Further, Cys34 adducts, such as S-nitrosylated and S-guanylated forms also play an important role in clinical applications. On the other hand, the ratio of the oxidized form to the normal form of albumin (HMA/HNA), which is a function of the redox states of Cys34, could serve as a useful marker for evaluating systemic redox states, which would be useful for the evaluation of disease progression and therapeutic efficacy. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This review provides new insights into our current understanding of the mechanism of HSA oxidation, based on in vitro and in vivo studies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Serum Albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Anraku
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
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9
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Filipovic MR, Miljkovic JL, Nauser T, Royzen M, Klos K, Shubina T, Koppenol WH, Lippard SJ, Ivanović-Burmazović I. Chemical characterization of the smallest S-nitrosothiol, HSNO; cellular cross-talk of H2S and S-nitrosothiols. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:12016-27. [PMID: 22741609 PMCID: PMC3408084 DOI: 10.1021/ja3009693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Dihydrogen sulfide recently emerged as a biological signaling molecule with important physiological roles and significant pharmacological potential. Chemically plausible explanations for its mechanisms of action have remained elusive, however. Here, we report that H(2)S reacts with S-nitrosothiols to form thionitrous acid (HSNO), the smallest S-nitrosothiol. These results demonstrate that, at the cellular level, HSNO can be metabolized to afford NO(+), NO, and NO(-) species, all of which have distinct physiological consequences of their own. We further show that HSNO can freely diffuse through membranes, facilitating transnitrosation of proteins such as hemoglobin. The data presented in this study explain some of the physiological effects ascribed to H(2)S, but, more broadly, introduce a new signaling molecule, HSNO, and suggest that it may play a key role in cellular redox regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos R Filipovic
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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10
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Human serum albumin: from bench to bedside. Mol Aspects Med 2011; 33:209-90. [PMID: 22230555 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1195] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human serum albumin (HSA), the most abundant protein in plasma, is a monomeric multi-domain macromolecule, representing the main determinant of plasma oncotic pressure and the main modulator of fluid distribution between body compartments. HSA displays an extraordinary ligand binding capacity, providing a depot and carrier for many endogenous and exogenous compounds. Indeed, HSA represents the main carrier for fatty acids, affects pharmacokinetics of many drugs, provides the metabolic modification of some ligands, renders potential toxins harmless, accounts for most of the anti-oxidant capacity of human plasma, and displays (pseudo-)enzymatic properties. HSA is a valuable biomarker of many diseases, including cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, ischemia, post-menopausal obesity, severe acute graft-versus-host disease, and diseases that need monitoring of the glycemic control. Moreover, HSA is widely used clinically to treat several diseases, including hypovolemia, shock, burns, surgical blood loss, trauma, hemorrhage, cardiopulmonary bypass, acute respiratory distress syndrome, hemodialysis, acute liver failure, chronic liver disease, nutrition support, resuscitation, and hypoalbuminemia. Recently, biotechnological applications of HSA, including implantable biomaterials, surgical adhesives and sealants, biochromatography, ligand trapping, and fusion proteins, have been reported. Here, genetic, biochemical, biomedical, and biotechnological aspects of HSA are reviewed.
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Giustarini D, Tsikas D, Rossi R. Study of the effect of thiols on the vasodilatory potency of S-nitrosothiols by using a modified aortic ring assay. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 256:95-102. [PMID: 21827780 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Both low-molecular-mass thiols (LMM-SH) and protein thiols (P-SH) can modulate the biological activity of S-nitrosothiols (RSNO) via S-transnitrosation reactions. It has been difficult to evaluate the entity of this effect in blood circulation by in vitro assays with isolated aorta rings so far, because media rich in proteins cannot be used due to the foaming as a consequence of the needed gas bubbling. We have modified the original apparatus for organ bioassay in order to minimize foaming and to increase analytical performance. By using this modified bioassay we investigated the vasodilatory potency of various endogenous RSNOs in the presence of physiologically relevant concentrations of albumin and LMM-SH. Our results show that the sulfhydryl group of the cysteine moiety of albumin and LMM-SH has a dramatic effect on the vasodilatory potency of RSNO. Considering the equilibrium constants for S-transnitrosation reactions and the concentration of P-SH and LMM-SH we measured in healthy humans (aged 18-85 years), we infer that the age-dependency of hematic levels of LMM-SH may have a considerable impact in RSNO-mediated vasodilation. S-Nitrosoproteins such as S-nitrosoalbumin may constitute a relatively silent and constant amount of circulating RSNO. On the other hand, LMM-SH may mediate and control the biological actions of S-nitrosoproteins via S-transnitrosation reactions, by forming more potent nitric oxide-releasing LMM-S-nitrosothiols. Lifestyle habits, status of health and individual age are proven factors that, in turn, may influence the concentration of these compounds. These aspects should be taken into consideration when testing the vasodilatory effects of RSNO in pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giustarini
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Siena, Via A. Moro, 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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12
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Otagiri M, Chuang VTG. Pharmaceutically important pre- and posttranslational modifications on human serum albumin. Biol Pharm Bull 2009; 32:527-34. [PMID: 19336879 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.32.527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant technology allows engineering and production of proteins with desirable properties. Human serum albumin has been developed with recombinant technology, and thus plays an increasing role as a drug carrier in the clinical setting. Genetic variations usually occur on the surface of the protein, and do not impose significant effects on the conformation of albumin. However, binding of fatty acids by genetic variants is affected according to the location of the mutation. Albumin undergoes three major posttranslational modifications, namely, oxidation, glycation, and S-nitrosylation. This review gives an account of the different posttranslational modifications that should be taken into consideration when designing albumin mutant analogues with desirable pharmaceutical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Otagiri
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan.
