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Balcer E, Giebułtowicz J, Sochacka M, Ruszczyńska A, Muszyńska M, Bulska E. Investigation of the Impact of L-Phenylalanine and L-Tyrosine Pre-Treatment on the Uptake of 4-Borono-L-Phenylalanine in Cancerous and Normal Cells Using an Analytical Approach Based on SC-ICP-MS. Molecules 2023; 28:6552. [PMID: 37764328 PMCID: PMC10534874 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Boron has gained significant attention in medical research due to its B-10 isotope's high cross section for the reaction with thermal neutrons, generating ionizing particles that can eliminate cancer cells, propelling the development of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) for cancer treatment. The compound 4-borono-L-phenylalanine (BPA) has exhibited potential in BNCT clinical trials. Enhancing BPA uptake in cells involves proposing L-amino acid preloading. This study introduces a novel analytical strategy utilizing ICP-MS and single cell ICP-MS (SC-ICP-MS) to assess the effectiveness of L-tyrosine and L-phenylalanine preloading on human non-small cell lung carcinoma (A549) and normal Chinese hamster lung fibroblast (V79-4) models, an unexplored context. ICP-MS outcomes indicated that L-tyrosine and L-phenylalanine pre-treatment increased BPA uptake in V79-4 cells by 2.04 ± 0.74-fold (p = 0.000066) and 1.46 ± 0.06-fold (p = 0.000016), respectively. Conversely, A549 cells manifested heightened BPA uptake solely with L-tyrosine preloading, with a factor of 1.24 ± 0.47 (p = 0.028). BPA uptake remained higher in A549 compared to V79-4 regardless of preloading. SC-ICP-MS measurements showcased noteworthy boron content heterogeneity within A549 cells, signifying diverse responses to BPA exposure, including a subset with notably high BPA uptake. This study underscores SC-ICP-MS's utility in precise cellular boron quantification, validating cellular BPA uptake's heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Balcer
- Radiochemistry Team, Reactor Research Division, Nuclear Facilities Operations Department, National Centre for Nuclear Research, Sołtana 7, Świerk, 05-400 Otwock, Poland;
- Department of Drug Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Joanna Giebułtowicz
- Department of Drug Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Sochacka
- Department of Drug Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Anna Ruszczyńska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; (A.R.); (M.M.); (E.B.)
| | - Magdalena Muszyńska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; (A.R.); (M.M.); (E.B.)
- Pro-Environment Polska Sp. z o.o., Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Bulska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; (A.R.); (M.M.); (E.B.)
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Analysis of the Single-Cell Heterogeneity of Adenocarcinoma Cell Lines and the Investigation of Intratumor Heterogeneity Reveals the Expression of Transmembrane Protein 45A (TMEM45A) in Lung Adenocarcinoma Cancer Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:cancers14010144. [PMID: 35008313 PMCID: PMC8750076 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the main causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH) is responsible for the majority of difficulties encountered in the treatment of lung-cancer patients. Therefore, the heterogeneity of NSCLC cell lines and primary lung adenocarcinoma was investigated by single-cell mass cytometry (CyTOF). Human NSCLC adenocarcinoma cells A549, H1975, and H1650 were studied at single-cell resolution for the expression pattern of 13 markers: GLUT1, MCT4, CA9, TMEM45A, CD66, CD274, CD24, CD326, pan-keratin, TRA-1-60, galectin-3, galectin-1, and EGFR. The intra- and inter-cell-line heterogeneity of A549, H1975, and H1650 cells were demonstrated through hypoxic modeling. Additionally, human primary lung adenocarcinoma, and non-involved healthy lung tissue were homogenized to prepare a single-cell suspension for CyTOF analysis. The single-cell heterogeneity was confirmed using unsupervised viSNE and FlowSOM analysis. Our results also show, for the first time, that TMEM45A is expressed in lung adenocarcinoma. Abstract Intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH) is responsible for the majority of difficulties encountered in the treatment of lung-cancer patients. Therefore, the heterogeneity of NSCLC cell lines and primary lung adenocarcinoma was investigated by single-cell mass cytometry (CyTOF). First, we studied the single-cell heterogeneity of frequent NSCLC adenocarcinoma models, such as A549, H1975, and H1650. The intra- and inter-cell-line single-cell heterogeneity is represented in the expression patterns of 13 markers—namely GLUT1, MCT4, CA9, TMEM45A, CD66, CD274 (PD-L1), CD24, CD326 (EpCAM), pan-keratin, TRA-1-60, galectin-3, galectin-1, and EGFR. The qRT-PCR and CyTOF analyses revealed that a hypoxic microenvironment and altered metabolism may influence cell-line heterogeneity. Additionally, human primary lung adenocarcinoma and non-involved healthy lung tissue biopsies were homogenized to prepare a single-cell suspension for CyTOF analysis. The CyTOF showed the ITH of human primary lung adenocarcinoma for 14 markers; particularly, the higher expressions of GLUT1, MCT4, CA9, TMEM45A, and CD66 were associated with the lung-tumor tissue. Our single-cell results are the first to demonstrate TMEM45A expression in human lung adenocarcinoma, which was verified by immunohistochemistry.
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Stulpinas A, Uzusienis T, Imbrasaite A, Krestnikova N, Unguryte A, Kalvelyte AV. Cell-cell and cell-substratum contacts in the regulation of MAPK and Akt signalling: Importance in therapy, biopharmacy and bioproduction. Cell Signal 2021; 84:110034. [PMID: 33933583 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of cultured cells as a tool for research, precision medicine, biopharmacy, and biomanufacturing is constantly increasing. In parallel, the role of cell-cell and cell-substratum contacts in cell functioning is increasingly validated. Adhesion signalling plays a key role here. The activity of cell fate-regulating signalling molecules is an important factor in determining cell behaviour, as well as their response to treatment, depending on cell phenotypic status and location in the body. Three cellular state models (adherent, single cells in suspension, and aggregated cells) were compared for cell signalling, including focal adhesion (FAK), mitogen-activated (MAPK), as well as Akt protein kinases, and transcription factor cJun, by using lung adenocarcinoma A549, muscle-derived stem Myo, as well as primary lung cancer cell lines. Survival of both A549 and Myo cells was dependent on kinases Akt and ERK in detached conditions. Intercellular contacts in aggregates promoted activation of Akt and ERK, and cell survival. Loss of contacts with the substrate increased phosphorylation of MAP kinases JNK and p38, while decreased Akt phosphorylation by processes involving FAK. Unexpectedly, detachment increased phosphorylation of antiapoptotic kinase ERK in A549, while in Myo stem cells ERK phosphorylation was downregulated. JNK target transcription factor cJun protein level was markedly diminished by contacts between cells possibly involving mechanism of proteasomal degradation. Furthermore, studies revealed the opposite dependence of molecules of the same signalling pathway - phospho-cJun and phospho-JNK - on cell culture density. Differences in ERK activation under detachment conditions indicate that targeting of prosurvival kinases during anoikis should be different in different cells. Moreover, the outcome of JNK activation in cells may depend on the amount of cJun, which is determined by cell-cell contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurimas Stulpinas
- Dept. of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, LT-10257, Lithuania
| | - Tomas Uzusienis
- Dept. of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, LT-10257, Lithuania
| | - Ausra Imbrasaite
- Dept. of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, LT-10257, Lithuania
| | - Natalija Krestnikova
- Dept. of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, LT-10257, Lithuania
| | - Ausra Unguryte
- Centre for Innovative Medicine, Santariškių g. 5, LT-08406, Lithuania
| | - Audrone V Kalvelyte
- Dept. of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, LT-10257, Lithuania.
