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Baguma-Nibasheka M, Kablar B. Mechanics of Lung Development. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, AND CELL BIOLOGY 2023; 236:131-150. [PMID: 37955774 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-38215-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
We summarize how skeletal muscle and lung developmental biology fields have been bridged to benefit from mouse genetic engineering technologies and to explore the role of fetal breathing-like movements (FBMs) in lung development, by using skeletal muscle-specific mutant mice. It has been known for a long time that FBMs are essential for the lung to develop properly. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms transducing the mechanical forces of muscular activity into specific genetic programs that propel lung morphogenesis (development of the shape, form and size of the lung, its airways, and gas exchange surface) as well as its differentiation (acquisition of specialized cell structural and functional features from their progenitor cells) are only starting to be revealed. This chapter is a brief synopsis of the cumulative findings from that ongoing quest. An update on and the rationale for our recent International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC) search is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Baguma-Nibasheka
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
| | - Boris Kablar
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Anatomy and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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2
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Hamvas A, Feng R, Bi Y, Wang F, Bhattacharya S, Mereness J, Kaushal M, Cotten CM, Ballard PL, Mariani TJ. Exome sequencing identifies gene variants and networks associated with extreme respiratory outcomes following preterm birth. BMC Genet 2018; 19:94. [PMID: 30342483 PMCID: PMC6195962 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-018-0679-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have identified genetic variants associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in extremely preterm infants. However, findings with genome-wide significance have been rare, and not replicated. We hypothesized that whole exome sequencing (WES) of premature subjects with extremely divergent phenotypic outcomes could facilitate the identification of genetic variants or gene networks contributing disease risk. Results The Prematurity and Respiratory Outcomes Program (PROP) recruited a cohort of > 765 extremely preterm infants for the identification of markers of respiratory morbidity. We completed WES on 146 PROP subjects (85 affected, 61 unaffected) representing extreme phenotypes of early respiratory morbidity. We tested for association between disease status and individual common variants, screened for rare variants exclusive to either affected or unaffected subjects, and tested the combined association of variants across gene loci. Pathway analysis was performed and disease-related expression patterns were assessed. Marginal association with BPD was observed for numerous common and rare variants. We identified 345 genes with variants unique to BPD-affected preterm subjects, and 292 genes with variants unique to our unaffected preterm subjects. Of these unique variants, 28 (19 in the affected cohort and 9 in unaffected cohort) replicate a prior WES study of BPD-associated variants. Pathway analysis of sets of variants, informed by disease-related gene expression, implicated protein kinase A, MAPK and Neuregulin/epidermal growth factor receptor signaling. Conclusions We identified novel genes and associated pathways that may play an important role in susceptibility/resilience for the development of lung disease in preterm infants. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12863-018-0679-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Hamvas
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Rui Feng
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yingtao Bi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Jared Mereness
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Madhurima Kaushal
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Philip L Ballard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas J Mariani
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA. .,Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Molecular and Personalized Medicine Program University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 850, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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Long-term endurance running activity causes pulmonary changes depending on the receptor for advanced glycation end-products. Pflugers Arch 2018; 470:1543-1553. [PMID: 29982950 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2175-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) is an immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecule predominantly expressed in the lung, but its pulmonary importance is incompletely understood. Since RAGE alters the respiratory mechanics, which is also challenged by endurance running activity, we studied the RAGE-dependent effect of higher running activity on selected lung parameters in a long-term animal model using wild-type (WT) and RAGE knockout (RAGE-KO) mice. Higher long-term running activity of mice was ensured by providing a running wheel for 8 months. Recording the running activity revealed that RAGE-KO mice are more active than WT mice. RAGE-KO caused an increased lung compliance which additionally increased after long-term running activity with minor limitation of the expiratory flow, whereas the respiratory mechanics of WT mice remained constant. Although RAGE-KO mice had a less dense alveolar-capillary barrier for immune cells, higher long-term running activity led only in WT mice to more leukocyte infiltrations in the lung tissue and aggregations of lymphoid cells in the airways. In this regard, WT mice of the activity group were also more sensitive to ventilation-mediated airway damages. In contrast to RAGE-KO mice of the activity group, lungs of WT mice did not show an increase in the cAMP response element-binding protein, a transcription factor regulating many pro-survival genes. Our findings suggest an important role of RAGE in the physical capability due to its effect on the lung compliance as well as RAGE as a mediator of airway damages caused by higher long-term running activity.
