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Cary C, Stapleton P. Determinants and mechanisms of inorganic nanoparticle translocation across mammalian biological barriers. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:2111-2131. [PMID: 37303009 PMCID: PMC10540313 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03528-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biological barriers protect delicate internal tissues from exposures to and interactions with hazardous materials. Primary anatomical barriers prevent external agents from reaching systemic circulation and include the pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and dermal barriers. Secondary barriers include the blood-brain, blood-testis, and placental barriers. The tissues protected by secondary barriers are particularly sensitive to agents in systemic circulation. Neurons of the brain cannot regenerate and therefore must have limited interaction with cytotoxic agents. In the testis, the delicate process of spermatogenesis requires a specific milieu distinct from the blood. The placenta protects the developing fetus from compounds in the maternal circulation that would impair limb or organ development. Many biological barriers are semi-permeable, allowing only materials or chemicals, with a specific set of properties, that easily pass through or between cells. Nanoparticles (particles less than 100 nm) have recently drawn specific concern due to the possibility of biological barrier translocation and contact with distal tissues. Current evidence suggests that nanoparticles translocate across both primary and secondary barriers. It is known that the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles can affect biological interactions, and it has been shown that nanoparticles can breach primary and some secondary barriers. However, the mechanism by which nanoparticles cross biological barriers has yet to be determined. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to summarize how different nanoparticle physicochemical properties interact with biological barriers and barrier products to govern translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Cary
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Phoebe Stapleton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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Wu W, Yan L, Chen S, Li Q, Gu Z, Xu H, Yin ZQ. Investigating oxidation state-induced toxicity of PEGylated graphene oxide in ocular tissue using gene expression profiles. Nanotoxicology 2018; 12:819-835. [PMID: 29888639 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2018.1480813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, P. R. China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Liang Yan
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Siyu Chen
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, P. R. China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Qiyou Li
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, P. R. China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Zhanjun Gu
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Haiwei Xu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, P. R. China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Qin Yin
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, P. R. China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, P. R. China
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Abstract
For biomedical applications, it is important to know, which kinds of blood cells can capture quantum dots (QDs). The maximum accumulation of QDs was found for the monocyte fraction of leukocytes, the minimum binding of QDs was observed for lymphocytes. It was found that CdSe/ZnS-MPA QDs are actively absorbed by the cells and have more expressed toxicity. The classical mechanism of the phagocytosis of QDs was revealed for neutrophils, when the QDs are located in phagolysosomes. The capture of QDs by neutrophil granulocytes has resulted in a destruction of certain types of QDs. The interaction of the neutrophils with the QDs has resulted in the death of the cells by one of the following cell death mechanisms: necrosis, apoptosis, autophagy, NETos, or mummification. The aggregation of the QDs manifested as an increase of the hydrodynamic diameter of the QDs was found to occur under the influence of serum and under the influence of blood cells (lymphocytes and neutrophils) in a serum-free medium.
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Peuschel H, Ruckelshausen T, Kiefer S, Silina Y, Kraegeloh A. Penetration of CdSe/ZnS quantum dots into differentiated vs undifferentiated Caco-2 cells. J Nanobiotechnology 2016; 14:70. [PMID: 27669686 PMCID: PMC5037864 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-016-0222-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quantum dots (QDs) have great potential as fluorescent labels but cytotoxicity relating to extra- and intracellular degradation in biological systems has to be addressed prior to biomedical applications. In this study, human intestinal cells (Caco-2) grown on transwell membranes were used to study penetration depth, intracellular localization, translocation and cytotoxicity of CdSe/ZnS QDs with amino and carboxyl surface modifications. The focus of this study was to compare the penetration depth of QDs in differentiated vs undifferentiated cells using confocal microscopy and image processing. Results Caco-2 cells were exposed to QDs with amino (NH2) and carboxyl (COOH) surface groups for 3 days using a concentration of 45 µg cadmium ml−1. Image analysis of confocal/multiphoton microscopy z-stacks revealed no penetration of QDs into the cell lumen of differentiated Caco-2 cells. Interestingly, translocation of cadmium