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Liu H, Yan W, Ma C, Zhang K, Li K, Jin R, Xu H, Xu R, Tong J, Yang Z, Guo Y. Early detection of cardiac fibrosis in diabetic mice by targeting myocardiopathy and matrix metalloproteinase 2. Acta Biomater 2024; 176:367-378. [PMID: 38244659 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Early detection of myocardial fibrosis in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) has significant clinical implications for diabetes management. In this study, we identified matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) as a potential biomarker for early fibrosis detection. Based on this finding, we designed a dual-targeting nanoparticle CHP-SPIO-ab MMP2 to specifically target myocardiopathy and MMP2, enabling sensitive fibrosis detection using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Our results demonstrate that collagen hyperplasia (early fiber formation) begins to develop in diabetic mice at 12 weeks old, with observable fibrosis occurring at 16 weeks old. Additionally, MMP2 expression significantly up-regulates around collagen starting from 12 weeks of age. T2 MRI analysis revealed significant T2% enhancement in the hearts of 12-week-old diabetic mice following administration of the CHP-SPIO-ab MMP2 probe, indicating noninvasive detection of fiber formation. Furthermore, after fibrosis treatment, a reduction in T2% signal was observed in the hearts of 16-week-old diabetic mice. These findings were supported by Sirius red and Prussian blue staining techniques. Overall, our study presents a promising strategy for early identification of myocardial fibrosis. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Myocardial damage typically exhibits irreversibility, underscoring the paramount importance of early fibrosis diagnosis. However, the clinical used T1 mapping for fibrosis detection still exhibits limitations in terms of sensitivity. Therefore, it is imperative to develop highly sensitive strategies for early cardiac fibrosis detection. Here, we investigated the development of myocardial fibrosis in diabetic mice, and designed a highly sensitive probe that specifically targets cardiomyopathy and high expression of MMP2 for the early diagnosis of fibrosis. The probe enables non-invasive detection of abnormalities through MRI imaging as soon as fiber deposition appear, which can be detected earlier than T1 mapping. This advancement holds great potential for clinical diagnosis of myocardial fibrosis using cardiac magnetic resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanrui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Obstet & Gynecol & Pediat Dis, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Weifeng Yan
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Chengyong Ma
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Obstet & Gynecol & Pediat Dis, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Kuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Obstet & Gynecol & Pediat Dis, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Rongrong Jin
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Huayan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Obstet & Gynecol & Pediat Dis, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Rong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Obstet & Gynecol & Pediat Dis, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jiyu Tong
- Department of Pediatrics and Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Zhigang Yang
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Yingkun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Obstet & Gynecol & Pediat Dis, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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Trentini A, Manfrinato MC, Castellazzi M, Bellini T. Sex-Related Differences of Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs): New Perspectives for These Biomarkers in Cardiovascular and Neurological Diseases. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12081196. [PMID: 35893290 PMCID: PMC9331234 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12081196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now established that sex differences occur in clinical manifestation, disease progression, and prognosis for both cardiovascular (CVDs) and central nervous system (CNS) disorders. As such, a great deal of effort is now being put into understanding these differences and turning them into “advantages”: (a) for the discovery of new sex-specific biomarkers and (b) through a review of old biomarkers from the perspective of the “newly” discovered sex/gender medicine. This is also true for matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), enzymes involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling, which play a role in both CVDs and CNS disorders. However, most of the studies conducted up to now relegated sex to a mere confounding variable used for statistical model correction rather than a determining factor that can influence MMP levels and, in turn, disease prognosis. Consistently, this approach causes a loss of information that might help clinicians in identifying novel patterns and improve the applicability of MMPs in clinical practice by providing sex-specific threshold values. In this scenario, the current review aims to gather the available knowledge on sex-related differences in MMPs levels in CVDs and CNS conditions, hoping to shed light on their use as sex-specific biomarkers of disease prognosis or progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Trentini
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
- University Center for Studies on Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Manfrinato
- University Center for Studies on Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.C.M.); (T.B.)
| | - Massimiliano Castellazzi
- University Center for Studies on Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.C.M.); (T.B.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center for the Study of Multiple Sclerosis and Inflammatory and Degenerative Diseases of the Nervous System, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Tiziana Bellini
- University Center for Studies on Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.C.M.); (T.B.)
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Mashaqi S, Mansour HM, Alameddin H, Combs D, Patel S, Estep L, Parthasarathy S. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 as a messenger in the cross talk between obstructive sleep apnea and comorbid systemic hypertension, cardiac remodeling, and ischemic stroke: a literature review. J Clin Sleep Med 2021; 17:567-591. [PMID: 33108267 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.8928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES OSA is a common sleep disorder. There is a strong link between sleep-related breathing disorders and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is a biological marker for extracellular matrix degradation, which plays a significant role in systemic hypertension, myocardial infarction and postmyocardial infarction heart failure, and ischemic stroke. This article reviews MMP-9 as an inflammatory mediator and a potential messenger between OSA and OSA-induced comorbidities. METHODS We reviewed the MEDLINE database (PubMed) for publications on MMP-9, OSA, and cardiovascular disease, identifying 1,592 studies and including and reviewing 50 articles for this work. RESULTS There is strong evidence that MMP-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 levels are elevated in patients with OSA (mainly MMP-9), systemic hypertension, myocardial infarction, and postmyocardial infarction heart failure. Our study showed variable results that could be related to the sample size or to laboratory methodology. CONCLUSIONS MMP-9 and its endogenous inhibitor, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, are a common denominator in OSA, systemic hypertension, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. This characterization makes MMP-9 a target for developing novel selective inhibitors that can serve as adjuvant therapy in patients with OSA, which may ameliorate the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular mortality associated with OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif Mashaqi
- UAHS Center for Sleep and Circadian Sciences and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Heidi M Mansour
- The University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, Arizona.,Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Hanan Alameddin
- The University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Daniel Combs
- UAHS Center for Sleep and Circadian Sciences and Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Salma Patel
- UAHS Center for Sleep and Circadian Sciences and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Lauren Estep
- UAHS Center for Sleep and Circadian Sciences and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Sairam Parthasarathy
- UAHS Center for Sleep and Circadian Sciences and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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Khamitova AF, Lakman IA, Akhmetvaleev RR, Tulbaev EL, Gareeva DF, Zagidullin SZ, Zagidullin NS. [Multifactor predictive model in patients with myocardial infarction based on modern biomarkers]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 60:14-20. [PMID: 32375611 DOI: 10.18087/cardio.2020.3.2593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective To study the prognostic role of current serum biomarkers in patients with myocardial infarction (MI) by constructing a multifactorial model for prediction of cardiovascular complications (CVC) in remote MI. Acute coronary syndrome is a major cause of death and disability in the Russian Federation. Introduction of current biomarkers, such as N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, stimulating growth factor (ST2), and centraxin-2 (Pentraxin, Ptx-3), provides more possibilities for diagnostics and calculation of risk for CVC.Materials and Methods Concentrations of biomarkers were measured in 180 patients with MI (mean age, 61.4±1.7) upon admission. At one year, specific and composite endpoints were determined (MI, acute cerebrovascular disease, admission for CVD, and cardiovascular death). Based on this information, a prognostic model for subsequent events was developed.Results A mathematical model was created for computing the development of a composite endpoint. In this model, the biomarkers NT-proBNP, Ptx-3 and, to a lesser extent, ST2 demonstrated their prognostic significance in diagnosis of CVC with a sensitivity of 78.79 % and specificity of 86.67 % (area under the curve, AUC 0.73).Conclusion In patients with remote MI, the biomarkers NT-proBNP, ST2, and Ptx-3 improve prediction of CVC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - E L Tulbaev
- Bashkir State Medical University Municipal Clinical Hospital #21
| | | | - Sh Z Zagidullin
- ФГБОУ ВО «Башкирский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России
| | - N Sh Zagidullin
- ФГБОУ ВО «Башкирский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России ГБУЗ РБ «Городская клиническая больница № 21»
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Landry N, Kavosh MS, Filomeno KL, Rattan SG, Czubryt MP, Dixon IMC. Ski drives an acute increase in MMP-9 gene expression and release in primary cardiac myofibroblasts. Physiol Rep 2019; 6:e13897. [PMID: 30488595 PMCID: PMC6429976 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many etiologies of heart disease are characterized by expansion and remodeling of the cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM or matrix) which results in cardiac fibrosis. Cardiac fibrosis is mediated in cardiac fibroblasts by TGF‐β1/R‐Smad2/3 signaling. Matrix component proteins are synthesized by activated resident cardiac fibroblasts known as myofibroblasts (MFB). These events are causal to heart failure with diastolic dysfunction and reduced cardiac filling. We have shown that exogenous Ski, a TGF‐β1/Smad repressor, localizes in the cellular nucleus and deactivates cardiac myofibroblasts. This deactivation is associated with reduction of myofibroblast marker protein expression in vitro, including alpha smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) and extracellular domain‐A (ED‐A) fibronectin. We hypothesize that Ski also acutely regulates MMP expression in cardiac MFB. While acute Ski overexpression in cardiac MFB in vitro was not associated with any change in intracellular MMP‐9 protein expression versus LacZ‐treated controls,exogenous Ski caused elevated MMP‐9 mRNA expression and increased MMP‐9 protein secretion versus controls. Zymographic analysis revealed increased MMP‐9‐specific gelatinase activity in myofibroblasts overexpressing Ski versus controls. Moreover, Ski expression was attended by reduced paxillin and focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation (FAK ‐ Tyr 397) versus controls. As myofibroblasts are hypersecretory and less motile relative to fibroblasts, Ski's reduction of paxillin and FAK expression may reflect the relative deactivation of myofibroblasts. Thus, in addition to its known antifibrotic effects, Ski overexpression elevates expression and extracellular secretion/release of MMP‐9 and thus may facilitate internal cytoskeletal remodeling as well as extracellular ECM components. Further, as acute TGF‐β1 treatment of primary cardiac MFB is known to cause rapid translocation of Ski to the nucleus, our data support an autoregulatory role for Ski in mediating cardiac ECM accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Landry
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Morvarid S Kavosh
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Krista L Filomeno
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Sunil G Rattan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Michael P Czubryt
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ian M C Dixon