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Sun J, Vera JC, Drnevich J, Lin YT, Ke R, Brooke CB. Single cell heterogeneity in influenza A virus gene expression shapes the innate antiviral response to infection. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008671. [PMID: 32614923 PMCID: PMC7363107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infection outcomes are governed by the complex and dynamic interplay between the infecting virus population and the host response. It is increasingly clear that both viral and host cell populations are highly heterogeneous, but little is known about how this heterogeneity influences infection dynamics or viral pathogenicity. To dissect the interactions between influenza A virus (IAV) and host cell heterogeneity, we examined the combined host and viral transcriptomes of thousands of individual cells, each infected with a single IAV virion. We observed complex patterns of viral gene expression and the existence of multiple distinct host transcriptional responses to infection at the single cell level. We show that human H1N1 and H3N2 strains differ significantly in patterns of both viral and host anti-viral gene transcriptional heterogeneity at the single cell level. Our analyses also reveal that semi-infectious particles that fail to express the viral NS can play a dominant role in triggering the innate anti-viral response to infection. Altogether, these data reveal how patterns of viral population heterogeneity can serve as a major determinant of antiviral gene activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Sun
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - J. Cristobal Vera
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jenny Drnevich
- High-Performance Biological Computing at the Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yen Ting Lin
- Information Sciences Group, Computer, Computational and Statistical Sciences DIvision (CCS-3), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Ruian Ke
- T-6, Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Christopher B. Brooke
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
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Cheng Y, Shen J, Yuan L, Yang Y, Shen X, Qian H, Yu L, Li R, Lv X, Yan T, Li Y, Wang L, Liu B. A novel device to capture circulating tumor cells: Quantification and molecular analysis in lung cancer patients. J Biomater Appl 2020; 35:49-58. [PMID: 32223499 DOI: 10.1177/0885328220914408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Here, we describe a novel microfilter device to capture circulating tumor cells in an efficient and low-cost manner. Then, we validated the safety and clinical utility of the novel microfilter device. We next performed mutation analysis from circulating tumor cells collected from lung cancer patients using this new device. Our results indicate that this microfilter system can be used to investigate the genome landscape of circulating tumor cells collected from lung cancer patients. Further, our results highlight a proof-of-concept demonstration indicating that circulating tumor cell can be used for mutation profiling during tumor evolution, therapy prediction, and monitoring, with immediate clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Cheng
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Shen
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Yuan
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Yang
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Shen
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanqing Qian
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lixia Yu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rutian Li
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Lv
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Yan
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Li
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Baorui Liu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Movia D, Bazou D, Volkov Y, Prina-Mello A. Multilayered Cultures of NSCLC cells grown at the Air-Liquid Interface allow the efficacy testing of inhaled anti-cancer drugs. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12920. [PMID: 30150787 PMCID: PMC6110800 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31332-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence supports the advantages of inhalation over other drug-administration routes in the treatment of lung diseases, including cancer. Although data obtained from animal models and conventional in vitro cultures are informative, testing the efficacy of inhaled chemotherapeutic agents requires human-relevant preclinical tools. Such tools are currently unavailable. Here, we developed and characterized in vitro models for the efficacy testing of inhaled chemotherapeutic agents against non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). These models recapitulated key elements of both the lung epithelium and the tumour tissue, namely the direct contact with the gas phase and the three-dimensional (3D) architecture. Our in vitro models were formed by growing, for the first time, human adenocarcinoma (A549) cells as multilayered mono-cultures at the Air-Liquid Interface (ALI). The in vitro models were tested for their response to four benchmarking chemotherapeutics, currently in use in clinics, demonstrating an increased resistance to these drugs as compared to sub-confluent monolayered 2D cell cultures. Chemoresistance was comparable to that detected in 3D hypoxic tumour spheroids. Being cultured in ALI conditions, the multilayered monocultures demonstrated to be compatible with testing drugs administered as a liquid aerosol by a clinical nebulizer, offering an advantage over 3D tumour spheroids. In conclusion, we demonstrated that our in vitro models provide new human-relevant tools allowing for the efficacy screening of inhaled anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dania Movia
- Department of Clinical Medicine/Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Despina Bazou
- Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yuri Volkov
- Department of Clinical Medicine/Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- AMBER Centre, CRANN Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology, First Moscow State Sechenov Medical University, Moskva, Russian Federation
| | - Adriele Prina-Mello
- Department of Clinical Medicine/Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- AMBER Centre, CRANN Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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7
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Starodubtseva MN, Starodubtsev IE, Starodubtsev EG. Novel fractal characteristic of atomic force microscopy images. Micron 2017; 96:96-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Technical Insights into Highly Sensitive Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Fixed and Live Circulating Tumor Cells for Early Detection of Tumor Invasion. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169427. [PMID: 28060956 PMCID: PMC5218415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating Tumor Cells (CTC) and Circulating Tumor Microemboli (CTM) are Circulating Rare Cells (CRC) which herald tumor invasion and are expected to provide an opportunity to improve the management of cancer patients. An unsolved technical issue in the CTC field is how to obtain highly sensitive and unbiased collection of these fragile and heterogeneous cells, in both live and fixed form, for their molecular study when they are extremely rare, particularly at the beginning of the invasion process. We report on a new protocol to enrich from blood live CTC using ISET® (Isolation by SizE of Tumor/Trophoblastic Cells), an open system originally developed for marker-independent isolation of fixed tumor cells. We have assessed the impact of our new enrichment method on live tumor cells antigen expression, cytoskeleton structure, cell viability and ability to expand in culture. We have also explored the ISET®in vitro performance to collect intact fixed and live cancer cells by using spiking analyses with extremely low number of fluorescent cultured cells. We describe results consistently showing the feasibility of isolating fixed and live tumor cells with a Lower Limit of Detection (LLOD) of one cancer cell per 10 mL of blood and a sensitivity at LLOD ranging from 83 to 100%. This very high sensitivity threshold can be maintained when plasma is collected before tumor cells isolation. Finally, we have performed a comparative next generation sequencing (NGS) analysis of tumor cells before and after isolation from blood and culture. We established the feasibility of NGS analysis of single live and fixed tumor cells enriched from blood by our system. This study provides new protocols for detection and characterization of CTC collected from blood at the very early steps of tumor invasion.
