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Silva JMA, Antonio EL, Dos Santos LFN, Serra AJ, Feliciano RS, Junior JAS, Ihara SSM, Tucci PJF, Moises VA. Hypertrophy of the right ventricle by pulmonary artery banding in rats: a study of structural, functional, and transcriptomics alterations in the right and left ventricles. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1129333. [PMID: 37576341 PMCID: PMC10414540 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1129333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Right ventricular remodeling with subsequent functional impairment can occur in some clinical conditions in adults and children. The triggering factors, molecular mechanisms, and, especially, the evolution over time are still not well known. Left ventricular (LV) changes associated with right ventricular (RV) remodeling are also poorly understood. Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate RV morphological, functional, and gene expression parameters in rats submitted to pulmonary artery banding compared to control rats, with the temporal evolution of these parameters, and to analyze the influence of RV remodeling by pulmonary artery banding in rats and their controls over time on LV geometry, histology, gene expression, and functional performance. Methods: Healthy 6-week-old male Wistar-EPM rats weighing 170-200 g were included. One day after the echocardiogram, depending on the animals undergoing the pulmonary artery banding (PAB) procedure or not (control group), they were then randomly divided into subgroups according to the follow-up time: 72 h, or 2, 4, 6, or 8 weeks. In each subgroup, the following were conducted: a new echocardiogram, a hemodynamic study, the collection of material for morphological analysis (hypertrophy and fibrosis), and molecular biology (gene expression). The results were presented as the mean ± standard deviation of the mean. A two-way ANOVA and Tukey post-test compared the variables of the subgroups and evolution follow-up times. The adopted significance level was 5%. Results: There was no significant difference among the subgroups in the percentage of water in both the lungs and the liver (the percentage of water in the lungs ranged from 76% to 78% and that of the liver ranged from 67% to 71%). The weight of the right chambers was significantly higher in PAB animals in all subgroups (RV PAB weighed from 0.34 to 0.48 g, and control subjects, from 0.17 to 0.20 g; right atrium (RA) with PAB from 0.09 to 0.14 g; and control subjects from 0.02 to 0.03 g). In the RV of PAB animals, there was a significant increase in myocyte nuclear volume (97 μm3-183.6 μm3) compared to control subjects (34.2 μm3-57.2 μm3), which was more intense in subgroups with shorter PAB follow-up time, and the fibrosis percentage (5.9%-10.4% vs. 0.96%-1.18%) was higher as the PAB follow-up time was longer. In the echocardiography result, there was a significant increase in myocardial thickness in all PAB groups (0.09-0.11 cm compared to control subjects-0.04-0.05 cm), but there was no variation in RV diastolic diameter. From 2 to 8 weeks of PAB, the S-wave (S') (0.031 cm/s and 0.040 cm/s), and fractional area change (FAC) (51%-56%), RV systolic function parameters were significantly lower than those of the respective control subjects (0.040 cm/s to 0.050 cm/s and 61%-67%). Furthermore, higher expression of genes related to hypertrophy and extracellular matrix in the initial subgroups and apoptosis genes in the longer follow-up PAB subgroups were observed in RV. On the other hand, LV weight was not different between animals with and without PAB. The nuclear volume of the PAB animals was greater than that of the control subjects (74 μm3-136 μm3; 40.8 μm3-46.9 μm3), and the percentage of fibrosis was significantly higher in the 4- and 8-week PAB groups (1.2% and 2.2%) compared to the control subjects (0.4% and 0.7%). Echocardiography showed that the diastolic diameter and LV myocardial thickness were not different between PAB animals and control subjects. Measurements of isovolumetric relaxation time and E-wave deceleration time at the echocardiography were different between PAB animals and control subjects in all subgroups, but there were no changes in diastolic function in the hemodynamic study. There was also increased expression of genes related to various functions, particularly hypertrophy. Conclusion: 1) Rats submitted to pulmonary artery banding presented RV remodeling compatible with hypertrophy. Such alterations were mediated by increased gene expression and functional alterations, which coincide with the onset of fibrosis. 2) Structural changes of the RV, such as weight, myocardial thickness, myocyte nuclear volume, and degree of fibrosis, were modified according to the time of exposure to pulmonary artery banding and related to variations in gene expression, highlighting the change from an alpha to a beta pattern from early to late follow-up times. 3) The study suggests that the left ventricle developed histological alterations accompanied by gene expression modifications simultaneously with the alterations found in the right ventricle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ednei Luiz Antonio
- Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Andrey Jorge Serra
- Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Sharma S, Patel NR, Hanudel MR, Ix JH, Salusky IB, Nguyen KL. Plasma FGF23 is associated with left atrial remodeling in children on hemodialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 2023; 38:2179-2187. [PMID: 36508050 PMCID: PMC10247494 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-022-05812-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND FGF23 mediates cardiac fibrosis through the activation of pro-fibrotic factors in in vitro models and is markedly elevated in kidney disease. Left atrial global longitudinal strain (LA GLS) derived by echocardiographic speckle-tracking measures longitudinal shortening of the LA walls, quantifies atrial performance and may enable detection of early LA remodeling in the setting of normal ventricular function. We hypothesized that LA GLS is abnormal in children on hemodialysis (HD) compared to healthy controls of comparable age/sex distribution and that, among HD patients, greater FGF23 levels are associated with abnormal LA GLS. METHODS Clinical and echocardiographic data from 29 children receiving HD and 13 healthy controls were collected in a cross-sectional single-center study. Plasma FGF23 concentrations were measured using ELISA. The primary outcome was LA GLS measured using 2D speckle-tracking strain analysis. Linear regression analysis was used to investigate predictors of LA GLS in HD. RESULTS Median dialysis vintage was 1.5 (IQR 0.5-4.3) years. Median intact FGF23 levels were substantially higher in the HD vs. control group (1206 [215, 4707] vs. 51 [43, 66.5] pg/ml; P = 0.0001), and LA GLS was 39.9% SD 11.6 vs. 32.8% SD 5.7 (P = 0.04). Among HD patients, higher FGF23 was associated with lower LA GLS (β per unit Ln-FGF23: - 2.7; 95% CI slope - 5.4, - 0.1; P = 0.04 after adjustment for age, body size, and HD vintage. FGF23 was not associated with LA phasic reservoir, conduit, or contractile strain. CONCLUSIONS In children on HD and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction, greater FGF23 is associated with lower LA GLS (indicative of impaired atrial performance). A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Sharma
- Division of Nephrology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 11301 Wilshire Blvd, Room 6030, Los Angeles, CA, 90073, USA.
