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Yuan S, Jiang SC, Zhang ZW, Li ZL, Hu J. Substance Addiction Rehabilitation Drugs. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:615. [PMID: 38794185 PMCID: PMC11124501 DOI: 10.3390/ph17050615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The relapse rate of substance abusers is high, and addiction rehabilitation adjunct drugs need to be developed urgently. There have been numerous reports on blocking the formation of substance addiction, but studies on drugs that can alleviate withdrawal symptoms are very limited. Both the dopamine transporter (DAT) hypothesis and D3 dopamine receptor (D3R) hypothesis are proposed. DAT activators reduce the extracellular dopamine level, and D3R antagonists reduce the neuron's sensitivity to dopamine, both of which may exacerbate the withdrawal symptoms subsequently. The D3R partial agonist SK608 has biased signaling properties via the G-protein-dependent pathway but did not induce D3R desensitization and, thus, may be a promising drug for the withdrawal symptoms. Drugs for serotoninergic neurons or GABAergic neurons and anti-inflammatory drugs may have auxiliary effects to addiction treatments. Drugs that promote structural synaptic plasticity are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Yuan
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Si-Cong Jiang
- Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Comp. Ltd., Chengdu 611138, China;
| | - Zhong-Wei Zhang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Zi-Lin Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Medical University of the Air Force, Xi’an 710032, China;
| | - Jing Hu
- School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China;
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2
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Dolivo DM, Reed CR, Gargiulo KA, Rodrigues AE, Galiano RD, Mustoe TA, Hong SJ. Anti-fibrotic effects of statin drugs: a review of evidence and mechanisms. Biochem Pharmacol 2023:115644. [PMID: 37321414 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a pathological repair process common among organs, that responds to damage by replacement of tissue with non-functional connective tissue. Despite the widespread prevalence of tissue fibrosis, manifesting in numerous disease states across myriad organs, therapeutic modalities to prevent or alleviate fibrosis are severely lacking in quantity and efficacy. Alongside development of new drugs, repurposing of existing drugs may be a complementary strategy to elect anti-fibrotic compounds for pharmacologic treatment of tissue fibrosis. Drug repurposing can provide key advantages to de novo drug discovery, harnessing the benefits of previously elucidated mechanisms of action and already existing pharmacokinetic profiles. One class of drugs a wealth of clinical data and extensively studied safety profiles is the statins, a class of antilipidemic drugs widely prescribed for hypercholesterolemia. In addition to these widely utilized lipid-lowering effects, increasing data from cellular, pre-clinical mammalian, and clinical human studies have also demonstrated that statins are able to alleviate tissue fibrosis originating from a variety of pathological insults via lesser-studied, pleiotropic effects of these drugs. Here we review literature demonstrating evidence for direct effects of statins antagonistic to fibrosis, as well as much of the available mechanistic data underlying these effects. A more complete understanding of the anti-fibrotic effects of statins may enable a clearer picture of their anti-fibrotic potential for various clinical indications. Additionally, more lucid comprehension of the mechanisms by which statins exert anti-fibrotic effects may aid in development of novel therapeutic agents that target similar pathways but with greater specificity or efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Dolivo
- Department of Surgery-Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, United States.
| | - Charlotte R Reed
- Department of Surgery-Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, United States
| | - Kristine A Gargiulo
- Department of Surgery-Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, United States
| | - Adrian E Rodrigues
- Department of Surgery-Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, United States
| | - Robert D Galiano
- Department of Surgery-Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, United States
| | - Thomas A Mustoe
- Department of Surgery-Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, United States
| | - Seok Jong Hong
- Department of Surgery-Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, United States.
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3
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Signaling pathways and targeted therapy for myocardial infarction. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:78. [PMID: 35273164 PMCID: PMC8913803 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00925-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the treatment of myocardial infarction (MI) has improved considerably, it is still a worldwide disease with high morbidity and high mortality. Whilst there is still a long way to go for discovering ideal treatments, therapeutic strategies committed to cardioprotection and cardiac repair following cardiac ischemia are emerging. Evidence of pathological characteristics in MI illustrates cell signaling pathways that participate in the survival, proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy of cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, monocytes, and stem cells. These signaling pathways include the key players in inflammation response, e.g., NLRP3/caspase-1 and TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB; the crucial mediators in oxidative stress and apoptosis, for instance, Notch, Hippo/YAP, RhoA/ROCK, Nrf2/HO-1, and Sonic hedgehog; the controller of myocardial fibrosis such as TGF-β/SMADs and Wnt/β-catenin; and the main regulator of angiogenesis, PI3K/Akt, MAPK, JAK/STAT, Sonic hedgehog, etc. Since signaling pathways play an important role in administering the process of MI, aiming at targeting these aberrant signaling pathways and improving the pathological manifestations in MI is indispensable and promising. Hence, drug therapy, gene therapy, protein therapy, cell therapy, and exosome therapy have been emerging and are known as novel therapies. In this review, we summarize the therapeutic strategies for MI by regulating these associated pathways, which contribute to inhibiting cardiomyocytes death, attenuating inflammation, enhancing angiogenesis, etc. so as to repair and re-functionalize damaged hearts.
