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Xu Y, Lv L, Wang Q, Yao Q, Kou L, Zhang H. Emerging application of nanomedicine-based therapy in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 237:113869. [PMID: 38522285 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.113869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are serious lung injuries caused by various factors, leading to increased permeability of the alveolar-capillary barrier, reduced stability of the alveoli, inflammatory response, and hypoxemia. Despite several decades of research since ARDS was first formally described in 1967, reliable clinical treatment options are still lacking. Currently, supportive therapy and mechanical ventilation are prioritized, and there is no medication that can be completely effective in clinical treatment. In recent years, nanomedicine has developed rapidly and has exciting preclinical treatment capabilities. Using a drug delivery system based on nanobiotechnology, local drugs can be continuously released in lung tissue at therapeutic levels, reducing the frequency of administration and improving patient compliance. Furthermore, this novel drug delivery system can target specific sites and reduce systemic side effects. Currently, many nanomedicine treatment options for ARDS have demonstrated efficacy. This review briefly introduces the pathophysiology of ARDS, discusses various research progress on using nanomedicine to treat ARDS, and anticipates future developments in related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitianhe Xu
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Pediatric Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Leyao Lv
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Pediatric Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Pediatric Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Qing Yao
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Pediatric Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Longfa Kou
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Pediatric Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Pediatric Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Department of Children's Respiration Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.
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Blum K, Downs BW, Bagchi M, Kushner S, Morrison BS, Galvin J, Randsdorp K, Randsdorp J, Badgaiyan RD, Braverman ER, Bagchi D. Induction of homeostatic biological parameters in reward deficiency as a function of an iron-free multi-nutrient complex: Promoting hemoglobinization, aerobic metabolism, viral immuno-competence, and neuroinflammatory regulation. JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS AND INTEGRATIVE NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 7:10.15761/JSIN.1000234. [PMID: 35096420 PMCID: PMC8793786 DOI: 10.15761/jsin.1000234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A common neurological condition worldwide is Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) leading to both substance and non-substance addictive behaviors, that must be combatted by integrating both central nervous system and peripheral nervous system biological approaches. Integrity of hemoglobin is a crucial determining factor for the overall health functions. Nutrient repletion therapy should be a fundamental strategy to restore the healthy properties of blood. A unique patent-pending iron-free VMP35 formulation was engineered by our laboratory to restore iron-dependent hemoglobin in anemic cells using a proprietary Prodosome® absorption technology. This formulation, containing an array of nano-emulsified botanical ingredients rich in bioflavonoids, strengthens the structural integrity of connective tissues, and potentiates immune competence, cellular aerobic metabolism, and enhances efficient regulation of inflammatory events. We discuss the intricate aspects of strong vs. fragile immunity and consequential inflammatory responses to convey a deeper understanding of the varied and overly complex sequela of immunological behaviors and events. The effect of the VMP35 is mediated through highly absorbable nutritional/nutrigenomic repletion enabling improvements in the systemic set of functional behaviors. In fact, the iron-free VMP35 facilitates a "Systems Biology Approach" which restores hemoglobin status, reverses anaerobic hypoxia, improves competent immune responsivity, and regulates appropriate and controlled activation of general and neuro-inflammatory sequela. Under these pathogenic circumstances, iron-deficiency anemia has been misconceptualized, and a new nosological term, Chronic Anemia Syndrome, is proposed. The comparative therapeutic rationale of Reductionist vs. Systems Biology approaches is also explained in detail. METHODS The efficacy of the novel therapeutic iron-free VMP35 liquid nutraceutical is detailed in restoring iron-dependent hemoglobin to RBCs and boosting cellular morphology, viability, and immune competence, thereby reducing the need for prolonging inflammatory sequela. RESULTS This was demonstrated in a previous IRB approved multi-subject human study. In addition, two recent case studies report dramatic restorative benefits of nutrient repletion therapy of the VMP35 on subjects having experienced near-fatal events, which confirmed the findings explained in this manuscript. CONCLUSIONS This novel iron-free VMP35 modulates an array of homeostatic biological parameters such as enhanced hemoglobinization, aerobic metabolism, viral immuno-competence, and inflammatory regulation. Further research, examining mechanistic and beneficial effects in athletic performance, is in progress. Importantly, during these troubled immune challenging times, modulating an array of homeostatic immunological and inflammatory dysfunctions are tantamount to improved population outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION The Clinical investigation in a total of 38 subjects was conducted under an Institutional Review Board (IRB) from the Path Foundation in New York, NY (#13-009 April 25, 2013). The two case studies were done at Lancaster General Hospital, Lancaster, PA, and Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Both studies were retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Graduate College, Western University, Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Bernard W Downs
- Victory Nutrition International, Inc., Department of R&D, Lederach, PA USA
| | | | | | | | - Jeffrey Galvin
- Vitality Medical Wellness Institute, PLLC, Charlotte, NC USA
| | | | | | - Rajendra D Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, ICHAN School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, South Texas Veteran Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Debasis Bagchi
- Victory Nutrition International, Inc., Department of R&D, Lederach, PA USA
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston college of Pharmacy, Houston, TX, USA
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Characterization of pulmonary immune responses to hyperoxia by high-dimensional mass cytometry analyses. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4677. [PMID: 32170168 PMCID: PMC7070092 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61489-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to hyperoxia has deleterious effects on the lung, provoking both inflammation and alveolar injury. The elements of hyperoxic injury, which result in high rates of lethality in experimental models, are thought to include multicellular immune responses. To characterize these alterations in immune cell populations, we performed time-of-flight mass cytometry (CyTOF) analysis of CD45-expressing immune cells in whole lung parenchyma and the bronchoalveolar space of mice, exposed to 48 hours of hyperoxia together with normoxic controls. At the tested time point, hyperoxia exposure resulted in decreased abundance of immunoregulatory populations (regulatory B cells, myeloid regulatory cells) in lung parenchyma and markedly decreased proliferation rates of myeloid regulatory cells, monocytes and alveolar macrophages. Additionally, hyperoxia caused a shift in the phenotype of alveolar macrophages, increasing proportion of cells with elevated CD68, CD44, CD11c, PD-L1, and CD205 expression levels. These changes occurred in the absence of histologically evident alveolar damage and abundance of neutrophils in the parenchyma or alveolar space did not change at these time points. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that pulmonary response to hyperoxia involves marked changes in specific subsets of myeloid and lymphoid populations. These findings have important implications for therapeutic targeting in acute lung injury.