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Remoli C, Michienzi S, Sacchetti B, Consiglio AD, Cersosimo S, Spica E, Robey PG, Holmbeck K, Cumano A, Boyde A, Davis G, Saggio I, Riminucci M, Bianco P. Osteoblast-specific expression of the fibrous dysplasia (FD)-causing mutation Gsα(R201C) produces a high bone mass phenotype but does not reproduce FD in the mouse. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:1030-43. [PMID: 25487351 PMCID: PMC5526456 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported the generation and initial characterization of the first direct model of human fibrous dysplasia (FD; OMIM #174800), obtained through the constitutive systemic expression of one of the disease-causing mutations, Gsα(R201C) , in the mouse. To define the specific pathogenetic role(s) of individual cell types within the stromal/osteogenic system in FD, we generated mice expressing Gsα(R201C) selectively in mature osteoblasts using the 2.3kb Col1a1 promoter. We show here that this results in a striking high bone mass phenotype but not in a mimicry of human FD. The high bone mass phenotype involves specifically a deforming excess of cortical bone and prolonged and ectopic cortical bone remodeling. Expression of genes characteristic of late stages of bone cell differentiation/maturation is profoundly altered as a result of expression of Gsα(R201C) in osteoblasts, and expression of the Wnt inhibitor Sost is reduced. Although high bone mass is, in fact, a feature of some types/stages of FD lesions in humans, it is marrow fibrosis, localized loss of adipocytes and hematopoietic tissue, osteomalacia, and osteolytic changes that together represent the characteristic pathological profile of FD, as well as the sources of specific morbidity. None of these features are reproduced in mice with osteoblast-specific expression of Gsα(R201C) . We further show that hematopoietic progenitor/stem cells, as well as more mature cell compartments, and adipocyte development are normal in these mice. These data demonstrate that effects of Gsα mutations underpinning FD-defining tissue changes and morbidity do not reflect the effects of the mutations on osteoblasts proper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Remoli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Michienzi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Stefania Cersosimo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Spica
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Pamela G Robey
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenn Holmbeck
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ana Cumano
- Lymphopoiesis Unit, INSERM, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Alan Boyde
- Dental Physical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Graham Davis
- Dental Physical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Isabella Saggio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, and IBPM CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Mara Riminucci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Bianco
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Nayak PS, Wang Y, Najrana T, Priolo LM, Rios M, Shaw SK, Sanchez-Esteban J. Mechanotransduction via TRPV4 regulates inflammation and differentiation in fetal mouse distal lung epithelial cells. Respir Res 2015; 16:60. [PMID: 26006045 PMCID: PMC4446903 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-015-0224-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mechanical ventilation plays a central role in the injury of premature lungs. However, the mechanisms by which mechanical signals trigger an inflammatory cascade to promote lung injury are not well-characterized. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4), a calcium-permeable mechanoreceptor channel has been shown to be a major determinant of ventilator-induced acute lung injury in adult models. However, the role of these channels as modulators of inflammation in immature lungs is unknown. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that TRPV4 channels are important mechanotransducers in fetal lung injury. Methods Expression of TRPV4 in the mouse fetal lung was investigated by immunohistochemistry, Western blot and qRT-PCR. Isolated fetal epithelial cells were exposed to mechanical stimulation using the Flexcell Strain Unit and inflammation and differentiation were analyzed by ELISA and SP-C mRNA, respectively. Results TRPV4 is developmentally regulated in the fetal mouse lung; it is expressed in the lung epithelium and increases with advanced gestation. In contrast, in isolated epithelial cells, TRPV4 expression is maximal at E17-E18 of gestation. Mechanical stretch increases TRPV4 in isolated fetal epithelial cells only during the canalicular stage of lung development. Using the TRPV4 agonist GSK1016790A, the antagonist HC-067047, and the cytokine IL-6 as a marker of inflammation, we observed that TRPV4 regulates release of IL-6 via p38 and ERK pathways. Interestingly, stretch-induced differentiation of fetal epithelial cells was also modulated by TRPV4. Conclusion These studies demonstrate that TRPV4 may play an important role in the transduction of mechanical signals in the fetal lung epithelium by modulating not only inflammation but also the differentiation of fetal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritha S Nayak
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 101 Dudley Street, Providence, RI, 02905, USA.