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Lukic A, Ji J, Idborg H, Samuelsson B, Palmberg L, Gabrielsson S, Rådmark O. Pulmonary epithelial cancer cells and their exosomes metabolize myeloid cell-derived leukotriene C4 to leukotriene D4. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:1659-69. [PMID: 27436590 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m066910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukotrienes (LTs) play major roles in lung immune responses, and LTD4 is the most potent agonist for cysteinyl LT1, leading to bronchoconstriction and tissue remodeling. Here, we studied LT crosstalk between myeloid cells and pulmonary epithelial cells. Monocytic cells (Mono Mac 6 cell line, primary dendritic cells) and eosinophils produced primarily LTC4 In coincubations of these myeloid cells and epithelial cells, LTD4 became a prominent product. LTC4 released from the myeloid cells was further transformed by the epithelial cells in a transcellular manner. Formation of LTD4 was rapid when catalyzed by γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)1 in the A549 epithelial lung cancer cell line, but considerably slower when catalyzed by GGT5 in primary bronchial epithelial cells. When A549 cells were cultured in the presence of IL-1β, GGT1 expression increased about 2-fold. Also exosomes from A549 cells contained GGT1 and augmented LTD4 formation. Serine-borate complex (SBC), an inhibitor of GGT, inhibited conversion of LTC4 to LTD4 Unexpectedly, SBC also upregulated translocation of 5-lipoxygenase (LO) to the nucleus in Mono Mac 6 cells, and 5-LO activity. Our results demonstrate an active role for epithelial cells in biosynthesis of LTD4, which may be of particular relevance in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lukic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jie Ji
- Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Idborg
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Samuelsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Palmberg
- Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanne Gabrielsson
- Department of Medicine Solna, Unit for Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olof Rådmark
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Stulpinas A, Imbrasaitė A, Krestnikova N, Šarlauskas J, Čėnas N, Kalvelytė AV. Study of Bioreductive Anticancer Agent RH-1-Induced Signals Leading the Wild-Type p53-Bearing Lung Cancer A549 Cells to Apoptosis. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 29:26-39. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurimas Stulpinas
- Vilnius University Institute of Biochemistry, Mokslininku
st. 12, LT-08662 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Aušra Imbrasaitė
- Vilnius University Institute of Biochemistry, Mokslininku
st. 12, LT-08662 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Natalija Krestnikova
- Vilnius University Institute of Biochemistry, Mokslininku
st. 12, LT-08662 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jonas Šarlauskas
- Vilnius University Institute of Biochemistry, Mokslininku
st. 12, LT-08662 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Narimantas Čėnas
- Vilnius University Institute of Biochemistry, Mokslininku
st. 12, LT-08662 Vilnius, Lithuania
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Giannopoulou E, Siatis KE, Metsiou D, Kritikou I, Papachristou DJ, Kalofonou M, Koutras A, Athanassiou G, Kalofonos HP. The inhibition of aromatase alters the mechanical and rheological properties of non-small-cell lung cancer cell lines affecting cell migration. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1853:328-37. [PMID: 25450981 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Tumor invasion and metastasis are key aspects of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). During migration, cells undergo mechanical alterations. The mechanical phenotype of breast cancer cells is correlated with aromatase gene expression. We have previously shown that targeting aromatase is a promising strategy for NSCLC. The aim of this study was to examine morphological and mechanical changes of NSCLC cells, upon treatment with aromatase inhibitor and correlate their ability to migrate and invade. In vitro experiments were performed using H23 and A549 NSCLC cell lines and exemestane was used for aromatase inhibition. We demonstrated that exemestane reduced H23 cell migration and invasion and caused changes in cell morphology including increased vacuolar structures and greater pleomorphism. In addition, exemestane changed the distribution of α-tubulin in H23 and A549 cells in a way that might destabilize microtubules polymerization. These effects were associated with increased cell viscosity and decreased elastic shear modulus. Although exemestane caused similar effects in A549 cells regarding viscosity and elastic shear modulus, it did not affect A549 cell migration and caused an increase in invasion. The increased invasion was in line with vimentin perinuclear localization. Our data show that the treatment of NSCLC cells with an aromatase inhibitor not only affects cell migration and invasion but also alters the mechanical properties of the cells. It suggests that the different origin of cancer cells is associated with different morphological characteristics and mechanical behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Giannopoulou
- Clinical Oncology laboratory, Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Patras, Rion, Patra 26504, Greece
| | - K E Siatis
- Clinical Oncology laboratory, Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Patras, Rion, Patra 26504, Greece
| | - D Metsiou
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, University of Patras, Rion, Patra 26504, Greece
| | - I Kritikou
- Clinical Oncology laboratory, Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Patras, Rion, Patra 26504, Greece
| | - D J Papachristou
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Unit of Bone and Soft Tissue Studies, Department of Medicine, University of Patras, Rion, 26504, Greece
| | - M Kalofonou
- Clinical Oncology laboratory, Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Patras, Rion, Patra 26504, Greece
| | - A Koutras
- Clinical Oncology laboratory, Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Patras, Rion, Patra 26504, Greece
| | - G Athanassiou
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, University of Patras, Rion, Patra 26504, Greece.
| | - H P Kalofonos
- Clinical Oncology laboratory, Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Patras, Rion, Patra 26504, Greece.
