1
|
Ceciliani F, Lecchi C. The Immune Functions of α 1 Acid Glycoprotein. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 20:505-524. [PMID: 30950347 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190405101138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
α1-acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid, AGP) is an Acute Phase Protein produced by liver and peripheral tissues in response to systemic reaction to inflammation. AGP functions have been studied mostly in human, cattle and fish, although the protein has been also found in many mammalian species and birds. AGP fulfils at least two set of functions, which are apparently different from each other but in fact intimately linked. On one hand, AGP is an immunomodulatory protein. On the other hand, AGP is one of the most important binding proteins in plasma and, beside modulating pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of many drugs, it is also able to bind and transport several endogen ligands related to inflammation. The focus of this review is the immunomodulatory activity of AGP. This protein regulates every single event related to inflammation, including binding of pathogens and modulating white blood cells activity throughout the entire leukocyte attacking sequence. The regulation of AGP activity is complex: the inflammation induces not only an increase in AGP serum concentration, but also a qualitative change in its carbohydrate moiety, generating a multitude of glycoforms, each of them with different, and sometimes opposite and contradictory, activities. We also present the most recent findings about the relationship between AGP and adipose tissue: AGP interacts with leptin receptor and, given its immunomodulatory function, it may be included among the potential players in the field of immunometabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Ceciliani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Lecchi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Qin Z, Wan JJ, Sun Y, Wang PY, Su DF, Lei H, Liu X. ORM Promotes Skeletal Muscle Glycogen Accumulation via CCR5-Activated AMPK Pathway in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:302. [PMID: 27679573 PMCID: PMC5020064 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We found previously that acute phase protein orosomucoid reacts to fatigue and activates C-C chemokine receptor type 5 to increase muscle glycogen storage and enhance muscle endurance (Lei et al., 2016). To explore the underlying molecular mechanisms, we investigated the role of AMP-activated protein kinase, a critical fuel sensor in skeletal muscle, in C-C chemokine receptor type 5-mediated orosomucoid action. It was found orosomucoid increased skeletal muscle AMP-activated protein kinase activation in a time- and dose- dependent manner, which was largely prevented by pharmacological blocking or knockout of C-C chemokine receptor type 5. Administration of orosomucoid also significantly increased the de-phosphorylation and activity of muscle glycogen synthase, the rate-limiting enzyme for glycogen synthesis. The effect was largely absent in mice deficient in C-C chemokine receptor type 5−/− or AMP-activated protein kinase α2−/−, the predominant isoform in skeletal muscle. Moreover, deletion of AMP-activated protein kinase α2 abolished the effect of orosomucoid on fatigue and muscle glycogen. These findings indicate that orosomucoid may promote glycogen storage and enhance muscle function through C-C chemokine receptor type 5-mdiated activation of AMP-activated protein kinase, which in turn activates glycogen synthase and increases muscle glycogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Qin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Jing Wan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University Shanghai, China
| | - Peng-Yuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University Shanghai, China
| | - Ding-Feng Su
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Lei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Orosomucoid is an independent predictor of prognosis in chronic heart failure. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2016; 128:870-874. [PMID: 27380510 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-016-1034-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart failure is associated with low-grade inflammation. In the present study we sought to assess the prognostic impact of orosomucoid, a marker of inflammation, in outpatients with heart failure. METHODS In outpatients with chronic heart failure (no change in clinical status and/or therapy >3 months prior to inclusion), baseline levels of orosomucoid were determined. Clinical follow-up was obtained and the rate of heart failure-related deaths and hospitalisations recorded. RESULTS A total of 134 patients (median age 71, 33.3 % female, mean left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] 36 %) were included. During a median follow-up of 695 (456-811) days, 54 patients (40.1 %) experienced an event. On Cox multivariate analysis, orosomucoid levels above the median (>497 mg/l) emerged as an independent predictor of prognosis (hazard ratio = 2.86, 95 % confidence interval 1.48-5.52 after adjusting for age, gender, ischaemic vs. non-ischaemic aetiology, LVEF, NT-proBNP and NYHA class). CONCLUSION Orosomucoid levels are an independent predictor of heart failure-related mortality and hospitalisations in patients with chronic heart failure.