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Zheng F, Chen Z, Tang QL, Chong DY, Zhang TY, Gu YY, Hu ZB, Li CJ. Cholesterol metabolic enzyme Ggpps regulates epicardium development and ventricular wall architecture integrity in mice. J Mol Cell Biol 2021; 13:445-454. [PMID: 33760044 PMCID: PMC8436696 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjab019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryonic heart development, the progenitor cells in the epicardium would migrate and differentiate into noncardiomyocytes in myocardium and affect the integrity of ventricular wall, but the underlying mechanism has not been well studied. We have found that myocardium geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (Ggpps), a metabolic enzyme for cholesterol biosynthesis, is critical for cardiac cytoarchitecture remodelling during heart development. Here, we further reveal that epicardial Ggpps could also regulate ventricular wall architecture integrity. Epicardium-specific deletion of Ggpps before embryonic day 10.5 (E10.5) is embryonic lethal, whereas after E13.5 is survival but with defects in the epicardium and ventricular wall structure. Ggpps deficiency in the epicardium enhances the proliferation of epicardial cells and disrupts cell‒cell contact, which makes epicardial cells easier to invade into ventricular wall. Thus, the fibroblast proliferation and coronary formation in myocardium were found enhanced that might disturb the coronary vasculature remodelling and ventricular wall integrity. These processes might be associated with the activation of YAP signalling, whose nuclear distribution is blocked by Ggpps deletion. In conclusion, our findings reveal a potential link between the cholesterol metabolism and heart epicardium and myocardium development in mammals, which might provide a new view of the cause for congenital heart diseases and potential therapeutic target in pathological cardiac conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zheng
- Model Animal Research Centre, Medical School of Nanjing University, National Resource Centre for Mutant Mice, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Model Animal Research Centre, Medical School of Nanjing University, National Resource Centre for Mutant Mice, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Qiao-Li Tang
- Model Animal Research Centre, Medical School of Nanjing University, National Resource Centre for Mutant Mice, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Dan-Yang Chong
- Model Animal Research Centre, Medical School of Nanjing University, National Resource Centre for Mutant Mice, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Tong-Yu Zhang
- Model Animal Research Centre, Medical School of Nanjing University, National Resource Centre for Mutant Mice, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Ya-Yun Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Centre for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Centre for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Model Animal Research Centre, Medical School of Nanjing University, National Resource Centre for Mutant Mice, Nanjing 210093, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Centre for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211100, China
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Mendieta G, Ben-Aicha S, Gutiérrez M, Casani L, Aržanauskaitė M, Carreras F, Sabate M, Badimon L, Vilahur G. Intravenous Statin Administration During Myocardial Infarction Compared With Oral Post-Infarct Administration. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020; 75:1386-1402. [PMID: 32216907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beyond lipid-lowering, statins exert cardioprotective effects. High-dose statin treatment seems to reduce cardiovascular complications in high-risk patients. The ideal timing and administration regime remain unknown. OBJECTIVES This study compared the cardioprotective effects of intravenous statin administration during myocardial infarction (MI) with oral administration immediately post-MI. METHODS Hypercholesterolemic pigs underwent MI induction (90 min of ischemia) and were kept for 42 days. Animals were distributed in 3 arms (A): A1 received an intravenous bolus of atorvastatin during MI; A2 received an intravenous bolus of vehicle during MI; and A3 received oral atorvastatin within 2 h post-MI. A1 and A3 remained on daily oral atorvastatin for the following 42 days. Cardiac magnetic resonance analysis (days 3 and 42 post-MI) and molecular/histological studies were performed. RESULTS At day 3, A1 showed a 10% reduction in infarct size compared with A3 and A2 and a 50% increase in myocardial salvage. At day 42, both A1 and A3 showed a significant decrease in scar size versus A2; however, A1 showed a further 24% reduction versus A3. Functional analyses revealed improved systolic performance in A1 compared with A2 and less wall motion abnormalities in the jeopardized myocardium versus both groups at day 42. A1 showed enhanced collagen content and AMP-activated protein kinase activation in the scar, increased vessel density in the penumbra, higher tumor necrosis factor α plasma levels and lower peripheral blood mononuclear cell activation versus both groups. CONCLUSIONS Intravenous administration of atorvastatin during MI limits cardiac damage, improves cardiac function, and mitigates remodeling to a larger extent than when administered orally shortly after reperfusion. This therapeutic approach deserves to be investigated in ST-segment elevation MI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiomar Mendieta
- Cardiovascular Research Center-ICCC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cardiology, Clinic Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Soumaya Ben-Aicha
- Cardiovascular Research Center-ICCC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Gutiérrez
- Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Casani
- Cardiovascular Research Center-ICCC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monika Aržanauskaitė
- Cardiovascular Research Center-ICCC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Carreras
- Cardiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Sabate
- Department of Cardiology, Clinic Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lina Badimon
- Cardiovascular Research Center-ICCC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; CiberCV, Institute Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Vilahur
- Cardiovascular Research Center-ICCC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; CiberCV, Institute Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.
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Mendieta G, Ben-Aicha S, Casani L, Badimon L, Sabate M, Vilahur G. Molecular pathways involved in the cardioprotective effects of intravenous statin administration during ischemia. Basic Res Cardiol 2019; 115:2. [PMID: 31781960 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-019-0760-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The success of therapies targeting myocardial reperfusion injury is limited, while the cardioprotective impact of mitigating ischemia-related damage remains less explored. We have recently shown in a pig model that the intravenous administration of a modified atorvastatin preparation during ischemia attenuates the rise of cardiac ischemia injury biomarkers. In the following study, we sought to investigate the mechanisms behind these ischemia-related cardioprotective effects. Ischemia was induced by 90 min total coronary balloon occlusion in pigs fed a normocholesterolemic regime. Fifteen minutes after the onset of ischemia, animals were randomized to receive intravenous atorvastatin preparation (IV-atorva) or vehicle. After ischemia animals were euthanized to assess the effect of IV-atorva treatment on gene and protein levels/activation of senescence-, apoptosis-, and cardioprotective/metabolic-related markers. Proof-of-concept studies were carried out in mice and rats in which treatments or vehicle were administered 15 min after initiation of ischemia induced by permanent coronary ligation. Western-blot analyses revealed that in the ischemic myocardium of IV-atorva-treated pigs, RhoA was inactivated, phosphorylation of p53 and caspase-3 was reduced and AMPK was activated with the consequent regulation of the mTOR/raptor-signaling pathway. IV-atorva-treated rats showed, as compared to vehicle, a significant reduction (60%) in scar size assessed at 1 month by histological staining, and mice studies demonstrated the causal involvement of AMPK activation in IV-atorva mediated cardioprotective effects. We demonstrate in pigs and rodents that prompt intravenous treatment with atorvastatin during ischemia limits cardiac cell death and reduces infarct size through AMPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiomar Mendieta
- Cardiovascular Program-ICCC, Research Institute-Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Avda. S. Antoni María Claret 167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain.,School of Medicine, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain.,Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Soumaya Ben-Aicha