| | - Nisha R Patel
- Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, IL, Maywood, USA
| | - Mark R Hanudel
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joachim H Ix
- Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of California San Diego and Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Isidro B Salusky
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kim-Lien Nguyen
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Oxidative Stress as A Mechanism for Functional Alterations in Cardiac Hypertrophy and Heart Failure. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060931. [PMID: 34201261 PMCID: PMC8228897 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although heart failure due to a wide variety of pathological stimuli including myocardial infarction, pressure overload and volume overload is associated with cardiac hypertrophy, the exact reasons for the transition of cardiac hypertrophy to heart failure are not well defined. Since circulating levels of several vasoactive hormones including catecholamines, angiotensin II, and endothelins are elevated under pathological conditions, it has been suggested that these vasoactive hormones may be involved in the development of both cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. At initial stages of pathological stimuli, these hormones induce an increase in ventricular wall tension by acting through their respective receptor-mediated signal transduction systems and result in the development of cardiac hypertrophy. Some oxyradicals formed at initial stages are also involved in the redox-dependent activation of the hypertrophic process but these are rapidly removed by increased content of antioxidants in hypertrophied heart. In fact, cardiac hypertrophy is considered to be an adaptive process as it exhibits either normal or augmented cardiac function for maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis. However, exposure of a hypertrophied heart to elevated levels of circulating hormones due to pathological stimuli over a prolonged period results in cardiac dysfunction and development of heart failure involving a complex set of mechanisms. It has been demonstrated that different cardiovascular abnormalities such as functional hypoxia, metabolic derangements, uncoupling of mitochondrial electron transport, and inflammation produce oxidative stress in the hypertrophied failing hearts. In addition, oxidation of catecholamines by monoamine oxidase as well as NADPH oxidase activation by angiotensin II and endothelin promote the generation of oxidative stress during the prolonged period by these pathological stimuli. It is noteworthy that oxidative stress is known to activate metallomatrix proteases and degrade the extracellular matrix proteins for the induction of cardiac remodeling and heart dysfunction. Furthermore, oxidative stress has been shown to induce subcellular remodeling and Ca2+-handling abnormalities as well as loss of cardiomyocytes due to the development of apoptosis, necrosis, and fibrosis. These observations support the view that a low amount of oxyradical formation for a brief period may activate redox-sensitive mechanisms, which are associated with the development of cardiac hypertrophy. On the other hand, high levels of oxyradicals over a prolonged period may induce oxidative stress and cause Ca2+-handling defects as well as protease activation and thus play a critical role in the development of adverse cardiac remodeling and cardiac dysfunction as well as progression of heart failure.
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Yang Y, Kurian J, Schena G, Johnson J, Kubo H, Travers JG, Kang C, Lucchese AM, Eaton DM, Lv M, Li N, Leynes LG, Yu D, Yang F, McKinsey TA, Kishore R, Khan M, Mohsin S, Houser SR. Cardiac Remodeling During Pregnancy With Metabolic Syndrome: Prologue of Pathological Remodeling. Circulation 2021; 143:699-712. [PMID: 33587660 PMCID: PMC7888689 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.120.051264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The heart undergoes physiological hypertrophy during pregnancy in healthy individuals. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is now prevalent in women of child-bearing age and might add risks of adverse cardiovascular events during pregnancy. The present study asks if cardiac remodeling during pregnancy in obese individuals with MetS is abnormal and whether this predisposes them to a higher risk for cardiovascular disorders. METHODS The idea that MetS induces pathological cardiac remodeling during pregnancy was studied in a long-term (15 weeks) Western diet-feeding animal model that recapitulated features of human MetS. Pregnant female mice with Western diet (45% kcal fat)-induced MetS were compared with pregnant and nonpregnant females fed a control diet (10% kcal fat). RESULTS Pregnant mice fed a Western diet had increased heart mass and exhibited key features of pathological hypertrophy, including fibrosis and upregulation of fetal genes associated with pathological hypertrophy. Hearts from pregnant animals with WD-induced MetS had a distinct gene expression profile that could underlie their pathological remodeling. Concurrently, pregnant female mice with MetS showed more severe cardiac hypertrophy and exacerbated cardiac dysfunction when challenged with angiotensin II/phenylephrine infusion after delivery. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that preexisting MetS could disrupt physiological hypertrophy during pregnancy to produce pathological cardiac remodeling that could predispose the heart to chronic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Yang
- Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Justin Kurian
- Center for Metabolic Disease and Department of Physiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Giana Schena
- Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jaslyn Johnson
- Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hajime Kubo
- Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Joshua G. Travers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Chunya Kang
- Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Maria Lucchese
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Deborah M. Eaton
- Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Maoting Lv
- Second Ultrasound Department, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei, China
| | - Na Li
- Second Department of Obstetrics, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei, China
| | - Lorianna G. Leynes
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Daohai Yu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, PA, United States
| | - Fengzhen Yang
- Second Department of Obstetrics, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei, China
| | - Timothy A. McKinsey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Raj Kishore
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mohsin Khan
- Center for Metabolic Disease and Department of Physiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sadia Mohsin
- Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Steven R. Houser
- Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Rossi A, Gheorghiade M, Triposkiadis F, Solomon SD, Pieske B, Butler J. Left Atrium in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Circ Heart Fail 2014; 7:1042-9. [DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.114.001276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rossi
- From the Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy (A.R.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (M.G.); Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Larissa, Larissa, Greece (F.T.); Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Harvard Medicine School, Boston, MA (S.D.S.); Department of Cardiology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria (B.P.); and Department of
| | - Mihai Gheorghiade
- From the Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy (A.R.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (M.G.); Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Larissa, Larissa, Greece (F.T.); Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Harvard Medicine School, Boston, MA (S.D.S.); Department of Cardiology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria (B.P.); and Department of
| | - Filippos Triposkiadis
- From the Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy (A.R.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (M.G.); Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Larissa, Larissa, Greece (F.T.); Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Harvard Medicine School, Boston, MA (S.D.S.); Department of Cardiology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria (B.P.); and Department of