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Assessment of antimicrobial and wound healing effects of Brevinin-2Ta against the bacterium Klebsiella pneumoniae in dermally-wounded rats. Oncotarget 2017; 8:111369-111385. [PMID: 29340060 PMCID: PMC5762328 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are regarded as promising alternatives for antibiotics due to their inherent capacity to prevent microbial drug resistance. Amphibians are rich source of bioactive molecules, which provide numerous AMPs with various structures as drug candidates. Here, we isolated and identified a novel AMP Brevinin-2Ta (B-2Ta) from the skin secretion of the European frog, Pelophylax kl. esculentus. In vitro studies revealed that it showed broad antimicrobial activities against S. aureus, E. coli and C. albicans with low cytotoxicity to erythrocytes. Furthermore, we examined the anti-inflammation effect in vivo by using Klebsiella pneumoniae-infected Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The wound closure outcomes revealed that B-2Ta effectively restrained the bacterial infection at a dose of 10 times minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) during the 14 days of the wound healing process. Ultra-structure analyses showed that B-2Ta caused structural damage to the microorganism, and bacterial culture found that the number of microbes was significantly reduced by the end of treatment. Immunohistochemistry for the inflammatory marker IL-10 and the endothelial cell marker CD31 suggested positive effects on inflammatory status and epithelial migration and angiogenesis following treatment of the infected granulation tissues with B-2Ta. These results exhibited the continuous phase of inflammation reduction and wound healing acceleration in the B-2Ta-modulated re-epithelialisation of K. pneumoniae infected rats. Taken together, these data demonstrated that B-2Ta has great potential to be developed as antibacterial agents in clinic.
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Pietrofesa RA, Velalopoulou A, Lehman SL, Arguiri E, Solomides P, Koch CJ, Mishra OP, Koumenis C, Goodwin TJ, Christofidou-Solomidou M. Novel Double-Hit Model of Radiation and Hyperoxia-Induced Oxidative Cell Damage Relevant to Space Travel. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060953. [PMID: 27322243 PMCID: PMC4926486 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spaceflight occasionally requires multiple extravehicular activities (EVA) that potentially subject astronauts to repeated changes in ambient oxygen superimposed on those of space radiation exposure. We thus developed a novel in vitro model system to test lung cell damage following repeated exposure to radiation and hyperoxia. Non-tumorigenic murine alveolar type II epithelial cells (C10) were exposed to >95% O₂ for 8 h only (O₂), 0.25 Gy ionizing γ-radiation (IR) only, or a double-hit combination of both challenges (O₂ + IR) followed by 16 h of normoxia (ambient air containing 21% O₂ and 5% CO₂) (1 cycle = 24 h, 2 cycles = 48 h). Cell survival, DNA damage, apoptosis, and indicators of oxidative stress were evaluated after 1 and 2 cycles of exposure. We observed a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in cell survival across all challenge conditions along with an increase in DNA damage, determined by Comet analysis and H2AX phosphorylation, and apoptosis, determined by Annexin-V staining, relative to cells unexposed to hyperoxia or radiation. DNA damage (GADD45α and cleaved-PARP), apoptotic (cleaved caspase-3 and BAX), and antioxidant (HO-1 and Nqo1) proteins were increased following radiation and hyperoxia exposure after 1 and 2 cycles of exposure. Importantly, exposure to combination challenge O₂ + IR exacerbated cell death and DNA damage compared to individual exposures O₂ or IR alone. Additionally levels of cell cycle proteins phospho-p53 and p21 were significantly increased, while levels of CDK1 and Cyclin B1 were decreased at both time points for all exposure groups. Similarly, proteins involved in cell cycle arrest was more profoundly changed with the combination challenges as compared to each stressor alone. These results correlate with a significant 4- to 6-fold increase in the ratio of cells in G2/G1 after 2 cycles of exposure to hyperoxic conditions. We have characterized a novel in vitro model of double-hit, low-level radiation and hyperoxia exposure that leads to oxidative lung cell injury, DNA damage, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph A Pietrofesa
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine and the Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Edward J. Stemmler Hall 2nd Floor, Office Suite 227, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Anastasia Velalopoulou
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine and the Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Edward J. Stemmler Hall 2nd Floor, Office Suite 227, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Stacey L Lehman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Evguenia Arguiri
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine and the Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Edward J. Stemmler Hall 2nd Floor, Office Suite 227, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Pantelis Solomides
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine and the Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Edward J. Stemmler Hall 2nd Floor, Office Suite 227, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Cameron J Koch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Om P Mishra
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine and the Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Edward J. Stemmler Hall 2nd Floor, Office Suite 227, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Constantinos Koumenis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Thomas J Goodwin
- The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA.
| | - Melpo Christofidou-Solomidou
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine and the Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Edward J. Stemmler Hall 2nd Floor, Office Suite 227, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Nagato AC, Bezerra FS, Talvani A, Aarestrup BJ, Aarestrup FM. Hyperoxia promotes polarization of the immune response in ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation, leading to a TH17 cell phenotype. Immun Inflamm Dis 2015; 3:321-37. [PMID: 26417446 PMCID: PMC4578530 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that hyperoxia-induced stress and oxidative damage to the lungs of mice lead to an increase in IL-6, TNF-α, and TGF-β expression. Together, IL-6 and TGF-β have been known to direct T cell differentiation toward the TH17 phenotype. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that hyperoxia promotes the polarization of T cells to the TH17 cell phenotype in response to ovalbumin-induced acute airway inflammation. Airway inflammation was induced in female BALB/c mice by intraperitoneal sensitization and intranasal introduction of ovalbumin, followed by challenge methacholine. After the methacholine challenge, animals were exposed to hyperoxic conditions in an inhalation chamber for 24 h. The controls were subjected to normoxia or aluminum hydroxide dissolved in phosphate buffered saline. After 24 h of hyperoxia, the number of macrophages and lymphocytes decreased in animals with ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation, whereas the number of neutrophils increased after ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation. The results showed that expression of Nrf2, iNOS, T-bet and IL-17 increased after 24 of hyperoxia in both alveolar macrophages and in lung epithelial cells, compared with both animals that remained in room air, and animals with ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation. Hyperoxia alone without the induction of airway inflammation lead to increased levels of TNF-α and CCL5, whereas hyperoxia after inflammation lead to decreased CCL2 levels. Histological evidence of extravasation of inflammatory cells into the perivascular and peribronchial regions of the lungs was observed after pulmonary inflammation and hyperoxia. Hyperoxia promotes polarization of the immune response toward the TH17 phenotype, resulting in tissue damage associated with oxidative stress, and the migration of neutrophils to the lung and airways. Elucidating the effect of hyperoxia on ovalbumin-induced acute airway inflammation is relevant to preventing or treating asthmatic patients that require oxygen supplementation to reverse the hypoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori C Nagato
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Experimental Pathology, Center for Reproductive Biology-CRB, Federal University of Juiz de Fora Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - André Talvani
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation, Department of Biological Sciences (DECBI), Center of Research in Biological Sciences (NUPEB), Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP) Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Beatriz J Aarestrup
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Experimental Pathology, Center for Reproductive Biology-CRB, Federal University of Juiz de Fora Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernando M Aarestrup
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Experimental Pathology, Center for Reproductive Biology-CRB, Federal University of Juiz de Fora Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Abstract
Vascular development and maintenance of proper vascular function through various regulatory mechanisms are critical to our wellbeing. Delineation of the regulatory processes involved in development of the vascular system and its function is one of the most important topics in human physiology and pathophysiology. Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1/CD31), a cell adhesion molecule with proangiogenic and proinflammatory activity, has been the subject of numerous studies. In the present review, we look at the important roles that PECAM-1 and its isoforms play during angiogenesis, and its molecular mechanisms of action in the endothelium. In the endothelium, PECAM-1 not only plays a role as an adhesion molecule but also participates in intracellular signalling pathways which have an impact on various cell adhesive mechanisms and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression and activity. In addition, recent studies from our laboratory have revealed an important relationship between PECAM-1 and endoglin expression. Endoglin is an essential molecule during angiogenesis, vascular development and integrity, and its expression and activity are compromised in the absence of PECAM-1. In the present review we discuss the roles that PECAM-1 isoforms may play in modulation of endothelial cell adhesive mechanisms, eNOS and endoglin expression and activity, and angiogenesis.
