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Amoakon JP, Lee J, Liyanage P, Arora K, Karlstaedt A, Mylavarapu G, Amin R, Naren AP. Defective CFTR modulates mechanosensitive channels TRPV4 and PIEZO1 and drives endothelial barrier failure. iScience 2024; 27:110703. [PMID: 39252977 PMCID: PMC11382128 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease caused by a mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. Despite reports of CFTR expression on endothelial cells, pulmonary vascular perturbations, and perfusion deficits in CF patients, the mechanism of pulmonary vascular disease in CF remains unclear. Here, our pilot study of 40 CF patients reveals a loss of small pulmonary blood vessels in patients with severe lung disease. Using a vessel-on-a-chip model, we establish a shear-stress-dependent mechanism of endothelial barrier failure in CF involving TRPV4, a mechanosensitive channel. Furthermore, we demonstrate that CFTR deficiency downregulates the function of PIEZO1, another mechanosensitive channel involved in angiogenesis and wound repair, and exacerbates loss of small pulmonary blood vessel. We also show that CFTR directly interacts with PIEZO1 and enhances its function. Our study identifies key cellular targets to mitigate loss of small pulmonary blood vessels in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Amoakon
- Department of Systems Biology and Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jesun Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pramodha Liyanage
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kavisha Arora
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anja Karlstaedt
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Goutham Mylavarapu
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Raouf Amin
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Anjaparavanda P Naren
- Department of Systems Biology and Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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2
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Louw EH, Van Heerden JA, Kalla IS, Maarman GJ, Nxumalo Z, Thienemann F, Huaman MA, Magee M, Allwood BA. Scoping review of post-TB pulmonary vascular disease: Proceedings from the 2nd International Post-Tuberculosis Symposium. Pulm Circ 2024; 14:e12424. [PMID: 39268398 PMCID: PMC11391472 DOI: 10.1002/pul2.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) may cause significant long-term cardiorespiratory complications, of which pulmonary vascular disease is most under-recognized. TB is rarely listed as a cause of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in most PH guidelines, yet PH may develop at various stages in the time course of TB, from active infection through to the post-TB period. Predisposing risk factors for the development of PH are likely multifactorial, involving active TB disease and post-TB lung disease (PTLD), host-related and environment-related factors. Moreover, post-TB PH should likely be classified in Group 3 PH, with the pathogenesis similarly complex and multifactorial as other Group 3 PH causes. Identifying risk factors that predispose to post-TB PH may aid in developing risk stratification criteria for early identification and referral for confirmatory diagnostic tests. Given that universal screening for PH in TB survivors may be impractical and unfeasible, a targeted screening approach for high-risk individuals would be sensible. In this scoping review of post-TB PH, resulting from the proceedings of the 2nd International Post-Tuberculosis Symposium, we aim to describe the epidemiology, risk factors, and pathophysiology of post-TB PH. We emphasize diagnosing PH with an alternative set of diagnostic guidelines in resource-constrained settings where right heart catheterization may not be feasible. Research to describe the burden and distribution of post-TB PH should be prioritized as there is a current gap in knowledge regarding the prevalence and incidence of post-TB PH among persons with TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth H Louw
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonology Stellenbosch University & Tygerberg Hospital Cape Town South Africa
| | - Jennifer A Van Heerden
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Medical Sciences Division University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Ismail S Kalla
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonology University of Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Gerald J Maarman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Cardio-Metabolic Research in Africa (CARMA), Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa
| | - Zoliswa Nxumalo
- Department of Medicine Stellenbosch University & Tygerberg Hospital Cape Town South Africa
| | - Friedrich Thienemann
- Department of Medicine and Cape Heart Institute, General Medicine & Global Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Science University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Moises A Huaman
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health Emory University Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - Matthew Magee
- Infectious Diseases Research Unit, CCTST K Scholars Program University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - Brian A Allwood
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonology Stellenbosch University & Tygerberg Hospital Cape Town South Africa
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3
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Immanuel J, Yun S. Vascular Inflammatory Diseases and Endothelial Phenotypes. Cells 2023; 12:1640. [PMID: 37371110 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological functions of endothelial cells control vascular tone, permeability, inflammation, and angiogenesis, which significantly help to maintain a healthy vascular system. Several cardiovascular diseases are characterized by endothelial cell activation or dysfunction triggered by external stimuli such as disturbed flow, hypoxia, growth factors, and cytokines in response to high levels of low-density lipoprotein and cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes, aging, drugs, and smoking. Increasing evidence suggests that uncontrolled proinflammatory signaling and further alteration in endothelial cell phenotypes such as barrier disruption, increased permeability, endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT), and metabolic reprogramming further induce vascular diseases, and multiple studies are focusing on finding the pathways and mechanisms involved in it. This review highlights the main proinflammatory stimuli and their effects on endothelial cell function. In order to provide a rational direction for future research, we also compiled the most recent data regarding the impact of endothelial cell dysfunction on vascular diseases and potential targets that impede the pathogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenita Immanuel
- Department of Biotechnology, Inje University, Gimhae-si 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanguk Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, Inje University, Gimhae-si 50834, Republic of Korea
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4
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Schwarz EL, Pegolotti L, Pfaller MR, Marsden AL. Beyond CFD: Emerging methodologies for predictive simulation in cardiovascular health and disease. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2023; 4:011301. [PMID: 36686891 PMCID: PMC9846834 DOI: 10.1063/5.0109400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Physics-based computational models of the cardiovascular system are increasingly used to simulate hemodynamics, tissue mechanics, and physiology in evolving healthy and diseased states. While predictive models using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) originated primarily for use in surgical planning, their application now extends well beyond this purpose. In this review, we describe an increasingly wide range of modeling applications aimed at uncovering fundamental mechanisms of disease progression and development, performing model-guided design, and generating testable hypotheses to drive targeted experiments. Increasingly, models are incorporating multiple physical processes spanning a wide range of time and length scales in the heart and vasculature. With these expanded capabilities, clinical adoption of patient-specific modeling in congenital and acquired cardiovascular disease is also increasing, impacting clinical care and treatment decisions in complex congenital heart disease, coronary artery disease, vascular surgery, pulmonary artery disease, and medical device design. In support of these efforts, we discuss recent advances in modeling methodology, which are most impactful when driven by clinical needs. We describe pivotal recent developments in image processing, fluid-structure interaction, modeling under uncertainty, and reduced order modeling to enable simulations in clinically relevant timeframes. In all these areas, we argue that traditional CFD alone is insufficient to tackle increasingly complex clinical and biological problems across scales and systems. Rather, CFD should be coupled with appropriate multiscale biological, physical, and physiological models needed to produce comprehensive, impactful models of mechanobiological systems and complex clinical scenarios. With this perspective, we finally outline open problems and future challenges in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L. Schwarz
- Departments of Pediatrics and Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Luca Pegolotti
- Departments of Pediatrics and Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Martin R. Pfaller
- Departments of Pediatrics and Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Alison L. Marsden
- Departments of Pediatrics and Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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5
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Meegan JE, Kerchberger VE, Fortune NL, McNeil JB, Bastarache JA, Austin ED, Ware LB, Hemnes AR, Brittain EL. Transpulmonary generation of cell-free hemoglobin contributes to vascular dysfunction in pulmonary arterial hypertension via dysregulated clearance mechanisms. Pulm Circ 2023; 13:e12185. [PMID: 36743426 PMCID: PMC9841468 DOI: 10.1002/pul2.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating cell-free hemoglobin (CFH) is elevated in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and associated with poor outcomes but the mechanisms are unknown. We hypothesized that CFH is generated from the pulmonary circulation and inadequately cleared in PAH. Transpulmonary CFH (difference between wedge and pulmonary artery positions) and lung hemoglobin α were analyzed in patients with PAH and healthy controls. Haptoglobin genotype and plasma hemoglobin processing proteins were analyzed in patients with PAH, unaffected bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II mutation carriers (UMCs), and control subjects. Transpulmonary CFH was increased in patients with PAH (p = 0.04) and correlated with pulmonary vascular resistanc (PVR) (r s = 0.75, p = 0.02) and mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) (r s = 0.78, p = 0.02). Pulmonary vascular hemoglobin α protein was increased in patients with PAH (p = 0.006), especially in occluded vessels (p = 0.04). Haptoglobin genotype did not differ between groups. Plasma haptoglobin was higher in UMCs compared with both control subjects (p = 0.03) and patients with HPAH (p < 0.0001); patients with IPAH had higher circulating haptoglobin levels than patients with HPAH (p = 0.006). Notably, circulating CFH to haptoglobin ratio was elevated in patients with HPAH compared to control subjects (p = 0.02) and UMCs (p = 0.006). Moreover, in patients with PAH, CFH: haptoglobin correlated with PVR (r s = 0.37, p = 0.0004) and mPAP (r s = 0.25, p = 0.02). Broad alterations in other plasma hemoglobin processing proteins (hemopexin, heme oxygenase-1, and sCD163) were observed. In conclusion, pulmonary vascular CFH is associated with increased PVR and mPAP in PAH and dysregulated CFH clearance may contribute to PAH pathology. Further study is needed to determine whether targeting CFH is a viable therapeutic for pulmonary vascular dysfunction in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie E. Meegan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Vern Eric Kerchberger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Niki L. Fortune
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Joel Brennan McNeil
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Julie A. Bastarache
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennesseeUSA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and ImmunologyVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennesseeUSA
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Eric D. Austin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Pulmonary MedicineVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Lorraine B. Ware
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennesseeUSA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and ImmunologyVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Anna R. Hemnes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennesseeUSA
- Vanderbilt Pulmonary Circulation CenterVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Evan L. Brittain
- Vanderbilt Pulmonary Circulation CenterVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennesseeUSA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular MedicineVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennesseeUSA
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6
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Willcox A, Lee NT, Nandurkar HH, Sashindranath M. CD39 in the development and progression of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Purinergic Signal 2022; 18:409-419. [PMID: 35947229 PMCID: PMC9832216 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09889-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a devastating progressive disease characterised by pulmonary arterial vasoconstriction and vascular remodelling. Endothelial dysfunction has emerged as a contributing factor in the development of PAH. However, despite progress in the understanding of the pathophysiology of this disease, current therapies fail to impact upon long-term outcomes which remain poor in most patients. Recent observations have suggested the disturbances in the balance between ATP and adenosine may be integral to the vascular remodelling seen in PAH. CD39 is an enzyme important in regulating these nucleos(t)ides which may also provide a novel pathway to target for future therapies. This review summarises the role of adenosine signalling in the development and progression of PAH and highlights the therapeutic potential of CD39 for treatment of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbey Willcox