| | - Scott D. Solomon
- From the Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy (A.R.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (M.G.); Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Larissa, Larissa, Greece (F.T.); Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Harvard Medicine School, Boston, MA (S.D.S.); Department of Cardiology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria (B.P.); and Department of
| | - Burkert Pieske
- From the Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy (A.R.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (M.G.); Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Larissa, Larissa, Greece (F.T.); Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Harvard Medicine School, Boston, MA (S.D.S.); Department of Cardiology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria (B.P.); and Department of
| | - Javed Butler
- From the Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy (A.R.); Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (M.G.); Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Larissa, Larissa, Greece (F.T.); Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Harvard Medicine School, Boston, MA (S.D.S.); Department of Cardiology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria (B.P.); and Department of
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Vormbrock J, Liebeton J, Wirdeier S, Meissner A, Butz T, Trappe HJ, Plehn G. Determinants of right ventricular muscle mass in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: impact of left ventricular muscle mass and pulmonary hypertension. Int J Med Sci 2014; 11:834-40. [PMID: 24936147 PMCID: PMC4057489 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.6961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although chronic pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular (RV) function carry important functional and prognostic implications in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC), little information on RV muscle mass (RVMM) and its determinants has been published. METHODS Our study comprised thirty-five consecutive patients with IDC, left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction<40% and NYHA class≥2. Hemodynamic data and parameters on LV and RV geometry were derived from right heart catheterisation and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS RVMM was normalized to body size using a common linear, body surface area based approach (RVMMI) and by an allometric index (RVMM-AI) incorporating adjustment for age, height and weight. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that pulmonary artery pressure and left ventricular muscle mass were independent predictors of RVMM-AI. The interventricular mass ratio of RV and LV mass (IVRM) was closely related to RVMM (r=0.79, p<0.001) and total muscle mass (r=0.39, p<0.02). However, there was no significant relationship between LVMM and IVMR (r=0.17, p=0.32). CONCLUSION Our data suggest that an increase in RV mass in IDC may be explained by two mechanisms: First, as a consequence of the myopathic process itself resulting in a balanced hypertrophy of both ventricles. Second, due to the chamber specific burden of pulmonary artery pressure rise, resulting in unbalanced RV hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Vormbrock
- 1. Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University of Bochum, Germany
| | - Jeanette Liebeton
- 1. Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University of Bochum, Germany
| | - Sophia Wirdeier
- 1. Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University of Bochum, Germany
| | - Axel Meissner
- 1. Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University of Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Butz
- 1. Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University of Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Gunnar Plehn
- 2. Department of Cardiology, Johanniter-Krankenhaus, Duisburg, Germany
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Mazzo FRR, de Carvalho Frimm C, Moretti AIS, Guido MC, Koike MK. Acute aortocaval fistula: role of low perfusion pressure and subendocardial remodeling on left ventricular function. Int J Exp Pathol 2013; 94:178-87. [PMID: 23593971 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The experimental model of aortocaval fistula is a useful model of cardiac hypertrophy in response to volume overload. In the present study it has been used to investigate the pathologic subendocardial remodeling associated with the development of heart failure during the early phases (day 1, 3, and 7) following volume overload. Compared with sham treated rats, aortocaval fistula rats showed lower systemic blood pressure and higher left ventricular end-diastolic pressure This resulted in lower coronary driving pressure and left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Signs of myocyte necrosis, leukocyte cell infiltration, fibroplasia and collagen deposition appeared sequentially in the subendocardium where remodeling was more prominent than in the non-subendocardium. Accordingly, increased levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, and IL-6, and enhanced MMP-2 activity were all found in the subendocardium of rats with coronary driving pressure ≤ 60 mmHg. The coronary driving pressure was inversely correlated with MMP-2 activity in subendocardium in all time-points studied, and blood flow in this region showed positive correlation with systolic and diastolic function at day 7. Thus the predominant subendocardial remodeling that occurs in response to low myocardial perfusion pressure during the acute phases of aortocaval fistula contributes to early left ventricular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia R R Mazzo
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation, LIM-51, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Wei CC, Chen Y, Powell LC, Zheng J, Shi K, Bradley WE, Powell PC, Ahmad S, Ferrario CM, Dell'Italia LJ. Cardiac kallikrein-kinin system is upregulated in chronic volume overload and mediates an inflammatory induced collagen loss. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40110. [PMID: 22768235 PMCID: PMC3387019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The clinical problem of a “pure volume overload” as in isolated mitral or aortic regurgitation currently has no documented medical therapy that attenuates collagen loss and the resultant left ventricular (LV) dilatation and failure. Here, we identify a potential mechanism related to upregulation of the kallikrein-kinin system in the volume overload of aortocaval fistula (ACF) in the rat. Methodology/Principal Findings LV interstitial fluid (ISF) collection, hemodynamics, and echocardiography were performed in age-matched shams and 4 and 15 wk ACF rats. ACF rats had LV dilatation and a 2-fold increase in LV end-diastolic pressure, along with increases in LV ISF bradykinin, myocardial kallikrein and bradykinin type-2 receptor (BK2R) mRNA expression. Mast cell numbers were increased and interstitial collagen was decreased at 4 and 15 wk ACF, despite increases in LV ACE and chymase activities. Treatment with the kallikrein inhibitor aprotinin preserved interstitial collagen, prevented the increase in mast cells, and improved LV systolic function at 4 wk ACF. To establish a cause and effect between ISF bradykinin and mast cell-mediated collagen loss, direct LV interstitial bradykinin infusion in vivo for 24 hrs produced a 2-fold increase in mast cell numbers and a 30% decrease in interstitial collagen, which were prevented by BK2R antagonist. To further connect myocardial stretch with cellular kallikrein-kinin system upregulation, 24 hrs cyclic stretch of adult cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts produced increased kallikrein, BK2R mRNA expressions, bradykinin protein and gelatinase activity, which were all decreased by the kallikrein inhibitor-aprotinin. Conclusions/Significance A pure volume overload is associated with upregulation of the kallikrein-kinin system and ISF bradykinin, which mediates mast cell infiltration, extracellular matrix loss, and LV dysfunction–all of which are improved by kallikrein inhibition. The current investigation provides important new insights into future potential medical therapies for the volume overload of aortic and mitral regurgitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chang Wei
- Birmingham Veteran Affairs Medical Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America.