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Wang L, Lingappan K, Jiang W, Couroucli XI, Welty SE, Shivanna B, Barrios R, Wang G, Firoze Khan M, Gonzalez FJ, Jackson Roberts L, Moorthy B. Disruption of cytochrome P4501A2 in mice leads to increased susceptibility to hyperoxic lung injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 82:147-59. [PMID: 25680282 PMCID: PMC4418801 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hyperoxia contributes to acute lung injury in diseases such as acute respiratory distress syndrome. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A enzymes have been implicated in hyperoxic lung injury, but the mechanistic role of CYP1A2 in pulmonary injury is not known. We hypothesized that mice lacking the gene Cyp1a2 (which is predominantly expressed in the liver) will be more sensitive to lung injury and inflammation mediated by hyperoxia and that CYP1A2 will play a protective role by attenuating lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in the lung. Eight- to ten-week-old WT (C57BL/6) or Cyp1a2(-/-) mice were exposed to hyperoxia (>95% O2) or maintained in room air for 24-72 h. Lung injury was assessed by determining the ratio of lung weight/body weight (LW/BW) and by histology. Extent of inflammation was determined by measuring the number of neutrophils in the lung as well as cytokine expression. The Cyp1a2(-/-) mice under hyperoxic conditions showed increased LW/BW ratios, lung injury, neutrophil infiltration, and IL-6 and TNF-α levels and augmented lipid peroxidation, as evidenced by increased formation of malondialdehyde- and 4-hydroxynonenal-protein adducts and pulmonary isofurans compared to WT mice. In vitro experiments showed that the F2-isoprostane PGF2-α is metabolized by CYP1A2 to a dinor metabolite, providing evidence for a catalytic role for CYP1A2 in the metabolism of F2-isoprostanes. In summary, our results support the hypothesis that hepatic CYP1A2 plays a critical role in the attenuation of hyperoxic lung injury by decreasing lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Wang
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Krithika Lingappan
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Weiwu Jiang
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xanthi I Couroucli
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Stephen E Welty
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Binoy Shivanna
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Roberto Barrios
- Department of Pathology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gangduo Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - M Firoze Khan
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - L Jackson Roberts
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Bhagavatula Moorthy
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Benipal B, Feinstein SI, Chatterjee S, Dodia C, Fisher AB. Inhibition of the phospholipase A2 activity of peroxiredoxin 6 prevents lung damage with exposure to hyperoxia. Redox Biol 2015; 4:321-7. [PMID: 25637741 PMCID: PMC4803794 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung injury associated with hyperoxia reflects in part the secondary effects of pulmonary inflammation and the associated production of reactive oxygen species due to activation of NADPH oxidase, type 2 (NOX2). Activation of NOX2 requires the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity of peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6). Therefore, we evaluated whether blocking Prdx6 PLA2 activity using the inhibitor MJ33 would be protective in a mouse model of acute lung injury resulting from hyperoxic exposure. Mice were treated with an intraperitoneal injection of MJ33 (2.5nmol/g body weight) at the start of exposure (zero time) and at 48h during continuous exposure to 100% O2 for 80h. Treatment with MJ33 reduced the number of neutrophils and the protein content in the fluid obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage, inhibited the increase in lipid peroxidation products in lung tissue, decreased the number of apoptotic cells in the lung, and decreased the perivascular edema associated with the 80h exposure to hyperoxia. Thus, blocking Prdx6 PLA2 activity by MJ33 significantly protected lungs against damage from hyperoxia, presumably by preventing the activation of NOX2 and the amplification of lung injury associated with inflammation. These findings demonstrate that MJ33, a potent inhibitor of Prdx6 PLA2 activity, can protect mouse lungs against the manifestations of acute lung injury due to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bavneet Benipal
- Institute for Environmental Medicine and Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sheldon I Feinstein
- Institute for Environmental Medicine and Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shampa Chatterjee
- Institute for Environmental Medicine and Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chandra Dodia
- Institute for Environmental Medicine and Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aron B Fisher
- Institute for Environmental Medicine and Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Pietrofesa RA, Solomides CC, Christofidou-Solomidou M. Flaxseed Mitigates Acute Oxidative Lung Damage in a Mouse Model of Repeated Radiation and Hyperoxia Exposure Associated with Space Exploration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 4. [PMID: 25705570 DOI: 10.4172/2161-105x.1000215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spaceflight missions may require crewmembers to conduct extravehicular activities (EVA). Pre-breathe protocols in preparation for an EVA entail 100% hyperoxia exposure that may last for a few hours and be repeated 2-3 times weekly. Each EVA is associated with additional challenges such as low levels of total body cosmic/galactic radiation exposure that may present a threat to crewmember health. We have developed a mouse model of total body radiation and hyperoxia exposure and identified acute damage of lung tissues. In the current study we evaluated the usefulness of dietary flaxseed (FS) as a countermeasure agent for such double-hit exposures. METHODS We evaluated lung tissue changes 2 weeks post-initiation of exposure challenges. Mouse cohorts (n=5/group) were pre-fed diets containing either 0% FS or 10% FS for 3 weeks and exposed to: a) normoxia (Untreated); b) >95% O2 (O2); c) 0.25Gy single fraction gamma radiation (IR); or d) a combination of O2 and IR (O2+IR) 3 times per week for 2 consecutive weeks, where 8-hour hyperoxia treatments were spanned by normoxic intervals. RESULTS At 2 weeks post challenge, while control-diet fed mice developed significant lung injury and inflammation across all challenges, FS protected lung tissues by decreasing bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) neutrophils (p<0.003) and protein levels, oxidative tissue damage, as determined by levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) (p<0.008) and nitrosative stress as determined by nitrite levels. Lung hydroxyproline levels, a measure of lung fibrosis, were significantly elevated in mice fed 0% FS (p<0.01) and exposed to hyperoxia/radiation or the combination treatment, but not in FS-fed mice. FS also decreased levels of a pro-inflammatory, pro-fibrogenic cytokine (TGF-β1) gene expression levels in lung. CONCLUSION Flaxseed mitigated adverse effects in lung of repeat exposures to radiation/hyperoxia. This data will provide useful information in the design of countermeasures to early tissue oxidative damage associated with space exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph A Pietrofesa
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Melpo Christofidou-Solomidou
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Williams AE, Chambers RC. The mercurial nature of neutrophils: still an enigma in ARDS? Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 306:L217-30. [PMID: 24318116 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00311.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening lung condition resulting from direct and indirect insults to the lung. It is characterized by disruption of the endothelial-epithelial barrier, alveolar damage, pulmonary edema, and respiratory failure. A key feature of ARDS is the accumulation of neutrophils in the lung microvasculature, interstitium, and alveolar space. Despite a clear association between neutrophil influx into the lung and disease severity, there is some debate as to whether neutrophils directly contribute to disease pathogenesis. The primary function of neutrophils is to provide immediate host defense against pathogenic microorganisms. Neutrophils release numerous antimicrobial factors such as reactive oxygen species, proteinases, and neutrophil extracellular traps. However, these factors are also toxic to host cells and can result in bystander tissue damage. The excessive accumulation of neutrophils in ARDS may therefore contribute to disease progression. Central to neutrophil recruitment is the release of chemokines, including the archetypal neutrophil chemoattractant IL-8, from resident pulmonary cells. However, the chemokine network in the inflamed lung is complex and may involve several other chemokines, including CXCL10, CCL2, and CCL7. This review will therefore focus on the experimental and clinical evidence supporting neutrophils as key players in ARDS and the chemokines involved in recruiting them into the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Williams
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, Univ. College London, Rayne Institute, 5 Univ. St., London WC1E 6JF, UK.