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Wahart A, Hocine T, Albrecht C, Henry A, Sarazin T, Martiny L, El Btaouri H, Maurice P, Bennasroune A, Romier-Crouzet B, Blaise S, Duca L. Role of elastin peptides and elastin receptor complex in metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. FEBS J 2019; 286:2980-2993. [PMID: 30946528 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Cardiovascular Continuum describes a sequence of events from cardiovascular risk factors to end-stage heart disease. It includes conventional pathologies affecting cardiovascular functions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis or thrombosis and was traditionally considered from the metabolic point of view. This Cardiovascular Continuum, originally described by Dzau and Braunwald, was extended by O'Rourke to consider also the crucial role played by degradation of elastic fibers, occurring during aging, in the appearance of vascular stiffness, another deleterious risk factor of the continuum. However, the involvement of the elastin degradation products, named elastin-derived peptides, to the Cardiovascular Continuum progression has not been considered before. Data from our laboratory and others clearly showed that these bioactive peptides are central regulators of this continuum, thereby amplifying appearance and evolution of cardiovascular risk factors such as diabetes or hypertension, of vascular alterations such as atherothrombosis and calcification, but also nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. The Elastin Receptor Complex has been shown to be a crucial actor in these processes. We propose here the participation of these elastin-derived peptides and of the Elastin Receptor Complex in these events, and introduce a revisited Cardiovascular Continuum based on their involvement, for which elastin-based pharmacological strategies could have a strong impact in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Wahart
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France
| | - Thinhinane Hocine
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France
| | - Camille Albrecht
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France
| | - Auberi Henry
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France
| | - Thomas Sarazin
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France
| | - Laurent Martiny
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France
| | - Hassan El Btaouri
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France
| | - Pascal Maurice
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France
| | - Amar Bennasroune
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France
| | | | - Sébastien Blaise
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France
| | - Laurent Duca
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France
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Wang LL, Chung JJ, Li EC, Uman S, Atluri P, Burdick JA. Injectable and protease-degradable hydrogel for siRNA sequestration and triggered delivery to the heart. J Control Release 2018; 285:152-161. [PMID: 29981357 PMCID: PMC6134398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Injectable hydrogels have significant therapeutic potential for treatment of myocardial infarction (MI) through tissue bulking and local drug delivery, including the delivery of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). As siRNA targets are identified as potential treatments for MI, hydrogels may bolster efficacy through local and sustained release. Here, we designed an injectable hydrogel to respond to local upregulation in proteolytic activity after MI to erode and release siRNA against MMP2 (siMMP2), a target implicated in deleterious remodeling. Specifically, hyaluronic acid (HA) was modified with hydrazides or aldehydes and mixed to form shear-thinning and self-healing hydrogels through dynamic hydrazone bonds and with peptide crosslinkers that degrade in response to protease activity. HA was further modified with β-cyclodextrin to sequester cholesterol-modified siRNA, limiting passive diffusion. Hydrogels eroded in response to proteases and released active siRNA that knocked down MMP2 in primary cardiac fibroblasts. In a rat model of MI, hydrogels delivering siMMP2 attenuated hydrogel erosion by ~46% at 4 weeks when compared to hydrogels delivering control siRNA, ultimately improving myocardial thickness in the infarct. Delivery of the siMMP2 hydrogel led to significant functional improvements, including increased ejection fraction (27%, 66%), stroke volume (32%, 120%), and cardiac output (20%, 128%) when compared to controls (% increase versus hydrogels with control siRNA, % increase versus saline injection alone). This report demonstrates the utility of biomaterial-based RNA delivery systems for cardiac applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo L Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Jennifer J Chung
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Elizabeth C Li
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Selen Uman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Pavan Atluri
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Jason A Burdick
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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Kiugel M, Kytö V, Saanijoki T, Liljenbäck H, Metsälä O, Ståhle M, Tuomela J, Li XG, Saukko P, Knuuti J, Roivainen A, Saraste A. Evaluation of 68Ga-labeled peptide tracer for detection of gelatinase expression after myocardial infarction in rat. J Nucl Cardiol 2018; 25:1114-1123. [PMID: 27914007 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-016-0744-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMP-2/9) play a role in extracellular matrix remodeling after an ischemic myocardial injury. We evaluated 68Ga-DOTA-peptide targeting MMP-2/9 for the detection of gelatinase expression after myocardial infarction (MI) in rat. METHODS Rats were injected with 43 ± 7.7 MBq of 68Ga-DOTA-peptide targeting MMP-2/9 at 7 days (n = 7) or 4 weeks (n = 8) after permanent coronary ligation or sham operation (n = 5 at both time points) followed by positron emission tomography (PET). The left ventricle was cut in frozen sections for autoradiography and immunohistochemistry 30 minutes after tracer injection. RESULTS Immunohistochemical staining showed MMP-2 and MMP-9 expressing cells, CD31-positive endothelial cells, and CD68-positive macrophages in the infarcted myocardium. Autoradiography showed increased tracer uptake in the infarcted area both at 7 days and 4 weeks after MI (MI-to-remote area ratio 2.5 ± 0.46 and 3.1 ± 1.0, respectively). Tracer uptake in damaged tissue correlated with the amount of CD68-positive macrophages at 7 days after MI, and CD31-positive endothelial cells at 7 days and 4 weeks after MI. The tracer was rapidly metabolized, radioactivity in the blood exceeded that of the myocardium, and tracer accumulation in the heart was not detectable by in vivo PET. CONCLUSIONS 68Ga-DOTA-peptide targeting MMP-2/9 accumulates in the damaged rat myocardium after an ischemic injury, but tracer instability and slow clearance in vivo make it unsuitable for further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Kiugel
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, 20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Ville Kytö
- Heart Center, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tiina Saanijoki
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, 20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Heidi Liljenbäck
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, 20521, Turku, Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli Metsälä
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, 20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Mia Ståhle
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, 20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Tuomela
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Xiang-Guo Li
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, 20521, Turku, Finland
- Turku PET Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Pekka Saukko
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Juhani Knuuti
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, 20521, Turku, Finland
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Anne Roivainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, 20521, Turku, Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Antti Saraste
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, 20521, Turku, Finland.
- Heart Center, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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9
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Cao Q, Zhang J, Gao L, Zhang Y, Dai M, Bao M. Dickkopf‑3 upregulation mediates the cardioprotective effects of curcumin on chronic heart failure. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:7249-7257. [PMID: 29568962 PMCID: PMC5928680 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcumin, isolated from rhizome of turmeric, has been widely studied as a potential therapeutic drug for cancer. However, protective effects of curcumin on chronic heart failure (CHF) have not been fully studied. In the present study, the effects of curcumin on CHF and the underlying mechanisms were investigated. A total of 40 rabbits were randomized into 4 groups: Control rabbits fed with placebo (Con) or curcumin (Con‑cur), CHF rabbits fed with placebo (CHF) or curcumin (CHF‑cur). CHF was induced by volume and pressure overload. The effects of curcumin on cardiac function and left ventricular (LV) structure were assessed by echocardiography and histology. The effects of curcumin on CHF molecular biomarkers were detected by dihydroethidium and immunohistochemical staining. The effects of curcumin on Dickkopf‑related protein 3 (DKK‑3), p38 mitogen‑activated protein kinase (p38), c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase (JNK) and apoptosis signal‑regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) were assessed by immunohistochemical staining and western blot analysis. Cardiac dysfunction and LV remodeling were successfully produced by ten weeks volume overload and eight weeks pressure overload in the CHF group. Compared with the Con group, the CHF group demonstrated higher levels of CHF molecular biomarkers, a lower level of DKK‑3 expression and alterations of p38, JNK and ASK1 protein expression. Curcumin alleviated all those abnormalities markedly in the CHF‑cur group. In summary, curcumin may exert cardioprotective effects by up‑regulating DKK‑3, which in turn may inhibit p38 and JNK signaling pathways in an ASK1‑dependent way. The present study demonstrated that Dickkopf‑3 upregulation mediates the cardioprotective effects of curcumin on chronic heart failure for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Junxia Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Wuhan General Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yijie Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Mingyan Dai
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Mingwei Bao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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10
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Lindsey ML, Kassiri Z, Virag JAI, de Castro Brás LE, Scherrer-Crosbie M. Guidelines for measuring cardiac physiology in mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 314:H733-H752. [PMID: 29351456 PMCID: PMC5966769 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00339.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death, and translational research is needed to understand better mechanisms whereby the left ventricle responds to injury. Mouse models of heart disease have provided valuable insights into mechanisms that occur during cardiac aging and in response to a variety of pathologies. The assessment of cardiovascular physiological responses to injury or insult is an important and necessary component of this research. With increasing consideration for rigor and reproducibility, the goal of this guidelines review is to provide best-practice information regarding how to measure accurately cardiac physiology in animal models. In this article, we define guidelines for the measurement of cardiac physiology in mice, as the most commonly used animal model in cardiovascular research. Listen to this article’s corresponding podcast at http://ajpheart.podbean.com/e/guidelines-for-measuring-cardiac-physiology-in-mice/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merry L Lindsey
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi.,Research Service, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Zamaneh Kassiri
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Centre, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada
| | - Jitka A I Virag
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University , Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Lisandra E de Castro Brás
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University , Greenville, North Carolina
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11
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Zhong Y, Feng J, Li J, Fan Z. Curcumin prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced matrix metalloproteinase‑2 activity via the Ras/MEK1/2 signaling pathway in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:4315-4319. [PMID: 28731157 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of curcumin treatment on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced matrix metalloproteinase‑2 (MMP‑2) activity, and assess whether the effects are mediated by the Ras/mitogen‑activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2) signaling pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). VSMCs were isolated from male Sprague‑Dawley rats. Protein expression levels were analyzed by western blotting. The activity of MMP‑2 was measured with gelatin zymography, and an electrophoretic mobility shift assay was used to detect the DNA binding activity of nuclear factor‑κB (NF‑κB). Curcumin treatment was demonstrated to inhibit LPS‑induced MMP‑2 activity in rat VSMCs. This inhibitory effect was partially blocked by ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate, an inhibitor of NF‑κB activation, and farnesylthiosalicylic acid, an inhibitor of Ras. In addition, the results of the present study indicated that LPS‑induced phosphorylation of Ras homolog family member A and MEK1/2 was significantly decreased by curcumin. Furthermore, NF‑κB p65 expression in the nucleus and the DNA binding activity of NF‑κB in rat LPS‑exposed VSMCs was decreased by curcumin. Taken together, these findings suggest that curcumin prevents of LPS‑induced MMP‑2 activity through Ras/MEK1/2 and NF‑κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Jian Feng
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Jiafu Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Zhongcai Fan