- Cardiovascular Program-ICCC, Research Institute-Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Avda. S. Antoni María Claret 167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain.,School of Medicine, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Casani
- Cardiovascular Program-ICCC, Research Institute-Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Avda. S. Antoni María Claret 167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERCV, Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lina Badimon
- Cardiovascular Program-ICCC, Research Institute-Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Avda. S. Antoni María Claret 167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERCV, Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Cardiovascular Research Chair Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Sabate
- Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Vilahur
- Cardiovascular Program-ICCC, Research Institute-Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Avda. S. Antoni María Claret 167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain. .,CIBERCV, Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Bytyçi I, Bajraktari G, Bhatt DL, Morgan CJ, Ahmed A, Aronow WS, Banach M. Hydrophilic vs lipophilic statins in coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Lipidol 2017; 11:624-637. [PMID: 28506385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Some available experimental studies have reported that hydrophilic statins might have advantages compared with lipophilic statins in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the potential differences of lipophilic and hydrophilic statins in patients with CAD. METHODS We systematically searched selected electronic databases up to September 2016 to select RCTs, which compared clinical outcomes of hydrophilic vs lipophilic statins. Primary endpoints were cardiovascular (CV) events: major adverse cardiac events, myocardial infarction, cardiac revascularization, stroke, CV death, CV hospitalization, and all-cause mortality. Secondary endpoints were safety parameters: drug discontinuation, statin-associated muscle symptoms and alanine aminotransferase level increase. RESULTS A total of 11,697 patients from 11 RCTs, randomly allocated to lipophilic (n = 5736) or hydrophilic statins (n = 5961), with a mean follow-up 14 months, were included in the meta-analysis. In comparison with hydrophilic, the lipophilic statins showed similar risk reduction for major adverse cardiac events (relative risk = 0.969, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.835-1.125, P = .682), myocardial infarction (0.880, 95% CI: 0.731-1.058, P = .174), CV death (0.757, 95% CI: 0.486-1.180, P = .219), and all-cause mortality (0.797, 95% CI: 0.590-1.075, P = .137), as well as cardiac revascularization, stroke, drug discontinuation, and statin-associated muscle symptoms. CV hospitalization was lower (0.789, 95% CI: 0.643-0.969, P = .024) and alanine aminotransferase elevation was higher (2.689, 95% CI: 1.841-3.954, P ≤ .001) in lipophilic than in hydrophilic-treated patients. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, similarity between hydrophilic and lipophilic statins holds between various clinical CAD settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibadete Bytyçi
- Clinic of Cardiology, University Clinical Centre of Kosovo, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Gani Bajraktari
- Clinic of Cardiology, University Clinical Centre of Kosovo, Prishtina, Kosovo; Medical Faculty, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Deepak L Bhatt
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart & Vascular Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charity J Morgan
- VA Medical Center and George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ali Ahmed
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Wilbert S Aronow
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland; Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland.
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Birnbaum Y, Birnbaum GD, Birnbaum I, Nylander S, Ye Y. Ticagrelor and Rosuvastatin Have Additive Cardioprotective Effects via Adenosine. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2017; 30:539-550. [PMID: 27830382 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-016-6701-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ticagrelor inhibits the equilibrative-nucleoside-transporter-1 and thereby, adenosine cell re-uptake. Ticagrelor limits infarct size (IS) in non-diabetic rats and the effect is adenosine-dependent. Statins, via ecto-5'-nucleotidase activation, also increase adenosine levels and limit IS. HYPOTHESIS Ticagrelor and rosuvastatin have additive effects on myocardial adenosine levels, and therefore, on IS and post-reperfusion activation of the NLRP3-inflammasome. METHODS Diabetic ZDF rats received via oral gavage; water (control), ticagrelor (150 mg/kg/d), prasugrel (7.5 mg/kg/d), rosuvastatin (5 mg/kg/d), ticagrelor + rosuvastatin and prasugrel + rosuvastatin for 3d. On day 4, rats underwent 30 min coronary artery occlusion and 24 h of reperfusion. Two additional groups received, ticagrelor + rosuvastatin or water in combination with CGS15943 (CGS, an adenosine receptor antagonist, 10 mg/kg i.p. 1 h before ischemia). RESULTS Both ticagrelor and rosuvastatin increased myocardial adenosine levels with an additive effect of the combination whereas prasugrel had no effect. Similarly, both ticagrelor and rosuvastatin significantly reduced IS with an additive effect of the combination whereas prasugrel had no effect. The effect on IS was adenosine dependent as CGS15943 reversed the effect of ticagrelor + rosuvastatin. The ischemia-reperfusion injury increased myocardial mRNA levels of NLRP3, ASC, IL-1β and IL-6. Ticagrelor and rosuvastatin, but not prasugrel, significantly decreased these pro-inflammatory mediators with a trend to an additive effect of the combination. The combination also increased the levels of anti-inflammatory 15-epilipoxin A4. CONCLUSIONS Ticagrelor and rosuvastatin when given in combination have an additive effect on local myocardial adenosine levels in the setting of ischemia reperfusion. This translates into an additive cardioprotective effect mediated by adenosine-induced effects including downregulation of pro- but upregulation of anti-inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yochai Birnbaum
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.,The section of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Gilad D Birnbaum
- The Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Itamar Birnbaum
- The section of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | - Yumei Ye
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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Qiu Y, Wu Y, Meng M, Luo M, Zhao H, Sun H, Gao S. Rosuvastatin improves myocardial and neurological outcomes after asphyxial cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 87:503-508. [PMID: 28076830 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Rosuvastatin, a potent HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, is cholesterol-lowering drugs and reduce the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. This study is to explore whether rosuvastatin improves outcomes after cardiac arrest in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 8min of cardiac arrest (CA) by asphyxia and randomly assigned to three experimental groups immediately following successful resuscitation: Sham; Control; and Rosuvastatin. The survival, hemodynamics, myocardial function, neurological outcomes and apoptosis were assessed. The 7-d survival rate was greater in the rosuvastatin treated group compared to the Control group (P=0.019 by log-rank test). Myocardial function, as measured by cardiac output and ejection fraction, was significantly impaired after CA and notably improved in the animals treated with rosuvastatin beginning at 60min after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) (P<0.05). Moreover, rosuvastatin treatment significantly ameliorated brain injury after ROSC, which was characterized by the increase of neurological function scores, and reduction of brain edema in cortex and hippocampus (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the levels of cardiac troponin T and neuron-specific enolase and the caspase-3 activity were significantly decreased in the Rosuvastatin group when compared with the Control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, rosuvastatin treatment substantially improves the 7-d survival rate as well as myocardial function and neurological outcomes after ROSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Qiu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yichen Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Min Meng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Man Luo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hongmei Zhao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Sumin Gao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Wong MJ, Kantores C, Ivanovska J, Jain A, Jankov RP. Simvastatin prevents and reverses chronic pulmonary hypertension in newborn rats via pleiotropic inhibition of RhoA signaling. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L985-L999. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00345.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic neonatal pulmonary hypertension (PHT) frequently results in early death. Systemically administered Rho-kinase (ROCK) inhibitors prevent and reverse chronic PHT in neonatal rats, but at the cost of severe adverse effects, including systemic hypotension and growth restriction. Simvastatin has pleiotropic inhibitory effects on isoprenoid intermediates that may limit activity of RhoA, which signals upstream of ROCK. We therefore hypothesized that statin treatment would safely limit pulmonary vascular RhoA activity and prevent and reverse experimental chronic neonatal PHT via downstream inhibitory effects on pathological ROCK activity. Sprague-Dawley rats in normoxia (room air) or moderate normobaric hypoxia (13% O2) received simvastatin (2 mg·kg−1·day−1 ip) or vehicle from postnatal days 1–14 (prevention protocol) or from days 14–21 (rescue protocol). Chronic hypoxia increased RhoA and ROCK activity in lung tissue. Simvastatin reduced lung content of the isoprenoid intermediate farnesyl pyrophosphate and decreased RhoA/ROCK signaling in the hypoxia-exposed lung. Preventive or rescue treatment of chronic hypoxia-exposed animals with simvastatin decreased pulmonary vascular resistance, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pulmonary arterial remodeling. Preventive simvastatin treatment improved weight gain, did not lower systemic blood pressure, and did not cause apparent toxic effects on skeletal muscle, liver or brain. Rescue therapy with simvastatin improved exercise capacity. We conclude that simvastatin limits RhoA/ROCK activity in the chronic hypoxia-exposed lung, thus preventing or ameliorating hemodynamic and structural markers of chronic PHT and improving long-term outcome, without causing adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew J. Wong
- Physiology & Experimental Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Crystal Kantores
- Physiology & Experimental Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julijana Ivanovska
- Physiology & Experimental Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amish Jain
- Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert P. Jankov
- Physiology & Experimental Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Ostrowski SM, Johnson K, Siefert M, Shank S, Sironi L, Wolozin B, Landreth GE, Ziady AG. Simvastatin inhibits protein isoprenylation in the brain. Neuroscience 2016; 329:264-74. [PMID: 27180285 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, or statins, may reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Statin action in patients with AD, as in those with heart disease, is likely to be at least partly independent of the effects of statins on cholesterol. Statins can alter cellular signaling and protein trafficking through inhibition of isoprenylation of Rho, Cdc42, and Rab family GTPases. The effects of statins on protein isoprenylation in vivo, particularly in the central nervous system, are poorly studied. We utilized two-dimensional gel electrophoresis approaches to directly monitor the levels of isoprenylated and non-isoprenylated forms of Rho and Rab family GTPases. We report that simvastatin significantly inhibits RhoA and Rab4, and Rab6 isoprenylation at doses as low as 50nM in vitro. We also provide the first in vivo evidence that statins inhibit the isoprenylation of RhoA in the brains of rats and RhoA, Cdc42, and H-Ras in the brains of mice treated with clinically relevant doses of simvastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Ostrowski
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kachael Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Matthew Siefert
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Sam Shank
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Luigi Sironi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, and Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Milan, Italy
| | - Benjamin Wolozin
- Departments of Pharmacology and Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gary E Landreth
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Assem G Ziady
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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12
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Iwaz JA, Lee E, Aramin H, Romero D, Iqbal N, Kawahara M, Khusro F, Knight B, Patel MV, Sharma S, Maisel AS. New Targets in the Drug Treatment of Heart Failure. Drugs 2015; 76:187-201. [DOI: 10.1007/s40265-015-0498-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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13
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Kobori T, Harada S, Nakamoto K, Tokuyama S. Role of Scaffold Proteins in Functional Alteration of Small Intestinal P-glycoprotein by Anti-cancer Drugs. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2015; 135:687-95. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.14-00234-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Kobori
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University
| | - Shinichi Harada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University
| | - Kazuo Nakamoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University
| | - Shogo Tokuyama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University
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14
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Xu N, Guan S, Chen Z, Yu Y, Xie J, Pan FY, Zhao NW, Liu L, Yang ZZ, Gao X, Xu B, Li CJ. The alteration of protein prenylation induces cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through Rheb-mTORC1 signalling and leads to chronic heart failure. J Pathol 2015; 235:672-85. [DOI: 10.1002/path.4480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study; Model Animal Research Centre and Medical School of Nanjing University, National Resource Centre for Mutant Mice; Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Guan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology; College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University; Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study; Model Animal Research Centre and Medical School of Nanjing University, National Resource Centre for Mutant Mice; Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology; Institute of Zoology/Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Xie
- Department of Cardiology; Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School; Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Fei-Yan Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology; College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University; Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Ning-Wei Zhao
- Biomedical Research Laboratory; Shimadzu (China) Co. Ltd; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Geriatrics; First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Zhou Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study; Model Animal Research Centre and Medical School of Nanjing University, National Resource Centre for Mutant Mice; Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study; Model Animal Research Centre and Medical School of Nanjing University, National Resource Centre for Mutant Mice; Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Biao Xu
- Department of Cardiology; Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School; Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study; Model Animal Research Centre and Medical School of Nanjing University, National Resource Centre for Mutant Mice; Nanjing People's Republic of China
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15
