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Hamblin MH, Boese AC, Murad R, Lee JP. MMP-3 Knockout Induces Global Transcriptional Changes and Reduces Cerebral Infarction in Both Male and Female Models of Ischemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7383. [PMID: 39000490 PMCID: PMC11242542 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke followed by reperfusion (IR) leads to extensive cerebrovascular injury characterized by neuroinflammation and brain cell death. Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) emerges as a promising therapeutic approach to mitigate IR-induced stroke injury. We employed middle cerebral artery occlusion with subsequent reperfusion (MCAO/R) to model ischemic stroke in adult mice. Specifically, we investigated the impact of MMP-3 knockout (KO) on stroke pathophysiology using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of stroke brains harvested 48 h post-MCAO. MMP-3 KO significantly reduced brain infarct size following stroke. Notably, RNA-seq analysis showed that MMP-3 KO altered expression of 333 genes (252 downregulated) in male stroke brains and 3768 genes (889 downregulated) in female stroke brains. Functional pathway analysis revealed that inflammation, integrin cell surface signaling, endothelial- and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT/EMT), and apoptosis gene signatures were decreased in MMP-3 KO stroke brains. Intriguingly, MMP-3 KO downregulated gene signatures more profoundly in females than in males, as indicated by greater negative enrichment scores. Our study underscores MMP-3 inhibition as a promising therapeutic strategy, impacting multiple cellular pathways following stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton H. Hamblin
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Austin C. Boese
- School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Rabi Murad
- Bioinformatics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
| | - Jean-Pyo Lee
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Myosin light chain phosphorylation exhibits a gradient across the wall of cerebellar arteries under sustained ex vivo vascular tone. Sci Rep 2023; 13:909. [PMID: 36650375 PMCID: PMC9845333 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28092-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Small blood vessel diseases are often associated with impaired regulation of vascular tone. The current understanding of resistance arteries often focuses on how a level of vascular tone is achieved in the acute phase, while less emphasis is placed on mechanisms that maintain vascular tone. In this study, cannulated rat superior cerebellar arteries (SCA) developed spontaneous myogenic tone and showed a marked and sustained constriction in the presence of diluted serum (10%), a stimulus relevant to cerebrovascular disease. Both phosphorylated myosin light chain (MLC-p) and smooth muscle alpha actin (SM-α-actin) aligned with phalloidin-stained actin filaments in the vessel wall, while exhibiting a 'high to low' gradient across the layers of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), peaking in the outer layer. The MLC-p distribution profile shifted towards the adventitia in serum treated vessels, while removal of the serum reversed it. Furthermore, a positive correlation between the MLC-p signal and vessel wall tension was also evident. The gradients of phosphorylated MLC and SM-α-actin are consistent with a spatial regulation of the myosin-actin apparatus in the vessel wall during the maintenance of vascular tone. Further, the changing profiles of MLC-p and SM-α-actin are consistent with SCA vasoconstriction being accompanied by VSMC cytoskeletal reorganization.
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3
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Hu XQ, Zhang L. Oxidative Regulation of Vascular Ca v1.2 Channels Triggers Vascular Dysfunction in Hypertension-Related Disorders. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122432. [PMID: 36552639 PMCID: PMC9774363 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood pressure is determined by cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance. The L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ (Cav1.2) channel in small arteries and arterioles plays an essential role in regulating Ca2+ influx, vascular resistance, and blood pressure. Hypertension and preeclampsia are characterized by high blood pressure. In addition, diabetes has a high prevalence of hypertension. The etiology of these disorders remains elusive, involving the complex interplay of environmental and genetic factors. Common to these disorders are oxidative stress and vascular dysfunction. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from NADPH oxidases (NOXs) and mitochondria are primary sources of vascular oxidative stress, whereas dysfunction of the Cav1.2 channel confers increased vascular resistance in hypertension. This review will discuss the importance of ROS derived from NOXs and mitochondria in regulating vascular Cav1.2 and potential roles of ROS-mediated Cav1.2 dysfunction in aberrant vascular function in hypertension, diabetes, and preeclampsia.
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Wang S, Tang C, Liu Y, Border JJ, Roman RJ, Fan F. Impact of impaired cerebral blood flow autoregulation on cognitive impairment. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 3:1077302. [PMID: 36531742 PMCID: PMC9755178 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.1077302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Although the causes of cognitive impairment are multifactorial, emerging evidence indicates that cerebrovascular dysfunction plays an essential role in dementia. One of the most critical aspects of cerebrovascular dysfunction is autoregulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF), mainly mediated by the myogenic response, which is often impaired in dementia individuals with comorbidities, such as diabetes and hypertension. However, many unsolved questions remain. How do cerebrovascular networks coordinately modulate CBF autoregulation in health and disease? Does poor CBF autoregulation have an impact on cognitive impairment, and what are the underlying mechanisms? This review summarizes the cerebral vascular structure and myogenic (a three-phase model), metabolic (O2, CO2, adenosine, and H+), and endothelial (shear stress) factors in the regulation of CBF; and the consequences of CBF dysautoregulation. Other factors contributing to cerebrovascular dysfunction, such as impaired functional hyperemia and capillary abnormalities, are included as well. Moreover, this review highlights recent studies from our lab in terms of novel mechanisms involved in CBF autoregulation and addresses a hypothesis that there is a three-line of defense for CBF autoregulation in the cerebral vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoxun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Chengyun Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Yedan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Jane J Border
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Richard J Roman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Fan Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
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5
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Multiple blood flow surges during intermittent pneumatic compression: The origins and their implications. J Biomech 2022; 143:111264. [PMID: 36055052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) therapy has been used to enhance peripheral blood flow for prevention and rehabilitation of ischemic-related vascular diseases. A novel phenomenon has been reported that multiple blood flow surges appeared in the skin blood flow signal during each compression, but its mechanism has not been fully revealed. This study aimed to gain insights into the origins of these blood flow surges through experiment and biomechanical modeling methods. Foot skin blood flow (SBF) signals of 13 healthy adults (23.8 ± 0.5 yr old, 7 males) and air cuff pressure signals were recorded during IPC. Lumped parameter modeling and wavelet analysis were adopted to investigate the multiple blood flow surges (named as Peak1, Peak2 and Peak3). The results of the simulated Peak1 and Peak2 were in good agreements with the experiment results, suggesting that IPC could enhance foot SBF not only by deflation, but also by inflation. Statistical analysis demonstrated that high frequency compression with more frequent occurrence of Peak1 and Peak2 lead to significantly higher (Friedman test, p < 0.001) time-averaged SBF enhancement than the traditional mode. In addition, wavelet analysis showed that the major frequency component of the Peak3 (0.059 Hz) was within the range of the vascular myogenic activity, suggesting a vascular regulation process triggered by intravascular pressure changes. Our study provide new insights into the mechanism of how IPC enhance foot SBF.
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Yang Y, Nourian Z, Li M, Sun Z, Zhang L, Davis MJ, Meininger GA, Wu J, Braun AP, Hill MA. Modification of Fibronectin by Non-Enzymatic Glycation Impairs K + Channel Function in Rat Cerebral Artery Smooth Muscle Cells. Front Physiol 2022; 13:871968. [PMID: 35832482 PMCID: PMC9272009 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.871968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibronectin (FN) enhances K+ channel activity by integrin-mediated mechanisms. As vascular smooth muscle (VSM) K+ channels mediate vasodilation, we hypothesized that modification of fibronectin, via advanced non-enzymatic glycation, would alter signaling of this extracellular matrix protein through these channels. Bovine FN (1 mg/ml) was glycated (gFN) for 5 days using methylglyoxal (50 mM), and albumin was similarly glycated as a non-matrix protein control. VSM cells were isolated from rat cerebral arteries for measurement of macroscopic K+ channel activity using whole cell patch clamp methodology. Pharmacological inhibitors, iberiotoxin (0.1 μM) and 4-aminopyridine (0.1 mM), were used to identify contributions of large-conductance, Ca2+-activated, K+ channels and voltage-gated K+ channels, respectively. Compared with baseline, native FN enhanced whole cell K+ current in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas gFN inhibited basal current. Furthermore, native albumin did not enhance basal K+ current, but the glycated form (gAlb) caused inhibition. gFN was shown to impair both the Kv and BKCa components of total macroscopic K+ current. Anti-integrin α5 and β1 antibodies attenuated the effects of both FN and gFN on macroscopic K+ current at +70 mV. Consistent with an action on BKCa activity, FN increased, whereas gFN decreased the frequency of spontaneous transient outward current (STOCs). In contrast, gAlb inhibited whole cell K+ current predominantly through Kv, showing little effect on STOCs. A function-blocking, anti-RAGE antibody partially reversed the inhibitory effects of gFN, suggesting involvement of this receptor. Further, gFN caused production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by isolated VSMCs as revealed by the fluorescent indicator, DHE. Evoked ROS production was attenuated by the RAGE blocking antibody. Collectively, these studies identify ion channel-related mechanisms (integrin and ROS-mediated) by which protein glycation may modify VSMC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Zahra Nourian
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Min Li
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Zhe Sun
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, MO, United States
| | | | - Michael J. Davis
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Gerald A. Meininger
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Jianbo Wu
- Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Andrew P. Braun
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Michael A. Hill
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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Lu Y, Stec DE, Liu R, Ryan M, Drummond HA. βENaC and ASIC2 associate in VSMCs to mediate pressure-induced constriction in the renal afferent arteriole. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 322:F498-F511. [PMID: 35285274 PMCID: PMC8977180 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00003.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In independent studies, our laboratory has shown the importance of the degenerin proteins β-epithelial Na+ channel (βENaC) and acid-sensing ion channel 2 (ASIC2) in pressure-induced constriction (PIC) in renal interlobar arteries. Most, but not all, of the PIC response is abolished in mice lacking normal levels of βENaC or in ASIC2-null mice, indicating that the functions of βENaC and ASIC2 cannot fully compensate for the loss of the other. Degenerin proteins are known to associate and form heteromeric channels in expression systems, but whether they interact biochemically and functionally in vascular smooth muscle cells is unknown. We hypothesized that βENaC and ASIC2 interact to mediate PIC responses in renal vessels. To address this possibility, we 1) used biochemical approaches to show that βENaC associates into high-molecular-weight complexes and immunoprecipitants with ASIC2 in vascular smooth muscle cells and then 2) examined PIC in renal afferent arterioles in mice lacking normal levels of βENaC (βENaCm/m) or/and ASIC2 (ASIC2-/-) using the isolated afferent arteriole-attached glomerulus preparation. We found that the sensitivity of the PIC response (slope of the relationship between intraluminal pressure and percent myogenic tone) decreased to 26%, 27%, and -8% of wild-type controls in ASIC2-/-, βENaCm/m, and ASIC2-/-/βENaCm/m groups, respectively, suggesting that the PIC response was totally abolished in mice deficient in both ASIC2 and βENaC. Surprisingly, we found that resting internal diameters were 20-30% lower (60 mmHg, Ca2+ free) in ASIC2-/-/βENaCm/m (11.3 ± 0.5 µm) mice compared with control (14.4 ± 0.6 µm, P = 0.0007, independent two-tailed t test) or singly modified (15.7 ± 1.0 to 16.3 ± 1.1 µm) mice, suggesting compensatory vasoconstriction or remodeling. We then examined mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) using radiotelemetry and glomerular injury using histological examination of renal sections. We found that 24-h MAP was mildly elevated (+8 mmHg) in ASIC2-/-/βENaCm/m mice versus wild-type controls and the glomerular injury score was modestly increased by 38%. These findings demonstrate that myogenic constriction in afferent arterioles is dependent on normal expression of βENaC and ASIC2 and that mice lacking normal levels of ASIC2 and βENaC have mild renal injury and increased MAP.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Transmission of systemic blood pressure to delicate renal microvessels is a primary determinant of vascular injury in chronic kidney disease progression to end-stage renal disease. Here, we identified two degenerin family members, with an evolutionary link to mechanosensing, that interact biochemically and functionally to regulate systemic blood pressure and renal injury. Thus, degenerin proteins may serve as a target for the development of therapies to prevent or delay renal disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - David E Stec