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
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12
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Revuelta-López E, Soler-Botija C, Nasarre L, Benitez-Amaro A, de Gonzalo-Calvo D, Bayes-Genis A, Llorente-Cortés V. Relationship among LRP1 expression, Pyk2 phosphorylation and MMP-9 activation in left ventricular remodelling after myocardial infarction. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:1915-1928. [PMID: 28378397 PMCID: PMC5571517 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Left ventricular (LV) remodelling after myocardial infarction (MI) is a crucial determinant of the clinical course of heart failure. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activation is strongly associated with LV remodelling after MI. Elucidation of plasma membrane receptors related to the activation of specific MMPs is fundamental for treating adverse cardiac remodelling after MI. The aim of current investigation was to explore the potential association between the low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein 1 (LRP1) and MMP‐9 and MMP‐2 spatiotemporal expression after MI. Real‐time PCR and Western blot analyses showed that LRP1 mRNA and protein expression levels, respectively, were significantly increased in peri‐infarct and infarct zones at 10 and 21 days after MI. Confocal microscopy demonstrated high colocalization between LRP1 and the fibroblast marker vimentin, indicating that LRP1 is mostly expressed by cardiac fibroblasts in peri‐infarct and infarct areas. LRP1 also colocalized with proline‐rich tyrosine kinase 2 (pPyk2) and MMP‐9 in cardiac fibroblasts in ischaemic areas at 10 and 21 days after MI. Cell culture experiments revealed that hypoxia increases LRP1, pPyk2 protein levels and MMP‐9 activity in fibroblasts, without significant changes in MMP‐2 activity. MMP‐9 activation by hypoxia requires LRP1 and Pyk2 phosphorylation in fibroblasts. Collectively, our in vivo and in vitro data support a major role of cardiac fibroblast LRP1 levels on MMP‐9 up‐regulation associated with ventricular remodelling after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Revuelta-López
- Cardiovascular Research Center, CSIC-ICCC, IIB Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,ICREC (Heart Failure and Cardiac Regeneration) Research Program, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Tries i Pujol, Badalona (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Carol Soler-Botija
- ICREC (Heart Failure and Cardiac Regeneration) Research Program, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Tries i Pujol, Badalona (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Laura Nasarre
- Cardiovascular Research Center, CSIC-ICCC, IIB Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aleyda Benitez-Amaro
- Cardiovascular Research Center, CSIC-ICCC, IIB Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David de Gonzalo-Calvo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, CSIC-ICCC, IIB Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Bayes-Genis
- ICREC (Heart Failure and Cardiac Regeneration) Research Program, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Tries i Pujol, Badalona (Barcelona), Spain.,Cardiology Service, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicenta Llorente-Cortés
- Cardiovascular Research Center, CSIC-ICCC, IIB Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Immunosuppression With FTY720 Reverses Cardiac Dysfunction in Hypomorphic ApoE Mice Deficient in SR-BI Expression That Survive Myocardial Infarction Caused by Coronary Atherosclerosis. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2016; 67:47-56. [PMID: 26322923 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We recently reported that immunosuppression with FTY720 improves cardiac function and extends longevity in Hypomorphic ApoE mice deficient in scavenger receptor Type-BI expression, also known as the HypoE/SR-BI(–/–) mouse model of diet-induced coronary atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction (MI). In this study, we tested the impact of FTY720 on cardiac dysfunction in HypoE/SR-BI(–/–) mice that survive MI and subsequently develop chronic heart failure. METHODS/RESULTS HypoE/SR-BI(–/–) mice were bred to Mx1-Cre transgenic mice, and offspring were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 3.5 weeks to provoke hyperlipidemia, coronary atherosclerosis, and recurrent MIs. In contrast to our previous study, hyperlipidemia was rapidly reversed by inducible Cre-mediated gene repair of the HypoE allele and switching mice to a normal chow diet. Mice that survived the period of HFD were subsequently given oral FTY720 in drinking water or not, and left ventricular (LV) function was monitored using serial echocardiography for up to 15 weeks. In untreated mice, LV performance progressively deteriorated. Although FTY720 treatment did not initially prevent a decline of heart function among mice 6 weeks after Cre-mediated gene repair, it almost completely restored normal LV function in these mice by 15 weeks. Reversal of heart failure did not result from reduced atherosclerosis as the burden of aortic and coronary atherosclerosis actually increased to similar levels in both groups of mice. Rather, FTY720 caused systemic immunosuppression as assessed by reduced numbers of circulating T and B lymphocytes. In contrast, FTY720 did not enhance the loss of T cells or macrophages that accumulated in the heart during the HFD feeding period, but it did enhance the loss of B cells soon after plasma lipid lowering. Moreover, FTY720 potently reduced the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and genes involved in innate immunity-associated inflammation in the heart. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that immunosuppression with FTY720 prevents postinfarction myocardial remodeling and chronic heart failure.
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14
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Daniel LL, Scofield SLC, Thrasher P, Dalal S, Daniels CR, Foster CR, Singh M, Singh K. Ataxia telangiectasia-mutated kinase deficiency exacerbates left ventricular dysfunction and remodeling late after myocardial infarction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 311:H445-52. [PMID: 27288435 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00338.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia-mutated kinase (ATM), a cell cycle checkpoint protein, is activated in response to DNA damage and oxidative stress. We have previously shown that ATM deficiency is associated with increased apoptosis and fibrosis and attenuation of cardiac dysfunction early (1-7 days) following myocardial infarction (MI). Here, we tested the hypothesis that enhanced fibrosis and apoptosis, as observed early post-MI during ATM deficiency, exacerbate cardiac dysfunction and remodeling in ATM-deficient mice late post-MI. MIs were induced in wild-type (WT) and ATM heterozygous knockout (hKO) mice by ligation of the left anterior descending artery. Left ventricular (LV) structural and functional parameters were assessed by echocardiography 14 and 28 days post-MI, whereas biochemical parameters were measured 28 days post-MI. hKO-MI mice exhibited exacerbated LV dysfunction as observed by increased LV end-systolic volume and decreased percent fractional shortening and ejection fraction. Infarct size and thickness were not different between the two genotypes. Myocyte cross-sectional area was greater in hKO-MI group. The hKO-MI group exhibited increased fibrosis in the noninfarct and higher expression of α-smooth muscle actin (myofibroblast marker) in the infarct region. Apoptosis and activation of GSK-3β (proapoptotic kinase) were significantly lower in the infarct region of hKO-MI group. Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) expression was not different between the two genotypes. However, MMP-9 expression was significantly lower in the noninfarct region of hKO-MI group. Thus ATM deficiency exacerbates cardiac remodeling late post-MI with effects on cardiac function, fibrosis, apoptosis, and myocyte hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Daniel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Stephanie L C Scofield
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Patsy Thrasher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Suman Dalal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Christopher R Daniels
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Cerrone R Foster
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee; Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Mahipal Singh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Krishna Singh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee; Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee; James H. Quillen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Mountain Home, Johnson City, Tennessee
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15
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Ongstad EL, Gourdie RG. Can heart function lost to disease be regenerated by therapeutic targeting of cardiac scar tissue? Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 58:41-54. [PMID: 27234380 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction results in scar tissue that cannot actively contribute to heart mechanical function and frequently causes lethal arrhythmias. The healing response after infarction involves inflammation, biochemical signaling, changes in cellular phenotype, activity, and organization, and alterations in electrical conduction due to variations in cell and tissue geometry and alterations in protein expression, organization, and function - particularly in membrane channels. The intensive research focus on regeneration of myocardial tissues has, as of yet, only met with modest success, with no near-term prospect of improving standard-of-care for patients with heart disease. An alternative concept for novel therapeutic approach is the rejuvenation of cardiac electrical and mechanical properties through the modification of scar tissue. Several peptide therapeutics, locally applied genetic therapies, or delivery of genetically modified cells have shown promise in improving the characteristics of the fibrous scar and post-myocardial infarction prognosis in experimental models. This review highlights several factors that contribute to arrhythmogenesis in scar formation and how these might be targeted to regenerate some of the electrical and mechanical function of the post-MI scar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Ongstad
- Center for Heart and Regenerative Medicine Research, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA.
| | - Robert G Gourdie
- Center for Heart and Regenerative Medicine Research, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, 317 Kelly Hall, Stanger Street, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, Carilion Clinic, 1906 Belleview Avenue, Roanoke VA 24014, USA.
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16
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Ge L, Wu Y, Soleimani M, Khazalpour M, Takaba K, Tartibi M, Zhang Z, Acevedo-Bolton G, Saloner DA, Wallace AW, Mishra R, Grossi EA, Guccione JM, Ratcliffe MB. Moderate Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation After Posterolateral Myocardial Infarction in Sheep Alters Left Ventricular Shear but Not Normal Strain in the Infarct and Infarct Borderzone. Ann Thorac Surg 2016; 101:1691-9. [PMID: 26857634 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2015.10.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation (CIMR) is associated with poor outcome. Left ventricular (LV) strain after posterolateral myocardial infarction (MI) may drive LV remodeling. Although moderate CIMR has been previously shown to affect LV remodeling, the effect of CIMR on LV strain after posterolateral MI remains unknown. We tested the hypothesis that moderate CIMR alters LV strain after posterolateral MI. METHODS Posterolateral MI was created in 10 sheep. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging with tags was performed 2 weeks before and 2, 8, and 16 weeks after MI. The left and right ventricular volumes were measured, and regurgitant volume indexed to body surface area (regurgitant volume index) was calculated as the difference between left ventricle and right ventricle stroke volumes divided by body surface area. Three-dimensional strain was calculated. RESULTS Circumferential strain (Ecc) and longitudinal strain (Ell) were reduced in the infarct proper, MI borderzone, and remote myocardium 16 weeks after MI. In addition, radial circumferential (Erc) and radial longitudinal (Erl) shear strains were reduced in remote myocardium but increased in the infarct and borderzone 16 weeks after MI. Of all strain components, however, only Erc was affected by regurgitant volume index (p = 0.0005). There was no statistically significant effect of regurgitant volume index on Ecc, Ell, Erl, or circumferential longitudinal shear strain (Ecl). CONCLUSIONS Moderate CIMR alters radial circumferential shear strain after posterolateral MI in sheep. Further studies are needed to determine the effect of shear strain on myocyte hypertrophy and the effect of mitral repair on myocardial strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ge
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, California; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Yife Wu
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Kiyoaki Takaba
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Zhihong Zhang
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Gabriel Acevedo-Bolton
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, California; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - David A Saloner
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, California; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Arthur W Wallace
- Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, California; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Rakesh Mishra
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Eugene A Grossi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Julius M Guccione
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, California; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Mark B Ratcliffe
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, California; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California.