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Chen YW, Pat B, Gladden JD, Zheng J, Powell P, Wei CC, Cui X, Husain A, Dell'italia LJ. Dynamic molecular and histopathological changes in the extracellular matrix and inflammation in the transition to heart failure in isolated volume overload. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 300:H2251-60. [PMID: 21421827 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01104.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Left ventricular (LV) volume overload (VO) causes eccentric remodeling with inflammatory cell infiltration and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, for which there is currently no proven therapy. To uncover new pathways that connect inflammation and ECM homeostasis with cellular dysfunction, we determined the cardiac transciptome in subacute, compensated, and decompensated stages based on in vivo hemodynamics and echocardiography in the rat with aortocaval fistula (ACF). LV dilatation at 5 wk was associated with a normal LV end-diastolic dimension-to-posterior wall thickness ratio (LVEDD/PWT; compensated), whereas the early 2-wk (subacute) and late 15-wk (decompensated) ACF groups had significant increases in LVEDD/PWT. Subacute and decompensated stages had a significant upregulation of genes related to inflammation, the ECM, the cell cycle, and apoptosis. These changes were accompanied by neutrophil and macrophage infiltration, nonmyocyte apoptosis, and interstitial collagen loss. At 15 wk, there was a 40-fold increase in the matricellular protein periostin, which inhibits connections between collagen and cells, thereby potentially mediating a side-to-side slippage of cardiomyocytes and LV dilatation. The majority of downregulated genes was composed of mitochondrial enzymes whose suppression progressed from 5 to 15 wk concomitant with LV dilatation and systolic heart failure. The profound decrease in gene expression related to fatty acid, amino acid, and glucose metabolism was associated with the downregulation of peroxisome proliferator associated receptor (PPAR)-α-related and bioenergetic-related genes at 15 wk. In VO, an early phase of inflammation subsides at 5 wk but reappears at 15 wk with marked periostin production along with the suppression of genes related to PPAR-α and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Wen Chen
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Division of Cardiology, Univ. of Alabama at Birmingham, 434 BMR2, 1530 3rd Ave. S., Birmingham, AL 35294-2180, USA
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Oliver-Dussault C, Ascah A, Marcil M, Matas J, Picard S, Pibarot P, Burelle Y, Deschepper CF. Early predictors of cardiac decompensation in experimental volume overload. Mol Cell Biochem 2010; 338:271-82. [PMID: 20054615 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0361-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In humans, volume overload (VOL) increases the risk of sudden cardiac death, but there is also important inter-individual variability, presumably because of differences in genetic backgrounds. Although VOL has rapid effects on myocardial properties, it is not known to which extent the severity of these early responses correlate with the effect of sustained VOL on mortality. In order to test this question, we induced VOL in male rats from two genetically distinct strains [i.e., Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Wistar Kyoto-derived Hyperactive (WKHA) rats] by creating a surgical aorto-caval fistula (ACF). Only 36% of SD rats remained alive after 39 weeks of ACF, in contrast to 82% of the operated WKHA rats. We also monitored myocardial hemodynamic function, mitochondrial properties, left ventricular (LV) morphology and LV wall diastolic properties at different times ranging from 2 to 12 weeks after either ACF or sham surgery. ACF had a rapid impact on the LV walls of both rat strains, but the only variables that were affected to a greater extent in the mortality-prone SD strain were normalized LV weight, LV cavity area, and myocardial wall stiffness. In contrast, there were only marginal strain-related differences in the way ACF affected hemodynamic and mitochondrial functions. Thus, while early morphologic responses of LV walls to ACF (along with their downstream consequences on myocardial diastolic wall stress) correlated well with strain-dependent differences in late mortality, other functional changes showed no predictive effects. Close monitoring of early changes in cardiac geometry (as well as new methods to analyze myocardial diastolic strain) might, therefore, be helpful to further improve risk stratification in humans with volume overload cardiopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Oliver-Dussault
- Experimental Cardiovascular Biology Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, QC, Canada
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11
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Chen Y, Pat B, Zheng J, Cain L, Powell P, Shi K, Sabri A, Husain A, Dell'italia LJ. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha produced in cardiomyocytes mediates a predominant myocardial inflammatory response to stretch in early volume overload. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2010; 49:70-8. [PMID: 20045005 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2009.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Acute stretch caused by volume overload (VO) of aorto-caval fistula (ACF) induces a variety of myocardial responses including mast cell accumulation, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activation, and collagen degradation, all of which are critical in dictating long-term left ventricle (LV) outcome to VO. Meanwhile, these responses can be part of myocardial inflammation dictated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), which is elevated after acute ACF. However, it is unknown whether TNF-alpha mediates a major myocardial inflammatory response to stretch in early VO. In 24-h ACF and sham rats, microarray gene expression profiling and subsequent Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified a predominant inflammatory response and a gene network of biologically interactive genes strongly linked to TNF-alpha. Western blot demonstrated increased local production of TNF-alpha in the LV (1.71- and 1.66-fold in pro- and active-TNF-alpha over control, respectively, P<0.05) and cardiomyocytes (2- and 4-fold in pro- and active-TNF-alpha over control, respectively, P<0.05). TNF-alpha neutralization with infliximab (5.5 mg/kg) attenuated the myocardial inflammatory response to acute VO, as indicated by inhibition of inflammatory gene upregulation, myocardial infiltration (total CD45+ cells, mast cells, and neutrophils), MMP-2 activation, collagen degradation, and cardiac cell apoptosis, without improving LV remodeling and function. These results indicate that TNF-alpha produced by cardiomyocytes mediates a predominant inflammatory response to stretch in the early VO in the ACF rat, suggesting an important role of TNF-alpha in initiating pathophysiological response of myocardium to VO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanwen Chen
- Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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12
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Pharmacological Treatment of a Diffuse Arteriovenous Malformation of the Upper Extremity in a Child. J Craniofac Surg 2009; 20 Suppl 1:597-602. [DOI: 10.1097/scs.0b013e3181927f1e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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13
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Dhalla NS, Saini-Chohan HK, Rodriguez-Leyva D, Elimban V, Dent MR, Tappia PS. Subcellular remodelling may induce cardiac dysfunction in congestive heart failure. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 81:429-38. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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14
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KOBAYASHI M, MACHIDA N, TANAKA R, YAMANE Y. Effects of .BETA.-Blocker on Left Ventricular Remodeling in Rats with Volume Overload Cardiac Failure. J Vet Med Sci 2008; 70:1231-7. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.70.1231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki KOBAYASHI
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Noboru MACHIDA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Ryou TANAKA
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Yoshihisa YAMANE
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
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15
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Spinale FG. Myocardial Matrix Remodeling and the Matrix Metalloproteinases: Influence on Cardiac Form and Function. Physiol Rev 2007; 87:1285-342. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00012.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 855] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now becoming apparent that dynamic changes occur within the interstitium that directly contribute to adverse myocardial remodeling following myocardial infarction (MI), with hypertensive heart disease and with intrinsic myocardial disease such as cardiomyopathy. Furthermore, a family of matrix proteases, the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs), has been recognized to play an important role in matrix remodeling in these cardiac disease states. The purpose of this review is fivefold: 1) to examine and redefine the myocardial matrix as a critical and dynamic entity with respect to the remodeling process encountered with MI, hypertension, or cardiomyopathic disease; 2) present the remarkable progress that has been made with respect to MMP/TIMP biology and how it relates to myocardial matrix remodeling; 3) to evaluate critical translational/clinical studies that have provided a cause-effect relationship between alterations in MMP/TIMP regulation and myocardial matrix remodeling; 4) to provide a critical review and analysis of current diagnostic, prognostic, and pharmacological approaches that utilized our basic understanding of MMP/TIMPs in the context of cardiac disease; and 5) most importantly, to dispel the historical belief that the myocardial matrix is a passive structure and supplant this belief that the regulation of matrix protease pathways such as the MMPs and TIMPs will likely yield a new avenue of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for myocardial remodeling and the progression to heart failure.