| | - Yulian Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 101 Dudley Street, Providence, RI, 02905, USA.
| | - Tanbir Najrana
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 101 Dudley Street, Providence, RI, 02905, USA.
| | - Lauren M Priolo
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 101 Dudley Street, Providence, RI, 02905, USA.
| | - Mayra Rios
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 101 Dudley Street, Providence, RI, 02905, USA.
| | - Sunil K Shaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 101 Dudley Street, Providence, RI, 02905, USA.
| | - Juan Sanchez-Esteban
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 101 Dudley Street, Providence, RI, 02905, USA.
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Abstract
Articular cartilage is a unique load-bearing connective tissue with a low intrinsic capacity for repair and regeneration. Its avascularity makes it relatively hypoxic and its unique extracellular matrix is enriched with cations, which increases the interstitial fluid osmolarity. Several physicochemical and biomechanical stimuli are reported to influence chondrocyte metabolism and may be utilized for regenerative medical approaches. In this review article, we summarize the most relevant stimuli and describe how ion channels may contribute to cartilage homeostasis, with special emphasis on intracellular signaling pathways. We specifically focus on the role of calcium signaling as an essential mechanotransduction component and highlight the role of phosphatase signaling in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Jahr
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- The D-BOARD European Consortium for Biomarker Discovery, Surrey, UK
| | - Csaba Matta
- The D-BOARD European Consortium for Biomarker Discovery, Surrey, UK
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Duke of Kent Building, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH UK
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032 Hungary
| | - Ali Mobasheri
- The D-BOARD European Consortium for Biomarker Discovery, Surrey, UK
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Duke of Kent Building, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH UK
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Arthritis Research UK Pain Centre, Medical Research Council and Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH UK
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Fahd Medical Research Center (KFMRC), King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Plosa EJ, Young LR, Gulleman PM, Polosukhin VV, Zaynagetdinov R, Benjamin JT, Im AM, van der Meer R, Gleaves LA, Bulus N, Han W, Prince LS, Blackwell TS, Zent R. Epithelial β1 integrin is required for lung branching morphogenesis and alveolarization. Development 2014; 141:4751-62. [PMID: 25395457 PMCID: PMC4299273 DOI: 10.1242/dev.117200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Integrin-dependent interactions between cells and extracellular matrix regulate lung development; however, specific roles for β1-containing integrins in individual cell types, including epithelial cells, remain incompletely understood. In this study, the functional importance of β1 integrin in lung epithelium during mouse lung development was investigated by deleting the integrin from E10.5 onwards using surfactant protein C promoter-driven Cre. These mutant mice appeared normal at birth but failed to gain weight appropriately and died by 4 months of age with severe hypoxemia. Defects in airway branching morphogenesis in association with impaired epithelial cell adhesion and migration, as well as alveolarization defects and persistent macrophage-mediated inflammation were identified. Using an inducible system to delete β1 integrin after completion of airway branching, we showed that alveolarization defects, characterized by disrupted secondary septation, abnormal alveolar epithelial cell differentiation, excessive collagen I and elastin deposition, and hypercellularity of the mesenchyme occurred independently of airway branching defects. By depleting macrophages using liposomal clodronate, we found that alveolarization defects were secondary to persistent alveolar inflammation. β1 integrin-deficient alveolar epithelial cells produced excessive monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and reactive oxygen species, suggesting a direct role for β1 integrin in regulating alveolar homeostasis. Taken together, these studies define distinct functions of epithelial β1 integrin during both early and late lung development that affect airway branching morphogenesis, epithelial cell differentiation, alveolar septation and regulation of alveolar homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin J Plosa
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lisa R Young
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Peter M Gulleman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Vasiliy V Polosukhin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rinat Zaynagetdinov
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - John T Benjamin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Amanda M Im
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Riet van der Meer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Linda A Gleaves
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Nada Bulus
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lawrence S Prince
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92103, USA
| | - Timothy S Blackwell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Roy Zent