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17
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Matrix metalloproteinases as input and output signals for post-myocardial infarction remodeling. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 91:134-40. [PMID: 26721597 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite current optimal therapeutic regimens, approximately one in four patients diagnosed with myocardial infarction (MI) will go on to develop congestive heart failure, and heart failure has a high five-year mortality rate of 50%. Elucidating mechanisms whereby heart failure develops post-MI, therefore, is highly needed. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are key enzymes involved in post-MI remodeling of the left ventricle (LV). While MMPs process cytokine and extracellular matrix (ECM) substrates to regulate the inflammatory and fibrotic components of the wound healing response to MI, MMPs also serve as upstream signaling initiators with direct actions on cell signaling cascades. In this review, we summarize the current literature regarding MMP roles in post-MI LV remodeling. We also identify the current knowledge gaps and provide templates for experiments to fill these gaps. A more complete understanding of MMP roles, particularly with regards to upstream signaling roles, may provide new strategies to limit adverse LV remodeling.
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18
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Altara R, Manca M, Sabra R, Eid AA, Booz GW, Zouein FA. Temporal cardiac remodeling post-myocardial infarction: dynamics and prognostic implications in personalized medicine. Heart Fail Rev 2015; 21:25-47. [PMID: 26498937 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-015-9513-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite dramatic improvements in short-term mortality rates following myocardial infarction (MI), long-term survival for MI patients who progress to heart failure remains poor. MI occurs when the left ventricle (LV) is deprived of oxygen for a sufficient period of time to induce irreversible necrosis of the myocardium. The LV response to MI involves significant tissue, cellular, and molecular level modifications, as well as substantial hemodynamic changes that feedback negatively to amplify the response. Inflammation to remove necrotic myocytes and fibroblast activation to form a scar are key wound healing responses that are highly variable across individuals. Few biomarkers of early remodeling stages are currently clinically adopted. The discovery of underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and associated novel biomarkers has the potential of improving prognostic capability and therapeutic monitoring. Combining these biomarkers with other prominent ones could constitute a powerful diagnostic and prognostic tool that directly reflects the pathophysiological remodeling of the LV. Understanding temporal remodeling at the tissue, cellular, and molecular level and its link to a well-defined set of biomarkers at early stages post-MI is a prerequisite for improving personalized care and devising more successful therapeutic interventions. Here we summarize the integral mechanisms that occur during early cardiac remodeling in the post-MI setting and highlight the most prominent biomarkers for assessing disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Altara
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Marco Manca
- DG-DI, Medical Applications, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ramzi Sabra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Assaad A Eid
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - George W Booz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Fouad A Zouein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
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19
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Mani SK, Kern CB, Kimbrough D, Addy B, Kasiganesan H, Rivers WT, Patel RK, Chou JC, Spinale FG, Mukherjee R, Menick DR. Inhibition of class I histone deacetylase activity represses matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 expression and preserves LV function postmyocardial infarction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 308:H1391-401. [PMID: 25795711 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00390.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Left ventricular (LV) remodeling, after myocardial infarction (MI), can result in LV dilation and LV pump dysfunction. Post-MI induction of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), particularly MMP-2 and MMP-9, have been implicated as causing deleterious effects on LV and extracellular matrix remodeling in the MI region and within the initially unaffected remote zone. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are a class of enzymes that affect the transcriptional regulation of genes during pathological conditions. We assessed the efficacy of both class I/IIb- and class I-selective HDAC inhibitors on MMP-2 and MMP-9 abundance and determined if treatment resulted in the attenuation of adverse LV and extracellular matrix remodeling and improved LV pump function post-MI. MI was surgically induced in MMP-9 promoter reporter mice and randomized for treatment with a class I/IIb HDAC inhibitor for 7 days post-MI. After MI, LV dilation, LV pump dysfunction, and activation of the MMP-9 gene promoter were significantly attenuated in mice treated with either the class I/IIb HDAC inhibitor tichostatin A or suberanilohydroxamic acid (voronistat) compared with MI-only mice. Immunohistological staining and zymographic levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were reduced with either tichostatin A or suberanilohydroxamic acid treatment. Class I HDAC activity was dramatically increased post-MI. Treatment with the selective class I HDAC inhibitor PD-106 reduced post-MI levels of both MMP-2 and MMP-9 and attenuated LV dilation and LV pump dysfunction post-MI, similar to class I/IIb HDAC inhibition. Taken together, these unique findings demonstrate that selective inhibition of class I HDACs may provide a novel therapeutic means to attenuate adverse LV remodeling post-MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhosh K Mani
- Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Christine B Kern
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Denise Kimbrough
- Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Benjamin Addy
- Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Harinath Kasiganesan
- Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - William T Rivers
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Risha K Patel
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - James C Chou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Francis G Spinale
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Rupak Mukherjee
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Donald R Menick
- Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; and
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20
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Lovett DH, Chu C, Wang G, Ratcliffe MB, Baker AJ. A N-terminal truncated intracellular isoform of matrix metalloproteinase-2 impairs contractility of mouse myocardium. Front Physiol 2014; 5:363. [PMID: 25309453 PMCID: PMC4174733 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The full-length isoform of matrixmetalloproteinase-2 (FL-MMP-2) plays a role in turnover of the cardiac extracellular matrix. FL-MMP-2 is also present intracellularly in association with sarcomeres and, in the setting of oxidative stress, cleaves myofilament proteins with resultant impaired contractility. Recently, a novel N-terminal truncated MMP-2 isoform (NTT-MMP-2) generated during oxidative stress was identified and shown to induce severe systolic failure; however, the injury mechanisms remained unclear. In this study, cardiac-specific NTT-MMP-2 transgenic mice were used to determine the physiological effects of NTT-MMP-2 on: force development of intact myocardium; the function of cardiac myofilaments in demembranated myocardium; and on intracellular Ca2+ transients in isolated myocytes. We related the contractile defects arising from NTT-MMP-2 expression to the known intracellular locations of NTT-MMP-2 determined using immunohistochemistry. Comparison was made with the pathophysiology arising from cardiac-specific FL-MMP-2 transgenic mice. Consistent with previous studies, FL-MMP-2 was localized to myofilaments, while NTT-MMP-2 was concentrated within subsarcolemmal mitochondria and to sites in register with the Z-line. NTT-MMP-2 expression caused a 50% reduction of force development by intact myocardium. However, NTT-MMP-2 expression did not reduce myofilament force development, consistent with the lack of NTT-MMP-2 localization to myofilaments. NTT-MMP-2 expression caused a 50% reduction in the amplitude of Ca2+ transients, indicating impaired activation. Conclusions: Unlike FL-MMP-2, NTT-MMP-2 does not mediate myofilament damage. Instead, NTT-MMP-2 causes impaired myocyte activation, which may involve effects due to localization in mitochondria and/or to transverse tubules affecting Ca2+ transients. Thus, FL-MMP-2 and NTT-MMP-2 have discrete intracellular locations and mediate different intracellular damage to cardiac myocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Lovett
- Cardiology Division, San Francisco Veteran Affairs Medical Center San Francisco, CA, USA ; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Charles Chu
- Cardiology Division, San Francisco Veteran Affairs Medical Center San Francisco, CA, USA ; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Guanying Wang
- Cardiology Division, San Francisco Veteran Affairs Medical Center San Francisco, CA, USA ; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark B Ratcliffe
- Cardiology Division, San Francisco Veteran Affairs Medical Center San Francisco, CA, USA ; Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA ; Joint UC Berkeley/UCSF Bioengineering Group San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anthony J Baker
- Cardiology Division, San Francisco Veteran Affairs Medical Center San Francisco, CA, USA ; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
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Azevedo A, Prado AF, Antonio RC, Issa JP, Gerlach RF. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in cardiovascular diseases. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 115:301-14. [PMID: 24974977 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This MiniReview describes the essential biochemical and molecular aspects of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and briefly discusses how they engage in different diseases, with particular emphasis on cardiovascular diseases. There is compelling scientific evidence that many MMPs, especially MMP-2, play important roles in the development of cardiovascular diseases; inhibition of these enzymes is beneficial to many cardiovascular conditions, sometimes precluding or postponing end-organ damage and fatal outcomes. Conducting comprehensive discussions and further studies on how MMPs participate in cardiovascular diseases is important, because inhibition of these enzymes may be an alternative or an adjuvant for current cardiovascular disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Azevedo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
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22
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Xie J, Zhang Q, Zhu T, Zhang Y, Liu B, Xu J, Zhao H. Substrate stiffness-regulated matrix metalloproteinase output in myocardial cells and cardiac fibroblasts: implications for myocardial fibrosis. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:2463-72. [PMID: 24508540 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis, an important pathological feature of structural remodeling, contributes to ventricular stiffness, diastolic dysfunction, arrhythmia and may even lead to sudden death. Matrix stiffness, one of the many mechanical factors acting on cells, is increasingly appreciated as an important mediator of myocardial cell behavior. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates were fabricated with different stiffnesses to mimic physiological and pathological heart tissues, and the way in which the elastic modulus of the substrate regulated matrix-degrading gelatinases in myocardial cells and cardiac fibroblasts was explored. Initially, an increase in cell spreading area was observed, concomitant with the increase in PDMS stiffness in both cells. Later, it was demonstrated that the MMP-2 gene expression and protein activity in myocardial cells and cardiac fibroblasts can be enhanced with an increase in PDMS substrate stiffness and, moreover, such gene- and protein-related increases had a significant linear correlation with the elastic modulus. In comparison, the MMP-9 gene and protein expressions were up-regulated in cardiac fibroblasts only, not in myocardial cells. These results implied that myocardial cells and cardiac fibroblasts in the myocardium could sense the stiffness in pathological fibrosis and showed a differential but positive response in the expression of matrix-degrading gelatinases when exposed to an increased stiffening of the matrix in the microenvironment. The phenomenon of cells sensing pathological matrix stiffness can help to increase understanding of the mechanism underlying myocardial fibrosis and may ultimately lead to planning cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xie
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanyou Zhang
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China; Department of Engineering Mechanics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhu
- School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Bailin Liu
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwen Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530023, People's Republic of China
| | - Hucheng Zhao
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.