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16
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Kumbar DH, VanBergen A, Ocampo C, Muangmingsuk S, Griffin AJ, Gupta M. Adapter molecule DOC-2 is differentially expressed in pressure and volume overload hypertrophy and inhibits collagen synthesis in cardiac fibroblasts. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007; 102:2024-32. [PMID: 17255372 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00924.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
DOC-2 (differentially expressed in ovarian carcinoma) is involved in Ras-, β-integrin-, PKC-, and transforming growth factor-β-mediated cell signaling. These pathways are implicated in the accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins during progression of hypertrophy to heart failure; however, the role of DOC-2 in cardiac pathophysiology has never been examined. This study was undertaken to 1) analyze DOC-2 expression in primary cultures of cardiac fibroblasts and cardiac myocytes and in the heart following different types of hemodynamic overloads and 2) examine its role in growth factor-mediated ERK activation and collagen production. Pressure overload and volume overload were induced for 10 wk in Sprague-Dawley rats by aortic constriction and by aortocaval shunt, respectively. ANG II (0.3 mg·kg−1·day−1) was infused for 2 wk. Results showed that, compared with myocytes, DOC-2 was found abundantly expressed in cardiac fibroblasts. Treatment of cardiac fibroblasts with ANG II and TPA resulted in increased expression of DOC-2. Overexpression of DOC-2 in cardiac fibroblasts led to inhibition of hypertrophy agonist-stimulated ERK activation and collagen expression. An inverse correlation between collagen and DOC-2 was observed in in vivo models of cardiac hypertrophy; in pressure overload and after ANG II infusion, increased collagen mRNA correlated with reduced DOC-2 levels, whereas in volume overload increased DOC-2 levels were accompanied by unchanged collagen mRNA. These data for the first time describe expression of DOC-2 in the heart and demonstrate its modulation by growth-promoting agents in cultured cardiac fibroblasts and in in vivo models of heart hypertrophy. Results suggest a role of DOC-2 in cardiac remodeling involving collagen expression during chronic hemodynamic overload.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/metabolism
- Angiotensin II/metabolism
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Animals
- Aorta, Abdominal/surgery
- Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical
- Cardiomegaly/genetics
- Cardiomegaly/metabolism
- Cardiomegaly/pathology
- Cardiomegaly/physiopathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Collagen/biosynthesis
- Collagen/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Fibroblasts/drug effects
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Fibroblasts/pathology
- Flavonoids/pharmacology
- Gene Expression
- Ligation
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Phorbol Esters/pharmacology
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Kinase C/metabolism
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Transfection
- Ventricular Remodeling
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa H Kumbar
- The Heart Institute for Children, Advocate Hope Children's Hospital, Oak Lawn, IL, USA
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17
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Sethi R, Saini HK, Guo X, Wang X, Elimban V, Dhalla NS. Dependence of changes in β-adrenoceptor signal transduction on type and stage of cardiac hypertrophy. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007; 102:978-84. [PMID: 17122376 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00921.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine whether cardiac hypertrophy is associated with changes in β-adrenoceptor signal transduction mechanisms, pressure overload (PO) was induced by occlusion of the abdominal aorta and volume overload (VO) by creation of an aortocaval shunt for 4 and 24 wk in rats. After hemodynamic assessment of the animals, the left ventricular (LV) particulate fraction was isolated for measurement of β1-adrenoceptors and adenylyl cyclase activity, and cardiomyocytes were isolated for monitoring of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Although PO and VO produced cardiac hypertrophy and increased LV end-diastolic pressure at 4 wk, cardiac function was increased in animals subjected to PO but remained unaltered in animals subjected to VO. Cardiac hypertrophy and increased LV end-diastolic pressure were associated with depressed cardiac function at 24 wk of PO or VO, but clinical signs of congestive heart failure were evident only in animals subjected to VO. Isoproterenol-induced increases in cardiac function, activation of adenylyl cyclase activity, and increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration, as well as β1-adrenoceptor density, were unaltered by PO at 4 wk, augmented by VO at 4 wk, and attenuated by PO and VO at 24 wk. These results suggest that alterations in β1-adrenoceptor signal transduction are dependent on the type and stage of cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Sethi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas A & M University Health Sciences Center, Kingsville, Texas, USA
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18