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular Renal Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Ruisheng Liu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Michael Ryan
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Heather A Drummond
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular Renal Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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8
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Jackson WF. Calcium-Dependent Ion Channels and the Regulation of Arteriolar Myogenic Tone. Front Physiol 2021; 12:770450. [PMID: 34819877 PMCID: PMC8607693 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.770450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterioles in the peripheral microcirculation regulate blood flow to and within tissues and organs, control capillary blood pressure and microvascular fluid exchange, govern peripheral vascular resistance, and contribute to the regulation of blood pressure. These important microvessels display pressure-dependent myogenic tone, the steady state level of contractile activity of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) that sets resting arteriolar internal diameter such that arterioles can both dilate and constrict to meet the blood flow and pressure needs of the tissues and organs that they perfuse. This perspective will focus on the Ca2+-dependent ion channels in the plasma and endoplasmic reticulum membranes of arteriolar VSMCs and endothelial cells (ECs) that regulate arteriolar tone. In VSMCs, Ca2+-dependent negative feedback regulation of myogenic tone is mediated by Ca2+-activated K+ (BKCa) channels and also Ca2+-dependent inactivation of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCC). Transient receptor potential subfamily M, member 4 channels (TRPM4); Ca2+-activated Cl− channels (CaCCs; TMEM16A/ANO1), Ca2+-dependent inhibition of voltage-gated K+ (KV) and ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels; and Ca2+-induced-Ca2+ release through inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) participate in Ca2+-dependent positive-feedback regulation of myogenic tone. Calcium release from VSMC ryanodine receptors (RyRs) provide negative-feedback through Ca2+-spark-mediated control of BKCa channel activity, or positive-feedback regulation in cooperation with IP3Rs or CaCCs. In some arterioles, VSMC RyRs are silent. In ECs, transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily, member 4 (TRPV4) channels produce Ca2+ sparklets that activate IP3Rs and intermediate and small conductance Ca2+ activated K+ (IKCa and sKCa) channels causing membrane hyperpolarization that is conducted to overlying VSMCs producing endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization and vasodilation. Endothelial IP3Rs produce Ca2+ pulsars, Ca2+ wavelets, Ca2+ waves and increased global Ca2+ levels activating EC sKCa and IKCa channels and causing Ca2+-dependent production of endothelial vasodilator autacoids such as NO, prostaglandin I2 and epoxides of arachidonic acid that mediate negative-feedback regulation of myogenic tone. Thus, Ca2+-dependent ion channels importantly contribute to many aspects of the regulation of myogenic tone in arterioles in the microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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9
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Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) are now considered important contributors to the pathophysiological and biophysical mechanisms underlying arterial stiffening in aging. Here, we review mechanisms whereby VSMC stiffening alters vascular function and contributes to the changes in vascular stiffening observed in aging and cardiovascular disease. Vascular stiffening in arterial aging was historically associated with changes in the extracellular matrix; however, new evidence suggests that endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell stiffness also contribute to overall blood vessel stiffness. Furthermore, VSMC play an integral role in regulating matrix deposition and vessel wall contractility via interaction between the actomyosin contractile unit and adhesion structures that anchor the cell within the extracellular matrix. Aged-induce phenotypic modulation of VSMC from a contractile to a synthetic phenotype is associated with decreased cellular contractility and increased cell stiffness. Aged VSMC also display reduced mechanosensitivity and adaptation to mechanical signals from their microenvironment due to impaired intracellular signaling. Finally, evidence for decreased contractility in arteries from aged animals demonstrate that changes at the cellular level result in decreased functional properties at the tissue level.
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10
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Drummond HA. What Evolutionary Evidence Implies About the Identity of the Mechanoelectrical Couplers in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Physiology (Bethesda) 2021; 36:292-306. [PMID: 34431420 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00008.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of pressure-induced vasoconstriction increases susceptibility to renal and cerebral vascular injury. Favored paradigms underlying initiation of the response include transient receptor potential channels coupled to G protein-coupled receptors or integrins as transducers. Degenerin channels may also mediate the response. This review addresses the 1) evolutionary role of these molecules in mechanosensing, 2) limitations to identifying mechanosensitive molecules, and 3) paradigm shifting molecular model for a VSMC mechanosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Drummond
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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11
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Jackson WF. Myogenic Tone in Peripheral Resistance Arteries and Arterioles: The Pressure Is On! Front Physiol 2021; 12:699517. [PMID: 34366889 PMCID: PMC8339585 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.699517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance arteries and downstream arterioles in the peripheral microcirculation contribute substantially to peripheral vascular resistance, control of blood pressure, the distribution of blood flow to and within tissues, capillary pressure, and microvascular fluid exchange. A hall-mark feature of these vessels is myogenic tone. This pressure-induced, steady-state level of vascular smooth muscle activity maintains arteriolar and resistance artery internal diameter at 50–80% of their maximum passive diameter providing these vessels with the ability to dilate, reducing vascular resistance, and increasing blood flow, or constrict to produce the opposite effect. Despite the central importance of resistance artery and arteriolar myogenic tone in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology, our understanding of signaling pathways underlying this key microvascular property remains incomplete. This brief review will present our current understanding of the multiple mechanisms that appear to underlie myogenic tone, including the roles played by G-protein-coupled receptors, a variety of ion channels, and several kinases that have been linked to pressure-induced, steady-state activity of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in the wall of resistance arteries and arterioles. Emphasis will be placed on the portions of the signaling pathways underlying myogenic tone for which there is lack of consensus in the literature and areas where our understanding is clearly incomplete.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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12
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Liu J, Riquelme MA, Li Z, Li Y, Tong Y, Quan Y, Pei C, Gu S, Jiang JX. Mechanosensitive collaboration between integrins and connexins allows nutrient and antioxidant transport into the lens. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:211530. [PMID: 33180092 PMCID: PMC7668387 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202002154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The delivery of glucose and antioxidants is vital to maintain homeostasis and lens transparency. Here, we report a new mechanism whereby mechanically activated connexin (Cx) hemichannels serve as a transport portal for delivering glucose and glutathione (GSH). Integrin α6β1 in outer cortical lens fiber activated by fluid flow shear stress (FFSS) induced opening of hemichannels. Inhibition of α6 activation prevented hemichannel opening as well as glucose and GSH uptake. The activation of integrin β1, a heterodimeric partner of α6 in the absence of FFSS, increased Cx50 hemichannel opening. Hemichannel activation by FFSS depended on the interaction of integrin α6 and Cx50 C-terminal domain. Moreover, hemichannels in nuclear fiber were unresponsive owing to Cx50 truncation. Taken together, these results show that mechanically activated α6β1 integrin in outer cortical lens fibers leads to opening of hemichannels, which transport glucose and GSH into cortical lens fibers. This study unveils a new transport mechanism that maintains metabolic and antioxidative function of the lens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Manuel A Riquelme
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Yuting Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Yuxin Tong
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Yumeng Quan
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Cheng Pei
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Sumin Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Jean X Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
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13
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Valisno JAC, May J, Singh K, Helm EY, Venegas L, Budbazar E, Goodman JB, Nicholson CJ, Avram D, Cohen RA, Mitchell GF, Morgan KG, Seta F. BCL11B Regulates Arterial Stiffness and Related Target Organ Damage. Circ Res 2021; 128:755-768. [PMID: 33530702 PMCID: PMC7969164 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.316666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. BCL11B (B-cell leukemia 11b) is a transcription factor known as an essential regulator of T lymphocytes and neuronal development during embryogenesis. A genome-wide association study showed that a gene desert region downstream of BCL11B, known to function as a BCL11B enhancer, harbors single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with increased arterial stiffness. However, a role for BCL11B in the adult cardiovascular system is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Arni C Valisno
- Vascular Biology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (J.A.C.V., J.M., L.V., E.B., J.B.G., R.A.C., F.S.)
| | - Joel May
- Vascular Biology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (J.A.C.V., J.M., L.V., E.B., J.B.G., R.A.C., F.S.)
| | - Kuldeep Singh
- Department of Health Sciences, Sargent College, Boston University, MA (K.S., C.J.N., K.G.M.)
| | - Eric Y Helm
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville (E.Y.H., D.A.)
| | - Lisia Venegas
- Vascular Biology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (J.A.C.V., J.M., L.V., E.B., J.B.G., R.A.C., F.S.)
| | - Enkhjargal Budbazar
- Vascular Biology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (J.A.C.V., J.M., L.V., E.B., J.B.G., R.A.C., F.S.)
| | - Jena B Goodman
- Vascular Biology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (J.A.C.V., J.M., L.V., E.B., J.B.G., R.A.C., F.S.)
| | - Christopher J Nicholson
- Department of Health Sciences, Sargent College, Boston University, MA (K.S., C.J.N., K.G.M.)
| | - Dorina Avram
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville (E.Y.H., D.A.).,Department of Immunology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (D.A.)
| | - Richard A Cohen
- Vascular Biology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (J.A.C.V., J.M., L.V., E.B., J.B.G., R.A.C., F.S.)
| | | | - Kathleen G Morgan
- Department of Health Sciences, Sargent College, Boston University, MA (K.S., C.J.N., K.G.M.)
| | - Francesca Seta
- Vascular Biology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (J.A.C.V., J.M., L.V., E.B., J.B.G., R.A.C., F.S.)
