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Peripheral serotonin causes dengue virus-induced thrombocytopenia through 5HT 2 receptors. Blood 2019; 133:2325-2337. [PMID: 30755421 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-08-869156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is the most prevalent vector-borne viral pathogen, infecting millions of patients annually. Thrombocytopenia, a reduction in circulating platelet counts, is the most consistent sign of DENV-induced disease, independent of disease severity. However, the mechanisms leading to DENV-induced thrombocytopenia are unknown. Here, we show that thrombocytopenia is caused by serotonin derived from mast cells (MCs), which are immune cells that are present in the perivascular space and are a major peripheral source of serotonin. We show that during DENV infection, MCs release serotonin, which prompts platelet activation, aggregation, and enhanced phagocytosis, dependent on 5HT2A receptors. MC deficiency in mice or pharmacologic inhibition of MCs reversed thrombocytopenia. Furthermore, reconstitution of MC-deficient mice with wild-type MCs, but not MCs lacking serotonin synthesis resulting from deficiency in the enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase-1, restored the thrombocytopenic phenotype. Exogenous serotonin was also sufficient to overcome the effects of drugs that inhibit platelet activation in vitro and to restore thrombocytopenia in DENV-infected MC-deficient mice. Therapeutic targeting of 5HT2A receptors during DENV infection effectively prevented thrombocytopenia in mice. Similarly, serotonin derived from DENV-activated human MCs led to increased human platelet activation. Thus, MC-derived serotonin is a previously unidentified mechanism of DENV-induced thrombocytopenia and a potential therapeutic target.
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Law J, Chalmers J, Morris DE, Robinson L, Budge H, Symonds ME. The use of infrared thermography in the measurement and characterization of brown adipose tissue activation. Temperature (Austin) 2018; 5:147-161. [PMID: 30393752 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2017.1397085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in brown adipose tissue has increased in recent years as a potential target for novel obesity, diabetes and metabolic disease treatments. One of the significant limitations to rapid progress has been the difficulty in measuring brown adipose tissue activity, especially in humans. Infrared thermography (IRT) is being increasingly recognized as a valid and complementary method to standard imaging modalities, such as positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET/CT). In contrast to PET/CT, it is non-invasive, cheap and quick, allowing, for the first time, the possibility of large studies of brown adipose tissue (BAT) on healthy populations and children. Variations in study protocols and analysis methods currently limit direct comparison between studies but IRT following appropriate BAT stimulation consistently shows a change in supraclavicular skin temperature and a close association with results from BAT measurements from other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Law
- Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Chalmers
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, University of Nottingham and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham
| | - David E Morris
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsay Robinson
- Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Budge
- Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michael E Symonds
- Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, University of Nottingham and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham
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Virtue S, Vidal-Puig A. Assessment of brown adipose tissue function. Front Physiol 2013; 4:128. [PMID: 23760815 PMCID: PMC3671177 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review we discuss practical considerations for the assessment of brown adipose tissue in rodent models, focusing on mice. The central aim of the review is to provide a critical appraisal of the utility of specialized techniques for assessing brown adipose tissue function in vivo. We cover several of the most common specialized methods for analysing brown adipose tissue function in vivo, including assessment of maximal thermogenic capacity by indirect calorimetry and the measurement of sympathetic tone to brown adipose tissue. While these techniques are powerful, they are not readily available to all laboratories; therefore we also cover several simple measurements that, particularly in combination, can be used to determine if a mouse model is likely to have alterations in brown adipose tissue function. Such techniques include: pair feeding, analysis of brown adipose tissue lipid content and mRNA and protein markers of brown adipose tissue activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Virtue
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Treatment Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Treatment Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger InstituteCambridge, UK