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Health, Monash AMREP Building, Level 1, Walkway, via The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
| | - Natasha Ting Lee
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Health, Monash AMREP Building, Level 1, Walkway, via The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Harshal H Nandurkar
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Health, Monash AMREP Building, Level 1, Walkway, via The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Maithili Sashindranath
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Health, Monash AMREP Building, Level 1, Walkway, via The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
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7
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Cober ND, VandenBroek MM, Ormiston ML, Stewart DJ. Evolving Concepts in Endothelial Pathobiology of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Hypertension 2022; 79:1580-1590. [PMID: 35582968 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.18261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a deadly disease, characterized by increased vascular resistance, pulmonary arteriolar loss, and occlusive arterial remodeling, leading to eventual right heart failure. Evidence increasingly points to the pulmonary endothelium as a central actor in PAH. Endothelial cell apoptosis can result directly in distal lung arteriolar pruning and indirectly in the formation of complex and occlusive arterial lesions, reflecting an imbalance between endothelial injury and repair in the development and progression of PAH. Many of the mutations implicated in PAH are in genes, which are predominantly, or solely, expressed in endothelial cells, and the endothelium is a major target for therapeutic interventions to restore BMP signaling. We explore how arterial pruning can promote the emergence of occlusive arterial remodeling mediated by ongoing endothelial injury secondary to hemodynamic perturbation and pathological increases in luminal shear stress. The emerging role of endothelial cell senescence is discussed in the transition from reversible to irreversible arterial remodeling in advanced PAH, and we review the sometimes conflicting evidence that female sex hormones can both protect or promote vascular changes in disease. Finally, we explore the contribution of the endothelium to metabolic changes and the altered inflammatory and immune state in the PAH lung, focusing on the role of excessive TGFβ signaling. Given the complexity of the endothelial pathobiology of PAH, we anticipate that emerging technologies that allow the study of molecular events at a single cell level will provide answers to many of the questions raised in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Cober
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, ON, Canada (N.D.C., D.J.S.).,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada (N.D.C., D.J.S.)
| | - M Martin VandenBroek
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada (M.M.V., M.L.O.)
| | - Mark L Ormiston
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada (M.M.V., M.L.O.).,Departments of Surgery, and Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada (M.L.O.)
| | - Duncan J Stewart
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, ON, Canada (N.D.C., D.J.S.).,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada (N.D.C., D.J.S.)
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8
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Wiedemann J, Coppes RP, van Luijk P. Radiation-induced cardiac side-effects: The lung as target for interacting damage and intervention. Front Oncol 2022; 12:931023. [PMID: 35936724 PMCID: PMC9354542 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.931023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is part of the treatment for many thoracic cancers. During this treatment heart and lung tissue can often receive considerable doses of radiation. Doses to the heart can potentially lead to cardiac effects such as pericarditis and myocardial fibrosis. Common side effects after lung irradiation are pneumonitis and pulmonary fibrosis. It has also been shown that lung irradiation has effects on cardiac function. In a rat model lung irradiation caused remodeling of the pulmonary vasculature increasing resistance of the pulmonary vascular bed, leading to enhanced pulmonary artery pressure, right ventricle hypertrophy and reduced right ventricle performance. Even more pronounced effects are observed when both, lung and heart are irradiated. The effects observed after lung irradiation show striking similarities with symptoms of pulmonary arterial hypertension. In particular, the vascular remodeling in lung tissue seems to have similar underlying features. Here, we discuss the similarities and differences of vascular remodeling observed after thoracic irradiation compared to those in pulmonary arterial hypertension patients and research models. We will also assess how this knowledge of similarities could potentially be translated into interventions which would be beneficial for patients treated for thoracic tumors, where dose to lung tissue is often unavoidable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Wiedemann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Robert P. Coppes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Peter van Luijk
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Peter van Luijk,
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9
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Jenkins KJ, Fineman JR. Progress in Pulmonary Vein Stenosis: Lessons from Success in Treating Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9060799. [PMID: 35740736 PMCID: PMC9222029 DOI: 10.3390/children9060799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) is a rare and poorly understood condition that can be classified as primary, acquired, status-post surgical repair of PVS, and/or associated with developmental lung disease. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrate that obstruction of the large (extrapulmonary) pulmonary veins is associated with the neointimal proliferation of myofibroblasts. This rare disorder is likely multifactorial with a spectrum of pathobiology. Treatments have been historically surgical, with an increasing repetitive interventional approach. Understanding the biology of these disorders is in its infancy; thus, medical management has lagged behind. Throughout medical history, an increased understanding of the underlying biology of a disorder has led to significant improvements in care and outcomes. One example is the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). PAH shares several common themes with PVS. These include the spectrum of disease and biological alterations, such as vascular remodeling and vasoconstriction. Over the past two decades, an exponential increase in the understanding of the pathobiology of PAH has led to a dramatic increase in medical therapies that have changed the landscape of the disease. We believe that a similar approach to PVS can generate novel medical therapeutic targets that will markedly improve the outcome of these vulnerable patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy J. Jenkins
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Jeffrey R. Fineman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Correspondence:
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10
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Dong ML, Lan IS, Yang W, Rabinovitch M, Feinstein JA, Marsden AL. Computational simulation-derived hemodynamic and biomechanical properties of the pulmonary arterial tree early in the course of ventricular septal defects. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2021; 20:2471-2489. [PMID: 34585299 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-021-01519-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Untreated ventricular septal defects (VSDs) can lead to pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) characterized by elevated pulmonary artery (PA) pressure and vascular remodeling, known as PAH associated with congenital heart disease (PAH-CHD). Though previous studies have investigated hemodynamic effects on vascular mechanobiology in late-stage PAH, hemodynamics leading to PAH-CHD initiation have not been fully quantified. We hypothesize that abnormal hemodynamics from left-to-right shunting in early stage VSDs affects PA biomechanical properties leading to PAH initiation. To model PA hemodynamics in healthy, small, moderate, and large VSD conditions prior to the onset of vascular remodeling, computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed using a 3D finite element model of a healthy 1-year-old's proximal PAs and a body-surface-area-scaled 0D distal PA tree. VSD conditions were modeled with increased pulmonary blood flow to represent degrees of left-to-right shunting. In the proximal PAs, pressure, flow, strain, and wall shear stress (WSS) increased with increasing VSD size; oscillatory shear index decreased with increasing VSD size in the larger PA vessels. WSS was higher in smaller diameter vessels and increased with VSD size, with the large VSD condition exhibiting WSS >100 dyn/cm[Formula: see text], well above values typically used to study dysfunctional mechanotransduction pathways in PAH. This study is the first to estimate hemodynamic and biomechanical metrics in the entire pediatric PA tree with VSD severity at the stage leading to PAH initiation and has implications for future studies assessing effects of abnormal mechanical stimuli on endothelial cells and vascular wall mechanics that occur during PAH-CHD initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody L Dong
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ingrid S Lan
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Weiguang Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey A Feinstein
- Department of Pediatrics and Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alison L Marsden
- Department of Pediatrics and Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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11
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Dosta P, Tamargo I, Ramos V, Kumar S, Kang DW, Borrós S, Jo H. Delivery of Anti-microRNA-712 to Inflamed Endothelial Cells Using Poly(β-amino ester) Nanoparticles Conjugated with VCAM-1 Targeting Peptide. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001894. [PMID: 33448151 PMCID: PMC8277885 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) are an important target for therapy in a wide range of diseases, most notably atherosclerosis. Developing efficient nanoparticle (NP) systems that deliver RNA interference (RNAi) drugs specifically to dysfunctional ECs in vivo to modulate their gene expression remains a challenge. To date, several lipid-based NPs are developed and shown to deliver RNAi to ECs, but few of them are optimized to specifically target dysfunctional endothelium. Here, a novel, targeted poly(β-amino ester) (pBAE) NP is demonstrated. This pBAE NP is conjugated with VHPK peptides that target vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 protein, overexpressed on inflamed EC membranes. To test this approach, the novel NPs are used to deliver anti-microRNA-712 (anti-miR-712) specifically to inflamed ECs both in vitro and in vivo, reducing the high expression of pro-atherogenic miR-712. A single administration of anti-miR-712 using the VHPK-conjugated-pBAE NPs in mice significantly reduce miR-712 expression, while preventing the loss of its target gene, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP3) in inflamed endothelium. miR-712 and TIMP3 expression are unchanged in non-inflamed endothelium. This novel, targeted-delivery platform may be used to deliver RNA therapeutics specifically to dysfunctional endothelium for the treatment of vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere Dosta
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering and Division of Cardiology, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA
- Grup d'Enginyera de Materials (GEMAT) Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, 08017, Spain
| | - Ian Tamargo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering and Division of Cardiology, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA
| | - Victor Ramos
- Grup d'Enginyera de Materials (GEMAT) Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, 08017, Spain
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering and Division of Cardiology, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA
| | - Dong Won Kang
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering and Division of Cardiology, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA
| | - Salvador Borrós
- Grup d'Enginyera de Materials (GEMAT) Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, 08017, Spain
| | - Hanjoong Jo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering and Division of Cardiology, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA
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12
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Kolb P, Schundner A, Frick M, Gottschalk KE. In Vitro Measurements of Cellular Forces and their Importance in the Lung-From the Sub- to the Multicellular Scale. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:691. [PMID: 34357063 PMCID: PMC8307149 DOI: 10.3390/life11070691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout life, the body is subjected to various mechanical forces on the organ, tissue, and cellular level. Mechanical stimuli are essential for organ development and function. One organ whose function depends on the tightly connected interplay between mechanical cell properties, biochemical signaling, and external forces is the lung. However, altered mechanical properties or excessive mechanical forces can also drive the onset and progression of severe pulmonary diseases. Characterizing the mechanical properties and forces that affect cell and tissue function is therefore necessary for understanding physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms. In recent years, multiple methods have been developed for cellular force measurements at multiple length scales, from subcellular forces to measuring the collective behavior of heterogeneous cellular networks. In this short review, we give a brief overview of the mechanical forces at play on the cellular level in the lung. We then focus on the technological aspects of measuring cellular forces at many length scales. We describe tools with a subcellular resolution and elaborate measurement techniques for collective multicellular units. Many of the technologies described are by no means restricted to lung research and have already been applied successfully to cells from various other tissues. However, integrating the knowledge gained from these multi-scale measurements in a unifying framework is still a major future challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kolb