ions onto the basolateral side of differentiated monolayers was observed using high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Membrane damage was neither detected after short nor long term incubation in Caco-2 cells. On the other hand, intracellular localization of QDs after exposure to undifferentiated cells was observed and QDs were partially located within lysosomes. Conclusions In differentiated Caco-2 monolayers, representing a model for small intestinal enterocytes, no penetration of amino and carboxyl functionalized CdSe/ZnS QDs into the cell lumen was detected using microscopy analysis and image processing. In contrast, translocation of cadmium ions onto the basolateral side could be detected using ICP-MS. However, even after long term incubation, the integrity of the cell monolayer was not impaired and no cytotoxic effects could be detected. In undifferentiated Caco-2 cells, both QD modifications could be found in the cell lumen. Only to some extend, QDs were localized in endosomes or lysosomes in these cells. The results indicate that the differentiation status of Caco-2 cells is an important factor in internalization and localization studies using Caco-2 cells. Furthermore, a combination of microscopy analysis and sensitive detection techniques like ICP-MS are necessary for studying the interaction of cadmium containing QDs with cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12951-016-0222-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrike Peuschel
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Thomas Ruckelshausen
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Silke Kiefer
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Yuliya Silina
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Annette Kraegeloh
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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Braakhuis HM, Kloet SK, Kezic S, Kuper F, Park MVDZ, Bellmann S, van der Zande M, Le Gac S, Krystek P, Peters RJB, Rietjens IMCM, Bouwmeester H. Progress and future of in vitro models to study translocation of nanoparticles. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:1469-95. [PMID: 25975987 PMCID: PMC4551544 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1518-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The increasing use of nanoparticles in products likely results in increased exposure of both workers and consumers. Because of their small size, there are concerns that nanoparticles unintentionally cross the barriers of the human body. Several in vivo rodent studies show that, dependent on the exposure route, time, and concentration, and their characteristics, nanoparticles can cross the lung, gut, skin, and placental barrier. This review aims to evaluate the performance of in vitro models that mimic the barriers of the human body, with a focus on the lung, gut, skin, and placental barrier. For these barriers, in vitro models of varying complexity are available, ranging from single-cell-type monolayer to multi-cell (3D) models. Only a few studies are available that allow comparison of the in vitro translocation to in vivo data. This situation could change since the availability of analytical detection techniques is no longer a limiting factor for this comparison. We conclude that to further develop in vitro models to be used in risk assessment, the current strategy to improve the models to more closely mimic the human situation by using co-cultures of different cell types and microfluidic approaches to better control the tissue microenvironments are essential. At the current state of the art, the in vitro models do not yet allow prediction of absolute transfer rates but they do support the definition of relative transfer rates and can thus help to reduce animal testing by setting priorities for subsequent in vivo testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedwig M. Braakhuis
- />Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- />Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Samantha K. Kloet
- />Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Tuinlaan 5, 6703 HE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sanja Kezic
- />AMC, Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frieke Kuper
- />TNO, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Margriet V. D. Z. Park
- />Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Séverine Le Gac
- />UT BIOS, Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Petra Krystek
- />Philips Innovation Services, High Tech Campus 11, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud J. B. Peters
- />RIKILT- Wageningen UR, PO Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M. C. M. Rietjens
- />Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Tuinlaan 5, 6703 HE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Bouwmeester
- />RIKILT- Wageningen UR, PO Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Dekali S, Gamez C, Kortulewski T, Blazy K, Rat P, Lacroix G. Assessment of an in vitro model of pulmonary barrier to study the translocation of nanoparticles. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:157-171. [PMID: 28962236 PMCID: PMC5598380 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As the lung is one of the main routes of exposure to manufactured nanoparticles, we developed an in vitro model resembling the alveolo-capillary barrier for the study of nanoparticle translocation. In order to provide a relevant and ethical in vitro model, cost effective and easy-to-implement human cell lines were used. Pulmonary epithelial cells (Calu-3 cell line) and macrophages (THP-1 differentiated cells) were cultivated on the apical side and pulmonary endothelial cells (HPMEC-ST1.6R cell line) on the basal side of a microporous polyester membrane (Transwell®). Translocation of non-functionalized (51 and 110 nm) and aminated (52 nm) fluorescent polystyrene (PS) nanobeads was studied in this system. The use of Calu-3 cells allowed high transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) values (>1000 Ω cm2) in co-cultures with or without macrophages. After 24 h of exposure to non-cytotoxic concentrations of non-functionalized PS nanobeads, the relative TEER values (%/t0) were significantly decreased in co-cultures. Epithelial cells and macrophages were able to internalize PS nanobeads. Regarding translocation, Transwell® membranes per se limit the passage of nanoparticles between apical and basal side. However, small non-functionalized PS nanobeads (51 nm) were able to translocate as they were detected in the basal side of co-cultures. Altogether, these results show that this co-culture model present good barrier properties allowing the study of nanoparticle translocation but research effort need to be done to improve the neutrality of the porous membrane delimitating apical and basal sides of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Dekali
- INERIS (Institut National de l’Environnement industriel et des RISques), Unité de Toxicologie expérimentale, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
- Laboratoire de chimie et toxicologie analytique et cellulaire (C-TAC), Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes (PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité), 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France
| | - Christelle Gamez
- INERIS (Institut National de l’Environnement industriel et des RISques), Unité de Toxicologie expérimentale, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Thierry Kortulewski
- CEA, DSV, iRCM, Plateforme imagerie photonique, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Kelly Blazy
- INERIS (Institut National de l’Environnement industriel et des RISques), Unité de Toxicologie expérimentale, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Patrice Rat
- Laboratoire de chimie et toxicologie analytique et cellulaire (C-TAC), Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes (PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité), 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France
| | - Ghislaine Lacroix
- INERIS (Institut National de l’Environnement industriel et des RISques), Unité de Toxicologie expérimentale, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
- Corresponding author at: INERIS, Parc technologique ALATA, BP2, 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France. Tel.: +33 3 44 55 63 15; fax: +33 3 44 55 66 05
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7
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Prakash YS, Matalon S. Nanoparticles and the lung: friend or foe? Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 306:L393-6. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00013.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomedicine is a rapidly evolving field with high potential for developing novel research, diagnosis, and/or therapeutic approaches for lung diseases. However, for engineered nanomaterials to reach their true potential, there are still a number of unanswered questions regarding nanomaterial vs. tissue properties that dictate lung cellular uptake, distribution, and intracellular effects, and particle vs. tissue factors that determine toxicity vs. beneficial effects in the lung. Some of these key questions are highlighted in this Perspectives. Addressing these important issues will help improve nanoparticle design and enhance enthusiasm for more widespread use of nanotechnology in pulmonary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. S. Prakash
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | - Sadis Matalon
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Roberts JR, Antonini JM, Porter DW, Chapman RS, Scabilloni JF, Young SH, Schwegler-Berry D, Castranova V, Mercer RR. Lung toxicity and biodistribution of Cd/Se-ZnS quantum dots with different surface functional groups after pulmonary exposure in rats. Part Fibre Toxicol 2013; 10:5. [PMID: 23497258 PMCID: PMC3599433 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-10-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential use of quantum dots (QD) in biomedical applications, as well as in other systems that take advantage of their unique physiochemical properties, has led to concern regarding their toxicity, potential systemic distribution, and biopersistence. In addition, little is known about workplace exposure to QD in research, manufacturing, or medical settings. The goal of the present study was to assess pulmonary toxicity, clearance, and biodistribution of QD with different functional groups in rats after pulmonary exposure. METHODS QD were composed of a cadmium-selenide (CdSe) core (~5nm) with a zinc sulfide (ZnS) shell functionalized with carboxyl (QD-COOH) or amine (QD-NH2) terminal groups. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were intratracheally-instilled (IT) with saline, QD-COOH, or QD-NH2 (12.5, 5.0, or 1.25 μg/rat). On days 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 28 post-IT, the left lung, lung-associated lymph nodes (LALN), heart, kidneys, spleen, liver, brain, and blood were collected for metal analysis of Cd content by neutron activation to evaluate clearance and biodistribution. One right lobe was ligated and fixed for microscopy and histopathological analysis. The remaining right lobes from rats in each group were subjected to bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) to retrieve BAL fluid and cells for analysis of injury and inflammation. RESULTS Lung injury and inflammation was found to be dose-dependent and peaked at days 7 and 14 post-exposure for both forms of QD, with slight variations in degree of toxicity at early and later time points. Both QD appeared to lose their fluorescent properties and destabilize after 1 week in the lung. Cd persisted up to 28 days for both forms of QD; however, clearance rate was slightly greater for QD-COOH over time. No Cd was detected in the liver, spleen, heart, brain, or blood at any time point. Cd appeared in the LALN and kidneys beginning at 1-2 weeks post-exposure. CONCLUSIONS QD-COOH and QD-NH2 differed in clearance rate and differed slightly in degree of toxicity at different time points; however, the overall pattern of toxicity and biodistribution was similar between the two particles. Toxicity may be dependent on the dissolution rate and bioavailability of free Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny R Roberts
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - James M Antonini
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Dale W Porter
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Rebecca S Chapman
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - James F Scabilloni
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Shih-Houng Young
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Diane Schwegler-Berry
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Vincent Castranova
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Robert R Mercer
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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9
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Mortensen LJ, Ravichandran S, Delouise LA. The impact of UVB exposure and differentiation state of primary keratinocytes on their interaction with quantum dots. Nanotoxicology 2012; 7:1244-54. [PMID: 22998293 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2012.733437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study we utilised an in vitro model system to gain insight into the potential cellular interactions that quantum dot (QD) nanoparticles may experience while transiting the viable skin epidermis, and we consider the effects of UVB exposure. UVB skin exposure is known to induce a skin barrier defect that facilitates QD stratum corneum penetration. Primary human keratinocytes were cultured in low and high calcium to induce basal and differentiated phenotypes, respectively. Results suggest that differentiation state plays a role in keratinocyte response to UVB exposure and exposure to negatively charged CdSe/ZnS core/shell QD. QD cell uptake increased with QD dose but association with differentiated cells was significantly lower than the basal keratinocyte phenotype. Differentiated keratinocytes were also less sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of UVB exposure. We did not observe an effect of UVB preexposure on QD cytotoxicity level despite the fact that fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry data suggest that UVB may slightly increase QD uptake in the basal cell phenotype. The implications of these findings for assessing potential risk of human skin exposure are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Mortensen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester , Rochester, NY , USA
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10
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Shim W, Paik MJ, Nguyen DT, Lee JK, Lee Y, Kim JH, Shin EH, Kang JS, Jung HS, Choi S, Park S, Shim JS, Lee G. Analysis of changes in gene expression and metabolic profiles induced by silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2012; 6:7665-7680. [PMID: 22830605 DOI: 10.1021/nn301113f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have proven themselves to be useful in biomedical research; however, previous reports were insufficient to address the potential dangers of nanoparticles. Here, we investigated gene expression and metabolic changes based on the microarray and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with human embryo kidney 293 cells treated with MNPs@SiO(2)(RITC), a silica-coated MNP containing Rhodamine B isothiocyanate (RITC). In addition, measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ATP analysis were performed to evaluate the effect of MNPs@SiO(2)(RITC) on mitochondrial function. Compared to the nontreated control, glutamic acid was increased by more than 2.0-fold, and expression of genes related to the glutamic acid metabolic pathway was also disturbed in 1.0 μg/μL of MNPs@SiO(2)(RITC)-treated cells. Furthermore, increases in ROS concentration and mitochondrial damage were observed in this MNPs@SiO(2)(RITC) concentration. The organic acids related to the Krebs cycle were also disturbed, and the capacity of ATP synthesis was decreased in cell treated with an overdose of MNPs@SiO(2)(RITC). Collectively, these results suggest that overdose (1.0 μg/μL) of MNPs caused transcriptomic and metabolic disturbance. In addition, we suggest that a combination of gene expression and metabolic profiles will provide more detailed and sensitive toxicological evaluation for nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooyoung Shim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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11