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14
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Wang J, McDonagh DL, Meng L. Calcium Channel Blockers in Acute Care: The Links and Missing Links Between Hemodynamic Effects and Outcome Evidence. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2021; 21:35-49. [PMID: 32410171 DOI: 10.1007/s40256-020-00410-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) exert profound hemodynamic effects via blockage of calcium flux through voltage-gated calcium channels. CCBs are widely used in acute care to treat concerning, debilitating, or life-threatening hemodynamic changes in many patients. The overall literature suggests that, for systemic hemodynamics, although CCBs decrease blood pressure, they normally increase cardiac output; for regional hemodynamics, although they impair pressure autoregulation, they normally increase organ blood flow and tissue oxygenation. In acute care, CCBs exert therapeutic efficacy or improve outcomes in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina, hypertensive crisis, perioperative hypertension, and atrial tachyarrhythmia. However, despite the clear links, there are missing links between the known hemodynamic effects and the reported outcome evidence, suggesting that further studies are needed for clarification. In this narrative review, we aim to discuss the hemodynamic effects and outcome evidence for CCBs, the links and missing links between these two domains, and the directions that merit future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - David L McDonagh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Lingzhong Meng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar Street, TMP 3, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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15
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Aguiar Rosa S, Rocha Lopes L, Fiarresga A, Ferreira RC, Mota Carmo M. Coronary microvascular dysfunction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Pathophysiology, assessment, and clinical impact. Microcirculation 2020; 28:e12656. [PMID: 32896949 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia constitutes one of the most important pathophysiological features in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Chronic and recurrent myocardial ischemia leads to fibrosis, which may culminate in myocardial dysfunction. Since the direct visualization of coronary microcirculation in vivo is not possible, its function must be studied indirectly. Invasive and noninvasive techniques allow microcirculatory dysfunction to be evaluated, including echocardiography, magnetic resonance, positron emission tomography, and cardiac catheterization. Blunted myocardial blood flow and coronary flow reserve have been suggested to associate with unfavorable prognosis. Microcirculatory dysfunction may be one additional important parameter to take into account for risk stratification beyond the conventional risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Aguiar Rosa
- Department of Cardiology, Santa Marta Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal.,Nova Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís Rocha Lopes
- Inherited Cardiac Disease Unit, Bart's Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK.,Centre for Heart Muscle Disease, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, UK.,Centro Cardiovascular, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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16
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Hong KS, Kim K, Hill MA. Regulation of blood flow in small arteries: mechanosensory events underlying myogenic vasoconstriction. J Exerc Rehabil 2020; 16:207-215. [PMID: 32724777 PMCID: PMC7365734 DOI: 10.12965/jer.2040432.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
As blood flow is proportional to the fourth power of the vascular radius small changes in the diameter of resistance arteries/arterioles following an increase in intraluminal pressure would be expected to substantially increase blood flow. However, arteriolar myocytes display an intrinsic ability to locally regulate blood flow according to metabolic demands by tuning the diameter of small arteries in response to local changes in he-modynamics. Critical to this, observations were made more than 100 years ago that mechanosensitive small arteries exhibit the "myogenic response" or pressure-induced vasoconstriction or vasodilation in re-sponse to increased or decreased intravascular pressure, respectively. Although cellular mechanisms underlying the myogenic response have now been studied extensively, the precise cellular mechanisms under-lying this intriguing phenomenon still remain uncertain. In particular, the biological machinery that senses changes in intravascular pressure in vascular smooth muscle cells have not been unquestionably identified and remain a significant issue in vascular biology to be fully elucidated. As such, this brief review focuses on putative mechanosensors that have been proposed to contribute to myogenic vasoreactivity. Specific attention is paid to the roles of integrins, G protein-coupled receptors, and cadherins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Seok Hong
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kijeong Kim
- School of Exercise & Sport Science, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Michael A Hill
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri-School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri-School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
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17
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Zhou X, Cheng J, Chen Z, Li H, Chen S, Xu F, Fan R, Zhuang J, Sun T. Role of c-Abl in Ang II-induced aortic dissection formation: Potential regulatory efficacy on phenotypic transformation and apoptosis of VSMCs. Life Sci 2020; 256:117882. [PMID: 32497633 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Angiotensin II (Ang II) induces aortic dissection (AD) via regulation of pathological changes in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). However, the molecular mechanisms involved are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential role of the proto-oncogene non-receptor cellular Abelson tyrosine kinase (c-Abl) in Ang II-induced VSMC phenotypic transformation and apoptosis. MAIN METHODS Lentiviral transfection and short hairpin RNA (shRNA) were used to enhance or inhibit c-Abl in cultured VSMCs. In addition, C57BL/6 and Abl1 gene knockout heterozygous (c-Abl-/+) mice were infused with Ang II, with or without c-Abl inhibitor (STI571) treatment. The incidence of AD was evaluated in vivo, while the molecular and pathological features of VSMC phenotypic transformation and apoptosis were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. KEY FINDINGS Ang II infusion induced a substantial incidence of AD in vivo (27%; 8/30), while STI571 intragastric gavage or Abl1 knockout reduced the incidence of AD to 13% (4/30) and 7% (2/30), respectively. The results of subsequent studies showed that c-Abl overexpression enhanced the Ang II-induced apoptosis and synthetic phenotypic transformation of VSMCs in vitro, while inhibition of c-Abl activity with STI571 or Abl1 gene knockout significantly attenuated the Ang II-induced apoptosis and synthetic phenotypic transformation of VSMCs both in vivo and in vitro. SIGNIFICANCE Activation of c-Abl may be important for the phenotypic transformation and apoptosis of VSMCs underlying the Ang II-induced AD. Targeted inhibition of c-Abl may prevent Ang II-induced AD via attenuation of the pathological changes of VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwu Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou 510100, PR China
| | - Jiancheng Cheng
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Department of Zhengzhou central hospital affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zerui Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou 510100, PR China
| | - Huadong Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Shu Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ruixin Fan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou 510100, PR China
| | - Jian Zhuang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou 510100, PR China.
| | - Tucheng Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou 510100, PR China.
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18
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Nemeth Z, Hildebrandt E, Ryan MJ, Granger JP, Drummond HA. Pressure-induced constriction of the middle cerebral artery is abolished in TrpC6 knockout mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 319:H42-H50. [PMID: 32412783 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00126.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pressure-induced constriction (PIC) is an inherent response of small arteries and arterioles in which increases in intraluminal pressure evoke vasoconstriction. It is a critical mechanism of blood flow autoregulation in the kidney and brain. Degenerin (Deg) and transient receptor potential (Trp) protein families have been implicated in transduction of PIC because of evolutionary links to mechanosensing in the nematode and fly. While TrpC6 has been suggested to contribute to PIC signaling, direct supporting evidence is contradictory. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the importance of TrpC6 in PIC signaling using a mouse model lacking TrpC6. To address this aim, we evaluated graded pressure (20-90 mmHg), depolarization (4-80 mM KCl)-, and adrenergic receptor (phenylephrine; PE 10-7-10-4 M)-mediated constriction of isolated middle cerebral artery (MCA) segments from 9-wk-old male wild-type (TrpC6+/+, n = 7) and homozygous null (TrpC6-/-, n = 9) TrpC6 mice (Jackson Laboratories). Isolated MCA segments were cannulated and pressurized with physiological salt solution using pressure myography (Living Systems). Vasoconstrictor responses to KCl and PE were identical in TrpC6-/- and TrpC6+/+ mice. In contrast, PIC responses were totally abolished in TrpC6-/- mice. At 90 mmHg, the calculated myogenic tone was -0.8 ± 0.5 vs. 10.7 ± 1.7%, P = 0.0002 in TrpC6-/- and TrpC6+/+ mice, respectively. Additionally, there were no changes in mechanical properties of circumferential wall strain and stress or morphological properties of wall thickness and wall-to-lumen ratio at 50 mmHg between TrpPC6-/- and TrpC6+/+ mice. Although these results demonstrate that TrpC6 is critical for the integrated PIC response, they do not identify whether TrpC6 acts as a mechanosensor or a downstream signaling component.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Pressure-induced, but not agonist-induced, vasoconstriction is abolished in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) of TrpC6 null mice. TrpC6 localization in dissociated cerebral vascular smooth muscle cells is primarily cytoplasmic and not associated with the surface membrane where a mechanoelectrical coupler might be expected. These findings suggest that TrpC6 is required for transduction of pressure-induced constriction in the MCA; however, its role as a mechanoelectrical coupler or downstream signal amplifier remains unresolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Nemeth
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Emily Hildebrandt
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Michael J Ryan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Joey P Granger
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Heather A Drummond
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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19
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Bai X, Mangum K, Kakoki M, Smithies O, Mack CP, Taylor JM. GRAF3 serves as a blood volume-sensitive rheostat to control smooth muscle contractility and blood pressure. Small GTPases 2020; 11:194-203. [PMID: 29099324 PMCID: PMC7549679 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2017.1375602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular resistance is a major determinant of BP and is controlled, in large part, by RhoA-dependent smooth muscle cell (SMC) contraction within small peripheral arterioles and previous studies from our lab indicate that GRAF3 is a critical regulator of RhoA in vascular SMC. The elevated contractile responses we observed in GRAF3 deficient vessels coupled with the hypertensive phenotype provided a mechanistic link for the hypertensive locus recently identified within the GRAF3 gene. On the basis of our previous findings that the RhoA signaling axis also controls SMC contractile gene expression and that GRAF3 expression was itself controlled by this pathway, we postulated that GRAF3 serves as an important counter-regulator of SMC phenotype. Indeed, our new findings presented herein indicate that GRAF3 expression acts as a pressure-sensitive rheostat to control vessel tone by both reducing calcium sensitivity and restraining expression of the SMC-specific contractile proteins that support this function. Collectively, these studies highlight the potential therapeutic value of GRAF3 in the control of human hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kevin Mangum
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Masao Kakoki
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Oliver Smithies
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Christopher P. Mack
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Joan M. Taylor
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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20
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Molecular Regulation of the RhoGAP GRAF3 and Its Capacity to Limit Blood Pressure In Vivo. Cells 2020; 9:cells9041042. [PMID: 32331391 PMCID: PMC7226614 DOI: 10.3390/cells9041042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-hypertensive therapies are usually prescribed empirically and are often ineffective. Given the prevalence and deleterious outcomes of hypertension (HTN), improved strategies are needed. We reported that the Rho-GAP GRAF3 is selectively expressed in smooth muscle cells (SMC) and controls blood pressure (BP) by limiting the RhoA-dependent contractility of resistance arterioles. Importantly, genetic variants at the GRAF3 locus controls BP in patients. The goal of this study was to validate GRAF3 as a druggable candidate for future anti-HTN therapies. Importantly, using a novel mouse model, we found that modest induction of GRAF3 in SMC significantly decreased basal and vasoconstrictor-induced BP. Moreover, we found that GRAF3 protein toggles between inactive and active states by processes controlled by the mechano-sensing kinase, focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Using resonance energy transfer methods, we showed that agonist-induced FAK-dependent phosphorylation at Y376GRAF3 reverses an auto-inhibitory interaction between the GAP and BAR-PH domains. Y376 is located in a linker between the PH and GAP domains and is invariant in GRAF3 homologues and a phosphomimetic E376GRAF3 variant exhibited elevated GAP activity. Collectively, these data provide strong support for the future identification of allosteric activators of GRAF3 for targeted anti-hypertensive therapies.