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12
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Parker JC. Acute lung injury and pulmonary vascular permeability: use of transgenic models. Compr Physiol 2013; 1:835-82. [PMID: 23737205 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury is a general term that describes injurious conditions that can range from mild interstitial edema to massive inflammatory tissue destruction. This review will cover theoretical considerations and quantitative and semi-quantitative methods for assessing edema formation and increased vascular permeability during lung injury. Pulmonary edema can be quantitated directly using gravimetric methods, or indirectly by descriptive microscopy, quantitative morphometric microscopy, altered lung mechanics, high-resolution computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, or x-ray films. Lung vascular permeability to fluid can be evaluated by measuring the filtration coefficient (Kf) and permeability to solutes evaluated from their blood to lung clearances. Albumin clearances can then be used to calculate specific permeability-surface area products (PS) and reflection coefficients (σ). These methods as applied to a wide variety of transgenic mice subjected to acute lung injury by hyperoxic exposure, sepsis, ischemia-reperfusion, acid aspiration, oleic acid infusion, repeated lung lavage, and bleomycin are reviewed. These commonly used animal models simulate features of the acute respiratory distress syndrome, and the preparation of genetically modified mice and their use for defining specific pathways in these disease models are outlined. Although the initiating events differ widely, many of the subsequent inflammatory processes causing lung injury and increased vascular permeability are surprisingly similar for many etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Parker
- Department of Physiology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA.
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13
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Hayes RA, Shekar K, Fraser JF. Is hyperoxaemia helping or hurting patients during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation? Review of a complex problem. Perfusion 2013; 28:184-93. [DOI: 10.1177/0267659112473172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) facilitates organ support in patients with refractory cardiorespiratory failure whilst disease-modifying treatments can be administered. Improvements to the ECMO process have resulted in its increased utilisation. However, iatrogenic injuries remain, with bleeding and thrombosis the most significant concerns. Many factors contribute to the formation of thrombi, with the hyperoxaemia experienced during ECMO a potential contributor. Outside of ECMO, emerging evidence associates hyperoxaemia with increased mortality. Currently, no universal definition of hyperoxaemia exists, a gap in clinical standards that may impact patient outcomes. Hyperoxaemia has the potential to induce platelet activation, aggregation and, subsequently, thrombosis through markedly increasing the production of reactive oxygen species. There are minimal data in the current literature that explore the relationship between ECMO-induced hyperoxaemia and the production of reactive oxygen species – a putative link towards pathology. Furthermore, there is limited research directly linking hyperoxaemia and platelet activation. These are areas that warrant investigation as definitive data regarding the nascence of these pathological processes may delineate and define the relative risk of supranormal oxygen tension. These data could then assist in defining optimal oxygenation practice, reducing the risks associated with extracorporeal support.
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Affiliation(s)
- RA Hayes
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital and The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - K Shekar
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital and The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - JF Fraser
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital and The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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14
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Lakshmi SP, Reddy AT, Naik MU, Naik UP, Reddy RC. Effects of JAM-A deficiency or blocking antibodies on neutrophil migration and lung injury in a murine model of ALI. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012; 303:L758-66. [PMID: 22904169 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00107.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmigration of neutrophils (PMNs) from the vasculature into inflamed tissues, mediated by interactions between PMNs and adhesion molecules on endothelial cells, is an essential aspect of inflammation. The crucial adhesion molecules include junctional adhesion molecule (JAM)-A. Investigation of the role of this molecule in models of inflammatory disease has been limited, however, and results in different disease models have varied. No previous study has addressed JAM-A in lung disease or effects on oxidant stress and proinflammatory cytokines. We use JAM-A knockout mice and blocking antibodies to investigate the role of JAM-A in a murine model of acute lung injury (ALI). With either experimental system, we find that absence of JAM-A activity significantly reduces migration of PMNs into the alveolar space, with a resulting decrease in oxidative stress. However, there is no reduction in whole lung activity of PMN-associated myeloperoxidase, presumably reflecting the histologically observed retention of PMNs in lung tissue. Activity of these retained PMNs may account for our failure to find significant change in markers of lung oxidative stress or cytokine and chemokine levels in plasma, lung, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. We likewise see no JAM-A-related changes in markers of capillary permeability or lung injury. A similar lack of congruence between effects on PMN migration and tissue injury has been reported in other disease models and for other adhesion molecules in models of ALI. Our results thus confirm the crucial role of JAM-A in PMN transmigration but demonstrate that transmigration is not essential for other aspects of inflammation or for lung injury in ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya P Lakshmi
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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15