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Bilal E, Sakellaropoulos T, Melas IN, Messinis DE, Belcastro V, Rhrissorrakrai K, Meyer P, Norel R, Iskandar A, Blaese E, Rice JJ, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J, Stolovitzky G, Alexopoulos LG, Poussin C. A crowd-sourcing approach for the construction of species-specific cell signaling networks. Bioinformatics 2014; 31:484-91. [PMID: 25294919 PMCID: PMC4325542 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btu659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation: Animal models are important tools in drug discovery and for understanding human biology in general. However, many drugs that initially show promising results in rodents fail in later stages of clinical trials. Understanding the commonalities and differences between human and rat cell signaling networks can lead to better experimental designs, improved allocation of resources and ultimately better drugs. Results: The sbv IMPROVER Species-Specific Network Inference challenge was designed to use the power of the crowds to build two species-specific cell signaling networks given phosphoproteomics, transcriptomics and cytokine data generated from NHBE and NRBE cells exposed to various stimuli. A common literature-inspired reference network with 220 nodes and 501 edges was also provided as prior knowledge from which challenge participants could add or remove edges but not nodes. Such a large network inference challenge not based on synthetic simulations but on real data presented unique difficulties in scoring and interpreting the results. Because any prior knowledge about the networks was already provided to the participants for reference, novel ways for scoring and aggregating the results were developed. Two human and rat consensus networks were obtained by combining all the inferred networks. Further analysis showed that major signaling pathways were conserved between the two species with only isolated components diverging, as in the case of ribosomal S6 kinase RPS6KA1. Overall, the consensus between inferred edges was relatively high with the exception of the downstream targets of transcription factors, which seemed more difficult to predict. Contact:ebilal@us.ibm.com or gustavo@us.ibm.com. Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhan Bilal
- IBM Research, Computational Biology Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA, ProtATonce Ltd, Scientific Park Lefkippos, Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos 15343 Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytechniou 9, Zografou, 15780, Greece and Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Theodore Sakellaropoulos
- IBM Research, Computational Biology Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA, ProtATonce Ltd, Scientific Park Lefkippos, Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos 15343 Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytechniou 9, Zografou, 15780, Greece and Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland IBM Research, Computational Biology Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA, ProtATonce Ltd, Scientific Park Lefkippos, Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos 15343 Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytechniou 9, Zografou, 15780, Greece and Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ioannis N Melas
- IBM Research, Computational Biology Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA, ProtATonce Ltd, Scientific Park Lefkippos, Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos 15343 Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytechniou 9, Zografou, 15780, Greece and Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland IBM Research, Computational Biology Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA, ProtATonce Ltd, Scientific Park Lefkippos, Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos 15343 Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytechniou 9, Zografou, 15780, Greece and Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Dimitris E Messinis
- IBM Research, Computational Biology Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA, ProtATonce Ltd, Scientific Park Lefkippos, Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos 15343 Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytechniou 9, Zografou, 15780, Greece and Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland IBM Research, Computational Biology Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA, ProtATonce Ltd, Scientific Park Lefkippos, Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos 15343 Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytechniou 9, Zografou, 15780, Greece and Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Vincenzo Belcastro
- IBM Research, Computational Biology Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA, ProtATonce Ltd, Scientific Park Lefkippos, Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos 15343 Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytechniou 9, Zografou, 15780, Greece and Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Kahn Rhrissorrakrai
- IBM Research, Computational Biology Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA, ProtATonce Ltd, Scientific Park Lefkippos, Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos 15343 Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytechniou 9, Zografou, 15780, Greece and Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Pablo Meyer
- IBM Research, Computational Biology Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA, ProtATonce Ltd, Scientific Park Lefkippos, Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos 15343 Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytechniou 9, Zografou, 15780, Greece and Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Raquel Norel
- IBM Research, Computational Biology Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA, ProtATonce Ltd, Scientific Park Lefkippos, Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos 15343 Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytechniou 9, Zografou, 15780, Greece and Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anita Iskandar
- IBM Research, Computational Biology Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA, ProtATonce Ltd, Scientific Park Lefkippos, Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos 15343 Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytechniou 9, Zografou, 15780, Greece and Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Elise Blaese
- IBM Research, Computational Biology Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA, ProtATonce Ltd, Scientific Park Lefkippos, Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos 15343 Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytechniou 9, Zografou, 15780, Greece and Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - John J Rice