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23
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O'Sullivan S, Medina C, Ledwidge M, Radomski MW, Gilmer JF. Nitric oxide-matrix metaloproteinase-9 interactions: biological and pharmacological significance--NO and MMP-9 interactions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:603-17. [PMID: 24333402 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) levels are found to increase in inflammation states and in cancer, and their levels may be reciprocally modulated. Understanding interactions between NO and MMP-9 is of biological and pharmacological relevance and may prove crucial in designing new therapeutics. The reciprocal interaction between NO and MMP-9 have been studied for nearly twenty years but to our knowledge, are yet to be the subject of a review. This review provides a summary of published data regarding the complex and sometimes contradictory effects of NO on MMP-9. We also analyse molecular mechanisms modulating and mediating NO-MMP-9 interactions. Finally, a potential therapeutic relevance of these interactions is presented.
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van Duijnhoven SM, Robillard MS, Hermann S, Kuhlmann MT, Schäfers M, Nicolay K, Grüll H. Imaging of MMP Activity in Postischemic Cardiac Remodeling Using Radiolabeled MMP-2/9 Activatable Peptide Probes. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:1415-23. [DOI: 10.1021/mp400569k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sander M.J. van Duijnhoven
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5656 Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Center for Imaging
Research and Education (CIRE), 5656 Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marc S. Robillard
- Center for Imaging
Research and Education (CIRE), 5656 Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department
of Minimally Invasive Healthcare, Philips Research, 5656 Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Hermann
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Michael Schäfers
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Klaas Nicolay
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5656 Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Center for Imaging
Research and Education (CIRE), 5656 Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Holger Grüll
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5656 Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Center for Imaging
Research and Education (CIRE), 5656 Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department
of Minimally Invasive Healthcare, Philips Research, 5656 Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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25
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Zitta K, Meybohm P, Bein B, Gruenewald M, Lauer F, Steinfath M, Cremer J, Zacharowski K, Albrecht M. Activities of cardiac tissue matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 are reduced by remote ischemic preconditioning in cardiosurgical patients with cardiopulmonary bypass. J Transl Med 2014; 12:94. [PMID: 24712447 PMCID: PMC4234318 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transient episodes of ischemia in a remote organ or tissue (remote ischemic preconditioning, RIPC) can attenuate myocardial injury. Myocardial damage is associated with tissue remodeling and the matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMP-2/9) are crucially involved in these events. Here we investigated the effects of RIPC on the activities of heart tissue MMP-2/9 and their correlation with serum concentrations of cardiac troponin T (cTnT), a marker for myocardial damage. Methods In cardiosurgical patients with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) RIPC was induced by four 5 minute cycles of upper limb ischemia/reperfusion. Cardiac tissue was obtained before as well as after CPB and serum cTnT concentrations were measured. Tissue derived from control patients (N = 17) with high cTnT concentrations (≥0.32 ng/ml) and RIPC patients (N = 18) with low cTnT (≤0.32 ng/ml) was subjected to gelatin zymography to quantify MMP-2/9 activities. Results In cardiac biopsies obtained before CPB, activities of MMP-2/9 were attenuated in the RIPC group (MMP-2: Control, 1.13 ± 0.13 a.u.; RIPC, 0.71 ± 0.12 a.u.; P < 0.05. MMP-9: Control, 1.50 ± 0.16 a.u.; RIPC, 0.87 ± 0.14 a.u.; P < 0.01), while activities of the pro-MMPs were not altered (P > 0.05). In cardiac biopsies taken after CPB activities of pro- and active MMP-2/9 were not different between the groups (P > 0.05). Spearman’s rank tests showed that MMP-2/9 activities in cardiac tissue obtained before CPB were positively correlated with postoperative cTnT serum levels (MMP-2, P = 0.016; MMP-9, P = 0.015). Conclusions Activities of MMP-2/9 in cardiac tissue obtained before CPB are attenuated by RIPC and are positively correlated with serum concentrations of cTnT. MMPs may represent potential targets for RIPC mediated cardioprotection. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier
NCT00877305.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Martin Albrecht
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.
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26
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Kwon JS, Kim YS, Cho AS, Cho HH, Kim JS, Hong MH, Jeong HY, Kang WS, Hwang KK, Bae JW, Jeong MH, Cho MC, Ahn Y. Regulation of MMP/TIMP by HUVEC transplantation attenuates ventricular remodeling in response to myocardial infarction. Life Sci 2014; 101:15-26. [PMID: 24560960 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We elucidated the therapeutic potential of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) for ameliorating progressive heart failure in a myocardial infarction (MI) rat model. MAIN METHODS MI was induced by ligation of left anterior descending artery, and HUVEC was transplanted 1week after MI. Cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography, and histological analyses were performed. KEY FINDINGS Phosphate-buffered saline (MI-V, n=5) or HUVEC (MI-HV, n=5) were injected into the border zone and infarcted area 7days after ligation of the left coronary artery in rats. The MI-HV group showed attenuation of left ventricular (LV) remodeling compared with the MI-V group. In the infarcted myocardium, a few of injected HUVEC was retained up to 28days. The ratios of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 or MMP-9 to tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 or TIMP-3 were decreased in the MI-HV group compared with the MI-V group. In vivo zymography analysis showed that HUVEC transplantation decreased the activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9. In immunohistochemistry, decreased MMP-2 and increased TIMP-1 and TIMP-3 expression were observed at 48h after HUVEC transplantation. These effects on MMP/TIMP balance were inhibited by L-NAME administration (an eNOS inhibitor, 10mg/kg). NOS inhibition decreased the protein expressions of TIMP-1 and TIMP-3 but did not change the protein expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9. SIGNIFICANCE Our data suggest that altered balance between MMP and TIMP by HUVEC transplantation contributed to attenuation of ventricular remodeling after MI via eNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sook Kwon
- Research Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sook Kim
- Research Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ae Shin Cho
- Research Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang Hee Cho
- Research Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Sook Kim
- Research Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Hwa Hong
- Research Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Yun Jeong
- Research Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Center of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Seok Kang
- Research Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Center of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Kuk Hwang
- Department of Cardiology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Whan Bae
- Department of Cardiology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Ho Jeong
- Department of Cardiology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong-Chan Cho
- Department of Cardiology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youngkeun Ahn
- Research Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Department of Cardiology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
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27
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Foster CR, Daniel LL, Daniels CR, Dalal S, Singh M, Singh K. Deficiency of ataxia telangiectasia mutated kinase modulates cardiac remodeling following myocardial infarction: involvement in fibrosis and apoptosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83513. [PMID: 24358288 PMCID: PMC3865210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia mutated kinase (ATM) is a cell cycle checkpoint protein activated in response to DNA damage. We recently reported that ATM plays a protective role in myocardial remodeling following β-adrenergic receptor stimulation. Here we investigated the role of ATM in cardiac remodeling using myocardial infarction (MI) as a model. Methods and Results: Left ventricular (LV) structure, function, apoptosis, fibrosis, and protein levels of apoptosis- and fibrosis-related proteins were examined in wild-type (WT) and ATM heterozygous knockout (hKO) mice 7 days post-MI. Infarct sizes were similar in both MI groups. However, infarct thickness was higher in hKO-MI group. Two dimensional M-mode echocardiography revealed decreased percent fractional shortening (%FS) and ejection fraction (EF) in both MI groups when compared to their respective sham groups. However, the decrease in %FS and EF was significantly greater in WT-MI vs hKO-MI. LV end systolic and diastolic diameters were greater in WT-MI vs hKO-MI. Fibrosis, apoptosis, and α-smooth muscle actin staining was significantly higher in hKO-MI vs WT-MI. MMP-2 protein levels and activity were increased to a similar extent in the infarct regions of both groups. MMP-9 protein levels were increased in the non-infarct region of WT-MI vs WT-sham. MMP-9 protein levels and activity were significantly lower in the infarct region of WT vs hKO. TIMP-2 protein levels similarly increased in both MI groups, whereas TIMP-4 protein levels were significantly lower in the infarct region of hKO group. Phosphorylation of p53 protein was higher, while protein levels of manganese superoxide dismutase were significantly lower in the infarct region of hKO vs WT. In vitro, inhibition of ATM using KU-55933 increased oxidative stress and apoptosis in cardiac myocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cerrone R. Foster
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H Quillen College of Medicine, James H Quillen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Laura L. Daniel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H Quillen College of Medicine, James H Quillen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Christopher R. Daniels
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H Quillen College of Medicine, James H Quillen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Suman Dalal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H Quillen College of Medicine, James H Quillen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Mahipal Singh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H Quillen College of Medicine, James H Quillen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Krishna Singh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H Quillen College of Medicine, James H Quillen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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28
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Bellafiore M, Battaglia G, Bianco A, Farina F, Palma A, Paoli A. The involvement of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in heart exercise-related angiogenesis. J Transl Med 2013; 11:283. [PMID: 24195673 PMCID: PMC3827823 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the involvement of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in cardiac vascular remodelling induced by exercise. Our aim was to evaluate and localize MMP-2 and MMP-9's activities in relation to capillary proliferation in mouse hearts trained for 15, 30 and 45 days. METHODS Sixty-three mice were randomly assigned to 7 groups: four control sedentary groups (C0, C15, C30 and C45) and three groups trained by an endurance protocol (T15, T30 and T45). MMP-2 and MMP-9 were examined with zymography and immunostaining analyses. Capillary proliferation was evaluated counting the number of CD31-positive cells. RESULTS Different activity patterns of the latent form of both MMPs were found. Pro-MMP-9 increased after 15 days of training; whereas pro-MMP-2 gradually decreased after 30 and 45 days of training below the control groups. The latter was inversely correlated with capillary growth. MMP-9 was mainly localized in myocardiocytes and less evident in capillaries. Conversely, MMP-2 was more intense in capillary endothelial cells and slightly in myocardiocytes. CONCLUSIONS A different spatiotemporal modulation of pro-MMP-2 and pro-MMP-9 activities has been detected in the myocardium during angiogenesis related to the aerobic training. These results can be useful to draw up training protocols for improving the performance of healthy and diseased human hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Bellafiore
- Department of Legal, Society and Sport Sciences, University of Palermo, Via E, Duse 2, 90146 Palermo, Italy.