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Shah JS, Hughes DA, Tayebjee MH, MacFadyen RJ, Mehta AB, Elliott PM. Extracellular matrix turnover and disease severity in Anderson-Fabry disease. J Inherit Metab Dis 2007; 30:88-95. [PMID: 17160618 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-006-0360-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2006] [Revised: 08/21/2006] [Accepted: 09/25/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anderson-Fabry Disease (AFD) is an inherited metabolic disease associated with premature death secondary to cardiovascular and renal disease. Patients with AFD develop progressive left ventricular (LV) remodelling and heart failure. We hypothesized that altered extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover contributes to the pathophysiology of cardiac disease in AFD. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty-nine consecutive patients (44.1 +/- 11.7 years, 15 male) with AFD and 21 normal controls (39.7 +/- 11.3 years, 10 male) had serum analysed for matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and -2 (TIMP-1, TIMP-2). All patients underwent clinical assessment, echocardiography and Mainz Severity Score Index (MSSI) measurement, a validated severity score in AFD. MMP-9 levels were significantly higher in patients than controls (1003.8 +/- 337.8 ng/ml vs 576.7 +/- 276.3 ng/ml respectively, p < 0.001). There were no differences in TIMP levels between patients and controls. There was a positive correlation between MMP-9 levels and MSSI (r = 0.5, p = 0.01). There was a negative correlation between MMP-9 and endocardial fractional shortening (FS) (r = -0.5, p = 0.01) and mid-wall FS (r = -0.6, p = 0.001). There was no correlation between other echocardiographic parameters and MMP-9 levels. These relations were independent of age and sex using stepwise linear regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS Patients with AFD have abnormal ECM turnover compared to normal controls. The correlation between MMP-9 levels and systolic function suggests that altered ECM turnover is important in cardiac remodelling. The association between MMP-9 and overall disease severity suggests that circulating levels of MMP-9 may provide a useful marker for assessing the response of patients with AFD to enzyme replacement treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Shah
- The Heart Hospital, UCL, London, UK
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19
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Lehnart SE, Wehrens XHT, Marks AR. Defective ryanodine receptor interdomain interactions may contribute to intracellular Ca2+ leak: a novel therapeutic target in heart failure. Circulation 2006; 111:3342-6. [PMID: 15983258 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.105.551861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Ashikaga H, Omens JH, Covell JW. Time-dependent remodeling of transmural architecture underlying abnormal ventricular geometry in chronic volume overload heart failure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 287:H1994-2002. [PMID: 15242833 PMCID: PMC2842928 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00326.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that the abnormal ventricular geometry in failing hearts may be accounted for by regionally selective remodeling of myocardial laminae or sheets, we investigated remodeling of the transmural architecture in chronic volume overload induced by an aortocaval shunt. We determined three-dimensional finite deformation at apical and basal sites in left ventricular anterior wall of six dogs with the use of biplane cineradiography of implanted markers. Myocardial strains at end diastole were measured at a failing state referred to control to describe remodeling of myofibers and sheet structures over time. After 9 +/- 2 wk (means +/- SE) of volume overload, the myocardial volume within the marker sets increased by >20%. At 2 wk, the basal site had myofiber elongation (0.099 +/- 0.030; P <0.05), whereas the apical site did not [P=not significant (NS)]. Sheet shear at the basal site increased progressively toward the final study (0.040 +/- 0.003 at 2 wk and 0.054 +/- 0.021 at final; both P <0.05), which contributed to a significant increase in wall thickness at the final study (0.181 +/- 0.047; P < 0.05), whereas the apical site did not (P=NS). We conclude that the remodeling of the transmural architecture is regionally heterogeneous in chronic volume overload. The early differences in fiber elongation seem most likely due to a regional gradient in diastolic wall stress, whereas the late differences in wall thickness are most likely related to regional differences in the laminar architecture of the wall. These results suggest that the temporal progression of ventricular remodeling may be anatomically designed at the level of regional laminar architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ashikaga
- Dept. of Medicine, Univ. of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., 0613J, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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21
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Wang CH, Ciliberti N, Li SH, Szmitko PE, Weisel RD, Fedak PWM, Al-Omran M, Cherng WJ, Li RK, Stanford WL, Verma S. Rosiglitazone Facilitates Angiogenic Progenitor Cell Differentiation Toward Endothelial Lineage. Circulation 2004; 109:1392-400. [PMID: 14993120 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000123231.49594.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) agonists inhibit vascular smooth muscle proliferation and migration and improve endothelial function. It is unknown whether PPAR-γ agonists favorably modulate bone marrow (BM)–derived angiogenic progenitor cells (APCs) to promote endothelial lineage differentiation and early reendothelialization after vascular intervention.
Methods and Results—
C57/BL6 mice, treated with or without rosiglitazone (8 mg/kg per day), a PPAR-γ agonist, underwent femoral angioplasty. Rosiglitazone treatment attenuated neointimal formation (intima/media ratio: 0.98±0.12 [rosiglitazone] versus 3.1±0.5 [control];
P
<0.001; n=10 per group). Using a BM transplantation model, we identified that 58±12% of the cells within the neointima at 4 weeks were derived from the BM. Pure endothelial marker–positive, pure α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA)–positive, or double-positive APCs could be found both in mouse BM and in human peripheral blood after culture in conditional medium enriched with vascular endothelial growth factor. Rosiglitazone caused a 6-fold (
P
<0.001) increase in colony formation by human endothelial progenitor cells, promoted the differentiation of APCs toward the endothelial lineage in mouse BM in vivo (0.66±0.06% [control] to 0.95±0.08% [rosiglitazone];
P
<0.05) and in human peripheral blood in vitro (13.2±1.5% [control] to 28.4±3.3% [rosiglitazone];
P
<0.05), and inhibited the differentiation toward the smooth muscle cell lineage. Within the neointima, rosiglitazone also stimulated APCs to differentiate into mature endothelial cells and caused earlier reendothelialization compared with controls (31±5 versus 8±2 CD31-positive cells per millimeter of neointimal surface on day 14;
P
<0.01).