Collapse
|
4
|
Orosomucoid, an acute response protein with multiple modulating activities. J Physiol Biochem 2015; 71:329-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-015-0389-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
5
|
Miranda-Ribera A, Passaniti A, Ceciliani F, Goldblum SE. α1-acid glycoprotein disrupts capillary-like tube formation of human lung microvascular endothelia. Exp Lung Res 2014; 40:507-19. [PMID: 25322067 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2014.956945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The acute phase protein, α1-acid glycoprotein, is expressed in the lung, and influences endothelial cell function. We asked whether it might regulate angiogenesis in human lung microvascular endothelia. MATERIALS AND METHODS α1-acid glycoprotein was isolated from human serum by HPLC ion exchange chromatography. Its effects on endothelial cell functions including capillary-like tube formation on Matrigel, migration in a wounding assay, chemotaxis in a modified Boyden chamber, adhesion, and transendothelial flux of the permeability tracer, (14)C-albumin, were tested. RESULTS α1-acid glycoprotein dose-dependently inhibited capillary-like tube formation without loss of cell viability. At ≥0.50 mg/mL, it inhibited tube formation >70%, and at 0.75 mg/mL, >97%. α1-acid glycoprotein dose- and time-dependently restrained EC migration into a wound as early as 2 hours, and in washout studies, did so reversibly. It was inhibitory against vascular endothelial growth factor-A and fibroblast growth factor-2-driven migration but failed to inhibit chemotactic responsiveness. When α1-acid glycoprotein was added to preformed tubes, it provoked their almost immediate disassembly. As early as 15 minutes, it induced tube network collapse without endothelial cell-cell disruption. It exerted a biphasic effect on cell adhesion to the Matrigel substrate. At lower concentrations (0.05-0.25 mg/mL), it increased cell adhesion, whereas at higher concentrations (≥0.75 mg/mL) decreased adhesion. In contrast, it had no effect on transendothelial (14)C-albumin flux. CONCLUSION α1-acid glycoprotein, at concentrations found under physiological conditions, rapidly inhibits endothelial cell capillary-like tube formation that may be explained through diminished cell adhesion to the underlying matrix and/or reversibly decreased cell migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Miranda-Ribera
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Maryland, Baltimore, and the VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
The acute phase reactant orosomucoid-1 is a bimodal regulator of angiogenesis with time- and context-dependent inhibitory and stimulatory properties. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41387. [PMID: 22916107 PMCID: PMC3419235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tissues respond to injury by releasing acute phase reaction (APR) proteins which regulate inflammation and angiogenesis. Among the genes upregulated in wounded tissues are tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) and the acute phase reactant orosomucoid-1 (ORM1). ORM1 has been shown to modulate the response of immune cells to TNFα, but its role on injury- and TNFα-induced angiogenesis has not been investigated. This study was designed to characterize the role of ORM1 in the angiogenic response to injury and TNFα. Methods and Results Angiogenesis was studied with in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo angiogenesis assays. Injured rat aortic rings cultured in collagen gels produced an angiogenic response driven by macrophage-derived TNFα. Microarray analysis and qRT-PCR showed that TNFα and ORM1 were upregulated prior to angiogenic sprouting. Exogenous ORM1 delayed the angiogenic response to injury and inhibited the proangiogenic effect of TNFα in cultures of aortic rings or isolated endothelial cells, but stimulated aortic angiogenesis over time while promoting VEGF production and activity. ORM1 inhibited injury- and TNFα-induced phosphorylation of MEK1/2 and p38 MAPK in aortic rings, but not of NFκB. This effect was injury/TNFα-specific since ORM1 did not inhibit VEGF-induced signaling, and cell-specific since ORM1 inhibited TNFα-induced phosphorylation of MEK1/2 and p38 MAPK in macrophages and endothelial cells, but not mural cells. Experiments with specific inhibitors demonstrated that the MEK/ERK pathway was required for angiogenesis. ORM1 inhibited angiogenesis in a subcutaneous in vivo assay of aortic ring-induced angiogenesis, but stimulated developmental angiogenesis in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Conclusion ORM1 regulates injury-induced angiogenesis in a time- and context-dependent manner by sequentially dampening the initial TNFα-induced angiogenic response and promoting the downstream stimulation of the angiogenic process by VEGF. The context-dependent nature of ORM1 angioregulatory function is further demonstrated in the CAM assay where ORM1 stimulates developmental angiogenesis without exerting any inhibitory activity.