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Kim TH, Chow YH, Gill SE, Schnapp LM. Effect of insulin-like growth factor blockade on hyperoxia-induced lung injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 47:372-8. [PMID: 22493012 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0085oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 is increased in different models of acute lung injury, and is an important determinant of survival and proliferation in many cells. We previously demonstrated that treatment of mice with IGF-1 receptor-blocking antibody (A12) improved early survival in bleomycin-induced lung injury. We have now examined whether administration of A12 improved markers of lung injury in hyperoxia model of lung injury. C57BL/6 mice underwent intraperitoneal administration of A12 or control antibody (keyhole limpet hemocyanin [KLH]), then were exposed to 95% hyperoxia for 88-90 hours. Mice were killed and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and lung tissue were obtained for analysis. Hyperoxia caused a significant increase in IGF levels in BAL and lung lysates. Peripheral blood neutrophils expressed IGF-1R at baseline and after hyperoxia. BAL neutrophils from hyperoxia-treated mice and patients with acute lung injury also expressed cell surface IGF-1R. A12-treated mice had significantly decreased polymorphonuclear cell (PMN) count in BAL compared with KLH control mice (P = 0.02). BAL from A12-treated mice demonstrated decreased PMN chemotactic activity compared with BAL from KLH-treated mice. Pretreatment of PMNs with A12 decreased their chemotactic response to BAL from hyperoxia-exposed mice. Furthermore, IGF-1 induced a dose-dependent chemotaxis of PMNs. There were no differences in other chemotactic cytokines in BAL, including CXCL1 and CXCL2. In summary, IGF blockade decreased PMN recruitment to the alveolar space in a mouse model of hyperoxia. Furthermore, the decrease in BAL PMNs was at least partially due to a direct effect of A12 on PMN chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hyung Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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16
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Targeted endothelial delivery of nanosized catalase immunoconjugates protects lung grafts donated after cardiac death. Transplantation 2011; 92:380-7. [PMID: 21778930 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e318226bc6b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Donor organ shortage represents a major problem in lung transplantation. Donation after cardiac death could help to expand the pool of organs, but the additional period of warm ischemia after cardiac arrest aggravates primary graft dysfunction. The pulmonary endothelium of the graft constitutes an important source and target of reactive oxygen species generated during ischemia and reperfusion. Targeted protection of graft pulmonary endothelial cells by the antioxidant enzyme catalase, conjugated with a platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) antibody to nanosized particles (anti-PECAM/catalase conjugates), might improve outcome in lung transplantation using donors after cardiac death and prolonged hypothermic preservation. METHODS Left lung transplantation was performed in 18 pigs. Before cardiac arrest, donors received anti-PECAM/catalase, unconjugated component mixture or vehicle solution. After 90-min warm and 18-hr hypothermic ischemia, lungs were transplanted, and function was assessed during 6 hr after reperfusion. Samples of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung tissue were taken thereafter. Six sham-operated animals served as controls. RESULTS During 6-hr reperfusion, anti-PECAM/catalase significantly ameliorated graft function, evidenced by major improvements of gas exchange and reduced intrapulmonary shunt fraction. Furthermore, lipid peroxidation, alveolar leakage, and edema formation were reduced in protected grafts. Similarly moderate lung pathology was seen after transplantation. CONCLUSIONS Augmentation of the antioxidant capacity of graft pulmonary endothelial cells with anti-PECAM/catalase nanoparticles represents a straightforward approach to enable a safe transplantation of prolonged preserved donation after cardiac death lungs. Anti-PECAM/catalase protection alleviated oxidative stress and allowed immediate reconstitution of normal gas exchange and pulmonary microcirculation, a prerequisite for improved graft and patient outcome.
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Ngamsri KC, Wagner R, Vollmer I, Stark S, Reutershan J. Adenosine Receptor A1 Regulates Polymorphonuclear Cell Trafficking and Microvascular Permeability in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Lung Injury. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:4374-84. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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van der Windt GJW, Schouten M, Zeerleder S, Florquin S, van der Poll T. CD44 is protective during hyperoxia-induced lung injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 44:377-83. [PMID: 20463290 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0158oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with acute lung injury or respiratory distress syndrome often require supplemental oxygen to maintain tissue oxygenation; however, this treatment can cause or worsen lung inflammation. CD44 is a transmembrane adhesion molecule that is present on a wide variety of cell types, including leukocytes and parenchymal cells, and is an important player in leukocyte trafficking. The aim of this study was to determine the role of CD44 during hyperoxia-induced (> 95% oxygen) acute lung injury. Whereas all wild-type mice survived the 72-hour observation period, 37.5% of CD44 knockout (KO) mice died. CD44 deficiency was associated with a profound influx of neutrophils into the bronchoalveolar space, in the presence of similar or even lower neutrophil numbers in lung parenchyma, suggesting that CD44 is important for containing neutrophils in the pulmonary interstitium during hyperoxia. In addition, CD44 deficiency resulted in increased IL-6 and keratinocyte-derived chemokine release into bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). CD44 KO mice further displayed evidence for increased vascular leak and injury of type II respiratory epithelial cells. CD44 protected against bronchial epithelial cell death, as shown by increased epithelial cell necrosis and a trend toward increased BALF nucleosome levels in CD44 KO mice. CD44 can bind and internalize hyaluronic acid (HA), which acts proinflammatory. Concentrations of HA increased in BALF from CD44 KO but not wild-type mice during hyperoxia. These data suggest that CD44 protects against hyperoxia-induced lung injury and mortality by a mechanism that at least in part relies on its ability to clear HA from the bronchoalveolar space.
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19
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Johansson E, Wesselkamper SC, Shertzer HG, Leikauf GD, Dalton TP, Chen Y. Glutathione deficient C57BL/6J mice are not sensitized to ozone-induced lung injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 396:407-12. [PMID: 20417186 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.04.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study we examined the role of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) in pulmonary susceptibility to ozone toxicity, utilizing GSH deficient C57BL/6J mice that lack the expression of glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit (GCLM). Gclm(-/-) knockout mice had 70% GSH depletion in the lung. Gclm(+/+) wild-type and Gclm(-/-) mice were exposed to either 0.3 ppm ozone or filtered air for 48h. Ozone-induced lung hyperpermeability, as measured by total protein concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, was surprisingly lower in Gclm(-/-) mice than in wild-type mice. Lung hyperpermeability did not correlate with the degree of neutrophilia or with inflammatory gene expression. Pulmonary antioxidant response to ozone, assessed by increased mRNA levels of metallothionein 1 and 2, alpha-tocopherol transporter protein, and solute carrier family 23 member 2 (sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter) was greater in Gclm(-/-) mice than in Gclm(+/+) mice. These results suggest that compensatory augmentation of antioxidant defenses in Gclm(-/-) mice may confer increased resistance to ozone-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Johansson
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, USA.