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Ulm University, 89069 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Annika Schundner
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, 89069 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Manfred Frick
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, 89069 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Kay-E. Gottschalk
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Ulm University, 89069 Ulm, Germany;
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13
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Sentenac P, Samarani G, Bideaux P, Sicard P, Bourdois B, Richard S, Colson PH, Eddahibi S. Pulmonary hypertension after pneumonectomy: a preclinical model in rats and human pulmonary endothelial cells. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2021; 59:147-154. [PMID: 32974659 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezaa277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pulmonary hypertension and heart disease contribute to the high morbidity rate following pneumonectomy (PN). The pathophysiology is still poorly understood. The objective was to investigate the consequences of PN on cardiopulmonary function in rats and to explore in vitro the involved mechanisms. METHODS Sixty Sprague-Dawley male rats randomly underwent either a right PN (PN group) or sham surgery. Ten rats per group were sacrificed on postoperative days 3, 7 and 28. Cardiopulmonary alterations were investigated by echocardiographic, haemodynamic and histological analyses. In vitro, the shear stress was reproduced using a Flexcell Tension™ cyclic stretch on cultured human pulmonary endothelial cells (P-ECs) to investigate the impact on pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PA-SMC) growth. Data are expressed as mean ± SD. RESULTS Mean pulmonary arterial pressure gradually increased in the PN group to reach 35 ± 7 mmHg on postoperative day 28 vs 18 ± 4 in sham (P = 0.001), likewise the proportion of muscularized distal pulmonary arteries, 83 ± 1% vs 5 ± 1%, respectively (P < 0.001), related to in situ PA-SMC proliferation. The right ventricle area and lateral wall thickness were doubled in the PN group on postoperative day 28. The left ventricle ejection fraction decreased on postoperative days 7 and 28 while the right ventricle function was maintained. In vitro, the human PA-SMC growth was significantly greater when seeded with stretched vs non-stretched P-EC media, highlighting the role of shear stress on the P-EC paracrine function. CONCLUSIONS Right PN led to pulmonary hypertension and proportional right heart remodelling in rats. The shear stress related to high blood flow alters the pulmonary endothelial paracrine control of SMC growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Sentenac
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Heart and Lung Center, Arnaud de Villeneuve Teaching Hospital, Montpellier University School of Medicine, Montpellier, France
| | - Gianluca Samarani
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Heart and Lung Center, Arnaud de Villeneuve Teaching Hospital, Montpellier University School of Medicine, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrice Bideaux
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Sicard
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Benjamin Bourdois
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Heart and Lung Center, Arnaud de Villeneuve Teaching Hospital, Montpellier University School of Medicine, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Richard
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Pascal H Colson
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Heart and Lung Center, Arnaud de Villeneuve Teaching Hospital, Montpellier University School of Medicine, Montpellier, France
| | - Saadia Eddahibi
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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14
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HIF-1α promotes cellular growth in lymphatic endothelial cells exposed to chronically elevated pulmonary lymph flow. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1468. [PMID: 33446832 PMCID: PMC7809484 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80882-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal growth and development of lymphatic structures depends on mechanical forces created by accumulating interstitial fluid. However, prolonged exposure to pathologic mechanical stimuli generated by chronically elevated lymph flow results in lymphatic dysfunction. The mechanisms that transduce these mechanical forces are not fully understood. Our objective was to investigate molecular mechanisms that alter the growth and metabolism of isolated lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) exposed to prolonged pathologically elevated lymph flow in vivo within the anatomic and physiologic context of a large animal model of congenital heart disease with increased pulmonary blood flow using in vitro approaches. To this end, late gestation fetal lambs underwent in utero placement of an aortopulmonary graft (shunt). Four weeks after birth, LECs were isolated and cultured from control and shunt lambs. Redox status and proliferation were quantified, and transcriptional profiling and metabolomic analyses were performed. Shunt LECs exhibited hyperproliferative growth driven by increased levels of Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1α (HIF-1α), along with upregulated expression of known HIF-1α target genes in response to mechanical stimuli and shear stress. Compared to control LECs, shunt LECs exhibited abnormal metabolism including abnormalities of glycolysis, the TCA cycle and aerobic respiration. In conclusion, LECs from lambs exposed in vivo to chronically increased pulmonary lymph flow are hyperproliferative, have enhanced expression of HIF-1α and its target genes, and demonstrate altered central carbon metabolism in vitro. Importantly, these findings suggest provocative therapeutic targets for patients with lymphatic abnormalities.
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15
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Andersen A, van der Feen DE, Andersen S, Schultz JG, Hansmann G, Bogaard HJ. Animal models of right heart failure. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2020; 10:1561-1579. [PMID: 33224774 PMCID: PMC7666958 DOI: 10.21037/cdt-20-400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Right heart failure may be the ultimate cause of death in patients with acute or chronic pulmonary hypertension (PH). As PH is often secondary to other cardiovascular diseases, the treatment goal is to target the underlying disease. We do however know, that right heart failure is an independent risk factor, and therefore, treatments that improve right heart function may improve morbidity and mortality in patients with PH. There are no therapies that directly target and support the failing right heart and translation from therapies that improve left heart failure have been unsuccessful, with the exception of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. To understand the underlying pathophysiology of right heart failure and to aid in the development of new treatments we need solid animal models that mimic the pathophysiology of human disease. There are several available animal models of acute and chronic PH. They range from flow induced to pressure overload induced right heart failure and have been introduced in both small and large animals. When initiating new pre-clinical or basic research studies it is key to choose the right animal model to ensure successful translation to the clinical setting. Selecting the right animal model for the right study is hence important, but may be difficult due to the plethora of different models and local availability. In this review we provide an overview of the available animal models of acute and chronic right heart failure and discuss the strengths and limitations of the different models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asger Andersen
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Diederik E. van der Feen
- Center for Congenital Heart Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stine Andersen
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Georg Hansmann
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Critical Care, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Harm Jan Bogaard
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Yoo HHB. Lesões Plexiformes na Hipertensão Arterial Pulmonar: Estamos Ficando mais Próximos do Manejo com mais Paciência e Rigor? Arq Bras Cardiol 2020; 115:491-492. [PMID: 33027371 PMCID: PMC9363101 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20200832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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17
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Huitema MP, Mathijssen H, Mager JJ, Snijder RJ, Grutters JC, Post MC. Sarcoidosis-Associated Pulmonary Hypertension. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 41:659-672. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1713615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPulmonary hypertension (PH) is a well-known complication of sarcoidosis, defined by a mean pulmonary artery pressure of ≥25 mm Hg. Since both PH and sarcoidosis are rare diseases, data on sarcoidosis-associated PH (SAPH) is retrieved mostly from small retrospective studies. Estimated prevalence of SAPH ranges from 3% in patients referred to a tertiary center up to 79% in patients awaiting lung transplant. Most patients with SAPH show advanced parenchymal disease as the underlying mechanism. However, some patients have disproportional elevated pulmonary artery pressure, and PH can occur in sarcoidosis patients without parenchymal disease. Other mechanisms such as vascular disease, pulmonary embolisms, postcapillary PH, extrinsic compression, and other sarcoidosis-related comorbidities might contribute to SAPH. The diagnosis of PH in sarcoidosis is challenging since symptoms and signs overlap. Suspicion can be raised based on symptoms or tests, such as pulmonary function tests, laboratory findings, electrocardiography, or chest CT. PH screening mainly relies on transthoracic echocardiography. Right heart catheterization should be considered on a case-by-case basis in patients with clinical suspicion of PH, taking into account clinical consequences. Treatment options are considered on patient level in a PH expert center, and might include oxygen therapy, immunosuppressive, or PH-specific therapy. However, qualitative evidence is scarce. Furthermore, in a subset of patients, interventional therapy or eventually lung transplant can be considered. SAPH is associated with high morbidity. Mortality is higher in sarcoidosis patients with PH compared with those without PH, and increases in patients with more advanced stages of sarcoidosis and/or PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marloes P. Huitema
- Department of Cardiology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Harold Mathijssen
- Department of Cardiology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes J. Mager
- Department of Pulmonology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Repke J. Snijder
- Department of Pulmonology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C. Grutters
- Department of Pulmonology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
- Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marco C. Post
- Department of Cardiology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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18
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Luo D, Chen P, Yang Z, Fu Y, Huang Y, Li H, Chen J, Zhuang J, Zhang C. High plasma adiponectin is associated with increased pulmonary blood flow and reduced right ventricular function in patients with pulmonary hypertension. BMC Pulm Med 2020; 20:204. [PMID: 32731857 PMCID: PMC7391602 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-020-01233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adiponectin is a biomarker closely related to heart failure. However, its role in pulmonary hypertension remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the association between adiponectin and hemodynamic abnormalities, right ventricular function in patients with congenital heart disease associated pulmonary hypertension (CHD-PH). METHODS Patients with CHD-PH were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Linear regression analysis was performed to assess the association between adiponectin, N-terminal pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide (NT-proBNP) and different clinical parameters. Results were depicted as beta-estimates(ß) with 95%-confidence intervals (95% CI). In addition, mediation and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were used to analyze the relationships among adiponectin, NT-proBNP and right ventricular function. RESULTS A total of 86 CHD-PH patients were included. The overall mean adiponectin concentration was 7.9 ± 5.8 μg/ml. Log adiponectin was positively correlated with pulmonary circulation index (ß = 2.2, 95% CI 0.5, 4.0), log NT-proBNP (ß = 0.22, 95% CI 0.04, 0.41) and inversely with the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE, ß = -4.7, 95% CI -8.6, - 0.8). The mediation analysis revealed the association between NT-proBNP and TAPSE was fully mediated by adiponectin (total effect c = - 5.4, 95% CI -9.4, - 1.5, p = 0.013; direct effect c' = - 3.7, 95% CI -7.5, 0.1, p = 0.067). Additionally, the efficiency of adiponectin for detecting right ventricular dysfunction was not inferior to NT-proBNP (AUC = 0.84, 95% CI 0.67-1.00 vs AUC = 0.74, 95% CI 0.51-0.97, p = 0.23). CONCLUSIONS Adiponectin is closely correlated with pulmonary blood flow and right ventricular function and may be a valuable biomarker for disease assessment in patients with pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongling Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengyuan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong General Hospital's Nanhai Hospital, the Second Hospital of Nanhai District Foshan City, Foshan, China
| | - Ziyang Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongheng Fu
- Department of Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academic of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yigao Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hezhi Li
- Department of Echocardiography, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jimei Chen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jian Zhuang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Caojin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou, China.