Collapse
|
7
|
In vivo clearance of alpha-1 acid glycoprotein is influenced by the extent of its N-linked glycosylation and by its interaction with the vessel wall. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:292730. [PMID: 22545002 PMCID: PMC3321579 DOI: 10.1155/2012/292730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (AGP) is a highly glycosylated plasma protein that exerts vasoprotective effects. We hypothesized that AGP's N-linked glycans govern its rate of clearance from the circulation, and followed the disappearance of different forms of radiolabeled human AGP from the plasma of rabbits and mice. Enzymatic deglycosylation of human plasma-derived AGP (pdAGP) by Peptide: N-Glycosidase F yielded a mixture of differentially deglycosylated forms (PNGase-AGP), while the introduction of five Asn to Gln mutations in recombinant Pichia pastoris-derived AGP (rAGP-N(5)Q) eliminated N-linked glycosylation. PNGase-AGP was cleared from the rabbit circulation 9-fold, and rAGP-N(5)Q, 46-fold more rapidly than pdAGP, primarily via a renal route. Pichia pastoris-derived wild-type rAGP differed from pdAGP in expressing mannose-terminated glycans, and, like neuraminidase-treated pdAGP, was more rapidly removed from the rabbit circulation than rAGP-N(5)Q. Systemic hyaluronidase treatment of mice transiently decreased pdAGP clearance. AGP administration to mice reduced vascular binding of hyaluronic acid binding protein in the liver microcirculation and increased its plasma levels. Our results support a critical role of N-linked glycosylation of AGP in regulating its in vivo clearance and an influence of a hyaluronidase-sensitive component of the vessel wall on its transendothelial passage.
Collapse
|
8
|
Wille K, Paige LA, Higgins AJ. Application of the Cytosensor™ Microphysiometer to Drug Discovery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3109/10606820308246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
9
|
Christiansen MS, Hesse D, Ekbom P, Hesse U, Damm P, Hommel E, Feldt-Rasmussen B, Mathiesen E. Increased urinary orosomucoid excretion predicts preeclampsia in pregnant women with pregestational type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2010; 89:16-21. [PMID: 20392509 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2010.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We evaluated the urinary orosomucoid excretion (UOE) as a biomarker of preeclampsia and preterm delivery in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes. METHODS Singleton pregnant women with pregestational type 1 diabetes were included provided one urine sample had been collected before 17 gestational weeks. Serum and urinary orosomucoid were analysed by immunoturbidimetry. Primary outcome measurements were development of preeclampsia (blood pressure>140/90mmHg and proteinuria) and preterm delivery before 37 weeks. RESULTS In total 173 women were included. The UOE increased during pregnancy. Preeclampsia developed in 20 women and 65 women delivered preterm. Using logistic regression analysis we found that UOE>1.37mg/l (OR: 6.85 (95% CI: 1.97-23.88; p<0.003)), nulliparity (3.88 (1.10-13.72); p<0.04), systolic blood pressure>120mmHg (4.12 (1.35-12.59); p<0.02) and duration of diabetes>20 years (3.69 (1.18-11.52); p<0.03) independently predicted the development of preeclampsia. Independent predictors of preterm delivery were duration of diabetes and HbA1c>7%. The remaining covariates included in the regression models were BMI, serum creatinine, smoking and microalbuminuria. CONCLUSIONS Increased UOE early in pregnancy predicted preeclampsia in women with pregestational type 1 diabetes independently of albuminuria and other known risk factors. No association to preterm delivery was found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Christiansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Department of Medicine, Amager Hospital, Italiensvej 1, Copenhagen S, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Effects of alpha 1-antitrypsin on endotoxin-induced lung inflammation in vivo. Inflamm Res 2010; 59:571-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-010-0164-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
|
11
|
Irmak S, Oliveira-Ferrer L, Singer BB, Ergün S, Tilki D. Pro-angiogenic properties of orosomucoid (ORM). Exp Cell Res 2009; 315:3201-9. [PMID: 19651122 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Revised: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The acute phase protein orosomucoid (ORM), also known as alpha1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), is found to be increased in infection, inflammation and cancer. Recently, we demonstrated that ORM is produced by endothelial cells and detectable in urine samples of patients with bladder cancer. However, it was not clarified yet whether ORM plays a role in new vessel formation. To this aim we performed overexpression and gene silencing for ORM in human microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs). ORM purified from human plasma was used individually or in combination with VEGF-A in endothelial tube formation, migration and proliferation assay. The in vivo effect of ORM in angiogenesis was studied using the chicken chorionallantois membrane (CAM) with subsequent counting of blood vessels on histological sections from the stimulated areas of CAM tissue. Our data show that ORM alone enhances migration but not proliferation of HDMECs. ORM alone does not induce endothelial tubes in vitro but simultaneous application of ORM with VEGF-A increases the number and the network of VEGF-A-induced endothelial tubes. Remarkably, ORM alone induces new vessel formation in vivo using CAM assay and supports the VEGF-A-induced new vessel formation in this assay. Taken together, our results let assume that ORM has pro-angiogenic properties and supports the angiogenic effect of VEGF-A. Thus, ORM seems to be involved in the regulation of angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ster Irmak
- Institute of Anatomy, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, D-45147 Essen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Haraldsson B, Nyström J, Deen WM. Properties of the Glomerular Barrier and Mechanisms of Proteinuria. Physiol Rev 2008; 88:451-87. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00055.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 611] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the intricate properties of the glomerular barrier. Other reviews have focused on podocyte biology, mesangial cells, and the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). However, since all components of the glomerular membrane are important for its function, proteinuria will occur regardless of which layer is affected by disease. We review the properties of endothelial cells and their surface layer, the GBM, and podocytes, discuss various methods of studying glomerular permeability, and analyze data concerning the restriction of solutes by size, charge, and shape. We also review the physical principles of transport across biological or artificial membranes and various theoretical models used to predict the fluxes of solutes and water. The glomerular barrier is highly size and charge selective, in qualitative agreement with the classical studies performed 30 years ago. The small amounts of albumin filtered will be reabsorbed by the megalin-cubulin complex and degraded by the proximal tubular cells. At present, there is no unequivocal evidence for reuptake of intact albumin from urine. The cellular components are the key players in restricting solute transport, while the GBM is responsible for most of the resistance to water flow across the glomerular barrier.