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12
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Wei GH, Zhang J, Liao DQ, Li Z, Yang J, Luo NF, Gu Y. The common anesthetic, sevoflurane, induces apoptosis in A549 lung alveolar epithelial cells. Mol Med Rep 2013; 9:197-203. [PMID: 24248633 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung alveolar epithelial cells are the first barrier exposed to volatile anesthetics, such as sevoflurane, prior to reaching the targeted neuronal cells. Previously, the effects of volatile anesthetics on lung surfactant were studied primarily with physicochemical models and there has been little experimental data from cell cultures. Therefore it was investigated whether sevoflurane induces apoptosis of A549 lung epithelial cells. A549 cells were exposed to sevoflurane via a calibrated vaporizer with a 2 l/min flow in a gas‑tight chamber at 37˚C. The concentration of sevoflurane in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium was detected with gas chromatography. Untreated cells and cells treated with 2 µM daunorubicin hydrochloride (DRB) were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. Apoptosis factors, including the level of ATP, apoptotic‑bodies by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‑mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, DNA damage and the level of caspase 3/7 were analyzed. Cells treated with sevoflurane showed a significant reduction in ATP compared with untreated cells. Effects in the DRB group were greater than in the sevoflurane group. The difference of TUNEL staining between the sevoflurane and untreated groups was statistically significant. DNA degradation was observed in the sevoflurane and DRB groups, however this was not observed in the untreated group. The sevoflurane and DRB groups induced increased caspase 3/7 activation compared with untreated cells. These results suggest that sevoflurane induces apoptosis in A549 cells. In conclusion, 5% sevoflurane induced apoptosis of A549 lung alveolar epithelial cells, which resulted in decreased cell viability, increased apoptotic bodies, impaired DNA integrality and increased levels of caspase 3/7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Hua Wei
- Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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Akashi S, Shirai K, Okada T, Konishi K, Takeuchi T, Kuramochi K, Takahashi M, Nakagawa T, Ogura Y, Fujieda S, Shibata Y, Sugawara F, Kobayashi S, Watanabe N, Arai T. Neoechinulin a imparts resistance to acute nitrosative stress in PC12 cells: a potential link of an elevated cellular reserve capacity for pyridine nucleotide redox turnover with cytoprotection. Biol Pharm Bull 2012; 35:1105-17. [PMID: 22791159 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b12-00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of PC12 cells with fungus-derived alkaloid neoechinulin A for more than 12 h renders the cells resistant to subsequent superoxide (O₂⁻)/nitric oxide (NO) insults derived from 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1). However, the underlying mechanism(s) remains largely unclear. To elucidate the mechanism(s), we assessed the specificity of the cytoprotection afforded by neoechinulin A treatment using other cytocidal stressors and also clarified the resulting cellular alterations, focusing on the antioxidant and metabolic enzymes systems. Neoechinulin A treatment for more than 12 h endowed PC12 cells with significant resistance to transient NO toxicity, but not persistent NO toxicity, bolus H₂O₂ toxicity, or oxidative insult from the redox cycling quinone menadione. Cellular antioxidant system profiling revealed no substantial potentiation of the activity of any antioxidant enzyme in lysate from the neoechinulin A-treated cells excluding glutathione (GSH) content, which was significantly decreased (>50%), resulting in a proportional compromise in the thiol-reducing activity of the intact cells. In addition, no differences were observed in the activity for any nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) reduced form (NAD(P)H)-generating enzyme, steady-state NAD(P)H/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) oxidized form (NAD(P)⁺) ratios, or the levels of total NAD(P)H. Nevertheless, the neoechinulin A-treated intact cells exhibited increased NAD(P)H redox turnover when driven by extracellular tetrazolium. The structurally inactive analog preechinulin failed to protect cells against NO toxicity or induce these alterations, suggesting their link with the cytoprotective mechanism. These results suggest that neoechinulin A, despite disabling the GSH defense system, confers cytoprotection against nitrosative stresses by elevating the cellular reserve capacity for NAD(P)H generation, which could offset crippling of energy-supplying systems due to nitrosative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Akashi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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14
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Perreault F, Pedroso Melegari S, Henning da Costa C, de Oliveira Franco Rossetto AL, Popovic R, Gerson Matias W. Genotoxic effects of copper oxide nanoparticles in Neuro 2A cell cultures. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 441:117-24. [PMID: 23137976 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) are used for their biocide potential however they were also shown to be highly toxic to mammalian cells. Therefore, the effects of CuO NPs should be carefully investigated to determine the most sensitive processes for CuO NP toxicity. In this study, the genotoxicity of CuO NPs was investigated in vitro, using the mouse neuroblastoma cell line Neuro-2A. Genotoxic effects related to DNA fragmentation, DNA methylation and chromosomal damage, as well as lipid peroxidation, were investigated and compared to cytotoxic effects, measured by the mitochondrial reduction of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide into formazan. Based on mitochondrial activity, CuO NPs were found to be cytotoxic. At the highest concentration tested (400 mg l⁻¹), 63% of cell viability was found in Neuro-2A cells after 24 h of treatment to CuO NPs. CuO NPs were also found to induce DNA fragmentation, lipid peroxidation and micronucleus formation. The micronucleus assay was the most sensitive to evaluate CuO NP genotoxicity and micronucleus frequency was increased significantly at 12.5 mg l⁻¹ CuO NPs after 24h of treatment. At this concentration, no significant change of cell viability was found using the mitochondrial activity assay. These results highlight the important risk of genotoxic effects of CuO NPs and show that genotoxicity assays are a sensitive approach to evaluate the risk of CuO NP toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Perreault
- Laboratório de Toxicologia Ambiental, LABTOX-Depto. de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, CEP: 88040-970, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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15
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Chen B, Sun X, Zhang Y, Zhu XQ, Shen HM. Use of inducible Atg5 deletion and expression cell lines in study of the pro-survival function of autophagy under starvation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 427:11-7. [PMID: 22981315 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.08.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
At present the role of autophagy in cell death and cell survival remains controversial, partly owning to the contradictory results from the immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) with knockout of different autophagy-related genes (Atg). Here we aimed to reexamine the role of autophagy in cell death under starvation and other stress conditions. First, different clones of Atg5 knockout MEFs had different susceptibility to stress-mediated cell death, indicating that it is the clonal variation, rather than the deficiency of Atg5 or autophagy per se that determines the susceptibility. Next, we tested two cell lines with inducible Atg5 deletion or expression and demonstrated that cells without Atg5 expression were more sensitive to starvation-induced apoptosis. Finally, we found that chloroquine was only effective in sensitizing starvation-induced cell death in Atg5-expressing cells, but not in Atg5-deficient cells. Such observations thus provide unequivocal evidence supporting the pro-survival function of autophagy under starvation. Moreover, our data demonstrate the usefulness of cells with inducible deletion or expression of Atg in the study of autophagy in cell death and cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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16
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Rescifina A, Zagni C, Romeo G, Sortino S. Synthesis and biological activity of novel bifunctional isoxazolidinyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:4978-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Rescifina A, Varrica MG, Carnovale C, Romeo G, Chiacchio U. Novel isoxazole polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as DNA-intercalating agents. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 51:163-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Abstract
The morphological and functional heterogeneity of solid tumour cells can be observed in cancer cell lines cultured in vitro. We have combined analyses of microclones developed from single cells with micropore transmigration assays to demonstrate the co-existence of cellular subsets differing in morphology and motile activity, as well as Cx43 (connexin 43) and N-cadherin expression within lung carcinoma A549 populations. 'Fibroblastoid' cells, characterized by high motility, polarized morphology and plasmalemmal localization of Cx43, displayed the strongest aptitude for transmigration through narrow obstacles. Due to high mitotic activity, they maintain the whole population but can also give rise to a sub-population of quiescent and immobile 'epithelioid' cells. Our observations indicate that phenotypic transitions between the fibroblastoid and epithelioid phenotype account for the heterogeneity of metastable A549 cell populations.