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Bu H, Gong X, Zhao T. Image diagnosis: Eisenmenger's syndrome in patients with simple congenital heart disease. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2020; 20:194. [PMID: 32326907 PMCID: PMC7178603 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-020-01489-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early identification of congenital heart disease (CHD) allows detection of the pulmonary arteriopathy in an early stage, and timely shunt closure can permanently reverse pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). However, surgical correction is not recommended in patients with irreversible PAH. Herein we report our experience about Eisenmenger's syndrome in simple CHD. CASE PRESENTATION From January 2017 to November 2018, a total of 8 CHD patients (3 ventricular septal defects (VSD), 2 atrial septal defects (ASD), and 3 patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), median age, 15.5 years [range, 3-18 years]) with PAH were detected by chest X-ray, electrocardiogram, transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), computed tomographic angiography (CTA) and cardiac catheterization. The median defect diameter, pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) were 16.5 mm (range, 3-30 mm), 75 mmHg (range, 60-86 mmHg), and 16 Woods units (range, 12-19 Woods units), respectively. Here, we report the representative cases of three types of simple CHD with irreversible PAH. The surgical correction was not performed in all patients who had fixed PAH and were referred to medical treatment. CONCLUSIONS PAH in CHD can be reversed by early shunt closure, but this potential is lost beyond a certain point of no return. This article highlights the essence of enhancing the level of healthcare and services in Chinese rural areas. Failure to accurately and timely assess PAH will delay effective treatment past optimal treatment time, and even lead to death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haisong Bu
- The Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Central Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueyang Gong
- The Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Central Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011 People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianli Zhao
- The Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Central Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011 People’s Republic of China
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20
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Wang L, Liu J, Zhong Y, Zhang M, Xiong J, Shen J, Tong Z, Xu Z. Medical Image-Based Hemodynamic Analyses in a Study of the Pulmonary Artery in Children With Pulmonary Hypertension Related to Congenital Heart Disease. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:521936. [PMID: 33344379 PMCID: PMC7738347 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.521936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Pulmonary hypertension related to congenital heart disease (PH-CHD) is a devastating disease caused by hemodynamic disorders. Previous hemodynamic research in PH-CHD mainly focused on wall shear stress (WSS). However, energy loss (EL) is a vital parameter in evaluation of hemodynamic status. We investigated if EL of the pulmonary artery (PA) is a potential biomechanical marker for comprehensive assessment of PH-CHD. Materials and Methods: Ten PH-CHD patients and 10 age-matched controls were enrolled. Subject-specific 3-D PA models were reconstructed based on computed tomography. Transient flow, WSS, and EL in the PA were calculated using non-invasive computational fluid dynamics. The relationship between body surface area (BSA)-normalized EL ( E . ) and PA morphology and PA flow were analyzed. Results: Morphologic analysis indicated that the BSA-normalized main PA (MPA) diameter (DMPAnorm), MPA/aorta diameter ratio (DMPA/DAO), and MPA/(left PA + right PA) [DMPA/D(LPA+RPA)] diameter ratio were significantly larger in PH-CHD patients. Hemodynamic results showed that the velocity of the PA branches was higher in PH-CHD patients, in whom PA flow rate usually increased. WSS in the MPA was lower and E . was higher in PH-CHD patients. E . was positively correlated with DMPAnorm, DMPA/DAO, and DMPA/D(LPA+RPA) ratios and the flow rate in the PA. E . was a sensitive index for the diagnosis of PH-CHD. Conclusion: E . is a potential biomechanical marker for PH-CHD assessment. This hemodynamic parameter may lead to new directions for revealing the potential pathophysiologic mechanism of PH-CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinlong Liu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Virtual Reality of Structural Heart Disease, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yumin Zhong
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiwen Xiong
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Juanya Shen
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Virtual Reality of Structural Heart Disease, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhirong Tong
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Virtual Reality of Structural Heart Disease, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuoming Xu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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21
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Meng XY, Chen MY, Pan ZY, Lu YF, Wei W, Lu YG. Living Donor Liver Transplantation in Biliary Atresia Children with Pulmonary Hypertension. Int J Med Sci 2019; 16:1215-1220. [PMID: 31588186 PMCID: PMC6775259 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.34073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Though living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is commonly performed for pediatric patients with biliary atresia (BA), pulmonary hypertension (PH) is seldom encountered or reported previously. The aim of this study is mainly to identify the prevalence of PH in pediatric patients undergoing liver transplantation and assess whether PH significantly augment the operative risk and evaluate the outcomes in this series of patients. DESIGN Retrospectively cohort study. SETTING Renji hospital, Shanghai, China. PARTICIPANTS This study comprised 161 pediatric patients undergoing LDLT. INTERVENTIONS Patient diagnosed of PH in preoperative examination was compared to those without PH in intra- or post- operative complications or outcomes. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We collected clinical records of LDLT surgery for pediatric patients during the year of 2016 in our hospital. Results suggested that pediatric patients undergoing LDLT had a substantial number of PH with a prevalence of 16.1% in this study. No significant difference was identified between two groups of patients regarding intraoperative outcomes and postoperative complications and mortality. CONCLUSION LDLT is a safe procedure in a selected group of BA patients with PH, however, further long-term clinical investigations and mechanical researches are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Meng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Mi-Yuan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhi-Ying Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Ye-Feng Lu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Medical Imaging-Ultrasound, JiaHui International Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yu-Gang Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
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22
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van der Feen DE, Berger RMF, Bartelds B. Converging Paths of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension and Cellular Senescence. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 61:11-20. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0329tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Diederik E. van der Feen
- Center for Congenital Heart Diseases, Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rolf M. F. Berger
- Center for Congenital Heart Diseases, Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Beatrijs Bartelds
- Center for Congenital Heart Diseases, Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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23
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Shenoda B, Boselli J. Vascular syndromes in liver cirrhosis. Clin J Gastroenterol 2019; 12:387-397. [PMID: 30980261 DOI: 10.1007/s12328-019-00956-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Liver cirrhosis is associated with multiple vascular syndromes affecting almost all body systems. Many of these syndromes are directly related to impaired liver function and sometimes reversible after liver transplantation while others arise secondary to portal hypertension and ascites. Altered expression of angiogenic and vasoactive compounds (most importantly nitric oxide), endothelial dysfunction, dysregulated neurohormonal control, and systemic inflammatory state play differential roles in mediating homeostatic instability and abnormal vasogenic response. Important vascular features encountered in liver disease include portal hypertension, splanchnic overflow, abnormal angiogenesis and shunts, portopulmonary syndrome, hepatopulmonary syndrome, and systemic hyperdynamic circulation. Redistribution of effective circulatory volume deviating from vital organs and pooling in splanchnic circulation is also encountered in liver patients which may lead to devastating outcomes as hepatorenal syndrome. Etiologically, vascular syndromes are not isolated phenomena and vascular dysfunction in one system may lead to the development of another in a different system. This review focuses on understanding the pathophysiological factors underlying vascular syndromes related to chronic liver disease and the potential links among them. Many of these syndromes are associated with high mortality, thus it is crucial to look for early biomarkers for these syndromes and develop novel preventive and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botros Shenoda
- Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Joseph Boselli
- Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA. .,Drexel Internal Medicine, 205 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, 19107, USA.