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Clift MJD, Stone V. Quantum dots: an insight and perspective of their biological interaction and how this relates to their relevance for clinical use. Theranostics 2012; 2:668-80. [PMID: 22896769 PMCID: PMC3418927 DOI: 10.7150/thno.4545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their novel physico-chemical characteristics, semi-conductor nanocrystal quantum dots (QDs) provide an advantageous perspective towards numerous different consumer and medical applications. The most notable potential application of QDs is their use as therapeutic and diagnostic tools in nanomedicine. Despite the many benefits posed by QDs, the proposed, intentional exposure to humans has raised concerns towards their potential impact upon human health. These concerns are predominantly based upon the heterogeneous composition of QDs, which most commonly comprises of a cadmium-based core and zinc sulphide shell. Whilst other nanoparticle (NP) types possess a similar structure to QDs (i.e. core-shell technology (e.g. Fe(2)O(3), Au and superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs)), the importance of the concerns surrounding human exposure to QDs is amplified further since, due to the sophisticated chemical and light-emitting properties of QDs, the use of these NPs within any (nano)medical setting/application could be suggested as realistic, rather than simply an advantageous possibility. It is therefore imperative that a thorough understanding of how QDs interact with various biological systems, predominantly those relative to humans and what the consequences of such interactions are is gained with extreme alacrity. It is the aim of this review to highlight the current knowledge base of QD-biological system interactions, where the knowledge gaps (still) remain and how the understanding of this interaction relates to the most notable of applications for QDs; their clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J. D. Clift
- 1. Bionanomaterials, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Rte de l'Ancienne Papeterie, Marly 1, 1723, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Vicki Stone
- 2. Nanosafety Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
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12
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Singh BR, Singh BN, Khan W, Singh HB, Naqvi AH. ROS-mediated apoptotic cell death in prostate cancer LNCaP cells induced by biosurfactant stabilized CdS quantum dots. Biomaterials 2012; 33:5753-67. [PMID: 22594971 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium sulfide (CdS) quantum dots (QDs) have raised great attention because of their superior optical properties and wide utilization in biological and biomedical studies. However, little is known about the cell death mechanisms of CdS QDs in human cancer cells. This study was designed to investigate the possible mechanisms of apoptosis induced by biosurfactant stabilized CdS QDs (denoted as "bsCdS QDs") in human prostate cancer LNCaP cells. It was also noteworthy that apoptosis correlated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress and chromatin condensation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Results also showed involvement of caspases, Bcl-2 family proteins, heat shock protein 70, and a cell-cycle checkpoint protein p53 in apoptosis induction by bsCdS QDs in LNCaP cells. Moreover, pro-apoptotic protein Bax was upregulated and the anti-apoptotic proteins, survivin and NF-κB were downregulated in bsCdS QDs exposed cells. Protection of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) against ROS clearly suggested the implication of ROS in hyper-activation of apoptosis and cell death. It is encouraging to conclude that biologically stabilized CdS QDs bear the potential of its applications in biomedicine, such as tumor therapy specifically by inducing caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death of human prostate cancer LNCaP cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braj R Singh
- Centre of Excellence in Materials Science-Nanomaterials, Department of Applied Physics, Z.H. College of Engg. & Tech., Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Hussain S, Vanoirbeek JAJ, Hoet PHM. Interactions of nanomaterials with the immune system. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 4:169-83. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salik Hussain
- Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Responses to Xenobiotics, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- Research Unit for Lung Toxicology, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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14
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Fazlollahi F, Sipos A, Kim YH, Hamm-Alvarez SF, Borok Z, Kim KJ, Crandall ED. Translocation of PEGylated quantum dots across rat alveolar epithelial cell monolayers. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:2849-57. [PMID: 22131830 PMCID: PMC3224711 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s26051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, primary rat alveolar epithelial cell monolayers (RAECM) were used to investigate transalveolar epithelial quantum dot trafficking rates and underlying transport mechanisms. METHODS Trafficking rates of quantum dots (PEGylated CdSe/ZnS, core size 5.3 nm, hydrodynamic size 25 nm) in the apical-to-basolateral direction across RAECM were determined. Changes in bioelectric properties (ie, transmonolayer resistance and equivalent active ion transport rate) of RAECM in the presence or absence of quantum dots were measured. Involvement of endocytic pathways in quantum dot trafficking across RAECM was assessed using specific inhibitors (eg, methyl-β-cyclodextrin, chlorpromazine, and dynasore for caveolin-, clathrin-, and dynamin-mediated endocytosis, respectively). The effects of lowering tight junctional resistance on quantum dot trafficking were determined by depleting Ca(2+) in apical and basolateral bathing fluids of RAECM using 2 mM EGTA. Effects of temperature on quantum dot trafficking were studied by lowering temperature from 37°C to 4°C. RESULTS Apical exposure of RAECM to quantum dots did not elicit