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Dimitrova M, Ivanov I, Todorova R, Stefanova N, Moskova-Doumanova V, Topouzova-Hristova T, Saynova V, Stephanova E. Comparison of the activity levels and localization of dipeptidyl peptidase IV in normal and tumor human lung cells. Tissue Cell 2011; 44:74-9. [PMID: 22185679 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) was studied in three human lung cells - P (fetal lung-derived cells), A549 (lung adenocarcinoma) and SK-MES-1 (squamous cell carcinoma) using a fluorescent cytochemical procedure developed on the basis of the substrate 4-(glycyl-L-prolyl hydrazido)-N-hexyl-1,8-naphthalimide. The observed differences in the enzyme expression were confirmed by measuring the enzyme hydrolysis of glycyl-L-prolyl-para-nitroanilide. The surface and total dipeptidyl peptidase activities of P cells were correspondingly 7-8 and 3-10 times higher than those of SK-MES-1 and A549 cells. The ratio surface per total activity showed that in P (95%) and A549 (93%) cells the enzyme is associated with the plasmalemma while in SK-MES-1 cells (35%) it is bound to intracellular membranes. In order to compare the results from cell cultures with those in human tumor, the enzyme activity was investigated in cryo-sections of three cases of diagnosed squamous lung carcinoma. DPPIV activity was restricted to the connective tissue stroma surrounding the DPPIV-negative tumor foci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashenka Dimitrova
- Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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20
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DU-145 prostate carcinoma cells that selectively transmigrate narrow obstacles express elevated levels of Cx43. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2011; 16:625-37. [PMID: 21910090 PMCID: PMC6275569 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-011-0027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of aqueous intercellular channels mediating gap junctional intercellular coupling (GJIC) is a canonical function of connexins (Cx). In contrast, mechanisms of GJIC-independent involvement of connexins in cancer formation and metastasis remain a matter of debate. Because of the role of Cx43 in the determination of carcinoma cell invasive potential, we addressed the problem of the possible Cx43 involvement in early prostate cancer invasion. For this purpose, we analysed Cx43-positive DU-145 cell subsets established from the progenies of the cells most readily transmigrating microporous membranes. These progenies displayed motile activity similar to the control DU-145 cells but were characterized by elevated Cx43 expression levels and GJIC intensity. Thus, apparent links exist between Cx43 expression and transmigration potential of DU-145 cells. Moreover, Cx43 expression profiles in the analysed DU-145 subsets were not affected by intercellular contacts and chemical inhibition of GJIC during the transmigration. Our observations indicate that neither cell motility nor GJIC determines the transmigration efficiency of DU-145 cells. However, we postulate that selective transmigration of prostate cancer cells expressing elevated levels of Cx43 expression may be crucial for the "leading front" formation during cancer invasion.
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21
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Isoxazolidinyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as DNA-intercalating antitumor agents. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:129-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Lu HY, Shao GB, Li WB, Wang H. Effects of hyperoxia on transdifferentiation of primary cultured typeII alveolar epithelial cells from premature rats. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2010; 47:64-72. [PMID: 21082284 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-010-9360-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Hyperoxia exposure is a significant risk factor for the impaired alveolarization characteristic of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECIIs) may serve as "alveolar stem cells" to transdifferentiate into type I alveolar epithelial cells (AECIs). Here, we show that hyperoxia is capable of inducing transdifferentiation of AECIIs in premature rats in vitro. Hyperoxia-induced transdifferentiation was characterized by typical morphological changes, inhibition of cellular proliferation, decline in expression rate of Ki67, accumulation of cells in the G(1) phase of the cell cycle, increased expression of AECI-specific protein aquaporin 5, and decreased expression of AECII-associated protein surfactant protein C. These results suggest that hyperoxia may induce transdifferentiation of AECIIs into AECIs and the transdifferentiation may be responsible for repairing early lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
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23
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Host DNA repair proteins in response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in lung epithelial cells and in mice. Infect Immun 2010; 79:75-87. [PMID: 20956573 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00815-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although DNA repair proteins in bacteria are critical for pathogens' genome stability and for subverting the host defense, the role of host DNA repair proteins in response to bacterial infection is poorly defined. Here, we demonstrate, for the first time, that infection with the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa significantly altered the expression and enzymatic activity of 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) in lung epithelial cells. Downregulation of OGG1 by a small interfering RNA strategy resulted in severe DNA damage and cell death. In addition, acetylation of OGG1 is required for host responses to bacterial genotoxicity, as mutations of OGG1 acetylation sites increased Cockayne syndrome group B (CSB) protein expression. These results also indicate that CSB may be involved in DNA repair activity during infection. Furthermore, OGG1 knockout mice exhibited increased lung injury after infection with P. aeruginosa, as demonstrated by higher myeloperoxidase activity and lipid peroxidation. Together, our studies indicate that P. aeruginosa infection induces significant DNA damage in host cells and that DNA repair proteins play a critical role in the host response to P. aeruginosa infection, serving as promising targets for the treatment of this condition and perhaps more broadly Gram-negative bacterial infections.