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21
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Sorop O, van de Wouw J, Merkus D, Duncker DJ. Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction in Cardiovascular Disease: Lessons from Large Animal Models. Microcirculation 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-28199-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Ion channels and the regulation of myogenic tone in peripheral arterioles. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2020; 85:19-58. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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23
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Basic Concepts of the Microcirculation. Microcirculation 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-28199-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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Feng HZ, Wang H, Takahashi K, Jin JP. Double deletion of calponin 1 and calponin 2 in mice decreases systemic blood pressure with blunted length-tension response of aortic smooth muscle. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 129:49-57. [PMID: 30707993 PMCID: PMC6486848 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Calponin is a family of actin filament-associated regulatory proteins. Among its three isoforms, calponin 1 is smooth muscle specific and calponin 2 is expressed in smooth muscle and certain non-muscle cells. Previous studies showed that calponin 1 knockout mice had detectable changes in the contractility of urogenital smooth muscle whereas other smooth muscles were less affected. To investigate the possibility that calponins 1 and 2 have overlapping functions in smooth muscle, we examined the effect of double knockout of calponin 1 and calponin 2 genes (Cnn1 and Cnn2) on smooth muscle functions. The results showed for the first time that calponin 1 and calponin 2 double knockout in mice does not cause lethality. The double knockout mice showed decreased systemic blood pressure, decreased force development and blunted length tension response in endothelial-removed aortic rings. A compensatory increase of calponin 1 was found in smooth muscle of Cnn2-/- mice but not vice versa. Cnn1-/- and Cnn2-/- double knockout aortic smooth muscle exhibits faster relaxation than that of wild type control. Double deletion or co-suppression of calponin 1 and calponin 2 in vascular smooth muscle to blunt myogenic response may present a novel approach to develop new treatment for hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Zhong Feng
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Katsuhito Takahashi
- Department of Genomics Oncology, Sarcoma Center, International Unniversity of Health and Welfare, Mita Hospital, Tokyo 108-8329, Japan
| | - J-P Jin
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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25
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Regulation of Actin Dynamics in the C. elegans Somatic Gonad. J Dev Biol 2019; 7:jdb7010006. [PMID: 30897735 PMCID: PMC6473838 DOI: 10.3390/jdb7010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The reproductive system of the hermaphroditic nematode C. elegans consists of a series of contractile cell types—including the gonadal sheath cells, the spermathecal cells and the spermatheca–uterine valve—that contract in a coordinated manner to regulate oocyte entry and exit of the fertilized embryo into the uterus. Contraction is driven by acto-myosin contraction and relies on the development and maintenance of specialized acto-myosin networks in each cell type. Study of this system has revealed insights into the regulation of acto-myosin network assembly and contractility in vivo.
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26
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Dee RA, Mangum KD, Bai X, Mack CP, Taylor JM. Druggable targets in the Rho pathway and their promise for therapeutic control of blood pressure. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 193:121-134. [PMID: 30189292 PMCID: PMC7235948 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of high blood pressure (also known as hypertension) has steadily increased over the last few decades. Known as a silent killer, hypertension increases the risk for cardiovascular disease and can lead to stroke, heart attack, kidney failure and associated sequela. While numerous hypertensive therapies are currently available, it is estimated that only half of medicated patients exhibit blood pressure control. This signifies the need for a better understanding of the underlying cause of disease and for more effective therapies. While blood pressure homeostasis is very complex and involves the integrated control of multiple body systems, smooth muscle contractility and arterial resistance are important contributors. Strong evidence from pre-clinical animal models and genome-wide association studies indicate that smooth muscle contraction and BP homeostasis are governed by the small GTPase RhoA and its downstream target, Rho kinase. In this review, we summarize the signaling pathways and regulators that impart tight spatial-temporal control of RhoA activity in smooth muscle cells and discuss current therapeutic strategies to target these RhoA pathway components. We also discuss known allelic variations in the RhoA pathway and consider how these polymorphisms may affect genetic risk for hypertension and its clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Dee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kevin D Mangum
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Xue Bai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Christopher P Mack
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joan M Taylor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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27
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Abstract
The human cerebral vasculature originates in the fourth week of gestation and continues to expand and diversify well into the first few years of postnatal life. A key feature of this growth is smooth muscle differentiation, whereby smooth muscle cells within cerebral arteries transform from migratory to proliferative to synthetic and finally to contractile phenotypes. These phenotypic transformations can be reversed by pathophysiological perturbations such as hypoxia, which causes loss of contractile capacity in immature cerebral arteries. In turn, loss of contractility affects all whole-brain cerebrovascular responses, including those involved in flow-metabolism coupling, vasodilatory responses to acute hypoxia and hypercapnia, cerebral autoregulation, and reactivity to activation of perivascular nerves. Future strategies to minimize cerebral injury following hypoxia-ischemic insults in the immature brain might benefit by targeting treatments to preserve and promote contractile differentiation in the fetal cerebrovasculature. This could potentially be achieved through inhibition of receptor tyrosine kinase-mediated growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor, which are mobilized by hypoxic and ischemic injury and which facilitate contractile dedifferentiation. Interruption of the effects of other vascular mitogens, such as endothelin and angiotensin-II, and even some miRNA species, also could be beneficial. Future experimental work that addresses these possibilities offers promise to improve current clinical management of neonates who have suffered and survived hypoxic, ischemic, asphyxic, or inflammatory cerebrovascular insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Pearce
- From the Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA.
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28
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Edwards DN, Bix GJ. Roles of blood-brain barrier integrins and extracellular matrix in stroke. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 316:C252-C263. [PMID: 30462535 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00151.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ischemicstroke is a leading cause of death and disability in the United States, but recent advances in treatments [i.e., endovascular thrombectomy and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)] that target the stroke-causing blood clot, while improving overall stroke mortality rates, have had much less of an impact on overall stroke morbidity. This may in part be attributed to the lack of therapeutics targeting reperfusion-induced injury after the blood clot has been removed, which, if left unchecked, can expand injury from its core into the surrounding at risk tissue (penumbra). This occurs in two phases of increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier, a physical barrier that under physiologic conditions regulates brain influx and efflux of substances and consists of tight junction forming endothelial cells (and transporter proteins), astrocytes, pericytes, extracellular matrix, and their integrin cellular receptors. During, embryonic development, maturity, and following stroke reperfusion, cerebral vasculature undergoes significant changes including changes in expression of integrins and degradation of surrounding extracellular matrix. Integrins, heterodimers with α and β subunits, and their extracellular matrix ligands, a collection of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and collagens, have been modestly studied in the context of stroke compared with other diseases (e.g., cancer). In this review, we describe the effect that various integrins and extracellular matrix components have in embryonic brain development, and how this changes in both maturity and in the poststroke environment. Particular focus will be on how these changes in integrins and the extracellular matrix affect blood-brain barrier components and their potential as diagnostic and therapeutic targets for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle N Edwards
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Gregory J Bix
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky.,Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky
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29
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Klein A, Joseph PD, Christensen VG, Jensen LJ, Jacobsen JCB. Lack of tone in mouse small mesenteric arteries leads to outward remodeling, which can be prevented by prolonged agonist-induced vasoconstriction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H644-H657. [PMID: 29775408 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00111.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inward remodeling of resistance vessels is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events. Thus far, the remodeling process remains incompletely elucidated, but the activation level of the vascular smooth muscle cell appears to play a central role. Accordingly, previous data have suggested that an antagonistic and supposedly beneficial response, outward remodeling, may follow prolonged vasodilatation. The present study aimed to determine whether 1) outward remodeling follows 3 days of vessel culture without tone, 2) a similar response can be elicited in a much shorter 4-h timeframe, and, finally, 3) whether a 4-h response can be prevented or reversed by the presence of vasoconstrictors in the medium. Cannulated mouse small mesenteric arteries were organocultured for 3 days in the absence of tone, leading to outward remodeling that continued throughout the culture period. In more acute experiments in which cannulated small mesenteric arteries were maintained in physiological saline without tone for 4 h, we detected a similar outward remodeling that proceeded at a rate several times faster. In the 4-h experimental setting, continuous vasoconstriction to ~50% tone by abluminal application of UTP or norepinephrine + neuropeptide Y prevented outward remodeling but did not cause inward remodeling. Computational modeling was used to simulate and interpret these findings and to derive time constants of the remodeling processes. It is suggested that depriving resistance arteries of activation will lead to eutrophic outward remodeling, which can be prevented by vascular smooth muscle cell activation induced by prolonged vasoconstrictor exposure. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We have established an effective 4-h method for studying outward remodeling in pressurized mouse resistance vessels ex vivo and have determined conditions that block the remodeling response. This allows for investigating the subtle but clinically highly relevant phenomenon of outward remodeling while avoiding both laborious 3-day organoid culture of cannulated vessels and in vivo experiments lasting several weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Klein
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Philomeena Daphne Joseph
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Vibeke Grøsfjeld Christensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Lars Jørn Jensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Jens Christian Brings Jacobsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
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30
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Wirshing ACE, Cram EJ. Myosin activity drives actomyosin bundle formation and organization in contractile cells of the Caenorhabditis elegans spermatheca. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:1937-1949. [PMID: 28331075 PMCID: PMC5541844 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-01-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The contractile myoepithelial cells of the Caenorhabditis elegans somatic gonad are stretched by oocyte entry and subsequently contract to expel the fertilized embryo into the uterus. Formation of aligned, parallel actomyosin bundles during the first ovulation is triggered by oocyte entry and regulated by myosin contractility. Stress fibers—contractile actomyosin bundles—are important for cellular force production and adaptation to physical stress and have been well studied within the context of cell migration. However, less is known about actomyosin bundle formation and organization in vivo and in specialized contractile cells, such as smooth muscle and myoepithelial cells. The Caenorhabditis elegans spermatheca is a bag-like organ of 24 myoepithelial cells that houses the sperm and is the site of fertilization. During ovulation, spermathecal cells are stretched by oocyte entry and then coordinately contract to expel the fertilized embryo into the uterus. Here we use four-dimensional confocal microscopy of live animals to observe changes to spermathecal actomyosin network organization during cell stretch and contraction. Oocyte entry is required to trigger cell contraction and concomitant production of parallel actomyosin bundles. Actomyosin bundle size, connectivity, spacing, and orientation are regulated by myosin activity. We conclude that myosin drives actomyosin bundle production and that myosin activity is tightly regulated during ovulation to produce an optimally organized actomyosin network in C. elegans spermathecae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin J Cram
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
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31
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Abstract