- IBM Research, Computational Biology Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA, ProtATonce Ltd, Scientific Park Lefkippos, Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos 15343 Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytechniou 9, Zografou, 15780, Greece and Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- IBM Research, Computational Biology Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA, ProtATonce Ltd, Scientific Park Lefkippos, Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos 15343 Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytechniou 9, Zografou, 15780, Greece and Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- IBM Research, Computational Biology Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA, ProtATonce Ltd, Scientific Park Lefkippos, Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos 15343 Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytechniou 9, Zografou, 15780, Greece and Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gustavo Stolovitzky
- IBM Research, Computational Biology Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA, ProtATonce Ltd, Scientific Park Lefkippos, Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos 15343 Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytechniou 9, Zografou, 15780, Greece and Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Leonidas G Alexopoulos
- IBM Research, Computational Biology Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA, ProtATonce Ltd, Scientific Park Lefkippos, Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos 15343 Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytechniou 9, Zografou, 15780, Greece and Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland IBM Research, Computational Biology Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA, ProtATonce Ltd, Scientific Park Lefkippos, Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos 15343 Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytechniou 9, Zografou, 15780, Greece and Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Carine Poussin
- IBM Research, Computational Biology Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA, ProtATonce Ltd, Scientific Park Lefkippos, Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos 15343 Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytechniou 9, Zografou, 15780, Greece and Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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9
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Juhász T, Matta C, Somogyi C, Katona É, Takács R, Soha RF, Szabó IA, Cserháti C, Sződy R, Karácsonyi Z, Bakó E, Gergely P, Zákány R. Mechanical loading stimulates chondrogenesis via the PKA/CREB-Sox9 and PP2A pathways in chicken micromass cultures. Cell Signal 2013; 26:468-82. [PMID: 24333667 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Biomechanical stimuli play important roles in the formation of articular cartilage during early foetal life, and optimal mechanical load is a crucial regulatory factor of adult chondrocyte metabolism and function. In this study, we undertook to analyse mechanotransduction pathways during in vitro chondrogenesis. Chondroprogenitor cells isolated from limb buds of 4-day-old chicken embryos were cultivated as high density cell cultures for 6 days. Mechanical stimulation was carried out by a self-designed bioreactor that exerted uniaxial intermittent cyclic load transmitted by the culture medium as hydrostatic pressure and fluid shear to differentiating cells. The loading scheme (0.05 Hz, 600 Pa; for 30 min) was applied on culturing days 2 and 3, when final commitment and differentiation of chondroprogenitor cells occurred in this model. The applied mechanical load significantly augmented cartilage matrix production and elevated mRNA expression of several cartilage matrix constituents, including collagen type II and aggrecan core protein, as well as matrix-producing hyaluronan synthases through enhanced expression, phosphorylation and nuclear signals of the main chondrogenic transcription factor Sox9. Along with increased cAMP levels, a significantly enhanced protein kinase A (PKA) activity was also detected and CREB, the archetypal downstream transcription factor of PKA signalling, exhibited elevated phosphorylation levels and stronger nuclear signals in response to mechanical stimuli. All the above effects were diminished by the PKA-inhibitor H89. Inhibition of the PKA-independent cAMP-mediators Epac1 and Epac2 with HJC0197 resulted in enhanced cartilage formation, which was additive to that of the mechanical stimulation, implying that the chondrogenesis-promoting effect of mechanical load was independent of Epac. At the same time, PP2A activity was reduced following mechanical load and treatments with the PP2A-inhibitor okadaic acid were able to mimic the effects of the intervention. Our results indicate that proper mechanical stimuli augment in vitro cartilage formation via promoting both differentiation and matrix production of chondrogenic cells, and the opposing regulation of the PKA/CREB-Sox9 and the PP2A signalling pathways is crucial in this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csaba Matta
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csilla Somogyi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Katona
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Roland Takács
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Rudolf Ferenc Soha
- Department of Solid State Physics, University of Debrecen, Bem tér 18/b, H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István A Szabó
- Department of Solid State Physics, University of Debrecen, Bem tér 18/b, H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csaba Cserháti
- Department of Solid State Physics, University of Debrecen, Bem tér 18/b, H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Róbert Sződy
- Péterfy Hospital Trauma Centre, Péterfy Sándor utca 8-20, H-1076 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Karácsonyi