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24
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Jackson RM, Gupta C. Hypoxia and kinase activity regulate lung epithelial cell glutathione. Exp Lung Res 2010; 36:45-56. [PMID: 20128681 DOI: 10.3109/01902140903061795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The authors investigated the mechanisms by which hypoxia regulates glutathione (GSH) in lung epithelial cells, and specifically whether the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) system is involved in the response to hypoxia. Hypoxia decreased cellular GSH content and appeared to decrease the effect of N-acetylcysteine on repletion of GSH after hypoxia. Hypoxia decreased 2 key enzyme activities that regulate GSH synthesis, glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) (E.C. 6.3.2.2) and glutathione synthase (GS) (E.C. 6.3.2.3). No hypoxia-dependent change occurred in GCL or GS protein expression on Western blots. When epithelial cells were transfected with an adenoviral vector that caused over expression of human catalase protein (Ad.Cat or Ad.mCat), GCL and GS activities did not decrease in hypoxia. Inhibition of p38(MAPK) (using SB203580) or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK; PD98059) prevented the hypoxia-dependent decrease in GCL and GS activity. To seek in vivo correlation, the authors assayed total glutathione in lungs and livers from MK2(-/-) (homozygous knockout) mice. MK2(-/-) mice are presumably unable to phosphorylate heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) normally, because of absent kinase (MK2) activity. Liver GSH content (expressed per mg protein) was 20% less in MK2(-/-) mice than in nontransgenic Black 6 controls. Down-regulation of lung GSH content in hypoxia depends on peroxide tone of the cell and the p38(MAPK) system.
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25
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Singer BB, Scheffrahn I, Kammerer R, Suttorp N, Ergun S, Slevogt H. Deregulation of the CEACAM expression pattern causes undifferentiated cell growth in human lung adenocarcinoma cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8747. [PMID: 20090913 PMCID: PMC2807459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CEACAM1, CEA/CEACAM5, and CEACAM6 are cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) family that have been shown to be deregulated in lung cancer and in up to 50% of all human cancers. However, little is known about the functional impact of these molecules on undifferentiated cell growth and tumor progression. Here we demonstrate that cell surface expression of CEACAM1 on confluent A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells plays a critical role in differentiated, contact-inhibited cell growth. Interestingly, CEACAM1-L, but not CEACAM1-S, negatively regulates proliferation via its ITIM domain, while in proliferating cells no CEACAM expression is detectable. Furthermore, we show for the first time that CEACAM6 acts as an inducer of cellular proliferation in A549 cells, likely by interfering with the contact-inhibiting signal triggered by CEACAM1-4L, leading to undifferentiated anchorage-independent cell growth. We also found that A549 cells expressed significant amounts of non-membrane anchored variants of CEACAM5 and CEACAM6, representing a putative source for the increased CEACAM5/6 serum levels frequently found in lung cancer patients. Taken together, our data suggest that post-confluent contact inhibition is established and maintained by CEACAM1-4L, but disturbances of CEACAM1 signalling by CEACAM1-4S and other CEACAMs lead to undifferentiated cell growth and malignant transformation.
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26
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Induction of cell size vesicles from human lymphoma cell lines and their application to drug carriers. Cytotechnology 2010; 62:287-91. [PMID: 20069391 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-009-9248-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium butyrate (NaB) induced the membrane enclosed cell size vesicles from several IgM producing cell lines. We considered the application of the cell-derived vesicles (CDVs) to drug delivery system (DDS) using the lung cancer specific IgM producing AE6 cell line. Microscopic observation showed that the DiI fluorescence labeled AE6 vesicles were incorporated into the lung cancer cell line A549. The anticancer drug, actinomycin D (actD), contained in AE6 and Ramos vesicles decreased the A549 cell viability to 46 and 62% of control without actD, respectively. The cytotoxic effect in AE6 vesicles was superior to that in the Ramos vesicles that have the lung cancer non-specific IgM on their surfaces. However, the result of the Ramos vesicles suggests that the surface molecules other than IgM may interact with the A549 cells. In our method for vesicle production, more specific and abundant antibodies mounted vesicles can be generated by transfection of their genes into cells followed by NaB treatment. These suggest that the CDVs may be useful for the development of a drug carrier for DDS.
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27
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Zhang H, Shih A, Rinna A, Forman HJ. Exacerbation of tobacco smoke mediated apoptosis by resveratrol: an unexpected consequence of its antioxidant action. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2010; 43:1059-64. [PMID: 20060927 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol, a polyphenolic compound rich in grapes and red wine, has been reported to protect cells against oxidative damage and cell death by increasing cellular antioxidant/detoxification capacity. Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for respiratory diseases and oxidative damage is implicated in its pathogenesis. Here we investigated the enhancement of antioxidant capacity by resveratrol and its potential protection against cell death caused by cigarette smoke in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBE1). At concentrations that did not affect cell growth, resveratrol activated Nrf2 signaling and increased the expression of NAD(P)H:quinone reductase-1, heme oxygenase-1, and the catalytic subunit of glutamate cysteine ligase. Surprisingly, instead of protecting against cell death, resveratrol significantly enhanced cigarette smoke extract-induced apoptosis. To define the underlying mechanism, the effect of resveratrol on caspase activity was examined and it was found that resveratrol significantly enhanced cigarette smoke-stimulated caspase activity. In conclusion, results from this study suggest that although resveratrol increased antioxidant and detoxification capacity, it increased rather than protected against cigarette smoke-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqiao Zhang
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, United States.
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28
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Scieglińska D, Pigłowski W, Mazurek A, Małusecka E, Zebracka J, Filipczak P, Krawczyk Z. The HspA2 protein localizes in nucleoli and centrosomes of heat shocked cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2008; 104:2193-206. [PMID: 18452162 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The human HSPA2 gene, which belongs to the HSP70 family of heat shock genes, is a counterpart of rodent testis-specific HspA2 gene. Rodent genes are expressed mainly in pachytene spermatocytes, while transcripts of human HSPA2 gene have been detected in various normal somatic tissues, albeit translation of the messenger RNA into corresponding protein has not been yet unambiguously demonstrated, except for several cancer cell lines. The aim of our work, a first step in search for HspA2 function in cancer cells, was to establish its intracellular localization at physiological temperature and during heat shock. First, we used qRT-PCR and a highly specific antibody to select cell lines with the highest expression of the HspA2 protein, which turned out to be A549 and NCI-H1299 lines originating from non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Significant expression of the HspA2 was also detected by immunohistochemistry in primary NSCLC specimens. Intracellular localization of the HspA2 was studied using both the specific anti-HspA2 polyclonal antibody and transfection of cells with fusion proteins HspA2-EGFP and mRFP-HspA2. We found that, at physiological temperature, the HspA2 was localized primarily in cytoplasm whereas, during heat shock, localization shifted to nucleus and nucleoli. Moreover, we demonstrate that in heat-shocked cells HspA2 accumulated in centrosomes. Our results suggest that the HspA2, like Hsp70 protein, can be involved in protecting nucleoli and centrosomes integrity in cancer cells subjected to heat shock and, possibly, other cellular stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Scieglińska
- Department of Tumor Biology, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeze Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101 Gliwice, Poland.