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Kobori T, Harada S, Nakamoto K, Tokuyama S. [Effect of repeated oral treatment with etoposide on the expression of intestinal P-glycoprotein and oral morphine analgesia]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2015; 134:689-99. [PMID: 24882643 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.13-00255-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the World Health Organization recommends oral administration of opioid analgesics for patients with cancer to treat cancer-related pain from the initial stage of treatment. Furthermore, many anticancer drugs have been newly-developed and approved as oral form. Because of this trend, the chances of drug-drug interactions between anticancer drugs and opioid analgesics during absorption process from the intestine are likely to increase. To investigate these possible drug-drug interactions, we have focused on intestinal P-glycoprotein (P-gp) which regulates the absorption of various substrate drugs administered orally. Previously, we have found that repeated oral treatment with etoposide (ETP), an anticancer drug, attenuates analgesia of oral morphine, a substrate drug for P-gp, by increasing the expression and activity of intestinal P-gp. However, the mechanism by which ETP treatment increases the intestinal P-gp expression and decreases oral morphine analgesia remains unclear. RhoA, a small G-protein, and ROCK, an effector of RhoA, pathway has been attracted attention with regard to their involvement in the regulatory mechanism of the expression and activity of P-gp. Interestingly, this pathway is activated in response to various signaling induced by some anticancer drugs. Furthermore, it has been reported that ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) play a key role in the plasma membrane localization of P-gp, and that RhoA/ROCK pathway regulates the activation process of ERM. This review article introduces the result of our previous research as well as recent findings on the involvement of ERM via activation of RhoA/ROCK in the increased expression of intestinal P-gp and decreased oral morphine analgesia induced by repeated oral treatment with ETP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Kobori
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University
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16
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Kobori T, Harada S, Nakamoto K, Tokuyama S. Involvement of PtdIns(4,5)P2 in the regulatory mechanism of small intestinal P-glycoprotein expression. J Pharm Sci 2013; 103:743-51. [PMID: 24311454 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we reported that repeated oral administration of etoposide (ETP) activates the ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) scaffold proteins for P-glycoprotein (P-gp) via Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA)/Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase (ROCK) signaling, leading to increased ileal P-gp expression. Recent studies indicate that phosphatidyl inositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2] regulates the plasma-membrane localization of certain proteins, and its synthase, the type I phosphatidyl inositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase (PI4P5K), is largely controlled by RhoA/ROCK. Here, we examined whether PtdIns(4,5)P2 and PI4P5K are involved in the increased expression of ileal P-gp following the ERM activation by ETP treatment. Male ddY mice (4-week-old) were treated with ETP (10 mg/kg/day, per os, p.o.) for 5 days. Protein-expression levels were measured by either western blot or dot blot analysis and molecular interactions were assessed using immunoprecipitation assays. ETP treatment significantly increased PI4P5K, ERM, and P-gp expression in the ileal membrane. This effect was suppressed following the coadministration of ETP with rosuvastatin (a RhoA inhibitor) or fasudil (a ROCK inhibitor). Notably, the PtdIns(4,5)P2 expression in the ileal membrane, as well as both P-gp and ERM levels coimmunoprecipitated with anti-PtdIns(4,5)P2 antibody, were increased by ETP treatment. PtdIns(4,5)P2 and PI4P5K may contribute to the increase in ileal P-gp expression observed following the ETP treatment, possibly through ERM activation via the RhoA/ROCK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Kobori
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
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17
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Tratsiakovich Y, Thomas Gonon A, Krook A, Yang J, Shemyakin A, Sjöquist PO, Pernow J. Arginase inhibition reduces infarct size via nitric oxide, protein kinase C epsilon and mitochondrial ATP-dependent K+ channels. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 712:16-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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18
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Ozturk N, Yaras N, Ozmen A, Ozdemir S. Long-term administration of rosuvastatin prevents contractile and electrical remodelling of diabetic rat heart. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2013; 45:343-52. [PMID: 23640692 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-013-9514-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, many findings have been presented about the potential benefit of statin therapy on diabetes-induced cardiovascular complications. Cardioprotective effects of statins were suggested to be mediated at least in part through inhibition of small GTPases, particularly those of the Rho family. The present study was designed to examine whether rosuvastatin can improve electrical remodeling and contractile dysfunction in type 1 diabetic rat heart via modulation of RhoA pathway. Type 1 diabetes was induced by single dose injection of STZ (50 mg/kg). One week after injection rosuvastatin (10 mg/kg/day) and sham treatment was given for 5 weeks in the diabetic rats, as well as in control groups. Shortening and Ca²⁺ transients were recorded in myocytes loaded with Fura2-AM. Membrane currents and Ca²⁺ transients were measured synchronously via whole-cell patch clamping. In untreated diabetic rats, relaxation of shortening and decay of the matched Ca²⁺ transients were prolonged. Fractional shortening and Ca²⁺ transients were also decreased. Rosuvastatin treatment reversed those changes. I(CaL) density did not change in either group but rosuvastatin recovered the loss of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺ and Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchange as evidenced from amplitude and decay of caffeine-induced Ca²⁺ transients, peak INCX and calculated sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺ content. Diabetes-induced attenuation of I(to) and I(sus) was also reversed, whilst I(K1) was unchanged in diabetes and unaffected by treatment. Rosuvastatin prevented the diabetes-induced increase in RhoA expression. Plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels were higher in diabetic rats, but rosuvastatin reduced only the latter. In conclusion, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor rosuvastatin can prevent diabetes-induced electrical and functional remodeling of heart due to inhibition of RhoA signalling rather than reduction of cholesterol level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihal Ozturk
- Department of Biophysics, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
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19
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Kobori T, Harada S, Nakamoto K, Tokuyama S. Time-Dependent Changes in the Activation of RhoA/ROCK and ERM/p-ERM in the Increased Expression of Intestinal P-Glycoprotein by Repeated Oral Treatment with Etoposide. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:1670-82. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Jungner M, Lundblad C, Bentzer P. Rosuvastatin in experimental brain trauma: improved capillary patency but no effect on edema or cerebral blood flow. Microvasc Res 2013; 88:48-55. [PMID: 23538316 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microvascular dysfunction, characterized by edema formation secondary to increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and decreased blood flow, contributes to poor outcome following brain trauma. Recent studies have indicated that statins may counteract edema formation following brain trauma but little is known about other circulatory effects of statins in this setting. The objective of this study was to investigate whether statin treatment improves brain microcirculation early after traumatic brain injury, and whether microvascular effects are associated with altered production of nitric oxide and prostacyclin. METHODS After fluid percussion injury, rats were randomized to intravenous treatment with 20mg/kg of rosuvastatin or vehicle. Brain edema (wet/dry weight), BBB integrity ((51)Cr-EDTA blood to brain transfer), cerebral blood flow ((14)C-iodoantipyrine autoradiography), and number of perfused cortical capillaries (FITC-albumin fluorescence microscopy), were measured at 4 and 24h. NO and prostacyclin production was estimated from plasma concentration of the degradation products NO2- and NO3- (NOx) and 6-keto-PGF1-alpha, respectively. Sham injured animals were treated with vehicle and analyzed at 4h. RESULTS Trauma resulted in brain edema, BBB dysfunction, and reduced cortical blood flow, with no effect of statin treatment. Trauma also induced a reduction in the number of perfused capillaries, which was improved by statin treatment. Statin treatment led to increased NOx levels and reduced mean arterial blood pressure. 6-Keto-PGF1-alpha levels tended to increase after trauma, and were significantly reduced by rosuvastatin. CONCLUSIONS Rosuvastatin treatment may improve microcirculation after traumatic brain injury by preserved patency of cerebral capillaries. This effect is associated with increased NO and reduced prostacyclin production. No effect on brain edema or BBB integrity was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jungner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Lund University Hospital, SE-22185 Lund, Sweden.