The heart is uniquely responsible for providing its own blood supply through the coronary circulation. Regulation of coronary blood flow is quite complex and, after over 100 years of dedicated research, is understood to be dictated through multiple mechanisms that include extravascular compressive forces (tissue pressure), coronary perfusion pressure, myogenic, local metabolic, endothelial as well as neural and hormonal influences. While each of these determinants can have profound influence over myocardial perfusion, largely through effects on end-effector ion channels, these mechanisms collectively modulate coronary vascular resistance and act to ensure that the myocardial requirements for oxygen and substrates are adequately provided by the coronary circulation. The purpose of this series of Comprehensive Physiology is to highlight current knowledge regarding the physiologic regulation of coronary blood flow, with emphasis on functional anatomy and the interplay between the physical and biological determinants of myocardial oxygen delivery. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:321-382, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G Goodwill
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Gregory M Dick
- California Medical Innovations Institute, 872 Towne Center Drive, Pomona, CA
| | - Alexander M Kiel
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S Martin Jischke Drive, Lafayette, IN
| | - Johnathan D Tune
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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32
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Tykocki NR, Boerman EM, Jackson WF. Smooth Muscle Ion Channels and Regulation of Vascular Tone in Resistance Arteries and Arterioles. Compr Physiol 2017; 7:485-581. [PMID: 28333380 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Vascular tone of resistance arteries and arterioles determines peripheral vascular resistance, contributing to the regulation of blood pressure and blood flow to, and within the body's tissues and organs. Ion channels in the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in these blood vessels importantly contribute to the regulation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration, the primary determinant of SMC contractile activity and vascular tone. Ion channels provide the main source of activator Ca2+ that determines vascular tone, and strongly contribute to setting and regulating membrane potential, which, in turn, regulates the open-state-probability of voltage gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs), the primary source of Ca2+ in resistance artery and arteriolar SMCs. Ion channel function is also modulated by vasoconstrictors and vasodilators, contributing to all aspects of the regulation of vascular tone. This review will focus on the physiology of VGCCs, voltage-gated K+ (KV) channels, large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BKCa) channels, strong-inward-rectifier K+ (KIR) channels, ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels, ryanodine receptors (RyRs), inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs), and a variety of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels that contribute to pressure-induced myogenic tone in resistance arteries and arterioles, the modulation of the function of these ion channels by vasoconstrictors and vasodilators, their role in the functional regulation of tissue blood flow and their dysfunction in diseases such as hypertension, obesity, and diabetes. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:485-581, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan R Tykocki
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Erika M Boerman
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - William F Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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33
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Sun Z, Li M, Li Z, Hill MA, Meininger GA. N-Cadherin, a novel and rapidly remodelling site involved in vasoregulation of small cerebral arteries. J Physiol 2017; 595:1987-2000. [PMID: 28008617 DOI: 10.1113/jp272995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS N-cadherin formed punctate adherens junctions (AJ) along the borders between vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in the pressurized rat superior cerebellar artery. The formation of N-cadherin AJs in the vessel wall depends on the intraluminal pressure and was responsive to treatment with phenylephrine (PE) (10-5 m) and ACh (10-5 m). N-cadherin-coated beads were able to induce clustering of N-cadherin-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) on the plasma membrane of isolated VSMCs, whereas treatment with PE (10-5 m) or sodium nitroprusside (10-5 m) induced a significant increase or decrease in the N-cadherin-EGFP clustering, respectively. Application of pulling force (∼1 nN) to the N-cadherin-coated beads via an atomic force microscope induced a localized mechanical response from the VSMCs that opposed the pulling. ABSTRACT N-cadherin is the major cell-cell adhesion molecule in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). We tested the hypothesis that N-cadherin is part of a novel mechanosensory mechanism in VSMCs and plays an active role in both the arteriolar myogenic response and during changes in vascular tone induced by vasomotor agonists. Intact and pressurized rat superior cerebellar arteries were labelled for confocal immunofluorescence imaging. N-cadherin formed punctate adherens junctions (AJ) along the borders between VSMCs. When the lumen pressure was raised from 50 to 90 mmHg, both the density and the average size of N-cadherin AJs increased significantly. Similarly, arteriolar constriction with phenylephrine (PE) (10-5 m) induced a significant increase of N-cadherin AJ density at 50 mmHg, whereas vasodilatation induced by ACh (10-5 m) was accompanied by a significant decrease in density and size of N-cadherin AJs. An atomic force microscope (AFM) was employed to further examine the mechano-responsive properties of N-cadherin adhesion sites in isolated VSMCs. AFM probes with an attached N-cadherin-coated microbead (5 μm) induced a progressive clustering of N-cadherin-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) on the VSMC surface. Application of pulling force (∼1 nN) to the N-cadherin-coated-beads with the AFM induced a localized mechanical response from the VSMCs that opposed the pulling. Treatment with PE (10-5 m) or sodium nitroprusside (10-5 m) induced a significant increase or decrease of the N-cadherin-EGFP clustering, respectively. These observations provide compelling evidence that N-cadherin AJs are sensitive to pressure and vasomotor agonists in VSMCs and support a functional role of N-cadherin AJs in vasomotor regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Sun
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Min Li
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Zhaohui Li
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Michael A Hill
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Gerald A Meininger
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Rabbani M, Janmaleki M, Tafazzoli-Shadpour M, Teymoori M, Rezvaninejad S. Effects of uniaxial cyclic stretch loading on morphology of adipose derived stem cells. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2016; 13:396-402. [PMID: 30603421 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-016-9037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose derived stem cells (ADSC) are good candidates for the replacement of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells due to their abundance, multipotency property, and easier accessibility. In order to explore the behavior of these cells in response to mechanical stimulation, in this study we have investigated the effects of uniaxial dynamic mechanical loading on ADSC's morphology. Stem cells derived from the fat tissue of human and after an overnight culture were seeded on a silicone rubber strips. Afterwards, cells were subjected to a uniaxial dynamic loading in three different groups. Cell images were evaluated considering different morphological parameters. Fractal dimension decreased significantly after loading while in control groups there were a significant increase (p<0.05), approving that cyclic strain would lead to more aligned and organized cells. Cell orientation also increased significantly (p<0.05). Moreover cells' orientation angle, 24 hour after loading does not change compared to the observations immediately after loading, which attests to the practicality of the cyclic strain in functional tissue engineering. Cell width decreased and cell length increased which led to a significant increase in cell shape index (p<0.05). Results confirmed that uniaxial dynamic loading affects cell morphological parameters comparing their values before and after loading. In addition, the number of cycles are also an important factor since different number of cycles lead to different amounts of certain morphological parameters. Conclusively, cyclic strain can be a practical method in the field of functional tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Rabbani
- 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Isfahan, Azadi sq., Isfahan, Iran.,4Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Isfahan, Azadi sq., Isfahan, 81746-73441 Iran
| | - Mohsen Janmaleki
- 2Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Taleghani Hospital, Parvaneh St., Velenjak, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Morteza Teymoori
- 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Isfahan, Azadi sq., Isfahan, Iran
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35
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Kauffenstein G, Tamareille S, Prunier F, Roy C, Ayer A, Toutain B, Billaud M, Isakson BE, Grimaud L, Loufrani L, Rousseau P, Abraham P, Procaccio V, Monyer H, de Wit C, Boeynaems JM, Robaye B, Kwak BR, Henrion D. Central Role of P2Y6 UDP Receptor in Arteriolar Myogenic Tone. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1598-606. [PMID: 27255725 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Myogenic tone (MT) of resistance arteries ensures autoregulation of blood flow in organs and relies on the intrinsic property of smooth muscle to contract in response to stretch. Nucleotides released by mechanical strain on cells are responsible for pleiotropic vascular effects, including vasoconstriction. Here, we evaluated the contribution of extracellular nucleotides to MT. APPROACH AND RESULTS We measured MT and the associated pathway in mouse mesenteric resistance arteries using arteriography for small arteries and molecular biology. Of the P2 receptors in mouse mesenteric resistance arteries, mRNA expression of P2X1 and P2Y6 was dominant. P2Y6 fully sustained UDP/UTP-induced contraction (abrogated in P2ry6(-/-) arteries). Preventing nucleotide hydrolysis with the ectonucleotidase inhibitor ARL67156 enhanced pressure-induced MT by 20%, whereas P2Y6 receptor blockade blunted MT in mouse mesenteric resistance arteries and human subcutaneous arteries. Despite normal hemodynamic parameters, P2ry6(-/-) mice were protected against MT elevation in myocardial infarction-induced heart failure. Although both P2Y6 and P2Y2 receptors contributed to calcium mobilization, P2Y6 activation was mandatory for RhoA-GTP binding, myosin light chain, P42-P44, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation in arterial smooth muscle cells. In accordance with the opening of a nucleotide conduit in pressurized arteries, MT was altered by hemichannel pharmacological inhibitors and impaired in Cx43(+/-) and P2rx7(-/-) mesenteric resistance arteries. CONCLUSIONS Signaling through P2 nucleotide receptors contributes to MT. This mechanism encompasses the release of nucleotides coupled to specific autocrine/paracrine activation of the uracil nucleotide P2Y6 receptor and may contribute to impaired tissue perfusion in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Kauffenstein
- From the MITOVASC Institute, CNRS UMR 6214, INSERM U1083 (G.K., C.R., A.A., B.T., L.G., L.L., P.A., V.P., D.H.) and EA 3860 Cardioprotection Remodelage et Thrombose, University of Angers, Angers, France (S.T., F.P.); Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.B., B.E.I.); University Hospital Angers, Angers, France (G.K., P.R., P.A., V.P.); Department of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital and German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (H.M.); Institut für Physiologie, Universität zu Lübeck and Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung, Lübeck, Germany (C.d.W.); Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium (J.-M.B., B.R.); and Departments of Pathology and Immunology and Medical Specializations - Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.).
| | - Sophie Tamareille
- From the MITOVASC Institute, CNRS UMR 6214, INSERM U1083 (G.K., C.R., A.A., B.T., L.G., L.L., P.A., V.P., D.H.) and EA 3860 Cardioprotection Remodelage et Thrombose, University of Angers, Angers, France (S.T., F.P.); Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.B., B.E.I.); University Hospital Angers, Angers, France (G.K., P.R., P.A., V.P.); Department of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital and German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (H.M.); Institut für Physiologie, Universität zu Lübeck and Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung, Lübeck, Germany (C.d.W.); Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium (J.-M.B., B.R.); and Departments of Pathology and Immunology and Medical Specializations - Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.)
| | - Fabrice Prunier
- From the MITOVASC Institute, CNRS UMR 6214, INSERM U1083 (G.K., C.R., A.A., B.T., L.G., L.L., P.A., V.P., D.H.) and EA 3860 Cardioprotection Remodelage et Thrombose, University of Angers, Angers, France (S.T., F.P.); Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.B., B.E.I.); University Hospital Angers, Angers, France (G.K., P.R., P.A., V.P.); Department of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital and German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (H.M.); Institut für Physiologie, Universität zu Lübeck and Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung, Lübeck, Germany (C.d.W.); Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium (J.-M.B., B.R.); and Departments of Pathology and Immunology and Medical Specializations - Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.)
| | - Charlotte Roy
- From the MITOVASC Institute, CNRS UMR 6214, INSERM U1083 (G.K., C.R., A.A., B.T., L.G., L.L., P.A., V.P., D.H.) and EA 3860 Cardioprotection Remodelage et Thrombose, University of Angers, Angers, France (S.T., F.P.); Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.B., B.E.I.); University Hospital Angers, Angers, France (G.K., P.R., P.A., V.P.); Department of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital and German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (H.M.); Institut für Physiologie, Universität zu Lübeck and Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung, Lübeck, Germany (C.d.W.); Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium (J.-M.B., B.R.); and Departments of Pathology and Immunology and Medical Specializations - Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.)