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Liu YL, Heal DJ, Stock MJ. Mechanism of the thermogenic effect of Metabolite 2 (BTS 54 505), a major pharmacologically active metabolite of the novel anti-obesity drug, sibutramine. Int J Obes (Lond) 2002; 26:1245-53. [PMID: 12187403 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2001] [Revised: 02/24/2002] [Accepted: 04/08/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the pharmacological mechanisms underlying the induction of thermogenesis by Metabolite 2 (M2; BTS 54 505), a major pharmacologically active metabolite of the anti-obesity drug, sibutramine. DESIGN Adult female Wistar rats were treated with M2 or vehicle, with or without various monoamine receptor antagonists, prazosin, RS79948, metergoline, propranolol and (+)butaclamol. MEASUREMENTS Colonic temperature and food intake at room temperature (21+/-1 degrees C), thermoregulatory behavioural response, operant responding for exogenous heat at -8 degrees C and oxygen consumption at thermoneutrality (29 degrees C). RESULTS M2 (10 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly increased colonic temperature during the 4.5 h period following drug administration. This effect was abolished by the non-selective 5-HT receptor antagonist, metergoline (1 mg/kg, p.o.), and alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist, prazosin (1 mg/kg, p.o.), measured at 1.5-2.5 h post-M2 administration, and was partially antagonized by each antagonist at 3.5-4.5 h. The non-selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, propranolol (1 mg/kg, p.o.), had no effect on the M2-induced increase in colonic temperature, whereas at 20 mg/kg (p.o.), propranolol partially inhibited the effect of M2 on colonic temperature. By contrast, the selective alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, RS79948 (1 mg/kg, p.o.), and the D2/D1 receptor antagonist, (+)butaclamol (200 micro g/kg, p.o.), did not alter the effect of M2 on colonic temperature. In the thermoregulatory study, M2 (10 mg/kg, i.p.)-treated rats required significantly less radiant heat at -8 degrees C to maintain body temperature, and this effect was not affected by the D2/D1 receptor antagonist (+)butaclamol (100 micro g/kg(-1), i.p.). The hypophagia induced by M2 (10 mg/kg) measured up to 24 h was partially antagonized by the alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist, prazosin, whereas metergoline, RS79948, propranolol and (+)butaclamol had no effect on M2-induced hypophagia. CONCLUSION It is concluded that 5-HT, alpha(1)- and beta(3)-adrenoceptors are involved in the induction of thermogenesis by M2, whereas the hypophagic effect is mainly mediated via alpha(1)-adrenoceptors. These findings are consistent with M2 increasing 5-HT and noradrenaline tone via potent reuptake inhibition which subsequently results in increased efferent sympathetic activity to brown adipose tissue (BAT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-L Liu
- Department of Physiology, St George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, UK.
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Horwitz BA. Homeostatic Responses to Acute Cold Exposure: Thermogenic Responses in Birds and Mammals. Compr Physiol 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp040116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Dicker A, Raasmaja A, Cannon B, Nedergaard J. Increased alpha 1-adrenoceptor density in brown adipose tissue indicates recruitment drive in hypothyroid rats. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1992; 263:E654-62. [PMID: 1329549 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1992.263.4.e654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The effects of hypothyroidism on whole body thermogenesis, brown adipose tissue recruitment state, and alpha 1-adrenergic receptor density were investigated. Treatment of rats with methimazole for 4-5 wk led, as expected, to reduction of growth and resting metabolic rate. The thermogenic response to norepinephrine injection was practically abolished. Generally, only small effects of hypothyroidism on brown adipose tissue were observed: total protein content, mitochondrial GDP binding capacity, and total content of the uncoupling protein thermogenin were not altered. The density of beta-adrenergic receptors (estimated with [3H]CGP-12177 as a ligand) was also unchanged. However, the density of alpha 1-adrenergic receptors (estimated with [3H]prazosin) was markedly increased; in other physiological conditions, such an increase has been associated with an increased degree of recruitment of the tissue. These data indicate that brown adipose tissue in the subthermoneutral hypothyroid animal, probably due to homeostatic mechanisms, is exposed to an increased sympathetic stimulation, leading to an increased alpha 1-adrenoceptor density. However, other features of recruitment are only poorly induced, probably due to attenuation of the beta-adrenergic signaling mechanism. The increased alpha 1-adrenergic receptor density may be responsible for certain altered features of brown adipose tissue in hypothyroid animals, such as peroxisomal recruitment and perhaps also for maintenance of the thermogenin content. The results also indicate that the increased alpha 1-adrenergic density generally seen in recruitment would not result from chronic beta-adrenergic stimulation of the tissue but may be controlled via another regulatory pathway, e.g., via the alpha 1-adrenergic pathway itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dicker
- Wenner-Gren Institute, University of Stockholm, Sweden
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Serra F, LeFeuvre RA, Slater D, Palou A, Rothwell NJ. Thermogenic actions of tryptophan in the rat are mediated independently of 5-HT. Brain Res 1992; 578:327-34. [PMID: 1511284 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(92)90265-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) has been implicated in the central control of energy balance, via inhibition of food intake and stimulation of thermogenesis. Its rate of synthesis in brain is dependent on the availability of its precursor amino acid, tryptophan. The objective of the present study was therefore to investigate the thermogenic actions of tryptophan and to determine whether these actions are mediated by 5-HT. Central or peripheral injections of 5-HT (i.c.v.; 0.5-40 micrograms), 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) (i.c.v.; 20 micrograms) or tryptophan (i.p.; 20 mg/kg, i.c.v.; 12-60 micrograms) significantly increased resting oxygen consumption (VO2 by approximately 15-20%) in conscious rats, without apparent effects on physical activity. Small increases (5-7%) in VO2 were also observed following peripheral injections of aspartate or glycine (20 mg/kg) but not taurine, whilst central injections of tyrosine or leucine (15-18 micrograms) significantly increased VO2 by 15%. We have previously reported that the thermogenic and anorexic actions of 5-HT are mediated by corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). In the present study, the thermogenic actions of 5-HTP, like those of 5-HT, were significantly reduced by pretreatment (5 min before) with the CRF antagonist alpha-helical CRF9-41 (25 micrograms, i.c.v.) or a polyclonal antibody to CRF. However, the thermogenic actions of tryptophan were not significantly modified by pretreatment with either the 5-HT antagonist, methysergide (20 micrograms, i.c.v.) or with the CRF antagonist or antibody and thus appear to act through different mechanisms to 5-HT.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- F Serra
