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Ahmed AA, Patel K, Nyaku MA, Kheirbek RE, Bittner V, Fonarow GC, Filippatos GS, Morgan CJ, Aban IB, Mujib M, Desai RV, Allman RM, White M, Deedwania P, Howard G, Bonow RO, Fletcher RD, Aronow WS, Ahmed A. Risk of Heart Failure and Death After Prolonged Smoking Cessation: Role of Amount and Duration of Prior Smoking. Circ Heart Fail 2015; 8:694-701. [PMID: 26038535 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.114.001885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the 2004 Surgeon General's Report on Health Consequences of Smoking, after >15 years of abstinence, the cardiovascular risk of former smokers becomes similar to that of never-smokers. Whether this health benefit of smoking cessation varies by amount and duration of prior smoking remains unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS Of the 4482 adults ≥65 years without prevalent heart failure (HF) in the Cardiovascular Health Study, 2556 were never-smokers, 629 current smokers, and 1297 former smokers with >15 years of cessation, of whom 312 were heavy smokers (highest quartile; ≥32 pack-years). Age-sex-race-adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for centrally adjudicated incident HF and mortality during 13 years of follow-up were estimated using Cox regression models. Compared with never-smokers, former smokers as a group had similar risk for incident HF (aHR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.85-1.16) and all-cause mortality (aHR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.96-1.20), but former heavy smokers had higher risk for both HF (aHR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.15-1.83) and mortality (aHR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.17-1.64). However, when compared with current smokers, former heavy smokers had lower risk of death (aHR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.53-0.77), but not of HF (aHR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.74-1.28). CONCLUSIONS After >15 years of smoking cessation, the risk of HF and death for most former smokers becomes similar to that of never-smokers. Although this benefit of smoking cessation is not extended to those with ≥32 pack-years of prior smoking, they have lower risk of death relative to current smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amiya A Ahmed
- From the Departments of Biology (A.A.A.), Medicine (M.A.N., V.B., A.A.), and Biostatistics (C.J.M., I.B.A., G.H.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (K.P.); Center for Health and Aging and Office of the Chief of Staff, Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.A., R.E.K., R.D.F.); Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC (R.E.K.); Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (G.C.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece (G.S.F.); Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla (M.M., W.S.A.); Department of Medicine, Lehigh Valley Hospital, Allentown, PA (R.V.D.); Geriatrics and Extended Care Services, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington DC (R.M.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada (M.W.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Fresno (P.D.); and Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (R.O.B.)
| | - Kanan Patel
- From the Departments of Biology (A.A.A.), Medicine (M.A.N., V.B., A.A.), and Biostatistics (C.J.M., I.B.A., G.H.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (K.P.); Center for Health and Aging and Office of the Chief of Staff, Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.A., R.E.K., R.D.F.); Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC (R.E.K.); Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (G.C.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece (G.S.F.); Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla (M.M., W.S.A.); Department of Medicine, Lehigh Valley Hospital, Allentown, PA (R.V.D.); Geriatrics and Extended Care Services, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington DC (R.M.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada (M.W.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Fresno (P.D.); and Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (R.O.B.)
| | - Margaret A Nyaku
- From the Departments of Biology (A.A.A.), Medicine (M.A.N., V.B., A.A.), and Biostatistics (C.J.M., I.B.A., G.H.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (K.P.); Center for Health and Aging and Office of the Chief of Staff, Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.A., R.E.K., R.D.F.); Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC (R.E.K.); Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (G.C.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece (G.S.F.); Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla (M.M., W.S.A.); Department of Medicine, Lehigh Valley Hospital, Allentown, PA (R.V.D.); Geriatrics and Extended Care Services, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington DC (R.M.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada (M.W.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Fresno (P.D.); and Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (R.O.B.)
| | - Raya E Kheirbek
- From the Departments of Biology (A.A.A.), Medicine (M.A.N., V.B., A.A.), and Biostatistics (C.J.M., I.B.A., G.H.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (K.P.); Center for Health and Aging and Office of the Chief of Staff, Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.A., R.E.K., R.D.F.); Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC (R.E.K.); Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (G.C.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece (G.S.F.); Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla (M.M., W.S.A.); Department of Medicine, Lehigh Valley Hospital, Allentown, PA (R.V.D.); Geriatrics and Extended Care Services, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington DC (R.M.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada (M.W.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Fresno (P.D.); and Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (R.O.B.)