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29
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Halade GV, Jin YF, Lindsey ML. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9: a proximal biomarker for cardiac remodeling and a distal biomarker for inflammation. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 139:32-40. [PMID: 23562601 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adverse cardiac remodeling following myocardial infarction (MI) remains a significant cause of congestive heart failure. Additional and novel strategies that improve our ability to predict, diagnose, or treat remodeling are needed. Numerous groups have explored single and multiple biomarker strategies to identify diagnostic prognosticators of remodeling progression, which will improve our ability to promptly and accurately identify high-risk individuals. The identification of better clinical indicators should further lead to more effective prediction and timely treatment. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9) is one potential biomarker for cardiac remodeling, as demonstrated by both animal models and clinical studies. In animal MI models, MMP-9 expression significantly increases and is linked with inflammation, diabetic microvascular complications, extracellular matrix degradation and synthesis, and cardiac dysfunction. Clinical studies have also established a relationship between MMP-9 and post-MI remodeling and mortality, making MMP-9 a viable candidate to add to the multiple biomarker list. By definition, a proximal biomarker shows a close relationship with its target disease, whereas a distal biomarker exhibits non-targeted disease modifying outcomes. In this review, we explore the ability of MMP-9 to serve as a proximal biomarker for cardiac remodeling and a distal biomarker for inflammation. We summarize the current molecular basis and clinical platform that allow us to include MMP-9 as a biomarker in both categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh V Halade
- San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, United States
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30
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Left ventricular myocardial contractility is depressed in the borderzone after posterolateral myocardial infarction. Ann Thorac Surg 2013; 95:1619-25. [PMID: 23523189 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contractility in the borderzone (BZ) after anteroapical myocardial infarction (MI) is depressed. We tested the hypothesis that BZ contractility is also decreased after posterolateral MI. METHODS Five sheep underwent posterolateral MI. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed 2 weeks before and 16 weeks after MI, and left ventricular (LV) volume and regional strain were measured. Finite element (FE) models were constructed, and the systolic material parameter, Tmax, was calculated in the BZ and remote myocardium by minimizing the difference between experimentally measured and calculated LV strain and volume. Sheep were sacrificed 17 weeks after MI, and myocardial muscle fibers were taken from the BZ and remote myocardium. Fibers were chemically demembranated, and isometric developed force, Fmax, was measured at supramaximal [Ca(2+)]. Routine light microscopy was also performed. RESULTS There was no difference in Tmax in the remote myocardium before and 16 weeks after MI. However, there was a large decrease (63.3%, p = 0.005) in Tmax in the BZ when compared with the remote myocardium 16 weeks after MI. In addition, there was a significant reduction of BZ Fmax for all samples (18.9%, p = 0.0067). Myocyte cross-sectional area increased by 61% (p = 0.021) in the BZ, but there was no increase in fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS Contractility in the BZ is significantly depressed relative to the remote myocardium after posterolateral MI. The reduction in contractility is due at least in part to a decrease in contractile protein function.
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31
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Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex entity containing a large portfolio of structural proteins, signaling molecules, and proteases. Changes in the overall integrity and activational state of these ECM constituents can contribute to tissue structure and function, which is certainly true of the myocardium. Changes in the expression patterns and activational states of a family of ECM proteolytic enzymes, the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), have been identified in all forms of left ventricle remodeling and can be a contributory factor in the progression to heart failure. However, new clinical and basic research has identified some surprising and unpredicted changes in MMP profiles in left ventricle remodeling processes, such as with pressure or volume overload, as well as with myocardial infarction. From these studies, it has become recognized that proteolytic processing of signaling molecules by certain MMP types, particularly the transmembrane MMPs, actually may facilitate ECM accumulation and modulate fibroblast transdifferentiation; both are critical events in adverse left ventricle remodeling. Based on the ever-increasing substrates and diversity of biological actions of MMPs, it is likely that continued research about the relationship of left ventricle remodeling in this family of proteases will yield new insights into the ECM remodeling process and new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis G Spinale
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, CBA, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, 6439 Garners Ferry Rd, Columbia, SC, USA.
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32
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Bai X, Fang R, Zhang S, Shi X, Wang Z, Chen X, Yang J, Hou X, Nie Y, Li Y, Tian W. Self-cross-linkable hydrogels composed of partially oxidized alginate and gelatin for myocardial infarction repair. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911512473230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Calcium cross-linked alginate hydrogel has shown positive results for the treatment of myocardial infarction in both acute and chronic rat models. However, cross-linked alginate hydrogels possess poor mechanical properties, uncontrollable degradation, and poor cell adhesion and infiltration. In this study, covalent cross-linking of partially oxidized alginate and gelatin hydrogel was developed for myocardial infarction treatment, as compared to cross-linked alginate hydrogel and saline. Specifically, the gelation process, mechanical properties, and biodegradation of both cross-linked alginate hydrogel and oxidized alginate and gelatin hydrogel were examined in vitro and in vivo; and a rat myocardial infarction model was developed by injecting hydrogel into hearts, and postinjection, echocardiography was performed at 2, 4, and 6 weeks, respectively. Matrix metalloprotease-2/9 activity was also examined by in situ zymography on frozen slices of the treated hearts. Based on the results, that both hydrogels enhanced scar thickness and attenuated heart remodeling compared with the saline control group and that, compared to cross-linked alginate hydrogel, oxidized alginate and gelatin hydrogel exhibited the increased mechanical strength, enhanced angiogenesis, and stronger cell-recruiting capacity. It has also been illustrated that oxidized alginate and gelatin hydrogel–treated hearts have much weaker cardiac remodeling, enhanced extracellular matrix accumulation, and reduced matrix metalloprotease activity than cross-linked alginate hydrogel–treated ones. All results suggest oxidized alginate and gelatin hydrogel may be more suitable for the myocardial infarction treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuping Bai
- Bio-X Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Rui Fang
- Bio-X Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Song Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, P. R. China
| | - Xinli Shi
- Center for Medical Device Evaluation, State Food and Drug Administration, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zeli Wang
- Bio-X Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Xiongbiao Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Tourism Culinary, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolu Hou
- Department of cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Yongzhan Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, P. R. China
| | - Yu Li
- Bio-X Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Weiming Tian
- Bio-X Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, P. R. China
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33
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Kampourides N, Tziakas D, Chalikias G, Papazoglou D, Maltezos E, Symeonides D, Konstantinides S. Usefulness of matrix metalloproteinase-9 plasma levels to identify patients with preserved left ventricular systolic function after acute myocardial infarction who could benefit from eplerenone. Am J Cardiol 2012; 110:1085-91. [PMID: 22742718 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We sought to assess possible interactions between eplerenone use and a plasma marker of collagen turnover on prognosis in patients after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and preserved left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (≥40%). Three hundred three patients with AMI (58 ± 11 years old, 249 men) and preserved systolic LV function were studied prospectively for 24 months. Plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were assessed on day 7 after AMI. Patients were categorized according to whether (n = 201) or not (n = 102) they received eplerenone (25 mg/day) and their baseline MMP-9 levels using the cut-off level suggested by receiver operating characteristics analysis (12.7 ng/ml). Death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal reinfarction, hospitalization for unstable angina, and development of heart failure symptoms were considered study end points. Eplerenone use was not associated with better prognosis in the entire study group (p = 0.132). However, a significant beneficial eplerenone effect on outcome was observed in patients with low baseline levels of MMP-9 (event-free survival for eplerenone vs noneplerenone arm 65% vs 35%, p = 0.005). Eplerenone had no effect (p = 0.741) in the subgroup of patients with high baseline MMP-9 levels. In conclusion, in patients after AMI with preserved LV systolic function, low baseline levels of MMP-9 identify a subgroup of patients in whom eplerenone use is associated with a survival benefit.
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Guenzinger R, Lahm H, Wottke M, Lange R. Role of metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases during cardiopulmonary bypass in rats. ASAIO J 2012; 58:204-11. [PMID: 22395114 DOI: 10.1097/mat.0b013e31824709d5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs) regulate matrix remodeling in the heart. Changes in synthesis and release of MMPs and TIMPs are observed after extracorporeal circulation (ECC). Thus, MMPs and TIMPs are supposed to be involved in ECC-mediated cardiac dysfunction. The aim was to examine the role of MMPs and TIMPs in ECC-mediated cardiac dysfunction. Extracorporeal circulation was instituted in rats for 60 min at a flow rate of 120 ml/kg/min. Three groups (n = 10) were studied: group CAO: 60 min ECC without aortic cross-clamping, group CAC: 60 min ECC including 30 min aortic cross-clamping (crystalloid Inzolen(®) cardioplegia), and group CAB: 60 min ECC including 30 min aortic cross-clamping (blood cardioplegia). Left ventricular (LV) function was measured with conductance catheter. Matrix metalloproteinase-activity was determined by zymography and TIMP activity was determined by reverse zymography. Gene expression of MMPs and TIMPs was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Sixty minutes after weaning from bypass, there was a preserved LV function in the CAO and CAB group and an impaired LV function in the CAC group. We observed an increased myocardial activity and an increased myocardial messenger RNA expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-4 in all ECC groups, when compared with sham animals. With regard to enzyme activity, there was an imbalance of MMP/TIMP ratio leading to an increased activity of MMP in the CAC group. In terms of gene expression, there was an imbalance of MMP-2/TIMP-4 ratio leading to an increased expression of MMP-2 in the CAC group. MMP-2 contributes to myocardial reperfusion injury in this in vivo model of ECC with cardioplegic arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Guenzinger
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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Turner NA, Porter KE. Regulation of myocardial matrix metalloproteinase expression and activity by cardiac fibroblasts. IUBMB Life 2012; 64:143-50. [PMID: 22215527 DOI: 10.1002/iub.594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts (CF) play a key role in orchestrating the structural remodeling of the myocardium in response to injury or stress, in part through direct regulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover. The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of over 25 zinc-dependent proteases that together have the capacity to degrade all the protein components of the ECM. Fibroblasts are a major source of several MMPs in the heart, thereby representing a viable therapeutic target for regulating ECM turnover in cardiac pathologies characterized by adverse remodeling, such as myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, hypertension and heart failure. This review summarizes current knowledge on the identity and regulation of MMPs expressed by CF and discusses future directions for reducing adverse myocardial remodeling by modulating the expression and/or activity of CF-derived MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Turner
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics (LIGHT) and Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre (MCRC), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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Invited commentary. Ann Thorac Surg 2011; 92:1442-3. [PMID: 21958794 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2011.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pereira MJN, Carvalho IF, Karp JM, Ferreira LS. Sensing the cardiac environment: exploiting cues for regeneration. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2011; 4:616-30. [PMID: 21735303 PMCID: PMC3334359 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-011-9299-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent pre-clinical and clinical studies indicate that certain exogenous stem cells and biomaterials can preserve cardiac tissue after myocardial infarction. Regarding stem cells, a growing body of data suggests that the short-term positive outcomes are mainly attributed to paracrine signaling mechanisms. The release of such factors is due to the cell's ability to sense cardiac environmentally derived cues, though the exact feedback loops are still poorly understood. However, given the limited engraftment and survival of transplanted cells in the ischemic environment, the long-term clinical benefits of these therapies have not yet been realized. To overcome this, the long-term controlled delivery of bioactive factors using biomaterials is a promising approach. A major challenge has been the ability to develop timely and spatially controlled gradients of different cues, pivotal for the development and regeneration of tissues. In addition, given the complexity of the remodeling process after myocardial infarction, multiple factors may be required at distinct disease stages to maximize therapeutic outcomes. Therefore, novel smart materials that can sense the surrounding environment and generate cues through on demand mechanisms will be of major importance in the translation of these promising advanced therapies. This article reviews how the cardiac environment can mediate the release profiles of bioactive cues from cells and biomaterials and how the controlled delivery impacts heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria José Nunes Pereira
- Center of Neurosciences and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3004-417 Coimbra, Portugal. Center for Regenerative Therapeutics and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 1350 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey M. Karp
- Center for Regenerative Therapeutics and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 1350 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Lino S. Ferreira
- Center of Neurosciences and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3004-417 Coimbra, Portugal. Biocant- Center of Biotechnology Innovation Center, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
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Dejonckheere E, Vandenbroucke RE, Libert C. Matrix metalloproteinases as drug targets in ischemia/reperfusion injury. Drug Discov Today 2011; 16:762-78. [PMID: 21745586 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Deficient blood supply (ischemia) is a common consequence of some surgical procedures and certain pathologies. Once blood circulation is re-established (reperfusion), a complex series of events results in recruitment of inflammatory cells, rearrangement of the extracellular matrix and induction of cell death, which lead to organ dysfunction. Although ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is an important cause of death, there is no effective therapy targeting the molecular mechanism of disease progression. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are important regulators of many cellular activities, have a central role in disease progression after I/R injury, as suggested by numerous studies using MMP inhibitors or MMP-deficient mice. Here, we review the involvement of MMP activity in the various processes following I/R injury and the therapeutic potential of MMP inhibition.