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13
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Oettl K, Stauber RE. Physiological and pathological changes in the redox state of human serum albumin critically influence its binding properties. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 151:580-90. [PMID: 17471184 PMCID: PMC2013999 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Binding and transport of a number of endogenous and exogenous compounds is an important function of the main plasma protein, albumin. In vivo and in vitro, albumin may be oxidatively modified in different ways with different agents at different sites. These modifications have various consequences on the physiological functions of albumin. Diabetes mellitus, liver diseases and nephropathy are just a few examples of disorders in which oxidative stress is involved and altered albumin functions have been described. This review is focussed on the consequences of oxidative modification on the binding properties of albumin. These range from no effect to decreased or increased binding affinities depending on the ligand under investigation and the type of modification. Indicators for modification include glycosylation, disulphide formation or the content of carbonyl groups. The redox state of albumin can affect the binding properties in several ways, including altered conformation and consequently altered affinities at binding sites and altered binding when the binding reaction itself is redox sensitive. The physiological or pathophysiological concentrations of different oxidatively modified albumin molecules vary over a wide range and are crucial in assessing the clinical relevance of altered ligand binding properties of a particularly modified albumin species in various disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Oettl
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Center of Physiological Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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14
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Giustarini D, Dalle-Donne I, Lorenzini S, Milzani A, Rossi R. Age-related influence on thiol, disulfide, and protein-mixed disulfide levels in human plasma. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2006; 61:1030-8. [PMID: 17077195 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/61.10.1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, plasma levels of both low-molecular-mass sulfhydryls/disulfides and mixed disulfides with proteins in 41 healthy humans aged 21-92 years were measured, with the aim of assessing whether there is a shift of the thiol/disulfide balance during aging and verifying some of the possible effects of the thiol imbalance. Our data suggest that aging is strictly correlated to a decrease in plasma glutathione and cysteinylglycine with the concomitant increase of most oxidized forms of thiols and a parallel increase in total cysteine and total homocysteine, probably due to an augmented efflux of these amino acids from various organs. The occurrence of two distinct regulatory systems for plasmatic pools of glutathione/cysteinylglycine on the one hand and cysteine/homocysteine on the other hand is hypothesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Neuroscience, Pharmacology Unit, University of Siena, via A. Moro 4, I-53100, Siena, Italy.
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15
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Zhang LM, St Croix C, Cao R, Wasserloos K, Watkins SC, Stevens T, Li S, Tyurin V, Kagan VE, Pitt BR. Cell-surface protein disulfide isomerase is required for transnitrosation of metallothionein by S-nitroso-albumin in intact rat pulmonary vascular endothelial cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2006; 231:1507-15. [PMID: 17018873 DOI: 10.1177/153537020623100909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
S-nitrosation of the metal binding protein, metallothionein (MT) appears to be a critical link in affecting endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-derived nitric oxide (NO)-induced changes in cytoplasmic and nuclear labile zinc, respectively. Although low molecular weight S-nitrosothiols also appear to affect this signaling system, less is known about the ability of extracellular protein nitrosothiols to transnitrosate MT. Accordingly, we synthesized fluorescently labeled S-nitroso-albumin (SNO-albumin, a major protein S-nitrosothiol in plasma) and determined, via confocal microscopy in fixed tissue, that it is transported into cultured rat pulmonary vascular endothelial cells in a temperature sensitive fashion. The cells were transfected with an expression vector that encodes human MT-IIa cDNA sandwiched between enhanced cyan (donor) and yellow (acceptor) fluorescent proteins (FRET-MT) that can detect conformational changes in MT through fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). SNO-albumin and the membrane-permeant low molecular weight S-nitroso-l-cysteine ethyl ester (l-SNCEE) caused a conformational change in FRET-MT as ascertained by full spectral laser scanning confocal microscopy in live rat pulmonary vascular endothelial cells, a result which is consistent with transnitrosation of the reporter molecule. Transnitrosation of FRET-MT by SNO-albumin, but not l-SNCEE, was sensitive to antisense oligonucleotide-mediated inhibition of the expression of cell surface protein disulfide isomerase (csPDI). These results extend the original observations of Ramachandran et al. (Ramachandran N, Root P, Jiang XM, Hogg PJ, Mutus B. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98: 9539-9544, 2001) and suggest that csPDI-mediated denitrosation helps to regulate the ability of the major plasma NO carrier (SNO-albumin) to transnitrosate endothelial cell molecular targets (e.g. MT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ming Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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