| | - Vera Bittner
- From the Departments of Biology (A.A.A.), Medicine (M.A.N., V.B., A.A.), and Biostatistics (C.J.M., I.B.A., G.H.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (K.P.); Center for Health and Aging and Office of the Chief of Staff, Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.A., R.E.K., R.D.F.); Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC (R.E.K.); Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (G.C.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece (G.S.F.); Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla (M.M., W.S.A.); Department of Medicine, Lehigh Valley Hospital, Allentown, PA (R.V.D.); Geriatrics and Extended Care Services, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington DC (R.M.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada (M.W.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Fresno (P.D.); and Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (R.O.B.)
| | - Gregg C Fonarow
- From the Departments of Biology (A.A.A.), Medicine (M.A.N., V.B., A.A.), and Biostatistics (C.J.M., I.B.A., G.H.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (K.P.); Center for Health and Aging and Office of the Chief of Staff, Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.A., R.E.K., R.D.F.); Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC (R.E.K.); Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (G.C.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece (G.S.F.); Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla (M.M., W.S.A.); Department of Medicine, Lehigh Valley Hospital, Allentown, PA (R.V.D.); Geriatrics and Extended Care Services, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington DC (R.M.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada (M.W.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Fresno (P.D.); and Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (R.O.B.)
| | - Gerasimos S Filippatos
- From the Departments of Biology (A.A.A.), Medicine (M.A.N., V.B., A.A.), and Biostatistics (C.J.M., I.B.A., G.H.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (K.P.); Center for Health and Aging and Office of the Chief of Staff, Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.A., R.E.K., R.D.F.); Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC (R.E.K.); Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (G.C.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece (G.S.F.); Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla (M.M., W.S.A.); Department of Medicine, Lehigh Valley Hospital, Allentown, PA (R.V.D.); Geriatrics and Extended Care Services, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington DC (R.M.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada (M.W.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Fresno (P.D.); and Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (R.O.B.)
| | - Charity J Morgan
- From the Departments of Biology (A.A.A.), Medicine (M.A.N., V.B., A.A.), and Biostatistics (C.J.M., I.B.A., G.H.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (K.P.); Center for Health and Aging and Office of the Chief of Staff, Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.A., R.E.K., R.D.F.); Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC (R.E.K.); Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (G.C.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece (G.S.F.); Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla (M.M., W.S.A.); Department of Medicine, Lehigh Valley Hospital, Allentown, PA (R.V.D.); Geriatrics and Extended Care Services, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington DC (R.M.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada (M.W.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Fresno (P.D.); and Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (R.O.B.)
| | - Inmaculada B Aban
- From the Departments of Biology (A.A.A.), Medicine (M.A.N., V.B., A.A.), and Biostatistics (C.J.M., I.B.A., G.H.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (K.P.); Center for Health and Aging and Office of the Chief of Staff, Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.A., R.E.K., R.D.F.); Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC (R.E.K.); Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (G.C.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece (G.S.F.); Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla (M.M., W.S.A.); Department of Medicine, Lehigh Valley Hospital, Allentown, PA (R.V.D.); Geriatrics and Extended Care Services, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington DC (R.M.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada (M.W.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Fresno (P.D.); and Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (R.O.B.)
| | - Marjan Mujib
- From the Departments of Biology (A.A.A.), Medicine (M.A.N., V.B., A.A.), and Biostatistics (C.J.M., I.B.A., G.H.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (K.P.); Center for Health and Aging and Office of the Chief of Staff, Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.A., R.E.K., R.D.F.); Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC (R.E.K.); Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (G.C.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece (G.S.F.); Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla (M.M., W.S.A.); Department of Medicine, Lehigh Valley Hospital, Allentown, PA (R.V.D.); Geriatrics and Extended Care Services, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington DC (R.M.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada (M.W.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Fresno (P.D.); and Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (R.O.B.)
| | - Ravi V Desai
- From the Departments of Biology (A.A.A.), Medicine (M.A.N., V.B., A.A.), and Biostatistics (C.J.M., I.B.A., G.H.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (K.P.); Center for Health and Aging and Office of the Chief of Staff, Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.A., R.E.K., R.D.F.); Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC (R.E.K.); Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (G.C.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece (G.S.F.); Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla (M.M., W.S.A.); Department of Medicine, Lehigh Valley Hospital, Allentown, PA (R.V.D.); Geriatrics and Extended Care Services, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington DC (R.M.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada (M.W.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Fresno (P.D.); and Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (R.O.B.)
| | - Richard M Allman
- From the Departments of Biology (A.A.A.), Medicine (M.A.N., V.B., A.A.), and Biostatistics (C.J.M., I.B.A., G.H.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (K.P.); Center for Health and Aging and Office of the Chief of Staff, Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.A., R.E.K., R.D.F.); Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC (R.E.K.); Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (G.C.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece (G.S.F.); Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla (M.M., W.S.A.); Department of Medicine, Lehigh Valley Hospital, Allentown, PA (R.V.D.); Geriatrics and Extended Care Services, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington DC (R.M.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada (M.W.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Fresno (P.D.); and Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (R.O.B.)