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Katz MG, Fargnoli AS, Gubara SM, Bisserier M, Sassi Y, Bridges CR, Hajjar RJ, Hadri L. The Left Pneumonectomy Combined with Monocrotaline or Sugen as a Model of Pulmonary Hypertension in Rats. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 30907889 DOI: 10.3791/59050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In this protocol, we detail the correct procedural steps and necessary precautions to successfully perform a left pneumonectomy and induce PAH in rats with the additional administration of monocrotaline (MCT) or SU5416 (Sugen). We also compare these two models to other PAH models commonly used in research. In the last few years, the focus of animal PAH models has moved towards studying the mechanism of angioproliferation of plexiform lesions, in which the role of increased pulmonary blood flow is considered as an important trigger in the development of severe pulmonary vascular remodeling. One of the most promising rodent models of increased pulmonary flow is the unilateral left pneumonectomy combined with a "second hit" of MCT or Sugen. The removal of the left lung leads to increased and turbulent pulmonary blood flow and vascular remodeling. Currently, there is no detailed procedure of the pneumonectomy surgery in rats. This article details a step-by-step protocol of the pneumonectomy surgical procedure and post-operative care in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Briefly, the animal is anesthetized and the chest is opened. Once the left pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, and bronchus are visualized, they are ligated and the left lung is removed. The chest then closed and the animal recovered. Blood is forced to circulate only on the right lung. This increased vascular pressure leads to a progressive remodeling and occlusion of small pulmonary arteries. The second hit of MCT or Sugen is used one week post-surgery to induce endothelial dysfunction. The combination of increased blood flow in the lung and endothelial dysfunction produces severe PAH. The primary limitation of this procedure is that it requires general surgical skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Katz
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Anthony S Fargnoli
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Sarah M Gubara
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Malik Bisserier
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Yassine Sassi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Charles R Bridges
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Roger J Hajjar
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Lahouaria Hadri
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai;
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Rode B, Bailey MA, Marthan R, Beech DJ, Guibert C. ORAI Channels as Potential Therapeutic Targets in Pulmonary Hypertension. Physiology (Bethesda) 2019; 33:261-268. [PMID: 29897302 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00016.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is a complex and fatal disease that lacks treatments. Its pathophysiology involves pulmonary artery hyperreactivity, endothelial dysfunction, wall remodelling, inflammation, and thrombosis, which could all depend on ORAI Ca2+ channels. We review the knowledge about ORAI channels in pulmonary artery and discuss the interest to target them in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Rode
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France.,Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds , Leeds , United Kingdom
| | - Marc A Bailey
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds , Leeds , United Kingdom
| | - Roger Marthan
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France.,Univ. of Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France.,CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle Cardio-Thoracique, Bordeaux , France
| | - David J Beech
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds , Leeds , United Kingdom
| | - Christelle Guibert
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France.,Univ. of Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France
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26
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van der Feen DE, Bartelds B, de Boer RA, Berger RMF. Assessment of reversibility in pulmonary arterial hypertension and congenital heart disease. Heart 2018; 105:276-282. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2018-314025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in congenital heart disease (CHD) can be reversed by early shunt closure, but this potential is lost beyond a certain point of no return. Therefore, it is crucial to accurately assess the reversibility of this progressive pulmonary arteriopathy in an early stage. Reversibility assessment is currently based on a combination of clinical symptoms and haemodynamic variables such as pulmonary vascular resistance. These measures, however, are of limited predictive value and leave many patients in the grey zone. This review provides a concise overview of the mechanisms involved in flow-dependent progression of PAH in CHD and evaluates existing and future alternatives to more directly investigate the stage of the pulmonary arteriopathy. Structural quantification of the pulmonary arterial tree using fractal branching algorithms, functional imaging with intravascular ultrasound, nuclear imaging, putative new blood biomarkers, genetic testing and the potential for transcriptomic analysis of circulating endothelial cells and educated platelets are being reviewed.
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27
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Kuebler WM, Nicolls MR, Olschewski A, Abe K, Rabinovitch M, Stewart D, Chan SY, Morrell NW, Archer SL, Spiekerkoetter E. A pro-con debate: current controversies in PAH pathogenesis at the American Thoracic Society International Conference in 2017. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 315:L502-L516. [PMID: 29877097 PMCID: PMC6230875 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00150.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The following review summarizes the pro-con debate about current controversies regarding the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) that took place at the American Thoracic Society Conference in May 2017. Leaders in the field of PAH research discussed the importance of the immune system, the role of hemodynamic stress and endothelial apoptosis, as well as bone morphogenetic protein receptor-2 signaling in PAH pathogenesis. Whereas this summary does not intend to resolve obvious conflicts in opinion, we hope that the presented arguments entice further discussions and draw a new generation of enthusiastic researchers into this vibrant field of science to bridge existing gaps for a better understanding and therapy of this fatal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang M Kuebler
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin , Germany
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science at Saint Michael's , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
| | - Mark R Nicolls
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University , Stanford, California
| | - Andrea Olschewski
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute, Lung Vascular Research, Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria
- Johannes Kepler University Linz, Medicine Rectorate, Linz, Austria
| | - Kohtaro Abe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences , Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Marlene Rabinovitch
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
| | - Duncan Stewart
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, Ontario , Canada
| | - Stephen Y Chan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicholas W Morrell
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom
| | - Stephen L Archer
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario , Canada
| | - Edda Spiekerkoetter
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University , Stanford, California
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28
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van Duin RWB, Stam K, Cai Z, Uitterdijk A, Garcia-Alvarez A, Ibanez B, Danser AHJ, Reiss IKM, Duncker DJ, Merkus D. Transition from post-capillary pulmonary hypertension to combined pre- and post-capillary pulmonary hypertension in swine: a key role for endothelin. J Physiol 2018; 597:1157-1173. [PMID: 29799120 PMCID: PMC6375874 DOI: 10.1113/jp275987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Key points Passive, isolated post‐capillary pulmonary hypertension (PH) secondary to left heart disease may progress to combined pre‐ and post‐capillary or ‘active’ PH This ‘activation’ of post‐capillary PH significantly increases morbidity and mortality, and is still incompletely understood. In this study, pulmonary vein banding gradually produced post‐capillary PH with structural and functional microvascular remodelling in swine. Ten weeks after banding, the pulmonary endothelin pathway was upregulated, likely contributing to pre‐capillary aspects in the initially isolated post‐capillary PH. Inhibition of the endothelin pathway could potentially stop the progression of early stage post‐capillary PH.
Abstract Passive, isolated post‐capillary pulmonary hypertension (IpcPH) secondary to left heart disease may progress to combined pre‐ and post‐capillary or ‘active’ PH (CpcPH) characterized by chronic pulmonary vascular constriction and remodelling. The mechanisms underlying this ‘activation’ of passive pulmonary hypertension (PH) remain incompletely understood. Here we investigated the role of the vasoconstrictor endothelin‐1 (ET) in the progression from IpcPH to CpcPH in a swine model for post‐capillary PH. Swine underwent pulmonary vein banding (PVB; n = 7) or sham‐surgery (Sham; n = 6) and were chronically instrumented 4 weeks later. Haemodynamics were assessed for 8 weeks, at rest and during exercise, before and after administration of the ET receptor antagonist tezosentan. After sacrifice, the pulmonary vasculature was investigated by histology, RT‐qPCR and myograph experiments. Pulmonary arterial pressure and resistance increased significantly over time. mRNA expression of prepro‐endothelin‐1 and endothelin converting enzyme‐1 in the lung was increased, while ETA expression was unchanged and ETB expression was downregulated. This was associated with increased plasma ET levels from week 10 onward and a more pronounced vasodilatation to in vivo administration of tezosentan at rest and during exercise. Myograph experiments showed decreased endothelium‐dependent vasodilatation to Substance P and increased vasoconstriction to KCl in PVB swine consistent with increased muscularization observed with histology. Moreover, maximal vasoconstriction to ET was increased whereas ET sensitivity was decreased. In conclusion, PVB swine gradually developed PH with structural and functional vascular remodelling. From week 10 onward, the pulmonary ET pathway was upregulated, likely contributing to pre‐capillary activation of the initially isolated post‐capillary PH. Inhibition of the ET pathway could thus potentially provide a pharmacotherapeutic target for early stage post‐capillary PH. Passive, isolated post‐capillary pulmonary hypertension (PH) secondary to left heart disease may progress to combined pre‐ and post‐capillary or ‘active’ PH This ‘activation’ of post‐capillary PH significantly increases morbidity and mortality, and is still incompletely understood. In this study, pulmonary vein banding gradually produced post‐capillary PH with structural and functional microvascular remodelling in swine. Ten weeks after banding, the pulmonary endothelin pathway was upregulated, likely contributing to pre‐capillary aspects in the initially isolated post‐capillary PH. Inhibition of the endothelin pathway could potentially stop the progression of early stage post‐capillary PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W B van Duin
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kelly Stam
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zongye Cai
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André Uitterdijk
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Garcia-Alvarez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Borja Ibanez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Department of Pharmacology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Irwin K M Reiss
- Pediatrics / Neonatology, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J Duncker
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne Merkus
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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van der Feen DE, Bartelds B, de Boer RA, Berger RMF. Pulmonary arterial hypertension in congenital heart disease: translational opportunities to study the reversibility of pulmonary vascular disease. Eur Heart J 2018; 38:2034-2041. [PMID: 28369399 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive and lethal pulmonary vascular disease (PVD). Although in recent years outcome has improved by new treatments that delay disease progression, a cure has not yet been achieved. In PAH associated with congenital heart disease (CHD), remodeling of the pulmonary vasculature reaches an irreversible phenotype similar to all forms of end-stage PAH. In PAH-CHD, however, also an early stage is recognised, which can be completely reversible. This reversible phase has never been recognised in other forms of PAH, most likely because these patients are only diagnosed once advanced disease has developed. We propose that the clinical model of PAH-CHD, with an early reversible and advanced irreversible stage, offers unique opportunities to study pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms that orchestrate the transition from reversible medial hypertrophy into irreversible plexiform lesions. Comprehension of these mechanisms is not only pivotal in clinical assessment of disease progression and operability of patients with PAH-CHD; specific targeting of these mechanisms may also lead to pharmacological interventions that transform 'irreversible' plexiform lesions into a reversible PVD: one that is amenable for a cure. In recent years, significant steps have been made in the strive to 'reverse the irreversible'. This review provides an overview of current clinical and experimental knowledge on the reversibility of PAH, focussing on flow-associated mechanisms, and the near-future potential to advance this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diederik E van der Feen
- Centre for Congenital Heart Diseases, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - B Bartelds
- Centre for Congenital Heart Diseases, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rudolf A de Boer
- Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf M F Berger
- Centre for Congenital Heart Diseases, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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30
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Hosokawa K, Abe K, Horimoto K, Yamasaki Y, Nagao M, Tsutsui H. Balloon pulmonary angioplasty relieves haemodynamic stress towards untreated-side pulmonary vasculature and improves its resistance in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. EUROINTERVENTION 2018; 13:2069-2076. [DOI: 10.4244/eij-d-17-00888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Abstract
Clinicians in pulmonary medicine frequently confront the challenge of screening, diagnosis and management of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in sarcoidosis patients who present with unexplained dyspnea. Sarcoidosis associated pulmonary hypertension (SAPH) is most prevalent in patients with pulmonary fibrosis, though it can be independent of airflow obstruction or restriction. SAPH independently associates with significantly increased mortality and decreased functional capacity, outcomes which can be mitigated by early detection and focused treatment. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiology of SAPH, which may resemble pulmonary arterial hypertension as well as secondary causes of PH. We offer a screening algorithm for SAPH, and advocate for detailed assessment of the cause of PH in each patient prior to choice of an individualized treatment plan. We note that treatment of sarcoidosis via immune suppression is typically insufficient to adequately treat SAPH. We discuss secondary causes of SAPH such as left heart disease, sleep disordered breathing, and thromboembolic disease, and the evidence for use of PH-specific therapy in select cases of SAPH. Management of SAPH by clinicians experienced in PH, with early referral to transplantation in refractory cases is advised.