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29
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Stephanova E, Topouzova-Hristova T, Konakchieva R. Mitochondria are involved in stress response of A549 alveolar cells to halothane toxicity. Toxicol In Vitro 2007; 22:688-94. [PMID: 18262750 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Revised: 12/12/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
During inhalation anaesthesia lung epithelial cells are directly exposed to halogenated hydrocarbons such as halothane. Information about the effects of volatile anaesthetics on lung cells is rather limited although their noxious effect on the A549 alveolar cells has been shown recently. The present study indicated that halothane decreases cell viability, impairs DNA integrity and provokes stress-induced apoptosis in A549 cells when applied at clinically relevant concentrations. Data obtained clearly demonstrated intensive expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein during treatment with all tested concentrations. In post-treatment periods the increased DNA injury was accompanied by reduction of Bcl-2 expression. We concluded that the in vitro effect of halothane on lung cells involved alteration in the expression of proteins of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Stephanova
- Department of Cytology, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Sofia St. Kliment Ohridski, 8 Dragan Tzankov Str., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria.
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30
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Topouzova-Hristova T, Daza P, Garcia-Herdugo G, Stephanova E. Volatile anaesthetic halothane causes DNA damage in A549 lung cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2005; 20:585-93. [PMID: 16314068 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2005.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2005] [Revised: 10/07/2005] [Accepted: 10/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study was performed to elucidate the extent of damage and the ability of lung epithelial cells to recover or to undergo apoptosis after in vitro treatment with the volatile anaesthetic halothane. The results obtained from the comet assay clearly show that halothane, applied at 3.0mM concentration, causes DNA and cell damage. Cells exhibited nuclear fragmentation and budding early after treatment and these events gradually increased during the next few days. The presence of a large number of mini-comets after single cell gel electrophoresis was found to represent apoptotic bodies with fragmented DNA. Our results demonstrate apoptosis-like changes after in vitro exposure of A549 cells to the volatile anaesthetic halothane. The majority of the affected cells did not recover and were directed to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Topouzova-Hristova
- Department of Cytology, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Sofia, 8 Dragan Tzankov Street, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Lehtonen ST, Markkanen PMH, Peltoniemi M, Kang SW, Kinnula VL. Variable overoxidation of peroxiredoxins in human lung cells in severe oxidative stress. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 288:L997-1001. [PMID: 15626747 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00432.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are a group of thiol containing proteins that participate both in signal transduction and in the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) during oxidative stress. Six distinct Prxs have been characterized in human cells (Prxs I-VI). Prxs I-IV form dimers held together by disulfide bonds, Prx V forms intramolecular bond, but the mechanism of Prx VI, so-called 1-Cys Prx, is still unclear. Here we describe the regulation of all six Prxs in cultured human lung A549 and BEAS-2B cells. The cells were exposed to variable concentrations of H(2)O(2), menadione, tumor necrosis factor-alpha or transforming growth factor-beta. To evoke glutathione depletion, the cells were furthermore treated with buthionine sulfoximine. Only high concentrations (300 microM) of H(2)O(2) caused a minor increase (<28%, 4 h) in the expression of Prxs I, IV, and VI. Severe oxidant stress (250-500 microM H(2)O(2)) caused a significant increase in the proportion of the monomeric forms of Prxs I-IV; this was reversible at lower H(2)O(2) concentrations (< or =250 microM). This recovery of Prx overoxidation differed among the various Prxs; Prx I was recovered within 24 h, but recovery required 48 h for Prx III. Overall, Prxs are not significantly modulated by mild oxidant stress or cytokines, but there is variable, though reversible, overoxidation in these proteins during severe oxidant exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siri T Lehtonen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Finland
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Flaherty DM, Hinde SL, Monick MM, Powers LS, Bradford MA, Yarovinsky T, Hunninghake GW. Adenovirus vectors activate survival pathways in lung epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 287:L393-401. [PMID: 15107295 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00359.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway epithelial cells are often the sites of targeted adenovirus vector delivery. Activation of the host inflammatory response and modulation of signal transduction pathways by adenovirus vectors have been previously documented, including activation of MAP kinases and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase). The effect of activation of these pathways by adenovirus vectors on cell survival has not been examined. Both the PI3-kinase/Akt and ERK/MAP kinase signaling pathways have been linked to cell survival. Akt has been found to play a role in cell survival and apoptosis through its downstream effects on apoptosis-related proteins. Constitutive activation of either PI3-kinase or Akt blocks apoptosis induced by c-Myc, UV radiation, transforming growth factor-β, Fas, and respiratory syncytial virus infection. We examined the effect of adenovirus vector infection on activation of these prosurvival pathways and its downstream consequences. Airway epithelial cells were transduced with replication-deficient adenoviral vectors containing a nonspecific transgene, green fluorescent protein driven by the cytomegalovirus promoter, or an empty vector with no transgene. They were then exposed to the proapoptotic stimulus actinomycin D plus TNF-α, and evidence of apoptosis was evaluated. Compared with the cells treated with actinomycin/TNF alone, the adenovirus vector-infected cells had a 50% reduction in apoptosis. When we examined induction of the prosurvival pathways, ERK and AKT, in the viral vector-infected cells, we found that there was significant activation of both Akt and ERK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn M Flaherty
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA. )
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Watanabe
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA
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Mogayzel PJ, Wagner TL. Cyclosporin and tacrolimus do not potentiate oxidative damage in pulmonary epithelial cells. Transpl Int 2003. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2003.tb00228.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Valtcheva R, Stephanova E, Jordanova A, Pankov R, Altankov G, Lalchev Z. Effect of halothane on lung carcinoma cells A 549. Chem Biol Interact 2003; 146:191-200. [PMID: 14597132 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2003.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The halogenated hydrocarbons, such as halothane, are widely used as anesthetics in clinical practice; however their application is often accompanied with metabolic, cardiovascular and respiratory complications. One of the possible factors for this negative outcome might be the severe toxicity of these agents. In this paper, we investigate in vitro effects of halothane on human lung carcinoma A 549 cells, namely on their cytotoxicity, adhesive properties and metabolic activity. The cytotoxicity response of lung carcinoma A 549 cells to halothane was determined by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay (for cytotoxicity), by detachment assay after adhesion to type IV collagen (for cell adhesive properties) and by surface tension measurements of culture medium (for cell metabolic activity). Regarding the cytotoxicity, the determined maximal non-toxic concentration of halothane on A 549 cells, given here as volume percentages (vol.%) was 0.7 vol.% expressed as aqueous concentration in the culture medium. Direct measurement of the actual halothane concentration in the culture medium showed that 0.7 vol.% corresponds to 1.05 mM and 5.25 aqueous-phase minimum alveolar concentration (MAC). Concentrations equal or higher than 1.4 vol.% (2.1 mM; 10.5 MAC) of halothane provoked complete detachment (cell death), or reduction of initial adhesion to collagen IV in half of the cell population. Surfactant production of A 549 cells, registered up to 48 h after halothane treatment, was inhibited by halothane concentrations as low as 0.6 vol.% (0.9 mM; 4.5 MAC). Our results demonstrate that sub toxic halothane concentrations of 0.6 vol.% inhibits surfactant production; concentrations in the range 0.8-1.4 vol.% induce membrane damages and concentrations equal and higher than 1.4 vol.%--cell death of approximately 50% of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralitza Valtcheva
- Department of Cell biology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University, St. Kliment Ohridski, 8 Dragan Tsankov blv, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Watanabe N, Iwamoto T, Bowen KD, Dickinson DA, Torres M, Forman HJ. Bio-effectiveness of Tat-catalase conjugate: a potential tool for the identification of H2O2-dependent cellular signal transduction pathways. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 303:287-93. [PMID: 12646200 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)00335-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) have taken center stage as bona fide second messengers in various signaling pathways. Here, we report the synthesis, metabolic fate, and effectiveness in modulating such pathways of a Tat-catalase conjugate. Incubation of L2 cells with Tat-catalase greatly increased cell-associated enzymatic activity, reaching close to a plateau by 30 min. The cell-associated catalase activity and antibody-detectable Tat-derivatives declined over time after changing medium, although still remaining at significantly higher levels than baseline even at 4h. While most cell-associated Tat-catalase was apparently tightly attached to the cell surface, a small fraction entered the cells as the proteasome inhibitor MG-132 slightly prevented the disappearance of the enzyme. Tat-catalase, either membrane-bound or intracellular, but not native catalase, inhibited serum-induced Elk phosphorylation and anisomycin- and/or MG-132-induced ERK phosphorylation, suggesting the involvement of H(2)O(2). Thus, Tat-catalase should be a useful tool to dissect H(2)O(2)-dependent events in signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Watanabe
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Watanabe N, Forman HJ. Autoxidation of extracellular hydroquinones is a causative event for the cytotoxicity of menadione and DMNQ in A549-S cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003; 411:145-57. [PMID: 12590933 PMCID: PMC2795776 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(02)00716-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxicity of 1,4-naphthoquinones has been attributed to intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation through one-electron-reductase-mediated redox cycling and to arylation of cellular nucleophiles. Here, however, we report that in a subclone of lung epithelial A549 cells (A549-S previously called A549-G4S (Watanabe, et al., Am. J. Physiol. 283 (2002) L726-736), the mechanism of ROS generation by menadione and by 2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (DMNQ), and therefore that of cytotoxicity, differs from the paradigm. Ninety percent of H(2)O(2) generation by both the quinones can be prevented by dicumarol, an inhibitor of NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1), at the submicromolar level, regardless of the quinone concentrations. Exogenous SOD also inhibits H(2)O(2) production at low but not high concentrations of the quinones, especially DMNQ. Thus, at low quinone concentrations, superoxide-driven hydroquinone autoxidation accounts for more than half of H(2)O(2) generation by both quinones, whereas at high quinone concentrations, especially for DMNQ, comproportionation-driven hydroquinone autoxidation becomes the predominant mechanism. Hydroquinone autoxidation appears to occur predominantly in the extracellular environment than in the cytosol as extracellular catalase can dramatically attenuate quinone-induced cytotoxicity throughout the range of quinone concentrations, whereas complete inactivation of endogenous catalase or complete depletion of intracellular glutathione has only a marginal effect on their cytotoxicity. Finally, we show evidence that ROS production is a consequence of the compensatory defensive role of NQO1 against quinone arylation.
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Dickinson DA, Iles KE, Watanabe N, Iwamoto T, Zhang H, Krzywanski DM, Forman HJ. 4-hydroxynonenal induces glutamate cysteine ligase through JNK in HBE1 cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2002; 33:974. [PMID: 12361807 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(02)00991-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione is the most abundant non-protein thiol in the cell, with roles in cell cycle regulation, detoxification of xenobiotics, and maintaining the redox tone of the cell. The glutathione content is controlled at several levels, the most important being the rate of de novo synthesis, which is mediated by two enzymes, glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL), and glutathione synthetase (GS), with GCL being rate-limiting generally. The GCL holoenzyme consists of a catalytic (GCLC) and a modulatory (GCLM) subunit, which are encoded by separate genes. In the present study, the signaling mechanisms leading to de novo synthesis of GSH in response to physiologically relevant concentrations of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4HNE), an endproduct of lipid peroxidation, were investigated. We demonstrated that exposure to 4HNE resulted in increased content of both Gcl mRNAs, both GCL subunits, phosphorylated JNK1 and c-Jun proteins, as well as Gcl TRE sequence-specific AP-1 binding activity. These increases were attenuated by pretreating the cells with a novel membrane-permeable JNK pathway inhibitor, while chemical inhibitors of the p38 or ERK pathways were ineffective. These data reveal that de novo GSH biosynthesis in response to 4HNE signals through the JNK pathway and suggests a major role for AP-1 driven expression of both Gcl genes in HBE1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale A Dickinson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alabama-Birmingham, 1665 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294-0022, USA
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