Collapse
|
13
|
Osikov MV. Effects of α1-acid glycoprotein on free radical oxidation processes in experimental liver failure. Bull Exp Biol Med 2007; 144:26-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-007-0244-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
14
|
Aplin AC, Gelati M, Fogel E, Carnevale E, Nicosia RF. Angiopoietin-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor induce expression of inflammatory cytokines before angiogenesis. Physiol Genomics 2006; 27:20-8. [PMID: 17018690 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00048.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify novel transcriptional events occurring in the aortic wall before angiogenesis. We used a defined tissue culture system that takes advantage of the capacity of rat aortic rings to generate neovessels ex vivo in response to angiogenic factor stimulation. Total RNA isolated from aortic rings 18 h posttreatment with angiopoietin (Ang)-1 or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was used to probe oligonucleotide microarrays. Many genes were up- or downregulated by either Ang-1 or VEGF, with a subset being affected by treatment with both growth factors. Grouping of genes by biological function revealed that Ang-1 and VEGF both upregulated a host of immune-related genes including many inflammatory cytokines. A mixture of the Ang-1- and VEGF-induced cytokines stimulated the spontaneous angiogenic response of aortic rings and was synergistic with a low dose of recombinant VEGF. This effect was associated with enhanced recruitment of adventitial macrophages and dendritic cells in the angiogenic outgrowths. Thus Ang-1 and VEGF activate the innate immune system of the vessel wall, stimulating the production of proangiogenic inflammatory cytokines before the emergence of neovessels. This hitherto unreported feature of the angiogenic response might represent an important early component of the cellular and molecular cascade responsible for the angiogenic response of the aortic wall.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfred C Aplin
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hjalmarsson C, Lidell ME, Haraldsson B. Beneficial effects of orosomucoid on the glomerular barrier in puromycin aminonucleoside-induced nephrosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006; 21:1223-30. [PMID: 16410268 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfk050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a hitherto unconfirmed report, orosomucoid was reported to ameliorate the nephrotic syndrome induced by puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) in rats. METHODS We wanted to test this hypothesis and extend the analysis of the effects on the glomerular barrier. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and fractional clearance for albumin (theta(albumin)) and for neutral Ficolls were estimated in cooled isolated perfused kidneys. Modern transport equations were used to estimate glomerular size selectivity and charge selectivity. Also, podocyte morphology was studied. Four groups of rats (4 x n = 8) were administered PAN intraperitoneally and treated daily for 5 days with orosomucoid in two different doses (groups A and B), albumin (group C) or saline (group D). Two additional groups of rats (2 x n = 8) were used as controls and these rats received either saline (group E) or orosomucoid (group F) but no PAN. RESULTS Treatment with orosomucoid restored podocyte morphology and renal function from the damaging effects of PAN in a dose-dependent manner. GFR was significantly reduced by PAN (groups C and D) when compared with controls (groups E and F). This effect was partly (group A) or completely (group B) reversed by orosomucoid. The theta(albumin) was 0.002+/-0.001 (mean+/-SEM) in controls (group E) and was unaffected by orosomucoid per se (group F). PAN increased theta(albumin) to 0.020+/-0.001 in group C and to 0.021+/-0.001 in group D, while it was significantly less in group A, 0.014+/-0.001, P<0.05. The heterogeneous charged fibre model analysis revealed that PAN reduced the relative volume of negatively charged fibres, phi, from 7.1+/-0.08% (group E) to 48% of this value in groups C and D (P<0.001); phi was 4.5+/-0.04% in group A, 5.3+/-0.44% in group B, and 6.1+/-0.11% in group F. CONCLUSION High doses of orosomucoid completely normalized the glomerular barrier in six out of eight animals with puromycin-induced nephrotic syndrome. Thus, orosomucoid has a promising therapeutic potential for certain kidney disorders.