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Kobori T, Harada S, Nakamoto K, Tokuyama S. Activation of ERM-Family Proteins via RhoA-ROCK Signaling Increases Intestinal P-gp Expression and Leads to Attenuation of Oral Morphine Analgesia. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:1095-105. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lesma E, Ancona S, Orpianesi E, Grande V, Di Giulio AM, Gorio A. Chromatin remodeling by rosuvastatin normalizes TSC2-/meth cell phenotype through the expression of tuberin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 345:180-8. [PMID: 23426956 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.203141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a multi-systemic syndrome caused by mutations in TSC1 or TSC2 gene. In TSC2-null cells, Rheb, a member of the Ras family of GTPases, is constitutively activated. Statins inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and block the synthesis of isoprenoid lipids with inhibition of Rheb farnesylation and RhoA geranylgeranylation. The effects of rosuvastatin on the function of human TSC2(-/-) and TSC2(-/meth) α-actin smooth muscle (ASM) cells have been investigated. The TSC2(-/-) and TSC2(-/meth) ASM cells, previously isolated in our laboratory from the renal angiomyolipoma of two TSC patients, do not express tuberin and bear loss of heterozigosity caused by a double hit on TSC2 and methylation of TSC2 promoter, respectively. Exposure to rosuvastatin affected TSC2(-/meth) ASM cell growth and promoted tuberin expression by acting as a demethylating agent. This occurred without changes in interleukin release. Rosuvastatin also reduced RhoA activation in TSC2(-/meth) ASM cells, and it required coadministration with the specific mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) inhibitor rapamycin to be effective in TSC2(-/-) ASM cells. Rapamycin enhanced rosuvastatin effect in inhibiting cell proliferation in TSC2(-/-) and TSC2(-/meth) ASM cells. Rosuvastatin alone did not alter phosphorylation of S6 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and at the higher concentration, rosuvastatin and rapamycin slightly decreased ERK phosphorylation. These results suggest that rosuvastatin may potentially represent a treatment adjunct to the therapy with mTOR inhibitors now in clinical development for TSC. In particular, rosuvastatin appears useful when the disease is originated by epigenetic defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lesma
- Laboratories of Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via di Rudini', 8, 20142 Milano, Italy.
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Nykänen AI, Tuuminen R, Lemström KB. Donor simvastatin treatment and cardiac allograft ischemia/reperfusion injury. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2013; 23:85-90. [PMID: 23295079 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion injury of a transplanted heart may result in serious early and late adverse effects such as primary graft dysfunction, increased allograft immunogenicity, and initiation of fibroproliferative cascades that compromise the survival of the recipient. Microvascular dysfunction has a central role in ischemia/reperfusion injury through increased vascular permeability, leukocyte adhesion and extravasation, thrombosis, vasoconstriction, and the no-reflow phenomenon. Here we review the involvement of microvascular endothelial cells and their surrounding pericytes in ischemia/reperfusion injury, and the pleiotropic, cholesterol-independent effects of statins on microvascular dysfunction. In addition, we delineate how the rapid vasculoprotective effects of statins could be used to protect cardiac allografts against ischemia/reperfusion injury by administering statins to the organ donor before graft removal and transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti I Nykänen
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, P.O. Box 21 (Haartmaninkatu 3), FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Kobori T, Kobayashi M, Harada S, Nakamoto K, Fujita-Hamabe W, Tokuyama S. RhoA affects oral morphine analgesia depending on functional variation in intestinal P-glycoprotein induced by repeated etoposide treatment. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 47:934-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Phosphorylation of endothelial NOS contributes to simvastatin protection against myocardial no-reflow and infarction in reperfused swine hearts: partially via the PKA signaling pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2012; 33:879-87. [PMID: 22659627 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2012.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The cholesterol-lowering drugs statins could enhance the activities of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and protect myocardium during ischemia and reperfusion. The aim of this study was to examine whether protein kinase A (PKA) was involved in statin-mediated eNOS phosphorylation and cardioprotection. METHODS 6-Month-old Chinese minipigs (20-30 kg) underwent a 1.5-h occlusion and 3-h reperfusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). In the sham group, the LAD was encircled by a suture but not occluded. Hemodynamic and cardiac function was monitored using a polygraph. Plasma activity of creatine kinase and the tissue activities of PKA and NOS were measured spectrophotometrically. p-CREB, eNOS and p-eNOS levels were detected using Western blotting. Sizes of the area at risk, the area of no-reflow and the area of necrosis were measured morphologically. RESULTS Pretreatment of the animals with simvastatin (SIM, 2 mg/kg, po) before reperfusion significantly decreased the plasma activity of creatine kinase, an index of myocardial necrosis, and reduced the no-reflow size (from 50.4%±2.4% to 36.1%±2.1%, P<0.01) and the infarct size (from 79.0%±2.7% to 64.1%±4.5%, P<0.01). SIM significantly increased the activities of PKA and constitutive NOS, and increased Ser(133) p-CREB protein, Ser(1179) p-eNOS, and Ser(635) p-eNOS in ischemic myocardium. Intravenous infusion of the PKA inhibitor H-89 (1 μg·kg(-1)·min(-1)) partially abrogated the SIM-induced cardioprotection and eNOS phosphorylation. In contrast, intravenous infusion of the eNOS inhibitor L-NNA (10 mg·kg(-1)) completely abrogated the SIM-induced cardioprotection and eNOS phosphorylation during ischemia and reperfusion, but did not affect the activity of PKA. CONCLUSION Pretreatment with a single dose of SIM 2.5 h before reperfusion attenuates myocardial no-reflow and infarction through increasing eNOS phosphorylation at Ser(1179) and Ser(635) that was partially mediated via the PKA signaling pathway.