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32
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Goumans MJ, Zwijsen A, Ten Dijke P, Bailly S. Bone Morphogenetic Proteins in Vascular Homeostasis and Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a031989. [PMID: 28348038 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that control of vascular morphogenesis and homeostasis is regulated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), Delta-like 4 (Dll4), angiopoietin, and ephrin signaling. It has become clear that signaling by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), which have a long history of studies in bone and early heart development, are also essential for regulating vascular function. Indeed, mutations that cause deregulated BMP signaling are linked to two human vascular diseases, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and pulmonary arterial hypertension. These observations are corroborated by data obtained with vascular cells in cell culture and in mouse models. BMPs are required for normal endothelial cell differentiation and for venous/arterial and lymphatic specification. In adult life, BMP signaling orchestrates neo-angiogenesis as well as vascular inflammation, remodeling, and calcification responses to shear and oxidative stress. This review emphasizes the pivotal role of BMPs in the vascular system, based on studies of mouse models and human vascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-José Goumans
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - An Zwijsen
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Department of Human Genetics, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.,Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine Bailly
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Mécale (INSERM), U1036, 38000 Grenoble, France.,Laboratoire Biologie du Cancer et de l'Infection, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, 38000 Grenoble, France.,University of Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
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Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a pathophysiological condition defined as an increase in mean pulmonary arterial pressure ≥25 mmHg at rest assessed by right heart catheterization.Based on hemodynamic criteria, precapillary PH is characterized by a mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure ≤15 mmHg as opposed to the postcapillary PH by >15 mmHg. Postcapillary PH is one of the most common forms of PH, often caused by left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure.In this chapter, we describe protocols for creating a large animal model of postcapillary PH. It is induced by open chest surgery (lateral thoracotomy) to band the pulmonary veins. The model is characterized by low mortality, relatively easy surgical procedure with well reproducible results, and pulmonary and cardiac remodeling at the structural, functional, and molecular levels. The presence of right ventricular (RV) remodeling is of significant importance since right heart failure is the main cause of death in patients suffering from PH. One of the advantages of the model described in this chapter is that both adaptive and maladaptive forms of RV remodeling can be observed during the progression of the disease. This can help understand the progressive pathophysiology of RV failure in humans. Besides the description of the model, a detailed guidance of the RV functional assessment in pigs for both invasive (heart catheterization) and noninvasive (echocardiography) approaches is provided.
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Szulcek R, Happé CM, Rol N, Fontijn RD, Dickhoff C, Hartemink KJ, Grünberg K, Tu L, Timens W, Nossent GD, Paul MA, Leyen TA, Horrevoets AJ, de Man FS, Guignabert C, Yu PB, Vonk-Noordegraaf A, van Nieuw Amerongen GP, Bogaard HJ. Delayed Microvascular Shear Adaptation in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Role of Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 Cleavage. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 193:1410-20. [PMID: 26760925 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201506-1231oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Altered pulmonary hemodynamics and fluid flow-induced high shear stress (HSS) are characteristic hallmarks in the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). However, the contribution of HSS to cellular and vascular alterations in PAH is unclear. OBJECTIVES We hypothesize that failing shear adaptation is an essential part of the endothelial dysfunction in all forms of PAH and tested whether microvascular endothelial cells (MVECs) or pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (PAECs) from lungs of patients with PAH adapt to HSS and if the shear defect partakes in vascular remodeling in vivo. METHODS PAH MVEC (n = 7) and PAH PAEC (n = 3) morphology, function, protein, and gene expressions were compared with control MVEC (n = 8) under static culture conditions and after 24, 72, and 120 hours of HSS. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS PAH MVEC showed a significantly delayed morphological shear adaptation (P = 0.03) and evidence of cell injury at sites of nonuniform shear profiles that are critical loci for vascular remodeling in PAH. In clear contrast, PAEC isolated from the same PAH lungs showed no impairments. PAH MVEC gene expression and transcriptional shear activation were not altered but showed significant decreased protein levels (P = 0.02) and disturbed interendothelial localization of the shear sensor platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1). The decreased PECAM-1 levels were caused by caspase-mediated cytoplasmic cleavage but not increased cell apoptosis. Caspase blockade stabilized PECAM-1 levels, restored endothelial shear responsiveness in vitro, and attenuated occlusive vascular remodeling in chronically hypoxic Sugen5416-treated rats modeling severe PAH. CONCLUSIONS Delayed shear adaptation, which promotes shear-induced endothelial injury, is a newly identified dysfunction specific to the microvascular endothelium in PAH. The shear response is normalized on stabilization of PECAM-1, which reverses intimal remodeling in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nina Rol
- 1 Department of Pulmonology.,2 Department of Physiology
| | | | | | | | - Katrien Grünberg
- 5 Department of Pathology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ly Tu
- 6 INSERM UMR_S 999, LabEx LERMIT, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France.,7 Université Paris-Sud, School of Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Wim Timens
- 8 Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, and
| | - George D Nossent
- 9 Department of Pulmonology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and
| | | | | | | | | | - Christophe Guignabert
- 6 INSERM UMR_S 999, LabEx LERMIT, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France.,7 Université Paris-Sud, School of Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Paul B Yu
- 10 Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Reddy S, Hu DQ, Zhao M, Blay E, Sandeep N, Ong SG, Jung G, Kooiker KB, Coronado M, Fajardo G, Bernstein D. miR-21 is associated with fibrosis and right ventricular failure. JCI Insight 2017; 2:91625. [PMID: 28469078 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.91625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Combined pulmonary insufficiency (PI) and stenosis (PS) is a common long-term sequela after repair of many forms of congenital heart disease, causing progressive right ventricular (RV) dilation and failure. Little is known of the mechanisms underlying this combination of preload and afterload stressors. We developed a murine model of PI and PS (PI+PS) to identify clinically relevant pathways and biomarkers of disease progression. Diastolic dysfunction was induced (restrictive RV filling, elevated RV end-diastolic pressures) at 1 month after generation of PI+PS and progressed to systolic dysfunction (decreased RV shortening) by 3 months. RV fibrosis progressed from 1 month (4.4% ± 0.4%) to 3 months (9.2% ± 1%), along with TGF-β signaling and tissue expression of profibrotic miR-21. Although plasma miR-21 was upregulated with diastolic dysfunction, it was downregulated with the onset of systolic dysfunction), correlating with RV fibrosis. Plasma miR-21 in children with PI+PS followed a similar pattern. A model of combined RV volume and pressure overload recapitulates the evolution of RV failure unique to patients with prior RV outflow tract surgery. This progression was characterized by enhanced TGF-β and miR-21 signaling. miR-21 may serve as a plasma biomarker of RV failure, with decreased expression heralding the need for valve replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Reddy
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Dong-Qing Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Mingming Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Eddie Blay
- Department of Surgery, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nefthi Sandeep
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sang-Ging Ong
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Gwanghyun Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kristina B Kooiker
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Michael Coronado
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Giovanni Fajardo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Daniel Bernstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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36
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Ploegstra MJ, Brokelman JGM, Roos-Hesselink JW, Douwes JM, van Osch-Gevers LM, Hoendermis ES, van den Bosch AE, Witsenburg M, Bartelds B, Hillege HL, Berger RMF. Pulmonary arterial stiffness indices assessed by intravascular ultrasound in children with early pulmonary vascular disease: prediction of advanced disease and mortality during 20-year follow-up. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2017; 19:216-224. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jex015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Abstract
Hepatic function and pulmonary function are interrelated with failure of one organ system affecting the other. With improved therapies, patients with concomitant hepatic and pulmonary failure increasingly enjoy a good quality of life and life expectancy. Therefore, the prevalence of such patients is increasing with more presenting for both emergent and elective surgical procedures. Hypoxemia requires a thorough evaluation in patients with end-stage liver disease. The most common etiologies respond to appropriate therapy. Portopulmonary hypertension and hepatopulmonary syndrome are associated with increased perioperative morbidity and mortality. It is incumbent on the anesthesiologist to understand the physiology of liver failure and its early effect on pulmonary function to ensure a successful outcome.