Conclusions—
Similar to embryonic stem cell–derived progenitors, the adult BM and peripheral blood harbor APCs that are at least bipotential and able to differentiate into endothelial and smooth muscle lineages. The PPAR-γ agonist rosiglitazone promotes the differentiation of these APCs toward the endothelial lineage and attenuates restenosis after angioplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Hung Wang
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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22
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Chapman RE, Spinale FG. Extracellular protease activation and unraveling of the myocardial interstitium: critical steps toward clinical applications. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 286:H1-H10. [PMID: 14684355 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00609.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Khan A, Moe GW, Nili N, Rezaei E, Eskandarian M, Butany J, Strauss BH. The cardiac atria are chambers of active remodeling and dynamic collagen turnover during evolving heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43:68-76. [PMID: 14715186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2003.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The role of atrial myocytes and extracellular matrix (ECM) changes in atrial chamber remodeling was studied in a canine model of heart failure (HF). BACKGROUND Cardiac remodeling is a key process mediating the progression of HF. Studies of the structural mechanisms of cardiac remodeling have been limited to the left ventricle. The structural alterations associated with atrial chamber remodeling in evolving HF have not been studied. METHODS Age- and weight-matched dogs were subjected to right ventricular pacing (240 beats/min) for one and three weeks to produce early and severe HF, respectively. Atrial tissues were assessed for myocyte and ECM changes. RESULTS Right atrial and left atrial (LA) pressures were significantly increased in early and severe HF. The LA wall tension index was significantly increased at both HF stages by 116% and 443%, respectively. Atrial collagen synthesis and degradation were significantly increased in severe HF. Gelatinase activity was significantly increased at both early and severe stages of HF. Gelatin zymography showed increased matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-9 with early HF and increased MMP-2 with severe HF. The LA wall tension index was significantly correlated with gelatinase activity and collagen synthesis. Although total atrial collagen content was not changed, disarray of collagen fibers was observed. Atrial myocyte hypertrophy without evidence of apoptosis was also present in severe HF. CONCLUSIONS There is marked atrial chamber remodeling in canine pacing-induced HF, which is characterized by myocyte hypertrophy and dynamic collagen turnover. Atrial remodeling may contribute to the development of atrial arrhythmias and pulmonary hypertension and could offer a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjum Khan
- Roy and Ann Foss Interventional Cardiology Research Program, Terrence Donnelly Heart Center, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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24
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Modesti PA, Vanni S, Bertolozzi I, Cecioni I, Lumachi C, Perna AM, Boddi M, Gensini GF. Different growth factor activation in the right and left ventricles in experimental volume overload. Hypertension 2003; 43:101-8. [PMID: 14638623 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000104720.76179.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical factors play a key role in activation of cardiac growth factor response in hemodynamic overload, and both cooperate in myocardial remodeling. The present study was performed to investigate whether a different growth factor response is activated in the right and left ventricles in aortocaval fistula and its effects on regional myocardial adaptation. Relations between regional growth factor expression (angiotensin II, insulin-like growth factor-I, and endothelin-1), myocyte shape changes, and collagen deposition were investigated at mRNA and peptide levels in adult pigs after the creation of an aortocaval fistula distal to the renal arteries (n=15) and in sham-operated animals (n=15). The role of angiotensin II was investigated by the administration of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor antagonist. In the left ventricle, pure volume overload was accompanied by persistent increase of insulin-like growth factor-I mRNA expression, peptide concentration (2.2-fold versus sham at 3 months, P<0.05), and significant increase of myocyte length (+29% at 3 months, P<0.05). Conversely, the mixed pressure-volume overload faced by the right ventricle resulted in significant regional overexpression of all growth factors investigated (angiotensin II, insulin-like growth factor-I, and endothelin-1), with corresponding increase of myocyte diameter and length and collagen deposition (+117% at 3 months). Collagen accumulation in the right ventricle as well as the increase in right ventricular end-diastolic pressure at the 3-month observation were inhibited by angiotensin II antagonism. The left and right ventricles respond differently to aortocaval fistula, and local growth factor expression is closely related to the regional myocardial adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Amedeo Modesti
- Clinica Medica Generale e Cardiologia, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 85, 50134 Florence, Italy.
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25
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Wang D, Oparil S, Feng JA, Li P, Perry G, Chen LB, Dai M, John SWM, Chen YF. Effects of pressure overload on extracellular matrix expression in the heart of the atrial natriuretic peptide-null mouse. Hypertension 2003; 42:88-95. [PMID: 12756220 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000074905.22908.a6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that atrial natriuretic peptide has direct antihypertrophic actions on the heart by modulating expression of genes involved in cardiac hypertrophy and extracellular matrix production. Hearts of male, atrial natriuretic peptide-null and control wild-type mice that had been subjected to pressure overload after transverse aortic constriction and control unoperated hearts were weighed and subjected to microarray, Northern blot, and immunohistochemical analyses. Microarray and Northern blot analyses were used to identify genes that are regulated differentially in response to stress in the presence and absence of atrial natriuretic peptide. Immunohistochemical analysis was used to identify and localize expression of the protein products of these genes. Atrial natriuretic peptide-null mice demonstrated cardiac hypertrophy at baseline and an exaggerated hypertrophic response to transverse aortic constriction associated with increased expression of the extracellular matrix molecules periostin, osteopontin, collagen I and III, and thrombospondin, as well as the extracellular matrix regulatory proteins, matrix metalloproteinase-2 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3, and the novel growth factor pleiotrophin compared with wild-type controls. These results support the hypothesis that atrial natriuretic peptide protects against pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling by negative modulation of genes involved in extracellular matrix deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajun Wang
- Vascular Biology and Hypertension Program, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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26
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Ziegelhöffer-Mihalovicová B, Briest W, Baba HA, Rassler B, Zimmer HG. The expression of mRNA of cytokines and of extracellular matrix proteins in triiodothyronine-treated rat hearts. Mol Cell Biochem 2003; 247:61-8. [PMID: 12841632 DOI: 10.1023/a:1024153003249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In various models of cardiac hypertrophy, e.g. treatment of rats with norepinephrine infusion or pressure overload, increased expression of cytokines together with increase in extracellular matrix proteins (ECMP) was reported. In this study the effect of triiodothyronine (T3) on the expression of mRNA for cytokines and ECMP was investigated. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were treated daily with T3 in a dose of 0.2 mg x kg(-1) of body weight s.c. Changes in the left (LV) and right (RV) ventricular function were measured 6, 24, 48, 72 h and 7 and 14 days after the first T3-injection using Millar ultraminiature pressure catheter transducers. RNA was isolated from LV and RV tissue, and the expression of cytokines and ECMP was measured using the ribonuclease protection assay. T3-treatment induced a significant increase in LV dP/dtmax and RV dP/dtmax, (p < 0.05) 24 h after the first injection of T3 together with an increase in heart rate (p < 0.01). The RV systolic pressure increased 48 h after the first T3 injection, whereas the LV systolic pressure remained unchanged. After 48 h the heart weight to body weight ratio was increased (p < 0.01). Hypertrophy of the RV was more prominent than that of the LV (155.9 vs. 137.7%). In all groups the expression of mRNA for interleukins (IL) IL-6, IL-1beta, IL-1alpha and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in both ventricles did not change (p > 0.05). There was a significant increase in the mRNA for colligin 24 h after the T3 injection in both LV (p < 0.01) and RV (p < 0.05). This was followed by an increase in the mRNA for collagen I and III 72 h after the first T3-dose (p < 0.05 in RV; p < 0.01 in LV). At this point, the mRNA for tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2) was increased (p < 0.01) in the LV only. Moreover, after 7 days also the mRNA for matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 increased (p < 0.01) in the LV. Both, TIMP-2 and MMP-2 were increased in the RV only after 14 days (p < 0.05). The gelatinase activity of MMP-2, however, was unchanged in both ventricles. The T3-induced cardiac hypertrophy was not accompanied by fibrosis as measured by the Sirius red staining after 14-days of T3-treatment. The moderate increase in mRNA for ECMP and MMP may be attributed more to the increasing mass of the ventricles with the accompanying remodelling of the ECM than to increased fibrosis.