- Departamento de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, University of Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Le Feuvre RA, Aisenthal L, Rothwell NJ. Involvement of corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) in the thermogenic and anorexic actions of serotonin (5-HT) and related compounds. Brain Res 1991; 555:245-50. [PMID: 1933336 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(91)90348-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the involvement of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) in the thermogenic and anorexic actions of serotonin (5-HT) in the rat. Serotonergic compounds and CRF antibody were injected directly into the third ventricle of conscious, male Sprague-Dawley rats. Thermogenesis was measured as changes in whole body oxygen consumption by indirect calorimetry. Central injections of 5-HT (0.5-50 micrograms, i.c.v.) significantly increased resting oxygen consumption (VO2; maximum 12.5% increase), without obvious effects on behaviour. Similar increases in VO2 (12-17%) were observed following central injections of the 5-HT precursors, tryptophan (14 micrograms, i.c.v.) or 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP, 20 micrograms, i.c.v.), and peripheral (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or central (30 micrograms, i.c.v.) injections of the 5-HT reuptake inhibitor, DL-fenfluramine. Administration of a polyclonal CRF antibody (3 microliters, i.c.v.) 10 min prior to serotonergic compounds, significantly reduced (77-106%) the increases in VO2 observed in response to central injections of 5-HTP (20 micrograms), 5-HT (50 micrograms) or peripheral injections of fenfluramine, but not those observed in response to either 30 micrograms fenfluramine (i.c.v.) or 20 micrograms 5-HT. Voluntary food intake was measured for 6 h in rats following 16 h starvation. Six-hour food intake was significantly reduced (30-60%) in rats given central injections of 5-HT or 5-HTP, and central or peripheral injections of fenfluramine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Le Feuvre
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Manchester, U.K
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Fukagawa NK, Bandini LG, Lim PH, Roingeard F, Lee MA, Young JB. Protein-induced changes in energy expenditure in young and old individuals. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1991; 260:E345-52. [PMID: 2003589 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1991.260.3.e345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Resting energy expenditure (EE) has recently been shown to be reduced in elderly human subjects even after adjustment for body size and composition. The present study extended this examination of EE in relation to age by comparing the thermic effect of a protein meal in young men (YM 20-26 yr, n = 9), old men (OM 70-89 yr, n = 9), and old women (OW 67-75 yr, n = 6). EE was measured before and from 1 to 6 h after presentation of 60 g protein and of a control noncaloric meal on separate occasions. Despite substantial differences in body size and composition, the protein-induced increment in EE was similar in all groups [maximum increase: YM 0.21 +/- 0.05, OM 0.17 +/- 0.12, and OW 0.17 +/- 0.04 (SE) kcal/min]. Although fasting plasma norepinephrine (NE) levels differed among all three groups (YM less than OM less than OW), NE concentrations were not affected by protein ingestion. Because protein administration acutely promotes synthesis of dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT), which are both capable of stimulating EE, blockade of extraneuronal synthesis of DA and 5-HT with carbidopa, a competitive inhibitor of aromatic-L-amino acid decarboxylase, failed to suppress (and actually increased) postprandial EE. These data demonstrate that not all mechanisms responsible for EE decline with age and that protein-induced changes in EE are more a function of the oral load itself than of the size, age, or antecedent diet of the individual ingesting the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Fukagawa
- Charles A. Dana Research Institute, Beth Israel Hospital, Boston 02215
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Fuller NJ, Stirling DM, Dunnett S, Reynolds GP, Ashwell M. Decreased brown adipose tissue thermogenic activity following a reduction in brain serotonin by intraventricular p-chlorophenylalanine. Biosci Rep 1987; 7:121-7. [PMID: 2443195 DOI: 10.1007/bf01121875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of reducing brain serotonin (5-HT) levels by means of intracerebral-ventricular injections of the tryptophan antagonist p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) were investigated in male rats. Six days after the operation, PCPA-treated rats, either fed ad libitum or pair-fed to the food intake of control rats, showed decreased thermogenic activity and capacity in their interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) and also increased fat storage in their white adipose tissue (WAT). These results indicate that serotonergic synapses might play a regulatory role in the sympathetic control of BAT thermogenesis and in the rate of WAT deposition (by an as yet unidentified mechanism), in addition to their well established role in controlling food intake.