| | - Audrey Ayer
- From the MITOVASC Institute, CNRS UMR 6214, INSERM U1083 (G.K., C.R., A.A., B.T., L.G., L.L., P.A., V.P., D.H.) and EA 3860 Cardioprotection Remodelage et Thrombose, University of Angers, Angers, France (S.T., F.P.); Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.B., B.E.I.); University Hospital Angers, Angers, France (G.K., P.R., P.A., V.P.); Department of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital and German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (H.M.); Institut für Physiologie, Universität zu Lübeck and Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung, Lübeck, Germany (C.d.W.); Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium (J.-M.B., B.R.); and Departments of Pathology and Immunology and Medical Specializations - Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.)
| | - Bertrand Toutain
- From the MITOVASC Institute, CNRS UMR 6214, INSERM U1083 (G.K., C.R., A.A., B.T., L.G., L.L., P.A., V.P., D.H.) and EA 3860 Cardioprotection Remodelage et Thrombose, University of Angers, Angers, France (S.T., F.P.); Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.B., B.E.I.); University Hospital Angers, Angers, France (G.K., P.R., P.A., V.P.); Department of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital and German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (H.M.); Institut für Physiologie, Universität zu Lübeck and Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung, Lübeck, Germany (C.d.W.); Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium (J.-M.B., B.R.); and Departments of Pathology and Immunology and Medical Specializations - Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.)
| | - Marie Billaud
- From the MITOVASC Institute, CNRS UMR 6214, INSERM U1083 (G.K., C.R., A.A., B.T., L.G., L.L., P.A., V.P., D.H.) and EA 3860 Cardioprotection Remodelage et Thrombose, University of Angers, Angers, France (S.T., F.P.); Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.B., B.E.I.); University Hospital Angers, Angers, France (G.K., P.R., P.A., V.P.); Department of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital and German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (H.M.); Institut für Physiologie, Universität zu Lübeck and Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung, Lübeck, Germany (C.d.W.); Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium (J.-M.B., B.R.); and Departments of Pathology and Immunology and Medical Specializations - Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.)
| | - Brant E Isakson
- From the MITOVASC Institute, CNRS UMR 6214, INSERM U1083 (G.K., C.R., A.A., B.T., L.G., L.L., P.A., V.P., D.H.) and EA 3860 Cardioprotection Remodelage et Thrombose, University of Angers, Angers, France (S.T., F.P.); Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.B., B.E.I.); University Hospital Angers, Angers, France (G.K., P.R., P.A., V.P.); Department of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital and German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (H.M.); Institut für Physiologie, Universität zu Lübeck and Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung, Lübeck, Germany (C.d.W.); Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium (J.-M.B., B.R.); and Departments of Pathology and Immunology and Medical Specializations - Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.)
| | - Linda Grimaud
- From the MITOVASC Institute, CNRS UMR 6214, INSERM U1083 (G.K., C.R., A.A., B.T., L.G., L.L., P.A., V.P., D.H.) and EA 3860 Cardioprotection Remodelage et Thrombose, University of Angers, Angers, France (S.T., F.P.); Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.B., B.E.I.); University Hospital Angers, Angers, France (G.K., P.R., P.A., V.P.); Department of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital and German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (H.M.); Institut für Physiologie, Universität zu Lübeck and Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung, Lübeck, Germany (C.d.W.); Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium (J.-M.B., B.R.); and Departments of Pathology and Immunology and Medical Specializations - Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.)
| | - Laurent Loufrani
- From the MITOVASC Institute, CNRS UMR 6214, INSERM U1083 (G.K., C.R., A.A., B.T., L.G., L.L., P.A., V.P., D.H.) and EA 3860 Cardioprotection Remodelage et Thrombose, University of Angers, Angers, France (S.T., F.P.); Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.B., B.E.I.); University Hospital Angers, Angers, France (G.K., P.R., P.A., V.P.); Department of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital and German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (H.M.); Institut für Physiologie, Universität zu Lübeck and Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung, Lübeck, Germany (C.d.W.); Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium (J.-M.B., B.R.); and Departments of Pathology and Immunology and Medical Specializations - Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.)
| | - Pascal Rousseau
- From the MITOVASC Institute, CNRS UMR 6214, INSERM U1083 (G.K., C.R., A.A., B.T., L.G., L.L., P.A., V.P., D.H.) and EA 3860 Cardioprotection Remodelage et Thrombose, University of Angers, Angers, France (S.T., F.P.); Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.B., B.E.I.); University Hospital Angers, Angers, France (G.K., P.R., P.A., V.P.); Department of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital and German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (H.M.); Institut für Physiologie, Universität zu Lübeck and Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung, Lübeck, Germany (C.d.W.); Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium (J.-M.B., B.R.); and Departments of Pathology and Immunology and Medical Specializations - Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.)
| | - Pierre Abraham
- From the MITOVASC Institute, CNRS UMR 6214, INSERM U1083 (G.K., C.R., A.A., B.T., L.G., L.L., P.A., V.P., D.H.) and EA 3860 Cardioprotection Remodelage et Thrombose, University of Angers, Angers, France (S.T., F.P.); Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.B., B.E.I.); University Hospital Angers, Angers, France (G.K., P.R., P.A., V.P.); Department of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital and German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (H.M.); Institut für Physiologie, Universität zu Lübeck and Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung, Lübeck, Germany (C.d.W.); Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium (J.-M.B., B.R.); and Departments of Pathology and Immunology and Medical Specializations - Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.)
| | - Vincent Procaccio
- From the MITOVASC Institute, CNRS UMR 6214, INSERM U1083 (G.K., C.R., A.A., B.T., L.G., L.L., P.A., V.P., D.H.) and EA 3860 Cardioprotection Remodelage et Thrombose, University of Angers, Angers, France (S.T., F.P.); Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.B., B.E.I.); University Hospital Angers, Angers, France (G.K., P.R., P.A., V.P.); Department of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital and German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (H.M.); Institut für Physiologie, Universität zu Lübeck and Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung, Lübeck, Germany (C.d.W.); Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium (J.-M.B., B.R.); and Departments of Pathology and Immunology and Medical Specializations - Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.)
| | - Hannah Monyer
- From the MITOVASC Institute, CNRS UMR 6214, INSERM U1083 (G.K., C.R., A.A., B.T., L.G., L.L., P.A., V.P., D.H.) and EA 3860 Cardioprotection Remodelage et Thrombose, University of Angers, Angers, France (S.T., F.P.); Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.B., B.E.I.); University Hospital Angers, Angers, France (G.K., P.R., P.A., V.P.); Department of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital and German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (H.M.); Institut für Physiologie, Universität zu Lübeck and Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung, Lübeck, Germany (C.d.W.); Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium (J.-M.B., B.R.); and Departments of Pathology and Immunology and Medical Specializations - Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.)
| | - Cor de Wit
- From the MITOVASC Institute, CNRS UMR 6214, INSERM U1083 (G.K., C.R., A.A., B.T., L.G., L.L., P.A., V.P., D.H.) and EA 3860 Cardioprotection Remodelage et Thrombose, University of Angers, Angers, France (S.T., F.P.); Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.B., B.E.I.); University Hospital Angers, Angers, France (G.K., P.R., P.A., V.P.); Department of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital and German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (H.M.); Institut für Physiologie, Universität zu Lübeck and Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung, Lübeck, Germany (C.d.W.); Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium (J.-M.B., B.R.); and Departments of Pathology and Immunology and Medical Specializations - Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.)
| | - Jean-Marie Boeynaems
- From the MITOVASC Institute, CNRS UMR 6214, INSERM U1083 (G.K., C.R., A.A., B.T., L.G., L.L., P.A., V.P., D.H.) and EA 3860 Cardioprotection Remodelage et Thrombose, University of Angers, Angers, France (S.T., F.P.); Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.B., B.E.I.); University Hospital Angers, Angers, France (G.K., P.R., P.A., V.P.); Department of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital and German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (H.M.); Institut für Physiologie, Universität zu Lübeck and Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung, Lübeck, Germany (C.d.W.); Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium (J.-M.B., B.R.); and Departments of Pathology and Immunology and Medical Specializations - Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.)
| | - Bernard Robaye
- From the MITOVASC Institute, CNRS UMR 6214, INSERM U1083 (G.K., C.R., A.A., B.T., L.G., L.L., P.A., V.P., D.H.) and EA 3860 Cardioprotection Remodelage et Thrombose, University of Angers, Angers, France (S.T., F.P.); Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.B., B.E.I.); University Hospital Angers, Angers, France (G.K., P.R., P.A., V.P.); Department of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital and German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (H.M.); Institut für Physiologie, Universität zu Lübeck and Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung, Lübeck, Germany (C.d.W.); Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium (J.-M.B., B.R.); and Departments of Pathology and Immunology and Medical Specializations - Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.)
| | - Brenda R Kwak
- From the MITOVASC Institute, CNRS UMR 6214, INSERM U1083 (G.K., C.R., A.A., B.T., L.G., L.L., P.A., V.P., D.H.) and EA 3860 Cardioprotection Remodelage et Thrombose, University of Angers, Angers, France (S.T., F.P.); Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.B., B.E.I.); University Hospital Angers, Angers, France (G.K., P.R., P.A., V.P.); Department of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital and German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (H.M.); Institut für Physiologie, Universität zu Lübeck and Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung, Lübeck, Germany (C.d.W.); Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium (J.-M.B., B.R.); and Departments of Pathology and Immunology and Medical Specializations - Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.)
| | - Daniel Henrion
- From the MITOVASC Institute, CNRS UMR 6214, INSERM U1083 (G.K., C.R., A.A., B.T., L.G., L.L., P.A., V.P., D.H.) and EA 3860 Cardioprotection Remodelage et Thrombose, University of Angers, Angers, France (S.T., F.P.); Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.B., B.E.I.); University Hospital Angers, Angers, France (G.K., P.R., P.A., V.P.); Department of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital and German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (H.M.); Institut für Physiologie, Universität zu Lübeck and Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung, Lübeck, Germany (C.d.W.); Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium (J.-M.B., B.R.); and Departments of Pathology and Immunology and Medical Specializations - Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.)