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van der Feen DE, Weij M, Smit-van Oosten A, Jorna LM, Hagdorn QAJ, Bartelds B, Berger RMF. Shunt Surgery, Right Heart Catheterization, and Vascular Morphometry in a Rat Model for Flow-induced Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28287603 DOI: 10.3791/55065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In this protocol, PAH is induced by combining a 60 mg/kg monocrotalin (MCT) injection with increased pulmonary blood flow through an aorto-caval shunt (MCT+Flow). The shunt is created by inserting an 18-G needle from the abdominal aorta into the adjacent caval vein. Increased pulmonary flow has been demonstrated as an essential trigger for a severe form of PAH with distinct phases of disease progression, characterized by early medial hypertrophy followed by neointimal lesions and the progressive occlusion of the small pulmonary vessels. To measure the right heart and pulmonary hemodynamics in this model, right heart catheterization is performed by inserting a rigid cannula containing a flexible ball-tip catheter via the right jugular vein into the right ventricle. The catheter is then advanced into the main and the more distal pulmonary arteries. The histopathology of the pulmonary vasculature is assessed qualitatively, by scoring the pre- and intra-acinar vessels on the degree of muscularization and the presence of a neointima, and quantitatively, by measuring the wall thickness, the wall-lumen ratios, and the occlusion score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diederik E van der Feen
- Center for Congenital Heart Diseases, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen;
| | - Michel Weij
- Research and Development Facility, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen
| | | | - Lysanne M Jorna
- Center for Congenital Heart Diseases, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen
| | - Quint A J Hagdorn
- Center for Congenital Heart Diseases, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen
| | - Beatrijs Bartelds
- Center for Congenital Heart Diseases, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen
| | - Rolf M F Berger
- Center for Congenital Heart Diseases, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen
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Thurnheer R, Ulrich S, Bloch KE. Precapillary Pulmonary Hypertension and Sleep-Disordered Breathing: Is There a Link? Respiration 2016; 93:65-77. [PMID: 27884004 DOI: 10.1159/000452957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Among patients with sleep apnea the reported prevalence of precapillary pulmonary hypertension (PH) has varied largely, depending on patient selection, disease definition, and associated conditions, in particular chronic pulmonary disease. However, in the absence of comorbidities, PH seems to be rare in patients with sleep apnea. Conversely, sleep-related breathing disorders have been commonly found in patients with PH and they have been associated with an impaired quality of life. Since sleep-related breathing disorders may affect the pulmonary circulation and vice versa, patients with sleep-related breathing disorders should be evaluated for risk factors, symptoms and clinical signs of PH and right ventricular heart failure and patients with PH should be evaluated for sleep apnea. Therapeutic options for patients with sleep apnea and PH may include supplemental oxygen, drugs and positive pressure ventilation. Both nocturnal oxygen administration and acetazolamide have been shown to improve sleep apnea in patients with PH. In addition, oxygen therapy also improved exercise performance. Further studies are needed to corroborate the efficacy of these and other treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Thurnheer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Division and Sleep Disorders Center, Cantonal Hospital Münsterlingen, Münsterlingen, Switzerland
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Oshima K, McLendon JM, Wagner WW, McMurtry IF, Oka M. Chronic hypoxia does not cause wall thickening of intra-acinar pulmonary supernumerary arteries. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/2/e12674. [PMID: 26811053 PMCID: PMC4760391 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to hypoxia causes pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary arterial remodeling. Although the exact mechanisms of this remodeling are unclear, there is evidence that it is dependent on hemodynamic stress, rather than on hypoxia alone. Pulmonary supernumerary arteries experience low hemodynamic stress as a consequence of reduced perfusion due to 90° branching angles, small diameters, and "valve-like" structures at their orifices. We investigated whether or not intra-acinar supernumerary arteries undergo structural remodeling during the moderate pulmonary hypertension induced by chronic hypoxia. Rats were exposed to either normoxia or hypoxia for 6 weeks. The chronically hypoxic rats developed pulmonary hypertension. For both groups, pulmonary arteries were selectively filled with barium-gelatin mixture, and the wall thickness of intra-acinar pulmonary arteries was measured in histological samples. Only thin-walled arteries were observed in normoxic lungs. In hypertensive lungs, we found both thin- and thick-walled pulmonary arteries with similar diameters. Disproportionate degrees of arterial wall thickening between parent and daughter branches were observed with supernumerary branching patterns. While parent arteries developed significant wall thickening, their supernumerary branches did not. Thus, chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension did not cause wall thickening of intra-acinar pulmonary supernumerary arteries. These findings are consistent with the idea that hemodynamic stress, rather than hypoxia alone, is the cause of structural remodeling during chronic exposure to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Oshima
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Jared M McLendon
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Wiltz W Wagner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Ivan F McMurtry
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Masahiko Oka
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
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Oka M, McMurtry IF, Oshima K. How does pulmonary endarterectomy cure CTEPH: A clue to cure PAH? Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L766-L769. [PMID: 27591244 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00288.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a hot topic in the field of pulmonary hypertension, because many CTEPH patients are now curable by surgical pulmonary endarterectomy and more recently possibly by pulmonary balloon angioplasty. However, there are still uncertainties regarding the pathogenesis of CTEPH, specifically how and where the small vessel arteriopathy that is indistinguishable from that in pulmonary arterial hypertension (plexogenic arteriopathy) develops, and how pulmonary endarterectomy improves hemodynamics and possibly cures CTEPH. Based on our recent experimental finding that hemodynamic stress is fundamental for the development of plexogenic arteriopathy, we discuss the uncertainties of CTEPH and potential implication of the effectiveness of pulmonary endarterectomy for reversing plexogenic arteriopathy and possibly providing a novel approach to cure pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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Abstract
High blood pressure (BP) has been identified as a major risk factor for cardiovascular complications. Although two-way association between BP and hypertensive complications makes hypertension a near-ideal biomarker, BP as “the cause” for the complications of HT per se still needs more evidence. Another entirely possible hemodynamic candidate for causing hypertensive cardiovascular adverse events can be flow or its iterations, which might have escaped the attention because of its perfect correlation with pressure and harder technical measurement. In this article, we analyze the evidence in hand to compare flow- and pressure-related phenomena to delineate which of the two is the dominant mediator of complications related to hypertension and should be the target for therapy. A “flow-” rather than a “pressure-” based factor, as the causative or major driving mediator of common hypertensive complications, may change our understanding of hypertension pathophysiology.
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HIF2α-arginase axis is essential for the development of pulmonary hypertension. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:8801-6. [PMID: 27432976 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1602978113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction is correlated with pulmonary vascular remodeling. The hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs) HIF-1α and HIF-2α are known to contribute to the process of hypoxic pulmonary vascular remodeling; however, the specific role of pulmonary endothelial HIF expression in this process, and in the physiological process of vasoconstriction in response to hypoxia, remains unclear. Here we show that pulmonary endothelial HIF-2α is a critical regulator of hypoxia-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension. The rise in right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) normally observed following chronic hypoxic exposure was absent in mice with pulmonary endothelial HIF-2α deletion. The RVSP of mice lacking HIF-2α in pulmonary endothelium after exposure to hypoxia was not significantly different from normoxic WT mice and much lower than the RVSP values seen in WT littermate controls and mice with pulmonary endothelial deletion of HIF-1α exposed to hypoxia. Endothelial HIF-2α deletion also protected mice from hypoxia remodeling. Pulmonary endothelial deletion of arginase-1, a downstream target of HIF-2α, likewise attenuated many of the pathophysiological symptoms associated with hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. We propose a mechanism whereby chronic hypoxia enhances HIF-2α stability, which causes increased arginase expression and dysregulates normal vascular NO homeostasis. These data offer new insight into the role of pulmonary endothelial HIF-2α in regulating the pulmonary vascular response to hypoxia.