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Tuuminen R, Syrjälä S, Krebs R, Keränen MA, Koli K, Abo-Ramadan U, Neuvonen PJ, Tikkanen JM, Nykänen AI, Lemström KB. Donor Simvastatin Treatment Abolishes Rat Cardiac Allograft Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury and Chronic Rejection Through Microvascular Protection. Circulation 2011; 124:1138-50. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.110.005249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raimo Tuuminen
- From the Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital (R.T., S.S., R.K., M.A.I.K., J.M.T., A.I.N., K.B.L.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital (P.J.N.); Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital (A.I.N., K.B.L.); Departments of Virology and Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki (K.K.); and Experimental
| | - Simo Syrjälä
- From the Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital (R.T., S.S., R.K., M.A.I.K., J.M.T., A.I.N., K.B.L.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital (P.J.N.); Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital (A.I.N., K.B.L.); Departments of Virology and Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki (K.K.); and Experimental
| | - Rainer Krebs
- From the Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital (R.T., S.S., R.K., M.A.I.K., J.M.T., A.I.N., K.B.L.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital (P.J.N.); Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital (A.I.N., K.B.L.); Departments of Virology and Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki (K.K.); and Experimental
| | - Mikko A.I. Keränen
- From the Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital (R.T., S.S., R.K., M.A.I.K., J.M.T., A.I.N., K.B.L.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital (P.J.N.); Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital (A.I.N., K.B.L.); Departments of Virology and Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki (K.K.); and Experimental
| | - Katri Koli
- From the Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital (R.T., S.S., R.K., M.A.I.K., J.M.T., A.I.N., K.B.L.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital (P.J.N.); Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital (A.I.N., K.B.L.); Departments of Virology and Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki (K.K.); and Experimental
| | - Usama Abo-Ramadan
- From the Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital (R.T., S.S., R.K., M.A.I.K., J.M.T., A.I.N., K.B.L.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital (P.J.N.); Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital (A.I.N., K.B.L.); Departments of Virology and Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki (K.K.); and Experimental
| | - Pertti J. Neuvonen
- From the Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital (R.T., S.S., R.K., M.A.I.K., J.M.T., A.I.N., K.B.L.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital (P.J.N.); Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital (A.I.N., K.B.L.); Departments of Virology and Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki (K.K.); and Experimental
| | - Jussi M. Tikkanen
- From the Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital (R.T., S.S., R.K., M.A.I.K., J.M.T., A.I.N., K.B.L.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital (P.J.N.); Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital (A.I.N., K.B.L.); Departments of Virology and Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki (K.K.); and Experimental
| | - Antti I. Nykänen
- From the Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital (R.T., S.S., R.K., M.A.I.K., J.M.T., A.I.N., K.B.L.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital (P.J.N.); Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital (A.I.N., K.B.L.); Departments of Virology and Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki (K.K.); and Experimental
| | - Karl B. Lemström
- From the Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital (R.T., S.S., R.K., M.A.I.K., J.M.T., A.I.N., K.B.L.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital (P.J.N.); Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital (A.I.N., K.B.L.); Departments of Virology and Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki (K.K.); and Experimental
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27
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Abstract
Statins are 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, which are widely used to lower serum cholesterol levels in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Recent experimental and clinical evidence suggests that the beneficial effects of statins may extend beyond their cholesterol-lowering effects, to include so-called pleiotropic effects. These cholesterol-independent effects include improving endothelial function, attenuating vascular and myocardial remodeling, inhibiting vascular inflammation and oxidation, and stabilizing atherosclerotic plaques. The mechanism underlying some of these pleiotropic effects is the inhibition of isoprenoid synthesis by statins, which leads to the inhibition of intracellular signaling molecules Rho, Rac and Cdc42. In particular, inhibition of Rho and one of its downstream targets, Rho kinase, may be a predominant mechanism contributing to the pleiotropic effects of statins. The aim of the present review is to provide an update on the non-cholesterol-dependent statin effects in the cardiovascular system and highlight some of the recent findings from bench to bedside to support the concept of statin pleiotropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhou
- Vascular Medicine Research Unit, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA
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28
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Jung C, Gonon AT, Sjoquist PO, Lundberg JO, Pernow J. Arginase inhibition mediates cardioprotection during ischaemia-reperfusion. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 85:147-54. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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29
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Meijer P, Oyen WJG, Dekker D, van den Broek PHH, Wouters CW, Boerman OC, Scheffer GJ, Smits P, Rongen GA. Rosuvastatin increases extracellular adenosine formation in humans in vivo: a new perspective on cardiovascular protection. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29:963-8. [PMID: 19359665 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.179622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Statins may increase extracellular adenosine formation from adenosine monophosphate by enhancing ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity. This theory was tested in humans using dipyridamole-induced vasodilation as a read-out for local adenosine formation. Dipyridamole inhibits the transport of extracellular adenosine into the cytosol resulting in increased extracellular adenosine and subsequent vasodilation. In addition, we studied the effect of statin therapy in a forearm model of ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS AND RESULTS Volunteers randomly received rosuvastatin or placebo in a double-blind parallel design (n=21). The forearm vasodilator response to intraarterial dipyridamole was determined in the absence and presence of the adenosine antagonist caffeine. During a separate visit the vasodilator response to nitroprusside and adenosine was established. In addition, healthy men were randomly divided in 3 groups to receive either placebo (n=10), rosuvastatin (n=22), or rosuvastatin combined with intravenous caffeine (n=12). Subsequently, volunteers performed forearm ischemic exercise. At reperfusion, Tc-99m-labeled annexin A5 was infused intravenously and scintigraphic images were acquired, providing an early marker of cell injury. Rosuvastatin treatment significantly increased the vasodilator response to dipyridamole, which was prevented by caffeine. Rosuvastatin did not influence the response to either sodium nitroprusside or adenosine indicating a specific interaction between rosuvastatin and dipyridamole, which does not result from an effect of rosuvastatin on adenosine clearance nor adenosine-receptor affinity or efficacy. Rosuvastatin increased tolerance to ischemia-reperfusion injury, which was attenuated by caffeine. CONCLUSIONS Rosuvastatin increases extracellular adenosine formation, which provides protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury in humans in vivo. Therefore, statins and dipyridamole may interact synergistically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Meijer