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Lu X, Kassab GS. Integrins mediate mechanical compression-induced endothelium-dependent vasodilation through endothelial nitric oxide pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 146:221-32. [PMID: 26324675 PMCID: PMC4555471 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201411350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Integrins mediate endothelial NO production and vasodilation in response to the compression of muscle arterioles. Cardiac and skeletal muscle contraction lead to compression of intramuscular arterioles, which, in turn, leads to their vasodilation (a process that may enhance blood flow during muscle activity). Although endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated in compression-induced vasodilation, the mechanism whereby arterial compression elicits NO production is unclear. We cannulated isolated swine (n = 39) myocardial (n = 69) and skeletal muscle (n = 60) arteriole segments and exposed them to cyclic transmural pressure generated by either intraluminal or extraluminal pressure pulses to simulate compression in contracting muscle. We found that the vasodilation elicited by internal or external pressure pulses was equivalent; moreover, vasodilation in response to pressure depended on changes in arteriole diameter. Agonist-induced endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilation was used to verify endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell viability. Vasodilation in response to cyclic changes in transmural pressure was smaller than that elicited by pharmacological activation of the NO signaling pathway. It was attenuated by inhibition of NO synthase and by mechanical removal of the endothelium. Stemming from previous observations that endothelial integrin is implicated in vasodilation in response to shear stress, we found that function-blocking integrin α5β1 or αvβ3 antibodies attenuated cyclic compression–induced vasodilation and NOx (NO−2 and NO−3) production, as did an RGD peptide that competitively inhibits ligand binding to some integrins. We therefore conclude that integrin plays a role in cyclic compression–induced endothelial NO production and thereby in the vasodilation of small arteries during cyclic transmural pressure loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Department of Surgery, and Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Ghassan S Kassab
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Department of Surgery, and Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Department of Surgery, and Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Department of Surgery, and Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Department of Surgery, and Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202
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37
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Colinas O, Moreno-Domínguez A, Zhu HL, Walsh EJ, Pérez-García MT, Walsh MP, Cole WC. α5-Integrin-mediated cellular signaling contributes to the myogenic response of cerebral resistance arteries. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 97:281-91. [PMID: 26278977 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.08.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The myogenic response of resistance arterioles and small arteries involving constriction in response to intraluminal pressure elevation and dilation on pressure reduction is fundamental to local blood flow regulation in the microcirculation. Integrins have garnered considerable attention in the context of initiating the myogenic response, but evidence indicative of mechanotransduction by integrin adhesions, for example established changes in tyrosine phosphorylation of key adhesion proteins, has not been obtained to substantiate this interpretation. Here, we evaluated the role of integrin adhesions and associated cellular signaling in the rat cerebral arterial myogenic response using function-blocking antibodies against α5β1-integrins, pharmacological inhibitors of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Src family kinase (SFK), an ultra-high-sensitivity western blotting technique, site-specific phosphoprotein antibodies to quantify adhesion and contractile filament protein phosphorylation, and differential centrifugation to determine G-actin levels in rat cerebral arteries at varied intraluminal pressures. Pressure-dependent increases in the levels of phosphorylation of FAK (FAK-Y397, Y576/Y577), SFK (SFK-Y416; Y527 phosphorylation was reduced), vinculin-Y1065, paxillin-Y118 and phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C-γ1 (PLCγ1)-Y783 were detected. Treatment with α5-integrin function-blocking antibodies, FAK inhibitor FI-14 or SFK inhibitor SU6656 suppressed the changes in adhesion protein phosphorylation, and prevented pressure-dependent phosphorylation of the myosin targeting subunit of myosin light chain phosphatase (MYPT1) at T855 and 20kDa myosin regulatory light chains (LC20) at S19, as well as actin polymerization that are necessary for myogenic constriction. We conclude that mechanotransduction by integrin adhesions and subsequent cellular signaling play a fundamental role in the cerebral arterial myogenic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaia Colinas
- Smooth Muscle Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Alejandro Moreno-Domínguez
- Smooth Muscle Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Hai-Lei Zhu
- Smooth Muscle Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Emma J Walsh
- Smooth Muscle Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - M Teresa Pérez-García
- Department of Physiology, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Michael P Walsh
- Smooth Muscle Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - William C Cole
- Smooth Muscle Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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38
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Pries AR, Badimon L, Bugiardini R, Camici PG, Dorobantu M, Duncker DJ, Escaned J, Koller A, Piek JJ, de Wit C. Coronary vascular regulation, remodelling, and collateralization: mechanisms and clinical implications on behalf of the working group on coronary pathophysiology and microcirculation. Eur Heart J 2015; 36:3134-46. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Kurogi R, Kikkawa Y, Matsuo S, Nakamizo A, Mizoguchi M, Sasaki T. Upregulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 contributes to restoration of the extracellular matrix in the rabbit basilar artery during cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Brain Res 2015; 1616:26-36. [PMID: 25940763 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vascular remodeling caused by extracellular matrix (ECM) metabolism contributes to the development of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The balance between tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) plays an important role in ECM remodeling. We investigated the mechanism of vascular remodeling following cerebral vasospasm in a rabbit double hemorrhage model. Rabbit basilar arteries were harvested on days 3, 5, and 7 after initial hemorrhage. TIMP-1, TIMP-2, MMP-2, and MMP-9 mRNA and protein expression were investigated with microarray analysis, quantitative real-time PCR, immunoblot analysis, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression and localization of TIMP-1, TIMP-2, MMP-2, MMP-9, elastin, fibronectin, laminin, and collagens I, III, and IV were investigated with immuohistochemical staining. After SAH, TIMP-1 mRNA and protein expression were significantly increased on day 3 and then decreased to the control level on days 5 and 7. MMP-9 protein expression was significantly increased on day 7. TIMP-2 and MMP-2 mRNA and protein expression were significantly increased on day 7. Elastin, fibronectin, laminin, and collagens I, III, and IV protein expression was decreased on day 3 and then restored to control levels on day 7. Upregulation of TIMP-1 during the early phase of cerebral vasospasm may contribute to the recovery of the ECM during the late phase of cerebral vasospasm, resulting in a protective role of TIMP-1 from cerebral vasospasm. Moreover, the increase in arterial compliance by the decrease in ECM during the early phase of cerebral vasospasm may facilitate vasoconstriction of the cerebral artery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Kurogi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka City 812-8582, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Kikkawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka City 812-8582, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, 1397-1 Yamane, Hidaka City 350-1298, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Matsuo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka City 812-8582, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akira Nakamizo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka City 812-8582, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Steel Memorial Yawata Hospital, 1-1-1 Harunomachi, Yahatahigashi-ku, Kitakyusyu City 805-8508, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Mizoguchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka City 812-8582, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomio Sasaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka City 812-8582, Fukuoka, Japan
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Abstract
Intrarenal autoregulatory mechanisms maintain renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) independent of renal perfusion pressure (RPP) over a defined range (80-180 mmHg). Such autoregulation is mediated largely by the myogenic and the macula densa-tubuloglomerular feedback (MD-TGF) responses that regulate preglomerular vasomotor tone primarily of the afferent arteriole. Differences in response times allow separation of these mechanisms in the time and frequency domains. Mechanotransduction initiating the myogenic response requires a sensing mechanism activated by stretch of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and coupled to intracellular signaling pathways eliciting plasma membrane depolarization and a rise in cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)]i). Proposed mechanosensors include epithelial sodium channels (ENaC), integrins, and/or transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. Increased [Ca(2+)]i occurs predominantly by Ca(2+) influx through L-type voltage-operated Ca(2+) channels (VOCC). Increased [Ca(2+)]i activates inositol trisphosphate receptors (IP3R) and ryanodine receptors (RyR) to mobilize Ca(2+) from sarcoplasmic reticular stores. Myogenic vasoconstriction is sustained by increased Ca(2+) sensitivity, mediated by protein kinase C and Rho/Rho-kinase that favors a positive balance between myosin light-chain kinase and phosphatase. Increased RPP activates MD-TGF by transducing a signal of epithelial MD salt reabsorption to adjust afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction. A combination of vascular and tubular mechanisms, novel to the kidney, provides for high autoregulatory efficiency that maintains RBF and GFR, stabilizes sodium excretion, and buffers transmission of RPP to sensitive glomerular capillaries, thereby protecting against hypertensive barotrauma. A unique aspect of the myogenic response in the renal vasculature is modulation of its strength and speed by the MD-TGF and by a connecting tubule glomerular feedback (CT-GF) mechanism. Reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide are modulators of myogenic and MD-TGF mechanisms. Attenuated renal autoregulation contributes to renal damage in many, but not all, models of renal, diabetic, and hypertensive diseases. This review provides a summary of our current knowledge regarding underlying mechanisms enabling renal autoregulation in health and disease and methods used for its study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Carlström
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Hypertension, Kidney and Vascular Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Kidney Center, and McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Christopher S Wilcox
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Hypertension, Kidney and Vascular Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Kidney Center, and McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - William J Arendshorst
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Hypertension, Kidney and Vascular Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Kidney Center, and McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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41
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Abd-Elrahman KS, Walsh MP, Cole WC. Abnormal Rho-associated kinase activity contributes to the dysfunctional myogenic response of cerebral arteries in type 2 diabetes. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 93:177-84. [PMID: 25660561 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The structural and functional integrity of the brain, and therefore, cognition, are critically dependent on the appropriate control of blood flow within the cerebral circulation. Inadequate flow leads to ischemia, whereas excessive flow causes small vessel rupture and (or) blood-brain-barrier disruption. Cerebral blood flow is controlled through the interplay of several physiological mechanisms that regulate the contractile state of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) within the walls of cerebral resistance arteries and arterioles. The myogenic response of cerebral VSMCs is a key mechanism that is responsible for maintaining constant blood flow during variations in systemic pressure, i.e., flow autoregulation. Inappropriate myogenic control of cerebral blood flow is associated with, and prognostic of, neurological deterioration and poor outcome in patients with several conditions, including type 2 diabetes. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the role of inappropriate Rho-associated kinase activity as a cause of impaired myogenic regulation of cerebral arterial diameter in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled S Abd-Elrahman
- The Smooth Muscle Research Group, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, and the Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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42
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Adeoye OO, Bouthors V, Hubbell MC, Williams JM, Pearce WJ. VEGF receptors mediate hypoxic remodeling of adult ovine carotid arteries. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 117:777-87. [PMID: 25038104 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00012.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that VEGF contributes to hypoxic remodeling of arterial smooth muscle, although hypoxia produces only transient increases in VEGF that return to normoxic levels despite sustained changes in arterial structure and function. To explore how VEGF might contribute to long-term hypoxic vascular remodeling, this study explores the hypothesis that chronic hypoxia produces sustained increases in smooth muscle VEGF receptor density that mediate long-term vascular effects of hypoxia. Carotid arteries from adult sheep maintained at sea level or altitude (3,820 m) for 110 days were harvested and denuded of endothelium. VEGF levels were similar in chronically hypoxic and normoxic arteries, as determined by immunoblotting. In contrast, VEGF receptor levels were significantly increased by 107% (VEGF-R1) and 156% (VEGF-R2) in hypoxic compared with normoxic arteries. In arteries that were organ cultured 24 h with 3 nM VEGF, VEGF replicated effects of hypoxia on abundances of smooth muscle α actin (SMαA), myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), and MLC20 and the effects of hypoxia on colocalization of MLC20 with SMαA, as measured via confocal microscopy. VEGF did not replicate the effects of chronic hypoxia on colocalization of MLCK with SMαA or MLCK with MLC20, suggesting that VEGF's role in hypoxic remodeling is highly protein specific, particularly for contractile protein organization. VEGF effects in organ culture were inhibited by VEGF receptor blockers vatalinib (240 nM) and dasatinib (6.3 nM). These findings support the hypothesis that long-term upregulation of VEGF receptors help mediate sustained effects of hypoxia on the abundance and colocalization of contractile proteins in arterial smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olayemi O Adeoye