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27
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Wang X, Ren B, Liu S, Sentex E, Tappia PS, Dhalla NS. Characterization of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure due to volume overload in the rat. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2003; 94:752-63. [PMID: 12531914 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00248.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in general characteristics and morphology of the heart, as well as changes in hemodynamics, myosin heavy chain isoforms, and beta-adrenoceptor responsiveness, were determined in Sprague-Dawley rats at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 wk after aortocaval fistula (shunt) was induced by the needle technique. Three stages of cardiac hypertrophy due to volume overload were recognized during the 16-wk period. Developing hypertrophy occurred within the first 2 wk after aortocaval shunt was induced and was characterized by a rapid increase of cardiac mass in both left and right ventricles. Compensated hypertrophy occurred between 2 and 8 wk after aortocaval shunt where normal or mild depression in hemodynamic function was observed. Decompensated hypertrophy or heart failure occurred between 8 and 16 wk after aortocaval shunt and was characterized by circulatory congestion, decreased in vivo and in vitro cardiac function, and a shift in myosin heavy chain isozyme expression. However, the positive inotropic effect of isoproterenol was augmented at all times during the 16-wk period. Characterization of beta-adrenoceptor binding in failing hearts at 16 wk revealed a significant increase in beta(1)-receptor density, whereas beta(2)-receptor density was unchanged. Consistent with this, basal adenylyl cyclase activity was significantly increased, and both isoproterenol- and forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activities were also increased. These results indicate that upregulation of beta-adrenoceptor signal transduction is a unique feature of cardiac hypertrophy and failure induced by volume overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R2H 2A6
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Xu C, Lee S, Shu C, Masuda H, Zarins CK. Expression of TGF-beta1 and beta3 but not apoptosis factors relates to flow-induced aortic enlargement. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2002; 2:11. [PMID: 12150715 PMCID: PMC119850 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-2-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2002] [Accepted: 07/31/2002] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell proliferation and apoptosis are both involved in arterial wall remodeling. Increase in blood flow induces arterial enlargement. The molecular basis of flow-induced remodeling in large elastic arteries is largely unknown. METHODS An aortocaval fistula (ACF) model in rats was used to induce enlargement in the abdominal aorta. Aortic gene expression of transforming growth factors beta (TGF-beta) and apoptosis-related factors was assessed at 1 and 3 days and 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks. Expression levels were determined using a ribonuclease protection assay and western blotting. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were analyzed using BrdU incorporation and TUNEL techniques. RESULTS Blood flow increased 5-fold immediately after ACF (P<0.05). Lumen diameter of the aorta was 30% and 75% larger at 2 and 8 weeks respectively than those of controls (P<0.05). mRNA levels of TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta3 increased after ACF, peaked at 3 days (P<0.05) and returned to normal level at 1 week and thereafter. Western blotting showed enhanced expression of TGF-beta1 at 3 days and TGF-beta3 at 1 and 3 days and 1 week (P<0.05). mRNA levels of Bcl-xS initially decreased at 1 day, 3 days and 1 week, followed a return to baseline level at 2 weeks. Cell proliferation was observed at all time points after ACF (P<0.001 vs. controls) with proliferation in endothelial cells more significant than smooth muscle cells. Apoptosis was not significant. CONCLUSIONS Gene expression of TGF-beta1 and beta3 precedes arterial enlargement. Expression of apoptosis related factors is little regulated in the early stage of the flow-induced arterial remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengpei Xu
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sheila Lee
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Chang Shu
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Hirotake Masuda
- Second Department of Pathology, Akita University, Akita, Japan
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Wilson EM, Spinale FG. Myocardial remodelling and matrix metalloproteinases in heart failure: turmoil within the interstitium. Ann Med 2001; 33:623-34. [PMID: 11817657 DOI: 10.3109/07853890109002108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction is often accompanied by changes in LV geometry and myocardial architecture that can be defined as LV myocardial remodelling. An important event in LV myocardial remodelling is alterations in the extracellular matrix (ECM). A family of zinc-dependent proteases implicated in facilitating myocardial tissue remodelling by degrading components of the ECM are the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The temporal expression of MMPs and the local tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) appear to be differentially regulated in several cardiovascular disease states such as myocardial infarction, LV hypertrophy, and dilated cardiomyopathy. Both pharmacological and genetic modulation of myocardial MMP expression has been demonstrated to alter the course of LV myocardial remodelling and LV dysfunction. The induction of MMPs within the myocardium during the heart failure process probably results in liberation of bioactive molecules, proteolytic degradation of ECM structural proteins, and alterations in cell-cell contact and adhesion. Modifying MMP expression and activation may reduce this turmoil within the myocardial interstitium and, in turn, prove to be a useful therapeutic paradigm for heart failure treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Wilson
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
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