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Ramani R, Nilles K, Gibson G, Burkhead B, Mathier M, McNamara D, McTiernan CF. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 gene delivery ameliorates postinfarction cardiac remodeling. Clin Transl Sci 2011; 4:24-31. [PMID: 21348952 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-8062.2010.00252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Adenoviral-mediated (AdV-T2) overexpression of TIMP-2 would blunt ventricular remodeling and improve survival in a murine model of chronic ischemic injury. METHODS Male mice (n = 124) aged 10-14 weeks underwent either (1) left coronary artery ligation to induce myocardial infarction (MI group, n = 36), (2) myocardial injection of 6 × 10¹⁰ viral particles of AdV-T2 immediately post-MI (MI + T2 group, n = 30), (3) myocardial injection of 6 × 10¹⁰ viral particles of a control adenovirus (MI + Ct, n = 38), or 4) received no intervention (controls, n = 20). On post-MI day 7, surviving mice (n = 79) underwent echocardiographic, immunohistochemical, and biochemical analysis. RESULTS In infarcted animals, the MI + T2 group demonstrated improved survival (p < 0.02), better preservation of developed pressure and ventricular diameter (p < 0.04), and the lowest expression and activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 (p < 0.04) compared with MI and MI + Ct groups. All infarcted hearts displayed significantly increased inflammatory cell infiltration (p < 0.04 vs. control, MI, or MI + T2), with infiltration highest in the MI + Ct group and lowest in the MI + T2 group (p < 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Adenoviral mediated myocardial delivery of the TIMP-2 gene improves post-MI survival and limits adverse remodeling in a murine model of MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Ramani
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Salvianolic acid B functioned as a competitive inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and efficiently prevented cardiac remodeling. BMC Pharmacol 2010; 10:10. [PMID: 20735854 PMCID: PMC2940789 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2210-10-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infarct-induced left ventricular (LV) remodeling is a deleterious consequence after acute myocardial infarction (MI) which may further advance to congestive heart failure. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies to attenuate the effects of LV remodeling are urgently needed. Salvianolic acid B (SalB) from Salviae mitiorrhizae, which has been widely used in China for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, is a potential candidate for therapeutic intervention of LV remodeling targeting matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Results Molecular modeling and LIGPLOT analysis revealed in silico docking of SalB at the catalytic site of MMP-9. Following this lead, we expressed truncated MMP-9 which contains only the catalytic domain, and used this active protein for in-gel gelatin zymography, enzymatic analysis, and SalB binding by Biacore. Data generated from these assays indicated that SalB functioned as a competitive inhibitor of MMP-9. In our rat model for cardiac remodeling, western blot, echocardiography, hemodynamic measurement and histopathological detection were used to detect the effects and mechanism of SalB on cardio-protection. Our results showed that in MI rat, SalB selectively inhibited MMP-9 activities without affecting MMP-9 expression while no effect of SalB was seen on MMP-2. Moreover, SalB treatment in MI rat could efficiently increase left ventricle wall thickness, improve heart contractility, and decrease heart fibrosis. Conclusions As a competitive inhibitor of MMP-9, SalB presents significant effects on preventing LV structural damage and preserving cardiac function. Further studies to develop SalB and its analogues for their potential for cardioprotection in clinic are warranted.
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Zitta K, Brandt B, Wuensch A, Meybohm P, Bein B, Steinfath M, Scholz J, Albrecht M. Interleukin-1beta regulates cell proliferation and activity of extracellular matrix remodelling enzymes in cultured primary pig heart cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 399:542-7. [PMID: 20678474 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.07.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
After myocardial infarction, elevated levels of interleukins (ILs) are found within the myocardial tissue and IL-1beta is considered to play a major role in tissue remodelling events throughout the body. In the study presented, we have established a cell culture model of primary pig heart cells to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of IL-1beta on cell proliferation as well as expression and activity of enzymes typically involved in tissue remodelling. Primary pig heart cell cultures were derived from three different animals and stimulated with recombinant pig IL-1beta. RNA expression was detected by RT-PCR, protein levels were evaluated by Western blotting, activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) was quantified by gelatine zymography and cell proliferation was measured using colorimetric MTS assays. Pig heart cells express receptors for IL-1 and application of IL-1beta resulted in a dose-dependent increase of cell proliferation (P<0.05 vs. control; 100ng/ml; 24h). Gene expression of caspase-3 was increased by IL-1beta (P<0.05 vs. control; 100ng/ml; 3h), and pro-caspase-3 but not active caspase was detected in lysates of pig heart cells by Western blotting. MMP-2 gene expression as well as enzymatic activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were increased by IL-1beta (P<0.05 vs. control; 100ng/ml; 3h for gene expression, 48 and 72h for enzymatic activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9, respectively). Our in vitro data suggest that IL-1beta plays a major role in the events of tissue remodelling in the heart. Combined with our recently published in vivo data (Meybohm et al., PLoS One, 2009), the results presented here strongly suggest IL-1beta as a key molecule guiding tissue remodelling events after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Zitta
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany
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Spinale FG, Mukherjee R, Zavadzkas JA, Koval CN, Bouges S, Stroud RE, Dobrucki LW, Sinusas AJ. Cardiac restricted overexpression of membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase causes adverse myocardial remodeling following myocardial infarction. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:30316-27. [PMID: 20643648 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.158196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) is a unique member of the MMP family, but induction patterns and consequences of MT1-MMP overexpression (MT1-MMPexp), in a left ventricular (LV) remodeling process such as myocardial infarction (MI), have not been explored. MT1-MMP promoter activity (murine luciferase reporter) increased 20-fold at 3 days and 50-fold at 14 days post-MI. MI was then induced in mice with cardiac restricted MT1-MMPexp (n = 58) and wild type (WT, n = 60). Post-MI survival was reduced (67% versus 46%, p < 0.05), and LV ejection fraction was lower in the post-MI MT1-MMPexp mice compared with WT (41 ± 2 versus 32 ± 2%,p < 0.05). In the post-MI MT1-MMPexp mice, LV myocardial MMP activity, as assessed by radiotracer uptake, and MT1-MMP-specific proteolytic activity using a specific fluorogenic assay were both increased by 2-fold. LV collagen content was increased by nearly 2-fold in the post-MI MT1-MMPexp compared with WT. Using a validated fluorogenic construct, it was discovered that MT1-MMP proteolytically processed the pro-fibrotic molecule, latency-associated transforming growth factor-1 binding protein (LTBP-1), and MT1-MMP-specific LTBP-1 proteolytic activity was increased by 4-fold in the post-MI MT1-MMPexp group. Early and persistent MT1-MMP promoter activity occurred post-MI, and increased myocardial MT1-MMP levels resulted in poor survival, worsening of LV function, and significant fibrosis. A molecular mechanism for the adverse LV matrix remodeling with MT1-MMP induction is increased processing of pro-fibrotic signaling molecules. Thus, a proteolytically diverse portfolio exists for MT1-MMP within the myocardium and likely plays a mechanistic role in adverse LV remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis G Spinale
- Medical University of South Carolina, Ralph H Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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Lindsey ML, Zamilpa R. Temporal and spatial expression of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases following myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Ther 2010; 30:31-41. [PMID: 20645986 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5922.2010.00207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a myocardial infarction (MI), the homeostatic balance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) is disrupted as part of the left ventricle (LV) response to injury. The full complement of responses to MI has been termed LV remodeling and includes changes in LV size, shape and function. The following events encompass the LV response to MI: (1) inflammation and LV wall thinning and dilation, (2) infarct expansion and necrotic myocyte resorption, (3) accumulation of fibroblasts and scar formation, and (4) endothelial cell activation and neovascularization. In this review, we will summarize MMP and TIMP roles during these events, focusing on the spatiotemporal localization and MMP and TIMP effects on cellular and tissue-level responses. We will review MMP and TIMP structure and function, and discuss specific MMP roles during both the acute and chronic phases post-MI, which may provide insight into novel therapeutic targets to limit adverse remodeling in the MI setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merry L Lindsey
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
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Mukherjee R, Snipes JM, Saunders SM, Zavadzkas JA, Spinale FG. Discordant activation of gene promoters for matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of the metalloproteinases following myocardial infarction. J Surg Res 2010; 172:59-67. [PMID: 20863528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2010.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Left ventricular (LV) remodeling following myocardial infarction (MI) is associated with increased levels of specific matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and relative reduction of endogenous tissue inhibitors of the MMPs (TIMPs). However, transcriptional mechanisms for the disparate post-MI MMP/TIMP expression remain unknown. Using murine constructs designed to report gene promoter activation, this study tested the hypothesis that distinctly different temporal profiles of MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 transcription occurs post-MI. METHODS/RESULTS Transcriptional activity (β-galactosidase (β-gal) reporter constructs) of MMP-2 (n = 49), MMP-9 (n = 62), or TIMP-1 (n = 40) was assayed at 1 h (acute), and 1-28 d after MI (coronary ligation) in transgenic reporter mice. At 7 d post-MI, the area of promoter activation normalized to LV area was increased from acute values for MMP-2 (63.4 ± 5.8 versus 1.1% ± 1.0%, P < 0.05) and MMP-9 (53.1 ± 6.1 versus 1.3% ± 0.9%, P < 0.05). While TIMP-1 promoter activation at 7 d post-MI increased from acute values (3.6 ± 1.3 versus 0.3% ± 0.5%, P < 0.05), this increase was smaller than that for MMP-2 or MMP-9 (both P < 0.05). MMP-2 promoter activation peaked in the MI region at 7 d post-MI and MMP-9 promoter activation was highest in the border region at 7 and 14 d post-MI. TIMP-1 promoter activation peaked within the MI region at 7 d post-MI and within the remote region at 14 d post-MI. CONCLUSIONS These findings provided direct in vivo evidence that discordant changes in temporal and spatial patterns of MMP/TIMP transcription occurs with MI. Restoration of TIMP-1 promoter activation may represent a molecular therapeutic target to attenuate/prevent adverse post-MI LV remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupak Mukherjee