- Divisions of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Biochemistry, Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Vincent Bouthors
- Divisions of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Biochemistry, Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Margaret C Hubbell
- Divisions of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Biochemistry, Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - James M Williams
- Divisions of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Biochemistry, Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - William J Pearce
- Divisions of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Biochemistry, Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
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43
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Turner SR, MacDonald JA. Novel Contributions of the Smoothelin-like 1 Protein in Vascular Smooth Muscle Contraction and its Potential Involvement in Myogenic Tone. Microcirculation 2014; 21:249-58. [DOI: 10.1111/micc.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara R. Turner
- The Smooth Muscle Research Group at the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Justin A. MacDonald
- The Smooth Muscle Research Group at the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
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44
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Cheng Q, Sun Z, Meininger G, Almasri M. PDMS Elastic Micropost Arrays for Studying Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2013; 188:1055-1063. [PMID: 26451074 PMCID: PMC4594632 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2013.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the design, modeling, fabrication and characterization of a micromachined array of high-density 3-dimensional microposts (100×100) made of flexible material (silicone elastomers) for use to measure quantitatively the cellular traction force and contractile events in isolated vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The micropost array was fabricated with diameters ranged from 3 to 10 μm, with edge to edge spacing of 5, 7 and 10 μm, and with a height to diameter aspect ratio up to 10. VSMCs exerted larger basal traction forces when they were grown on stiffer micropost arrays. These basal traction forces were 80% larger in control VSMCs than in VSMCs in which integrin linked kinase (ILK) was knocked down using shRNA. The addition of Angiotensin II (ANGII) led to VSMC contraction as evidenced by an increased traction force exerted on the microposts under the cell. This ANGII induced contractile response and change in traction force on the microposts was not observed in VSMCs lacking ILK. Following treatment of VSMCs with Cytochalasin D to depolymerize the actin cytoskeleton, the VSMCs exhibited relaxation that was apparent as a significant reduction in the measured traction force exerted on microposts under the cell. Overall, this study demonstrates the usefulness of micropost arrays for study of the contractile responsiveness of VSMC and the results indicate that ILK plays a critical role in the signaling pathways leading to the generation of substrate traction force in VSMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Cheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Zhe Sun
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Gerald Meininger
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Mahmoud Almasri
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
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Chung WS, Weissman JL, Farley J, Drummond HA. βENaC is required for whole cell mechanically gated currents in renal vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 304:F1428-37. [PMID: 23552864 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00444.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myogenic constrictor responses in small renal arteries and afferent arterioles are suppressed in mice with reduced levels of β-epithelial Na⁺ channel (βENaC(m/m)). The underlying mechanism is unclear. Decreased activity of voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC) or mechanically gated ion channels and increased activity of large conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK) channels are a few possible mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to determine if VGCC, BK, or mechanically gated ion channel activity was altered in renal vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) from βENaC(m/m) mice. To address this, we used whole cell patch-clamp electrophysiological approaches in freshly isolated renal VSMCs. Compared with βENaC(+/+) controls, the current-voltage relationships for VGCC and BK activity are similar in βENaC(m/m) mice. These findings suggest neither VGCC nor BK channel dysfunction accounts for reduced myogenic constriction in βENaC(m/m) mice. We then examined mechanically gated currents using a novel in vitro assay where VSMCs are mechanically activated by stretching an underlying elastomer. We found the mechanically gated currents, predominantly carried by Na⁺, are observed with less frequency (87 vs. 43%) and have smaller magnitude (-54.1 ± 12.5 vs. -20.9 ± 4.9 pA) in renal VSMCs from βENaC(m/m) mice. Residual currents are expected in this model since VSMC βENaC expression is reduced by 50%. These findings suggest βENaC is required for normal mechanically gated currents in renal VSMCs and their disruption may account for the reduced myogenic constriction in the βENaC(m/m) model. Our findings are consistent with the role of βENaC as a VSMC mechanosensor and function of evolutionarily related nematode degenerin proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Shuo Chung
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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Balasubramanian L, Lo CM, Sham JSK, Yip KP. Remanent cell traction force in renal vascular smooth muscle cells induced by integrin-mediated mechanotransduction. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 304:C382-91. [PMID: 23325413 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00234.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
It was previously demonstrated in isolated renal vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) that integrin-mediated mechanotransduction triggers intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, which is the hallmark of myogenic response in VSMCs. To test directly whether integrin-mediated mechanotransduction results in the myogenic response-like behavior in renal VSMCs, cell traction force microscopy was used to monitor cell traction force when the cells were pulled with fibronectin-coated or low density lipoprotein (LDL)-coated paramagnetic beads. LDL-coated beads were used as a control for nonintegrin-mediated mechanotransduction. Pulling with LDL-coated beads increased the cell traction force by 61 ± 12% (9 cells), which returned to the prepull level after the pulling process was terminated. Pulling with noncoated beads had a minimal increase in the cell traction force (12 ± 9%, 8 cells). Pulling with fibronectin-coated beads increased the cell traction force by 56 ± 20% (7 cells). However, the cell traction force was still elevated by 23 ± 14% after the pulling process was terminated. This behavior is analogous to the changes of vascular resistance in pressure-induced myogenic response, in which vascular resistance remains elevated after myogenic constriction. Fibronectin is a native ligand for α(5)β(1)-integrins in VSMCs. Similar remanent cell traction force was found when cells were pulled with beads coated with β(1)-integrin antibody (Ha2/5). Activation of β(1)-integrin with soluble antibody also triggered variations of cell traction force and Ca(2+) mobilization, which were abolished by the Src inhibitor. In conclusion, mechanical force transduced by α(5)β(1)-integrins triggered a myogenic response-like behavior in isolated renal VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Balasubramanian
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Bai X, Lenhart KC, Bird KE, Suen AA, Rojas M, Kakoki M, Li F, Smithies O, Mack CP, Taylor JM. The smooth muscle-selective RhoGAP GRAF3 is a critical regulator of vascular tone and hypertension. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2910. [PMID: 24335996 PMCID: PMC4237314 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although hypertension is a worldwide health issue, an incomplete understanding of its aetiology has hindered our ability to treat this complex disease. Here we identify arhgap42 (also known as GRAF3) as a Rho-specific GAP expressed specifically in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in mice and humans. We show that GRAF3-deficient mice exhibit significant hypertension and increased pressor responses to angiotensin II and endothelin-1; these effects are prevented by treatment with the Rho-kinase inhibitor, Y27632. RhoA activity and myosin light chain phosphorylation are elevated in GRAF3-depleted SMCs in vitro and in vivo, and isolated vessel segments from GRAF3-deficient mice show increased contractility. Taken together, our data indicate that GRAF3-mediated inhibition of RhoA activity in vascular SMCs is necessary for maintaining normal blood pressure homoeostasis. Moreover, these findings provide a potential mechanism for a hypertensive locus recently identified within arhgap42 and provide a foundation for the future development of innovative hypertension therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kaitlin C. Lenhart
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kim E. Bird
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alisa A. Suen
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Masao Kakoki
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Oliver Smithies
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Christopher P. Mack
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joan M. Taylor
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Abstract
The myogenic response has a critical role in regulation of blood flow to the brain. Increased intraluminal pressure elicits vasoconstriction, whereas decreased intraluminal pressure induces vasodilatation, thereby maintaining flow constant over the normal physiologic blood pressure range. Improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the myogenic response is crucial to identify deficiencies with pathologic consequences, such as cerebral vasospasm, hypertension, and stroke, and to identify potential therapeutic targets. Three mechanisms have been suggested to be involved in the myogenic response: (1) membrane depolarization, which induces Ca(2+) entry, activation of myosin light chain kinase, phosphorylation of the myosin regulatory light chains (LC(20)), increased actomyosin MgATPase activity, cross-bridge cycling, and vasoconstriction; (2) activation of the RhoA/Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) pathway, leading to inhibition of myosin light chain phosphatase by phosphorylation of MYPT1, the myosin targeting regulatory subunit of the phosphatase, and increased LC(20) phosphorylation; and (3) activation of the ROCK and protein kinase C pathways, leading to actin polymerization and the formation of enhanced connections between the actin cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, and extracellular matrix to augment force transmission. This review describes these three mechanisms, emphasizing recent developments regarding the importance of dynamic actin polymerization in the myogenic response of the cerebral vasculature.
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Martinsen A, Yerna X, Rath G, Gomez EL, Dessy C, Morel N. Different effect of Rho kinase inhibition on calcium signaling in rat isolated large and small arteries. J Vasc Res 2012; 49:522-33. [PMID: 22948674 DOI: 10.1159/000341230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to its role in the regulation of artery contraction, Rho kinase (ROCK) was reported to be involved in the cytosolic calcium response to vasoconstrictor agonists in rat aorta and superior mesenteric artery (SMA). However, it remains to be determined whether ROCK also contributes to calcium signaling in resistance arteries, which play a major role in blood pressure regulation. The investigation of the effect of ROCK inhibition on the calcium and contractile responses of rat resistance mesenteric artery (RMA), in comparison with aorta and SMA, indicated that the calcium response to noradrenaline was inhibited by the ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 in aorta and SMA but not in RMA. The effect of Y-27632 on the calcium signal was unaffected by cytochalasin-D. ROCK activation in noradrenaline-stimulated arteries was confirmed by the inhibition of myosin light chain phosphorylation by Y-27632. Moreover, noradrenaline-induced calcium signaling was similarly inhibited by nimodipine in aorta, SMA and RMA, but nimodipine sensitivity of the contraction increased from the aorta to the RMA, suggesting that the contraction was controlled by different sources of calcium. In pressurized RMA, Y-27632 and H-1152 depressed pressure-induced calcium responses and abolished myogenic contraction. These results stress the important differences in calcium signaling between conductance and resistance arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneloes Martinsen
- Department of Cellular Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Drummond HA. βENaC is a molecular component of a VSMC mechanotransducer that contributes to renal blood flow regulation, protection from renal injury, and hypertension. Front Physiol 2012; 3:341. [PMID: 22973231 PMCID: PMC3428779 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pressure-induced constriction (also known as the “myogenic response”) is an important mechano-dependent response in certain blood vessels. The response is mediated by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and characterized by a pressure-induced vasoconstriction in small arteries and arterioles in the cerebral, mesenteric, cardiac, and renal beds. The myogenic response has two important roles; it is a mechanism of blood flow autoregulation and provides protection against systemic blood pressure-induced damage to delicate microvessels. However, the molecular mechanism(s) underlying initiation of myogenic response is unclear. Degenerin proteins have a strong evolutionary link to mechanotransduction in the nematode. Our laboratory has addressed the hypothesis that these proteins may also act as mechanosensors in certain mammalian tissues such as VSMCs and arterial baroreceptor neurons. This article discusses the importance of a specific degenerin protein, β Epithelial Na+ Channel (βENaC) in pressure-induced vasoconstriction in renal vessels and arterial baroreflex function as determined in a mouse model of reduced βENaC (βENaC m/m). We propose that loss of baroreflex sensitivity (due to loss of baroreceptor βENaC) increases blood pressure variability, increasing the likelihood and magnitude of upward swings in systemic pressure. Furthermore, loss of the myogenic constrictor response (due to loss of VSMC βENaC) will permit those pressure swings to be transmitted to the microvasculature in βENaC m/m mice, thus increasing the susceptibility to renal injury and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Drummond
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson, MS, USA
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