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20
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Rose MJ, Stenger MR, Joshi MS, Welty SE, Bauer JA, Nelin LD. Inhaled nitric oxide decreases leukocyte trafficking in the neonatal mouse lung during exposure to >95% oxygen. Pediatr Res 2010; 67:244-9. [PMID: 19915514 PMCID: PMC2829761 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181ca0d93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lung injury in the neonate is termed bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). These patients generally require supplemental oxygen therapy, and hyperoxia has been implicated in the pathogenesis of BPD. The concomitant use of oxygen and inhaled NO (iNO) may result in the generation of reactive nitrogen species or may have an anti-inflammatory effect in the neonatal lung. We tested the hypothesis that exposure to >95% O2 in neonatal mice would increase trafficking of leukocytes into the lung and that the addition of iNO to >95% O2 would decrease this leukocyte trafficking. Hyperoxia resulted in fewer alveoli, increased presence of neutrophils and macrophages, and decreased number of mast cells within the lung parenchyma. Adding iNO to hyperoxia prevented the hyperoxia-induced changes and resulted in the numbers of alveoli, neutrophils, macrophages, and mast cells approximating those found in controls (room air exposure). Intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), two factors responsible for leukocyte recruitment, were up-regulated by hyperoxic exposure, but the addition of iNO to the hyperoxic exposure prevented the hyperoxia-induced up-regulation of ICAM and MCP-1. These data demonstrate that iNO alters the hyperoxia-induced recruitment of leukocytes into the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Rose
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA
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21
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Hickey MM, Richardson T, Wang T, Mosqueira M, Arguiri E, Yu H, Yu QC, Solomides CC, Morrisey EE, Khurana TS, Christofidou-Solomidou M, Simon MC. The von Hippel-Lindau Chuvash mutation promotes pulmonary hypertension and fibrosis in mice. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:827-39. [PMID: 20197624 DOI: 10.1172/jci36362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor protein at codon 200 (R200W) is associated with a disease known as Chuvash polycythemia. In addition to polycythemia, Chuvash patients have pulmonary hypertension and increased respiratory rates, although the pathophysiological basis of these symptoms is unclear. Here we sought to address this issue by studying mice homozygous for the R200W Vhl mutation (VhlR/R mice) as a model for Chuvash disease. These mice developed pulmonary hypertension independently of polycythemia and enhanced normoxic respiration similar to Chuvash patients, further validating VhlR/R mice as a model for Chuvash disease. Lungs from VhlR/R mice exhibited pulmonary vascular remodeling, hemorrhage, edema, and macrophage infiltration, and lungs from older mice also exhibited fibrosis. HIF-2alpha activity was increased in lungs from VhlR/R mice, and heterozygosity for Hif2a, but not Hif1a, genetically suppressed both the polycythemia and pulmonary hypertension in the VhlR/R mice. Furthermore, Hif2a heterozygosity resulted in partial protection against vascular remodeling, hemorrhage, and edema, but not inflammation, in VhlR/R lungs, suggesting a selective role for HIF-2alpha in the pulmonary pathology and thereby providing insight into the mechanisms underlying pulmonary hypertension. These findings strongly support a dependency of the Chuvash phenotype on HIF-2alpha and suggest potential treatments for Chuvash patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele M Hickey
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
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22
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Jiang-Shieh YF, Chien HF, Chang CY, Wei TS, Chiu MM, Chen HM, Wu CH. Distribution and expression of CD200 in the rat respiratory system under normal and endotoxin-induced pathological conditions. J Anat 2010; 216:407-16. [PMID: 20070425 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo and in vitro studies have clearly demonstrated that signaling mediated by the interaction of CD200 and its cognate receptor, CD200R, results in an attenuation of inflammatory or autoimmune responses through multiple mechanisms. The present results have shown a differential expression of CD200 in the respiratory tract of intact rats. Along the respiratory passage, CD200 was specifically distributed at the bronchiolar epithelia with intense CD200 immunoreactivity localized at the apical surface of some ciliated epithelial cells; only a limited expression was detected on the Clara cells extending into the alveolar duct. In the alveolar septum, double immunofluorescence showed intense CD200 immunolabeling on the capillary endothelia. A moderate CD200 labeling was observed on the alveolar type II epithelial cells. It was, however, absent in the alveolar type I epithelial cells and the alveolar macrophages. Immunoelectron microscopic study has revealed a specific distribution of CD200 on the luminal front of the thin portion of alveolar endothelia. During endotoxemia, the injured lungs showed a dose- and time-dependent decline of CD200 expression accompanied by a vigorous infiltration of immune cells, some of them expressing ionized calcium binding adapter protein 1 or CD200. Ultrastructural examination further showed that the marked reduction of CD200 expression was mainly attributable to the loss of alveolar endothelial CD200. It is therefore suggested that CD200 expressed by different lung cells may play diverse roles in immune homeostasis of normal lung, in particular, the molecules on alveolar endothelia that may control regular recruitment of immune cells via CD200-CD200R interaction. Additionally, it may contribute to intense infiltration of immune cells following the loss or inefficiency of CD200 under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Fen Jiang-Shieh
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Perng WC, Huang KL, Li MH, Hsu CW, Tsai SH, Chu SJ, Chang DM. Glutamine attenuates hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury in mice. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2010; 37:56-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2009.05239.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Aggarwal NR, D'Alessio FR, Tsushima K, Files DC, Damarla M, Sidhaye VK, Fraig MM, Polotsky VY, King LS. Moderate oxygen augments lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009; 298:L371-81. [PMID: 20034961 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00308.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the associated morbidity and mortality, underlying mechanisms leading to the development of acute lung injury (ALI) remain incompletely understood. Frequently, ALI develops in the hospital, coinciding with institution of various therapies, including the use of supplemental oxygen. Although pathological evidence of hyperoxia-induced ALI in humans has yet to be proven, animal studies involving high oxygen concentration reproducibly induce ALI. The potentially injurious role of lower and presumably safer oxygen concentrations has not been well characterized in any species. We hypothesized that in the setting of a preexisting insult to the lung, the addition of moderate-range oxygen can augment lung injury. Our model of low-dose intratracheal LPS (IT LPS) followed by 60% oxygen caused a significant increase in ALI compared with LPS or oxygen alone with increased alveolar neutrophils, histological injury, and epithelial barrier permeability. In the LPS plus oxygen group, regulatory T cell number was reduced, and macrophage activation markers were increased, compared with LPS alone. Antibody-mediated depletion of neutrophils significantly abrogated the observed lung injury for all measured factors. The enhanced presence of alveolar neutrophils in the setting of LPS and oxygen is due, at least in part, to elevated chemokine gradients signaling neutrophils to the alveolar space. We believe these results strongly support an effect of lower concentrations of oxygen to augment the severity of a mild preexisting lung injury and warrants further investigation in both animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil R Aggarwal
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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25
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Shuvaev VV, Christofidou-Solomidou M, Bhora F, Laude K, Cai H, Dikalov S, Arguiri E, Solomides CC, Albelda SM, Harrison DG, Muzykantov VR. Targeted detoxification of selected reactive oxygen species in the vascular endothelium. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 331:404-11. [PMID: 19692634 PMCID: PMC2775262 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.156877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress underlies diverse vascular diseases, but its management remains elusive, in part because of our inability to selectively detoxify reactive oxygen species (ROS) in pathological sites and our limited understanding which species need to be eliminated. The antioxidant enzymes (AOEs) superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (which decompose and H(2)O(2), respectively), conjugated with an antibody to platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1), bind to endothelial cells and alleviate oxidative stress in cell culture models. Here, we studied the effects of these antioxidant conjugates in mouse models of vascular oxidative stress. Anti-PECAM/catalase and anti-PECAM/SOD conjugates, in contrast to control IgG/AOE conjugates, accumulated in the lungs and vascularized organs after intravenous injection in wild-type, but not PECAM KO mice. Anti-PECAM/catalase, but not anti-PECAM/SOD, protected mice from lung injury induced by H(2)O(2) produced by glucose oxidase deposited in the pulmonary vasculature. Anti-PECAM/catalase also reduced alveolar edema and attenuated decline in arterial oxygen in mice that underwent unilateral lung ischemia/reperfusion, whereas anti-PECAM/SOD was not effective, implying the key role of H(2)O(2) in tissue damage in this pathology. In contrast, anti-PECAM/SOD, but not anti-PECAM/catalase prevented oxidation of tetrahydrobiopterin and normalized vasoreactivity in the vessels of mice rendered hypertensive by pretreatment with angiotensin-II. This outcome agrees with reports implicating superoxide and peroxynitrite in altered endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in hypertension. Therefore, the use of endothelial cell-targeted antioxidants identifies the key specific species of ROS involved in various forms of vascular disease and holds promise for the mechanistically tailored treatment of these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V Shuvaev