| | - Michel White
- From the Departments of Biology (A.A.A.), Medicine (M.A.N., V.B., A.A.), and Biostatistics (C.J.M., I.B.A., G.H.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (K.P.); Center for Health and Aging and Office of the Chief of Staff, Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.A., R.E.K., R.D.F.); Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC (R.E.K.); Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (G.C.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece (G.S.F.); Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla (M.M., W.S.A.); Department of Medicine, Lehigh Valley Hospital, Allentown, PA (R.V.D.); Geriatrics and Extended Care Services, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington DC (R.M.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada (M.W.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Fresno (P.D.); and Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (R.O.B.)
| | - Prakash Deedwania
- From the Departments of Biology (A.A.A.), Medicine (M.A.N., V.B., A.A.), and Biostatistics (C.J.M., I.B.A., G.H.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (K.P.); Center for Health and Aging and Office of the Chief of Staff, Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.A., R.E.K., R.D.F.); Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC (R.E.K.); Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (G.C.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece (G.S.F.); Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla (M.M., W.S.A.); Department of Medicine, Lehigh Valley Hospital, Allentown, PA (R.V.D.); Geriatrics and Extended Care Services, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington DC (R.M.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada (M.W.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Fresno (P.D.); and Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (R.O.B.)
| | - George Howard
- From the Departments of Biology (A.A.A.), Medicine (M.A.N., V.B., A.A.), and Biostatistics (C.J.M., I.B.A., G.H.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (K.P.); Center for Health and Aging and Office of the Chief of Staff, Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.A., R.E.K., R.D.F.); Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC (R.E.K.); Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (G.C.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece (G.S.F.); Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla (M.M., W.S.A.); Department of Medicine, Lehigh Valley Hospital, Allentown, PA (R.V.D.); Geriatrics and Extended Care Services, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington DC (R.M.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada (M.W.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Fresno (P.D.); and Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (R.O.B.)
| | - Robert O Bonow
- From the Departments of Biology (A.A.A.), Medicine (M.A.N., V.B., A.A.), and Biostatistics (C.J.M., I.B.A., G.H.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (K.P.); Center for Health and Aging and Office of the Chief of Staff, Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.A., R.E.K., R.D.F.); Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC (R.E.K.); Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (G.C.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece (G.S.F.); Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla (M.M., W.S.A.); Department of Medicine, Lehigh Valley Hospital, Allentown, PA (R.V.D.); Geriatrics and Extended Care Services, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington DC (R.M.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada (M.W.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Fresno (P.D.); and Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (R.O.B.)
| | - Ross D Fletcher
- From the Departments of Biology (A.A.A.), Medicine (M.A.N., V.B., A.A.), and Biostatistics (C.J.M., I.B.A., G.H.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (K.P.); Center for Health and Aging and Office of the Chief of Staff, Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.A., R.E.K., R.D.F.); Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC (R.E.K.); Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (G.C.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece (G.S.F.); Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla (M.M., W.S.A.); Department of Medicine, Lehigh Valley Hospital, Allentown, PA (R.V.D.); Geriatrics and Extended Care Services, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington DC (R.M.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada (M.W.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Fresno (P.D.); and Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (R.O.B.)
| | - Wilbert S Aronow
- From the Departments of Biology (A.A.A.), Medicine (M.A.N., V.B., A.A.), and Biostatistics (C.J.M., I.B.A., G.H.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (K.P.); Center for Health and Aging and Office of the Chief of Staff, Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.A., R.E.K., R.D.F.); Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC (R.E.K.); Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (G.C.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece (G.S.F.); Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla (M.M., W.S.A.); Department of Medicine, Lehigh Valley Hospital, Allentown, PA (R.V.D.); Geriatrics and Extended Care Services, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington DC (R.M.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada (M.W.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Fresno (P.D.); and Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (R.O.B.)
| | - Ali Ahmed
- From the Departments of Biology (A.A.A.), Medicine (M.A.N., V.B., A.A.), and Biostatistics (C.J.M., I.B.A., G.H.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (K.P.); Center for Health and Aging and Office of the Chief of Staff, Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.A., R.E.K., R.D.F.); Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC (R.E.K.); Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (G.C.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece (G.S.F.); Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla (M.M., W.S.A.); Department of Medicine, Lehigh Valley Hospital, Allentown, PA (R.V.D.); Geriatrics and Extended Care Services, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington DC (R.M.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada (M.W.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Fresno (P.D.); and Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (R.O.B.).
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