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Laury MC, Beauvallet M, Zizine L, Delost P, Portet R. Hypophysectomy and the sympatho-adrenal system in cold acclimation. EXPERIENTIA 1986; 42:1252-3. [PMID: 3780951 DOI: 10.1007/bf01946409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypophysectomy does not impair the increase in weight of brown adipose tissue and adrenals following cold acclimation of the rat. In brown fat, the cold-induced increases in NE and 5 HT contents are not modified by hypophysectomy. In adrenals, hypophysectomy does not change the NE content, but a fall in epinephrine content was observed.
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Ricquier D, Mory G. Factors affecting brown adipose tissue activity in animals and man. CLINICS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 1984; 13:501-20. [PMID: 6391752 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-595x(84)80035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Mohell N, Nedergaard J, Cannon B. Quantitative differentiation of alpha- and beta-adrenergic respiratory responses in isolated hamster brown fat cells: evidence for the presence of an alpha 1-adrenergic component. Eur J Pharmacol 1983; 93:183-93. [PMID: 6139284 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(83)90136-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The respiratory (thermogenic response of brown fat cells has been investigated for differentiation between alpha- and beta-adrenergic components. The relative sensitivity of the cells generally followed the pattern of the EC50 for isoprenaline less than norepinephrine = epinephrine much less than phenylephrine and the response to all these agonists was much more sensitive to propranolol than to phentolamine. Based on these criteria the response was primarily beta 1. However, the biphasic nature of the dose-response curves and the antagonist inhibition curves indicated additionally the presence of an alpha-component. Inhibition studies demonstrated the IC50 series: prazosin less than phentolamine less than yohimbine, indicating that the alpha-component is of the alpha 1-subtype. The effects of selective alpha- and beta-stimulation were additive. The maximal oxygen consumption of isolated hamster brown fat cells was composed of an 80% beta 1 adrenergic component and a 20% alpha 1 adrenergic component. Different mechanisms (beta 1 through cyclic AMP and alpha 1 possibly through Ca2+) and perhaps different purposes (e.g. short-term and long-term regulation, respectively) may explain the coexistence of two stimulatory adrenergic responses in one cell type.
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Itaya K. Inhibitory effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine on lipogenesis in rat adipose tissues. J Pharm Pharmacol 1979; 31:773-6. [PMID: 41910 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1979.tb13655.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) inhibited the incorporation of 14C from 14C-labelled glucose, pyruvate, citrate and acetate into fatty acids but it did not inhibit the conversion of 14C from citrate and acetate into CO2, and the citrate conversion into glyceride-glycerol in epididymal and mesenteric adipose tissue from 24h-fasted rats. 5-HT stimulated the formation of lactate from glucose and pyruvate, and increased the ratio of lactate produced/pyruvate taken up. This ratio was similar to the NADH:NAD ratio. These results indicate that 5-HT inhibits fatty acid synthesis in rat white adipose tissue by mechanisms similar to those of the catecholamines.
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Abstract
The effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on plasma cyclic AMP (cAMP) and glucose concentrations were studied in rats in vivo. 5-HT injected i.p. increased plasma cAMP and glucose. Injections of propranolol, hexamethonium, and cyproheptadine inhibited the 5-HT-induced increase in glucose but not in cAMP. Atropine did not inhibit the action of 5-HT. These effects of 5-HT were not seen in adrenomedullectomized rats, and 5-HT did not elevate the concentration of plasma cAMP in anti-glucagon antiserum-injected rats. These results confirm the previously reported finding that 5-HT-induced increase in blood glucose is mediated via adrenaline released from adrenal medulla by 5-HT and suggest that the increase in plasma cAMP, induced by 5-HT, is due to glucagon released by an unknown factor, or factors other than adrenaline released from the adrenal medulla by 5-HT.
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Box BM, Bascom R, Mogenson GJ. Hyperphagia and obesity produced by midbrain lesions in the rat: a comparison with hypothalamic hyperphagia and obesity. BEHAVIORAL AND NEURAL BIOLOGY 1979; 26:330-41. [PMID: 486029 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-1047(79)91311-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Itaya K. Need for Ca ions in the lipolytic action of 5-hydroxytryptamine in rat brown adipose tissue. J Pharm Pharmacol 1978; 30:315-7. [PMID: 26749 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1978.tb13239.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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