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6068, USA
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Looney MR, Nguyen JX, Hu Y, Van Ziffle JA, Lowell CA, Matthay MA. Platelet depletion and aspirin treatment protect mice in a two-event model of transfusion-related acute lung injury. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:3450-61. [PMID: 19809160 DOI: 10.1172/jci38432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is the leading cause of transfusion-associated mortality in the US. Previously, we established an immune-mediated TRALI mouse model, wherein mice with cognate antigen were challenged with MHC class I mAb. In this study, when mice housed in a rodent, specific pathogen-free barrier room were challenged with MHC I mAb, there was significant protection from TRALI compared with nonbarrier mice. Priming mice with LPS restored lung injury with mAb challenge. Using TLR4-deficient bone marrow chimeras, the priming phenotype was restricted to animals with WT hematopoietic cells, and depletion of either neutrophils or platelets was protective. Both neutrophils and platelets were sequestered in the lungs of mice with TRALI, and retention of platelets was neutrophil dependent. Interestingly, treatment with aspirin prevented lung injury and mortality, but blocking the P selectin or CD11b/CD18 pathways did not. These data suggest a 2-step mechanism of TRALI: priming of hematopoietic cells, followed by vascular deposition of activated neutrophils and platelets that then mediate the severe lung injury. Furthermore, our data offer an explanation for the increased incidence of TRALI in patients with immune priming conditions, and we suggest what we believe to be a novel therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Looney
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California 94143-0130, USA.
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van Zoelen MAD, Florquin S, de Beer R, Pater JM, Verstege MI, Meijers JCM, van der Poll T. Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor-deficient mice demonstrate reduced hyperoxia-induced lung injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 174:2182-9. [PMID: 19435793 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Patients with respiratory failure often require supplemental oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation. Although both supportive measures are necessary to guarantee adequate oxygen uptake, they can also cause or worsen lung inflammation and injury. Hyperoxia-induced lung injury is characterized by neutrophil infiltration into the lungs. The urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) has been deemed important for leukocyte trafficking. To determine the expression and function of neutrophil uPAR during hyperoxia-induced lung injury, uPAR expression was determined on pulmonary neutrophils of mice exposed to hyperoxia. Hyperoxia exposure (O2>80%) for 4 days elicited a pulmonary inflammatory response as reflected by a profound rise in the number of neutrophils that were recovered from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung cell suspensions, as well as increased bronchoalveolar keratinocyte-derived chemokine, interleukin-6, total protein, and alkaline phosphatase levels. In addition, hyperoxia induced the migration of uPAR-positive granulocytes into lungs from wild-type mice compared with healthy control mice (exposed to room air). uPAR deficiency was associated with diminished neutrophil influx into both lung tissues and bronchoalveolar spaces, which was accompanied by a strong reduction in lung injury. Furthermore, in uPAR(-/-) mice, activation of coagulation was diminished. These data suggest that uPAR plays a detrimental role in hyperoxia-induced lung injury and that uPAR deficiency is associated with diminished neutrophil influx into both lung tissues and bronchoalveolar spaces, accompanied by decreased pulmonary injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke A D van Zoelen
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), G2-130, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam.
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Simone E, Ding BS, Muzykantov V. Targeted delivery of therapeutics to endothelium. Cell Tissue Res 2008; 335:283-300. [PMID: 18815813 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-008-0676-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The endothelium is a target for therapeutic and diagnostic interventions in a plethora of human disease conditions including ischemia, inflammation, edema, oxidative stress, thrombosis and hemorrhage, and metabolic and oncological diseases. Unfortunately, drugs have no affinity to the endothelium, thereby limiting the localization, timing, specificity, safety, and effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. Molecular determinants on the surface of resting and pathologically altered endothelial cells, including cell adhesion molecules, peptidases, and receptors involved in endocytosis, can be used for drug delivery to the endothelial surface and into intracellular compartments. Drug delivery platforms such as protein conjugates, recombinant fusion constructs, targeted liposomes, and stealth polymer carriers have been designed to target drugs and imaging agents to these determinants. We review endothelial target determinants and drug delivery systems, describe parameters that control the binding of drug carriers to the endothelium, and provide examples of the endothelial targeting of therapeutic enzymes designed for the treatment of acute vascular disorders including ischemia, oxidative stress, inflammation, and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Simone
- Department of Bioengineering, Program in Targeted Therapeutics of Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Eckle T, Füllbier L, Grenz A, Eltzschig HK. Usefulness of pressure-controlled ventilation at high inspiratory pressures to induce acute lung injury in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 295:L718-24. [PMID: 18708630 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90298.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI), as occurs with prolonged mechanical ventilation, contributes to morbidity and mortality of critical illness, and studies on novel genetic or pharmacological targets are areas of intense investigation. Here, we systematically tested a murine model of ALI by using pressure-controlled ventilation to induce ventilator-induced lung injury. For this purpose, C57BL/6 or Sv129 mice were anesthetized and underwent tracheotomy followed by induction of ALI via mechanical ventilation. Mice were ventilated in a pressure-controlled setting at different inspiratory pressure levels (15-45 mbar) and over different times (0-90 min, 100% oxygen). As outcome parameters, we assessed pulmonary edema (wet-to-dry ratios), bronchoalveolar fluid albumin content, pulmonary myeloperoxidase activity, macrophage inflammatory protein-2, and pulmonary gas exchange. These studies revealed maximal differences in severity of lung injury between different mouse strains after 90 min of ventilation time at 45 mbar. Use of lower concentrations of inspired oxygen did not alter disease severity. Increases of CD73 transcript (5'-ectonucleotidase, pacemaker of extracellular adenosine production) or total pulmonary adenosine levels with mechanical ventilation were less pronounced in C57BL/6 mice, suggesting attenuated adenosine protection in C57BL/6 mice. Together, these studies demonstrate feasibility of this model to induce murine ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Eckle
- University of Colorado Denver Dept. of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Since pulmonary edema from increased endothelial permeability is the hallmark of acute lung injury, a frequently encountered entity in critical care medicine, the study of endothelial responses in this setting is crucial to the development of effective endothelial-targeted treatments. RECENT FINDINGS From the enormous amount of research in the field of endothelial pathophysiology, we have focused on work delineating endothelial alterations elicited by noxious stimuli implicated in acute lung injury. The bulk of the material covered deals with molecular and cellular aspects of the pathogenesis, reflecting current trends in the published literature. We initially discuss pathways of endothelial dysfunction in acute lung injury and then cover the mechanisms of endothelial protection. Several experimental treatments in animal models are presented, which aid in the understanding of the disease pathogenesis and provide evidence for potentially useful therapies. SUMMARY Mechanistic studies have delivered several interventions, which are effective in preventing and treating experimental acute lung injury and have thus provided objectives for translational studies. Some of these modalities may evolve into clinically useful tools in the treatment of this devastating illness.