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Icariin Inhibits Pulmonary Hypertension Induced by Monocrotaline through Enhancement of NO/cGMP Signaling Pathway in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:7915415. [PMID: 27366192 PMCID: PMC4904099 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7915415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that icariin (ICA) increased contents of nitric oxide (NO) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) by improving expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and inhibition of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5). In addition, dysfunction of the NO/cGMP pathway may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension (PH). In this study, the potential protective effects of ICA on PH induced by monocrotaline (MCT, 50 mg/kg) singly subcutaneous injection were investigated and the possible mechanisms involved in NO/cGMP pathway were explored in male Sprague Dawley rats. The results showed that ICA (20, 40, and 80 mg/kg/d) treatment by intragastric administration could significantly ameliorate PH and upregulate the expression of eNOS gene and downregulate the expression of PDE5 gene in MCT-treated rats. Both ICA (40 mg/kg/d) and L-arginine (200 mg/kg/d), a precursor of NO as positive control, notably increased the contents of NO and cGMP in lung tissue homogenate, which were inversed by treatment with NG-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME), a NOS inhibitor, and L-NAME-treatment could also inhibit the protective effects of ICA (40 mg/kg/d) on mean pulmonary artery pressure and artery remodeling and tends to inhibit right ventricle hypertrophy index. In summary, ICA is effective in protecting against MCT-induced PH in rats through enhancement of NO/cGMP signaling pathway in rats.
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Borgdorff MAJ, Dickinson MG, Berger RMF, Bartelds B. Right ventricular failure due to chronic pressure load: What have we learned in animal models since the NIH working group statement? Heart Fail Rev 2016; 20:475-91. [PMID: 25771982 PMCID: PMC4463984 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-015-9479-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Right ventricular (RV) failure determines outcome in patients with pulmonary hypertension, congenital heart diseases and in left ventricular failure. In 2006, the Working Group on Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Right Heart Failure of the NIH advocated the development of preclinical models to study the pathophysiology and pathobiology of RV failure. In this review, we summarize the progress of research into the pathobiology of RV failure and potential therapeutic interventions. The picture emerging from this research is that RV adaptation to increased afterload is characterized by increased contractility, dilatation and hypertrophy. Clinical RV failure is associated with progressive diastolic deterioration and disturbed ventricular–arterial coupling in the presence of increased contractility. The pathobiology of the failing RV shows similarities with that of the LV and is marked by lack of adequate increase in capillary density leading to a hypoxic environment and oxidative stress and a metabolic switch from fatty acids to glucose utilization. However, RV failure also has characteristic features. So far, therapies aiming to specifically improve RV function have had limited success. The use of beta blockers and sildenafil may hold promise, but new therapies have to be developed. The use of recently developed animal models will aid in further understanding of the pathobiology of RV failure and development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinus A J Borgdorff
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Congenital Heart Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands,
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Happé CM, de Raaf MA, Rol N, Schalij I, Vonk-Noordegraaf A, Westerhof N, Voelkel NF, de Man FS, Bogaard HJ. Pneumonectomy combined with SU5416 induces severe pulmonary hypertension in rats. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 310:L1088-97. [PMID: 27036867 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00023.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The SU5416 + hypoxia (SuHx) rat model is a commonly used model of severe pulmonary arterial hypertension. While it is known that exposure to hypoxia can be replaced by another type of hit (e.g., ovalbumin sensitization) it is unknown whether abnormal pulmonary blood flow (PBF), which has long been known to invoke pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature, can replace the hypoxic exposure. Here we studied if a combination of SU5416 administration combined with pneumonectomy (PNx), to induce abnormal PBF in the contralateral lung, is sufficient to induce severe pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in rats. Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to SuPNx protocol (SU5416 + combined with left pneumonectomy) or standard SuHx protocol, and comparisons between models were made at week 2 and 6 postinitiation. Both SuHx and SuPNx models displayed extensive obliterative vascular remodeling leading to an increased right ventricular systolic pressure at week 6 Similar inflammatory response in the lung vasculature of both models was observed alongside increased endothelial cell proliferation and apoptosis. This study describes the SuPNx model, which features severe PAH at 6 wk and could serve as an alternative to the SuHx model. Our study, together with previous studies on experimental models of pulmonary hypertension, shows that the typical histopathological findings of PAH, including obliterative lesions, inflammation, increased cell turnover, and ongoing apoptosis, represent a final common pathway of a disease that can evolve as a consequence of a variety of insults to the lung vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Happé
- Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pulmonology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | - M A de Raaf
- Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pulmonology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | - N Rol
- Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pulmonology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | - I Schalij
- Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pulmonology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | - A Vonk-Noordegraaf
- Department of Pulmonology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | - N Westerhof
- Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - N F Voelkel
- School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - F S de Man
- Department of Pulmonology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | - H J Bogaard
- Department of Pulmonology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and
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Abe K, Shinoda M, Tanaka M, Kuwabara Y, Yoshida K, Hirooka Y, McMurtry IF, Oka M, Sunagawa K. Haemodynamic unloading reverses occlusive vascular lesions in severe pulmonary hypertension. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 111:16-25. [PMID: 27037259 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS An important pathogenic mechanism in the development of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension is hypothesized to be a cancer-like cellular proliferation independent of haemodynamics. However, because the vascular lesions are inseparably coupled with haemodynamic stress, the fate of the lesions is unknown when haemodynamic stress is eliminated. METHODS AND RESULTS We applied left pulmonary artery banding to a rat model with advanced pulmonary hypertension to investigate the effects of decreased haemodynamic stress on occlusive vascular lesions. Rats were given an injection of the VEGF blocker Sugen5416 and exposed to 3 weeks of hypoxia plus an additional 7 weeks of normoxia (total 10 weeks) (SU/Hx/Nx rats). The banding surgery to reduce haemodynamic stress to the left lung was done at 1 week prior to (preventive) or 5 weeks after (reversal) the SU5416 injection. All SU/Hx/Nx-exposed rats developed severe pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy. Histological analyses showed that the non-banded right lungs developed occlusive lesions including plexiform lesions with marked perivascular cell accumulation. In contrast, banding the left pulmonary artery not only prevented the development of but also reversed the established occlusive lesions as well as perivascular inflammation in the left lungs. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that haemodynamic stress is prerequisite to the development and progression of occlusive neointimal lesions in this rat model of severe pulmonary hypertension. We conclude that perivascular inflammation and occlusive neointimal arteriopathy are driven by haemodynamic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohtaro Abe
- Department of Advanced Cardiovascular Regulation and Therapeutics, Center for Disruptive Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 811-1347, Japan
| | - Masako Shinoda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medicine, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Mariko Tanaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medicine, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medicine, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yukimitsu Kuwabara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medicine, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Keimei Yoshida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medicine, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hirooka
- Department of Advanced Cardiovascular Regulation and Therapeutics, Center for Disruptive Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 811-1347, Japan
| | - Ivan F McMurtry
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama Mobile, 307 N University Blvd #130, Mobile, AL 36608, USA Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Alabama Mobile, 307 N University Blvd #130, Mobile, AL 36608, USA Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama Mobile, 307 N University Blvd #130, Mobile, AL 36608, USA
| | - Masahiko Oka
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama Mobile, 307 N University Blvd #130, Mobile, AL 36608, USA Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Alabama Mobile, 307 N University Blvd #130, Mobile, AL 36608, USA Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama Mobile, 307 N University Blvd #130, Mobile, AL 36608, USA
| | - Kenji Sunagawa
- Therapeutic Regulation of Cardiovascular Homeostasis, Center for Disruptive Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 811-1347, Japan
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Khedoe PPSJ, Rensen PCN, Berbée JFP, Hiemstra PS. Murine models of cardiovascular comorbidity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 310:L1011-27. [PMID: 26993520 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00013.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Currently, COPD patients with atherosclerosis (i.e., the most important underlying cause of CVD) receive COPD therapy complemented with standard CVD therapy. This may, however, not be the most optimal treatment. To investigate the link between COPD and atherosclerosis and to develop specific therapeutic strategies for COPD patients with atherosclerosis, a substantial number of preclinical studies using murine models have been performed. In this review, we summarize the currently used murine models of COPD and atherosclerosis, both individually and combined, and discuss the relevance of these models for studying the pathogenesis and development of new treatments for COPD patients with atherosclerosis. Murine and clinical studies have provided complementary information showing a prominent role for systemic inflammation and oxidative stress in the link between COPD and atherosclerosis. These and other studies showed that murine models for COPD and atherosclerosis are useful tools and can provide important insights relevant to understanding the link between COPD and CVD. More importantly, murine studies provide good platforms for studying the potential of promising (new) therapeutic strategies for COPD patients with CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Padmini S J Khedoe
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; and
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Jimmy F P Berbée
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter S Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
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St. Croix CM, Steinhorn RH. New Thoughts about the Origin of Plexiform Lesions. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 193:484-5. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201510-1959ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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50
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Egr-1 identifies neointimal remodeling and relates to progression in human pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Heart Lung Transplant 2015; 35:481-90. [PMID: 26774383 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is hallmarked by the development of neointimal lesions. The transcription factor Egr-1 seems to play a critical role in neointimal formation in experimental PAH and was identified as a putative target for intervention. In this study we investigated whether Egr-1 is also associated with neointimal-type vascular remodeling in different forms of human PAH or pulmonary hypertension. METHODS Using immunohistochemistry, we studied Egr-1 expression specifically in a wide morphologic spectrum of pulmonary arteries in the lung tissue of 72 patients with different forms and stages of PAH, specifically idiopathic PAH (n = 18), advanced-stage congenital heart disease‒associated PAH (PAH-CHD) (n = 21), early-stage PAH-CHD (n = 19) and non-neointimal hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (PH) (n = 4), and controls (n = 10). RESULTS In PAH patients, pulmonary vascular expression of Egr-1 protein was abundant, whereas it was sporadic in non-neointimal (hypoxic) PH patients and controls. In PAH-CHD, protein expression was more pronounced in patients with advanced vascular lesions compared to those with less advanced lesions, such as medial hypertrophy. CONCLUSIONS Pulmonary vascular Egr-1 expression is significantly increased in patients with PAH, appears specifically associated with neointimal-type vascular remodeling, and correlates with disease progression. These data translate the critical role of Egr-1 in the development of experimental PAH to human pulmonary vascular disease forms.
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