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
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Mukherjee R, Rivers WT, Ruddy JM, Matthews RG, Koval CN, Plyler RA, Chang EI, Patel RK, Kern CB, Stroud RE, Spinale FG. Long-term localized high-frequency electric stimulation within the myocardial infarct: effects on matrix metalloproteinases and regional remodeling. Circulation 2010; 122:20-32. [PMID: 20566951 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.110.936872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disruption of the balance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and MMP inhibitors (TIMPs) within a myocardial infarct (MI) contributes to left ventricular wall thinning and changes in regional stiffness at the MI region. This study tested the hypothesis that a targeted regional approach through localized high-frequency stimulation (LHFS) using low-amplitude electric pulses instituted within a formed MI scar would alter MMP/TIMP levels and prevent MI thinning. METHODS AND RESULTS At 3 weeks after MI, pigs were randomized for LHFS (n=7; 240 bpm, 0.8 V, 0.05-ms pulses) or were left unstimulated (UNSTIM; n=10). At 4 weeks after MI, left ventricular wall thickness (echocardiography; 0.89+/-0.07 versus 0.67+/-0.08 cm; P<0.05) and regional stiffness (piezoelectric crystals; 14.70+/-2.08 versus 9.11+/-1.24; P<0.05) were higher with LHFS than in UNSTIM. In vivo interstitial MMP activity (fluorescent substrate cleavage; 943+/-59 versus 1210+/-72 U; P<0.05) in the MI region was lower with LHFS than in UNSTIM. In the MI region, MMP-2 levels were lower and TIMP-1 and collagen levels were higher with LHFS than in UNSTIM (all P<0.05). Transforming growth factor-beta receptor 1 and phosphorylated SMAD-2/3 levels within the MI region were higher with LHFS than in UNSTIM. Electric stimulation (4 Hz) of isolated fibroblasts resulted in reduced MMP-2 and MT1-MMP levels but increased TIMP-1 levels compared with unstimulated fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS These unique findings demonstrate that LHFS of the MI region altered left ventricular wall thickness and material properties, likely as a result of reduced regional MMP activity. Thus, LHFS may provide a novel means to favorably modify left ventricular remodeling after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupak Mukherjee
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, 29425, USA.
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Mukherjee R, Colbath GP, Justus CD, Bruce JA, Allen CM, Hewett KW, Saul JP, Gourdie RG, Spinale FG. Spatiotemporal induction of matrix metalloproteinase-9 transcription after discrete myocardial injury. FASEB J 2010; 24:3819-28. [PMID: 20530752 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-155531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Radiofrequency (RF) ablation of the myocardium causes discrete sites of injury. RF scars can expand, altering the extracellular matrix (ECM) structure and the continuity of the electrical syncytium of the adjacent myocardium. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), such as MMP-9, contribute to ECM remodeling. However, whether and to what degree transcriptional induction of MMP-9 occurs after myocardial RF injury and the association with electrical conduction patterns after RF injury remains unexplored. This study examined MMP-9 gene promoter (M9PROM) activation after myocardial RF injury using mice in which the M9PROM was fused to a β-galactosidase (β-gal) reporter. RF lesions (0.5-mm probe, 80°C, 30 s) were created on the left ventricular (LV) epicardium of M9PROM mice (n=62) and terminally studied at 1 h, 1 d, 3 d, 7 d, 14 d, and 28 d after RF injury. M9PROM activation was localized through β-gal staining. The RF scar area and the area of β-gal staining were measured and normalized to LV area (planimetry). RF scar size increased from 1 h post-RF-injury values by 7 d and remained higher at 28 d. M9PROM activation became evident at 3 d and peaked at 7 d. Electrical conduction was measured (potentiometric dye mapping) at 7 d after RF injury. Heterogeneities in action potentials and electrical impulse propagation coincident with M9PROM activation were observed after RF injury. For example, conduction proximal to the RF site was slower than that in the remote myocardium (0.15±0.02 vs. 0.83±0.08 mm/ms, P<0.05). Thus, a unique spatiotemporal pattern of MMP-9 transcriptional activation occurred after discrete myocardial injury, which was associated with the development of electrical heterogeneity. Therefore, these findings suggest that changes in a key determinant of extracellular matrix remodeling, in addition to changes in myocardial structure, can contribute to arrhythmogenesis around the region of myocardial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupak Mukherjee
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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Mukherjee R, Zavadzkas JA, Rivers WT, McLean JE, Chang EI, Bouges S, Matthews RG, Koval CN, Stroud RE, Spinale FG. Short-term disruption in regional left ventricular electrical conduction patterns increases interstitial matrix metalloproteinase activity. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 299:H217-24. [PMID: 20472759 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00065.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) abundance occurs with adverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling in a number of cardiac disease states, including those induced by long-standing arrhythmias. However, whether regionally contained aberrant electrical activation of the LV, with consequent dyskinesia, alters interstitial MMP activation remained unknown. Electrical activation of the LV of pigs (n = 10, 30-35 kg) was achieved by pacing (150 beats/min) at left atrial and LV sites such that normal atrioventricular activation (60 min) was followed by regional early LV activation for 60 min within 1.5 cm of the paced site and restoration of normal atrioventricular pacing for 120 min. Regional shortening (piezoelectric crystals) and interstitial MMP activity (microdialysis with MMP fluorogenic substrate) at the LV pacing site and a remote LV site were monitored at 30-min intervals. During aberrant electrical stimulation, interstitial MMP activity at the paced site was increased (122 +/- 4%) compared with the remote region (100%, P < 0.05). Restoration of atrioventricular pacing after the 60-min period of aberrant electrical activation normalized segmental shortening (8.5 +/- 0.4%), but MMP activity remained elevated (121 +/- 6%, P < 0.05). This study demonstrates that despite the restoration of mechanical function, disturbances in electrical conduction, in and of itself, can cause acute increases in regional in vivo MMP activation and, therefore, contribute to myocardial remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupak Mukherjee
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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Kramer CM, Sinusas AJ, Sosnovik DE, French BA, Bengel FM. Multimodality imaging of myocardial injury and remodeling. J Nucl Med 2010; 51 Suppl 1:107S-121S. [PMID: 20395347 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.109.068221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in cardiovascular molecular imaging have come at a rapid pace over the last several years. Multiple approaches have been taken to better understand the structural, molecular, and cellular events that underlie the progression from myocardial injury to myocardial infarction (MI) and, ultimately, to congestive heart failure. Multimodality molecular imaging including SPECT, PET, cardiac MRI, and optical approaches is offering new insights into the pathophysiology of MI and left ventricular remodeling in small-animal models. Targets that are being probed include, among others, angiotensin receptors, matrix metalloproteinases, integrins, apoptosis, macrophages, and sympathetic innervation. It is only a matter of time before these advances are applied in the clinical setting to improve post-MI prognostication and identify appropriate therapies in patients to prevent the onset of congestive heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Kramer
- Departments of Medicine and Radiology, University of Virginia Health System, 1215 Lee St., Box 800170, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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Dor procedure for dyskinetic anteroapical myocardial infarction fails to improve contractility in the border zone. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010; 140:233-9, 239.e1-4. [PMID: 20299030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2009.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoventricular patch plasty (Dor) is used to reduce left ventricular volume after myocardial infarction and subsequent left ventricular remodeling. METHODS AND RESULTS End-diastolic and end-systolic pressure-volume and Starling relationships were measured, and magnetic resonance images with noninvasive tags were used to calculate 3-dimensional myocardial strain in 6 sheep 2 weeks before and 2 and 6 weeks after the Dor procedure. These experimental results were previously reported. The imaging data from 1 sheep were incomplete. Animal specific finite element models were created from the remaining 5 animals using magnetic resonance images and left ventricular pressure obtained at early diastolic filling. Finite element models were optimized with 3-dimensional strain and used to determine systolic material properties, T(max,skinned-fiber), and diastolic and systolic stress in remote myocardium and border zone. Six weeks after the Dor procedure, end-diastolic and end-systolic stress in the border zone were substantially reduced. However, although there was a slight increase in T(max,skinned-fiber) in the border zone near the myocardial infarction at 6 weeks, the change was not significant. CONCLUSIONS The Dor procedure decreases end-diastolic and end-systolic stress but fails to improve contractility in the infarct border zone. Future work should focus on measures that will enhance border zone function alone or in combination with surgical remodeling.
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Okada M, Kosaka N, Hoshino Y, Yamawaki H, Hara Y. Effects of Captopril and Telmisartan on Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 and -9 Expressions and Development of Left Ventricular Fibrosis Induced by Isoprenaline in Rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 33:1517-21. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.1517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muneyoshi Okada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
| | - Natsuko Kosaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
| | - Yoshikazu Hoshino
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
| | - Hideyuki Yamawaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
| | - Yukio Hara
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
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