Collapse
|
16
|
Eklund SE, Taylor D, Kozlov E, Prokop A, Cliffel DE. A microphysiometer for simultaneous measurement of changes in extracellular glucose, lactate, oxygen, and acidification rate. Anal Chem 2004; 76:519-27. [PMID: 14750842 DOI: 10.1021/ac034641z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A microphysiometer capable of measuring changes in extracellular glucose, lactate, oxygen, and acidification rate has been developed by incorporating modified electrodes into a standard Cytosensor Microphysiometer plunger. Glucose and lactate are measured indirectly at platinum electrodes by amperometric oxidation of hydrogen peroxide, which is produced from catalysis of glucose and lactate at films containing their respective entrapped oxidase. Oxygen is measured amperometrically at a platinum electrode coated with a Nafion film, while the acidification rate is measured potentiometrically by a Cytosensor Microphysiometer. Analytical information is obtained during the Cytosensor stop-flow cycles, where the electrodes measure changes in the extracellular medium corresponding to the consumption or production of the analyte by the cells. Modification of the Cytosensor plunger for multianalyte determination is described, and the operation of the technique is illustrated by the simultaneous measurement of all four analytes during the addition of fluoride and DNP to Chinese hamster ovary cells and fluoride and antimycin A to mouse fibroblast cells. Cell metabolic recovery and dynamics after exposure to agents can also be observed in specific cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sven E Eklund
- Department of Chemistry, and Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kuebler JF, Toth B, Yokoyama Y, Bland KI, Rue LW, Chaudry IH. Alpha1-acid-glycoprotein protects against trauma-hemorrhagic shock. J Surg Res 2004; 119:21-8. [PMID: 15126077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2003.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that the acute phase protein alpha(1)-acid-glycoprotein (AAG) directly modifies endothelial cell responsiveness and is a crucial factor for maintaining endothelial barrier function. We hypothesized that the addition of AAG to the resuscitation fluid will prevent edema formation, increases circulating blood volume, and reduces tissue inflammation following soft tissue trauma and hemorrhagic shock. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats (338 +/- 28 g) underwent a 5-cm midline laparotomy (i.e., induction of soft tissue trauma) and were bled to and maintained at a mean arterial pressure of 35 mm Hg for 90 min. The rats were then resuscitated with four times the shed blood volume with Ringer's lactate containing 200 mg/kg AAG or the same amount of albumin. At 6 h after resuscitation, organ wet-to-dry weight ratios and circulating blood volume (Evans blue dilution) were determined. Neutrophil accumulation (myeloperoxidase activity, MPO) and tissue lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) were also measured in the lungs, liver, and intestine. RESULTS Administration of AAG during the resuscitation significantly increased circulating blood volume and reduced edema formation, neutrophil accumulation, and lipid peroxidation. Interestingly, concomitant plasma IL-6 levels increased while TNF-alpha levels were not significantly affected. CONCLUSIONS Since addition of AAG to the resuscitation fluid increased circulating blood volume, reduced edema formation, and neutrophil accumulation following trauma and hemorrhagic shock, supplementation of this acute phase protein appears to be a potential adjunct to prevent capillary leakage in patients undergoing major traumatic injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim F Kuebler
- Center for Surgical Research and Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0019, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hochepied T, Berger FG, Baumann H, Libert C. Alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein: an acute phase protein with inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2003; 14:25-34. [PMID: 12485617 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6101(02)00054-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
alpha(1)-Acid glycoprotein (AGP) is a protein with a molecular weight of 41-43 kDa and is heavily glycosylated (45%). Due to the presence of sialic acids, it is negatively charged (pI=2.7-3.2). AGP is an acute phase protein in all mammals investigated to date. The serum concentration of AGP rises several fold during an acute phase response, the systemic answer to a local inflammatory stimulus. Also, its glycosylation pattern can change depending on the type of inflammation. The biological function of this protein is not clear. A number of activities on different type of blood cells have been described. In vivo, AGP clearly has protective effects in several models of inflammation. Here we review the data supporting an anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating role of AGP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tino Hochepied
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent University, KL Ledeganckstraat 35, Belgium
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|