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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30
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Ludman A, Venugopal V, Yellon DM, Hausenloy DJ. Statins and cardioprotection — More than just lipid lowering? Pharmacol Ther 2009; 122:30-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Vilahur G, Hernández-Vera R, Molins B, Casaní L, Duran X, Padró T, Badimon L. Short-term myocardial ischemia induces cardiac modified C-reactive protein expression and proinflammatory gene (cyclo-oxygenase-2, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and tissue factor) upregulation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Thromb Haemost 2009; 7:485-93. [PMID: 19036073 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2008.03244.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prompt coronary thrombus resolution, reducing time of ischemia, improves cardiac recovery. The factors triggered by ischemia that contribute to the clinical outcome are not fully known. We hypothesize that unabated inflammation due to cardiac ischemia may be a contributing factor. AIMS As a proof-of-concept, we evaluated the effect of short-term myocardial ischemia on the local and systemic inflammatory response. METHODS Pigs underwent either 90-min mid-left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery balloon occlusion (infarct size 25% +/- 1% left ventricle; 29% heart function deterioration) or a sham-operation procedure. Peri-infarcted and non-ischemic cardiac tissue was obtained for histopathologic, molecular and immunohistochemical analysis of inflammatory markers [interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), modified C-reactive protein (mCRP), and human alveolar macrophage-56 (HAM-56)]. Blood (femoral vein) was withdrawn prior to myocardial infarction (MI) induction (t = 0) and at 30 and 90 min to evaluate: (i) systemic cytokine levels (IL-6, TNF-alpha, CRP); (ii) proinflammatory gene and protein expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of tissue factor (TF), cyclo-oxygenase-2 (Cox-2), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and CRP; and (iii) platelet activation (assessed by perfusion studies and RhoA activation). RESULTS Short-term ischemia triggered cardiac IL-6 and TNF-alpha expression, recruitment of inflammatory cells, and mCRP expression in infiltrated macrophages (P < 0.05 vs. t = 0 and sham). PBMC mRNA and protein expression of MCP-1, Cox-2 and TF was significantly increased by ischemia, whereas no differences were detected in CRP. Ischemia increased cardiac troponin-I, IL-6 and TNF-alpha systemic levels, and was associated with higher platelet deposition and RhoA activation (P < 0.001 vs. t = 0 and sham). CONCLUSION Short-term myocardial ischemia, even without atherosclerosis, induces an inflammatory phenotype by inducing local recruitment of macrophages and systemic activation of mononuclear cells, and renders platelets more susceptible to activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Vilahur
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, CSIC-ICCC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
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32
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Kostapanos MS, Milionis HJ, Elisaf MS. An overview of the extra-lipid effects of rosuvastatin. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2008; 13:157-74. [PMID: 18460672 DOI: 10.1177/1074248408318628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Statins, in addition to their beneficial lipid modulation effects, exert a variety of several so-called "pleiotropic" actions that may result in clinical benefits. Rosuvastatin, the last agent of the class to be introduced, has proved remarkably potent in reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. At present, no large-scale primary or secondary prevention clinical trials document either its long-term safety or its effectiveness in preventing cardiovascular events. A substantial number of experimental and clinical studies have indicate favorable effects of rosuvastatin on endothelial function, oxidized low-density lipoprotein, inflammation, plaque stability, vascular remodeling, hemostasis, cardiac muscle, and components of the nervous system. Available data regarding the effects of rosuvastatin on renal function and urine protein excretion do not seem to raise any safety concerns. Whether the established "pleiotropy" and/or lipid-lowering efficacy of rosuvastatin may translate into reduced morbidity and mortality remains to be shown in ongoing clinical outcome trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Kostapanos
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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33
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Pleiotropic effects of cardiac drugs on healing post-MI. The good, bad, and ugly. Heart Fail Rev 2008; 13:439-52. [PMID: 18256930 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-008-9090-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Healing after myocardial infarction (MI) is a well-orchestrated time-dependent process that involves inflammation, tissue repair with extracellular collagen matrix (ECCM) deposition and scar formation, and remodeling of myocardial structure, matrix, vasculature, and function. Rapid early ECCM degradation followed by slow ECCM replacement and maturation during post-MI healing results in a prolonged window of enhanced vulnerability to adverse remodeling. Decreased ECCM results in adverse ventricular remodeling, dysfunction, and rupture. Inflammation, a critical factor in normal healing, if impaired results in adverse remodeling and rupture. Several therapeutic drugs prescribed after MI exert pleiotropic effects that suppress ECCM and inflammation during healing and may have good, bad, or ugly consequences. This article reviews the potential impact of pleiotropic effects of some prototypic cardiac drugs such as renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, statins, and thrombolytics during healing post-ST-segment-elevation MI (STEMI), with special focus on inflammation, ECCM and remodeling, and implications in the elderly.
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34
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Lin CL, Cheng H, Tung CW, Huang WJ, Chang PJ, Yang JT, Wang JY. Simvastatin reverses high glucose-induced apoptosis of mesangial cells via modulation of Wnt signaling pathway. Am J Nephrol 2007; 28:290-7. [PMID: 18004065 DOI: 10.1159/000111142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Disruption of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in mesangial cells is a pathogenic consequence of diabetic nephropathy. We examined the role of simvastatin (SIM) in modulation of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in the apoptosis of high glucose (HG)-stressed mesangial cells in vitro and in vivo. METHODS For in vitro studies, we cultured mesangial cells, with or without SIM pretreatment, in 35 mM glucose and then assayed Wnt activity and apoptosis. For in vivo studies, we administered SIM to streptozocin-induced diabetic rats for 28 days and then dissected renal tissues for immunohistological assessment of Wnt signal expression and apoptosis of glomerular cells. RESULTS SIM reduced the promotional effect of HG on caspase-3 expression, PARP activation, and cell apoptosis. HG significantly reduced Wnt4 and Wnt5a mRNA expression and SIM restored Wnt4 and Wnt5a mRNA expression to the level of controls. SIM also suppressed HG-mediated activation of GSK-3b and restored nuclear beta-catenin levels and phospho-Akt expression. This suggests that SIM alters the stability of beta-catenin, a critical element of mesangial cell survival. Exogenous SIM treatment blocked DNA fragmentation, increased the Wnt/beta-catenin immunoreactivities of cells adjacent to renal glomeruli, and attenuated urinary protein secretion in diabetic rats. CONCLUSIONS SIM reduces the detrimental effects of HG on diabetic renal glomeruli in vitro and in vivo. SIM prevents HG-induced downregulation of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling and thereby blocks mesangial cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Liang Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chang Gung University, Chiayi, Taiwan.
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