changes in transmonolayer resistance or ion transport rate for up to 24 hours; quantum dot trafficking rates were not surface charge-dependent; methyl-β-cyclodextrin, chlorpromazine, and dynasore did not decrease quantum dot trafficking rates; lowering of temperature decreased transmonolayer resistance by approximately 90% with a concomitant increase in quantum dot trafficking by about 80%; and 24 hours of treatment of RAECM with EGTA decreased transmonolayer resistance by about 95%, with increased quantum dot trafficking of up to approximately 130%. CONCLUSION These data indicate that quantum dots do not injure RAECM and that quantum dot trafficking does not appear to take place via endocytic pathways involving caveolin, clathrin, or dynamin. We conclude that quantum dot translocation across RAECM takes place via both transcellular and paracellular pathways and, based on comparison with our prior studies, interactions of nanoparticles with RAECM are strongly dependent on nanoparticle composition and surface properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnoosh Fazlollahi
- Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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15
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Ma-Hock L, Brill S, Wohlleben W, Farias PMA, Chaves CR, Tenório DPLA, Fontes A, Santos BS, Landsiedel R, Strauss V, Treumann S, Ravenzwaay BV. Short term inhalation toxicity of a liquid aerosol of CdS/Cd(OH)₂ core shell quantum dots in male Wistar rats. Toxicol Lett 2011; 208:115-24. [PMID: 22027348 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Colloidal quantum dots (QD) show great promise as fluorescent markers. The QD used in this study were obtained in aqueous medium rather than the widely used colloidal QD. Both methodologies used for the production of QD are associated with the presence of heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd). Here we investigate the short-term inhalation toxicity of water-soluble core-shell CdS/Cd(OH)₂ QD. Male Wistar rats were head-nose exposed for 6 h/day on 5 days at the technically maximum concentration (0.52 mg Cd/m³). Histological examination was performed directly after the last exposure. Additional rats were used for Cd organ burden determinations. Clinical parameters in blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung tissue were determined 3 days after the last exposure. To analyze the reversibility or progression of effects, the examinations were performed again after a recovery period of 3 weeks. The results of the study indicate that CdS/Cd(OH)₂ QD caused local neutrophil inflammation in the lungs that partially regressed after the 3-week recovery period. There was no evidence that QD were translocated to the central nervous system nor that a systemic acute phase response occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ma-Hock
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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He X, Kuang Y, Li Y, Zhang H, Ma Y, Bai W, Zhang Z, Wu Z, Zhao Y, Chai Z. Changing exposure media can reverse the cytotoxicity of ceria nanoparticles forEscherichia coli. Nanotoxicology 2011; 6:233-40. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2011.569097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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17
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Bhattacharjee S, de Haan LHJ, Evers NM, Jiang X, Marcelis ATM, Zuilhof H, Rietjens IMCM, Alink GM. Role of surface charge and oxidative stress in cytotoxicity of organic monolayer-coated silicon nanoparticles towards macrophage NR8383 cells. Part Fibre Toxicol 2010; 7:25. [PMID: 20831820 PMCID: PMC2946263 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-7-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Surface charge and oxidative stress are often hypothesized to be important factors in cytotoxicity of nanoparticles. However, the role of these factors is not well understood. Hence, the aim of this study was to systematically investigate the role of surface charge, oxidative stress and possible involvement of mitochondria in the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon exposure of rat macrophage NR8383 cells to silicon nanoparticles. For this aim highly monodisperse (size 1.6 ± 0.2 nm) and well-characterized Si core nanoparticles (Si NP) were used with a surface charge that depends on the specific covalently bound organic monolayers: positively charged Si NP-NH2, neutral Si NP-N3 and negatively charged Si NP-COOH. Results Positively charged Si NP-NH2 proved to be more cytotoxic in terms of reducing mitochondrial metabolic activity and effects on phagocytosis than neutral Si NP-N3, while negatively charged Si NP-COOH showed very little or no cytotoxicity. Si NP-NH2 produced the highest level of intracellular ROS, followed by Si NP-N3 and Si NP-COOH; the latter did not induce any intracellular ROS production. A similar trend in ROS production was observed in incubations with an isolated mitochondrial fraction from rat liver tissue in the presence of Si NP. Finally, vitamin E and vitamin C induced protection against the cytotoxicity of the Si NP-NH2 and Si NP-N3, corroborating the role of oxidative stress in the mechanism underlying the cytotoxicity of these Si NP. Conclusion Surface charge of Si-core nanoparticles plays an important role in determining their cytotoxicity. Production of intracellular ROS, with probable involvement of mitochondria, is an important mechanism for this cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Bhattacharjee
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, PO Box 8000, 6700 EA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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