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RhoA activation and actin reorganization involved in endothelial CAM-mediated endocytosis of anti-PECAM carriers: critical role for tyrosine 686 in the cytoplasmic tail of PECAM-1. Blood 2008; 111:3024-33. [PMID: 18182571 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-06-098657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1), a transmembrane glycoprotein involved in leukocyte transmigration, represents a good target for endothelial drug delivery (eg, using antibody-directed nanocarriers, anti-PECAM/NCs). Although endothelial cells do not internalize PECAM antibodies, PECAM-1 engagement by multivalent anti-PECAM conjugates and nanocarriers causes endocytosis via a nonclassic CAM-mediated pathway. We found that endothelial uptake of multivalent anti-PECAM complexes is associated with PECAM-1 phosphorylation. Using model REN cells expressing a series of PECAM-1 deletion and point mutants, we found that the PECAM-1 cytoplasmic domain and, more precisely, PECAM-1 tyrosine 686, is critical in mediating RhoA activation and recruitment of EGFP-RhoA to anti-PECAM/NC binding sites at the plasmalemma, actin polymerization into phalloidin-positive stress fibers, and finally CAM endocytosis of anti-PECAM/NCs. Endothelial targeting and endocytosis of anti-PECAM/NCs were markedly efficient and did not compromise endothelial barrier function in vitro (determined by immunostaining of VE-cadherin and (125)I-albumin transport across endothelial monolayers) or in vivo (determined by electron microscopy imaging of pulmonary capillaries and (125)I-albumin transport from the blood into the lung tissue after intravenous injection of anti-PECAM/NCs in mice). These results reveal PECAM-1 signaling and interactions with the cytoskeleton, which are required for CAM-endocytosis, and may provide safe intra-endothelial drug delivery by anti-PECAM/NCs.
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Woodfin A, Voisin MB, Nourshargh S. PECAM-1: a multi-functional molecule in inflammation and vascular biology. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:2514-23. [PMID: 17872453 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.107.151456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1 or CD31) is a molecule expressed on all cells within the vascular compartment, being expressed to different degrees on most leukocyte sub-types, platelets, and on endothelial cells where its expression is largely concentrated at junctions between adjacent cells. As well as exhibiting adhesive properties, PECAM-1 is an efficient signaling molecule and is now known to have diverse roles in vascular biology including roles in angiogenesis, platelet function, and thrombosis, mechanosensing of endothelial cell response to fluid shear stress, and regulation of multiple stages of leukocyte migration through venular walls. This review will focus on some new developments with respect to the role of PECAM-1 in inflammation and vascular biology, highlighting the emerging complexities associated with the functions of this unique molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Woodfin
- Centre for Microvascular Research, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London, Queen Mary College, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
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Shuvaev VV, Christofidou-Solomidou M, Scherpereel A, Simone E, Arguiri E, Tliba S, Pick J, Kennel S, Albelda SM, Muzykantov VR. Factors modulating the delivery and effect of enzymatic cargo conjugated with antibodies targeted to the pulmonary endothelium. J Control Release 2007; 118:235-44. [PMID: 17270308 PMCID: PMC1855632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2006] [Revised: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Vascular drug targeting may improve therapies, yet a thorough understanding of the factors that regulate effects of drugs directed to the endothelium is needed to translate this approach into the clinical domain. To define factors modulating the efficacy and effects of endothelial targeting, we used a model enzyme (glucose oxidase, GOX) coupled with monoclonal antibodies (anti-TM(34) or anti-TM(201)) to distinct epitopes of thrombomodulin, a surface determinant enriched in the pulmonary endothelium. GOX delivery results in conversion of glucose and oxygen into H(2)O(2) leading to lung damage, a clear physiologic endpoint. Results of in vivo studies in mice showed that the efficiency of cargo delivery and its effect are influenced by a number of factors including: 1) The level of pulmonary uptake of the targeting antibody (anti-TM(201) was more efficient than anti-TM(34)); 2) The amount of an active drug delivered to the target; 3) The amount of target antigen on the endothelium (animals with suppressed TM levels showed less targeting); and, 4) The substrate availability for the enzyme cargo in the target tissue (hyperoxia augmented GOX-induced injury). Therefore, both activities of the conjugates and biological factors control targeting and effects of enzymatic cargo. Understanding the nature of such "modulating biological factors" will hopefully allow optimization and ultimately applications of drug targeting for "individualized" pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V. Shuvaev
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Melpo Christofidou-Solomidou
- Pulmonary Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Arnaud Scherpereel
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- INSERM U774, Institute Pasteur de Lille, France
| | - Eric Simone
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Evguenia Arguiri
- Pulmonary Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Samira Tliba
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jeremy Pick
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Stephen Kennel
- University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37920, USA
| | - Steven M. Albelda
- Pulmonary Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Vladimir R. Muzykantov
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Program in Targeted Therapeutics, Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Corresponding author. Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, 1 John Morgan Building, 36 Street and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6068. Phone: 215-898-9823, FAX: 215-898-0868, e-mail address:
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