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Eva Bakó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical and Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Pál Gergely
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical and Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Róza Zákány
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
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10
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Abstract
Mechanical ventilation (MV) is, by definition, the application of external forces to the lungs. Depending on their magnitude, these forces can cause a continuum of pathophysiological alterations ranging from the stimulation of inflammation to the disruption of cell-cell contacts and cell membranes. These side effects of MV are particularly relevant for patients with inhomogeneously injured lungs such as in acute lung injury (ALI). These patients require supraphysiological ventilation pressures to guarantee even the most modest gas exchange. In this situation, ventilation causes additional strain by overdistension of the yet non-injured region, and additional stress that forms because of the interdependence between intact and atelectatic areas. Cells are equipped with elaborate mechanotransduction machineries that respond to strain and stress by the activation of inflammation and repair mechanisms. Inflammation is the fundamental response of the host to external assaults, be they of mechanical or of microbial origin and can, if excessive, injure the parenchymal tissue leading to ALI. Here, we will discuss the forces generated by MV and how they may injure the lungs mechanically and through inflammation. We will give an overview of the mechanotransduction and how it leads to inflammation and review studies demonstrating that ventilator-induced lung injury can be prevented by blocking pathways of mechanotransduction or inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Uhlig
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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11
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Wang Y, Huang Z, Nayak PS, Matthews BD, Warburton D, Shi W, Sanchez-Esteban J. Strain-induced differentiation of fetal type II epithelial cells is mediated via the integrin α6β1-ADAM17/tumor necrosis factor-α-converting enzyme (TACE) signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:25646-25657. [PMID: 23888051 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.473777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical forces are critical for normal fetal lung development. However, the mechanisms regulating this process are not well-characterized. We hypothesized that strain-induced release of HB-EGF and TGF-α is mediated via integrin-ADAM17/TACE interactions. Employing an in vitro system to simulate mechanical forces in fetal lung development, we showed that mechanical strain of fetal epithelial cells actives TACE, releases HB-EGF and TGF-α, and promotes differentiation. In contrast, in samples incubated with the TACE inhibitor IC-3 or in cells isolated from TACE knock-out mice, mechanical strain did not release ligands or promote cell differentiation, which were both rescued after transfection of ADAM17. Cell adhesion assay and co-immunoprecipitation experiments in wild-type and TACE knock-out cells using several TACE constructs demonstrated not only that integrins α6 and β1 bind to TACE via the disintegrin domain but also that mechanical strain enhances these interactions. Furthermore, force applied to these integrin receptors by magnetic beads activated TACE and shed HB-EGF and TGF-α. The contribution of integrins α6 and β1 to differentiation of fetal epithelial cells by strain was demonstrated by blocking their binding site with specific antibodies and by culturing the cells on membranes coated with anti-integrin α6 and β1 antibodies. In conclusion, mechanical strain releases HB-EGF and TGF-α and promotes fetal type II cell differentiation via α6β1 integrin-ADAM17/TACE signaling pathway. These investigations provide novel mechanistic information on how mechanical forces promote fetal lung development and specifically differentiation of epithelial cells. This information could be also relevant to other tissues exposed to mechanical forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulian Wang
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island and the Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02905
| | - Zheping Huang
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island and the Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02905
| | - Pritha S Nayak
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island and the Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02905
| | - Benjamin D Matthews
- the Vascular Biology Program, Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Surgery, Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
| | - David Warburton
- the Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90027
| | - Wei Shi
- the Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90027
| | - Juan Sanchez-Esteban
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island and the Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02905,.
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12
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Hokenson MA, Wang Y, Hawwa RL, Huang Z, Sharma S, Sanchez-Esteban J. Reduced IL-10 production in fetal type II epithelial cells exposed to mechanical stretch is mediated via activation of IL-6-SOCS3 signaling pathway. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59598. [PMID: 23527226 PMCID: PMC3602195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines is a key factor in the lung injury of premature infants exposed to mechanical ventilation. Previous studies have shown that lung cells exposed to stretch produces reduced amounts of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. The objective of these studies was to analyze the signaling mechanisms responsible for the decreased IL-10 production in fetal type II cells exposed to mechanical stretch. Fetal mouse type II epithelial cells isolated at embryonic day 18 were exposed to 20% stretch to simulate lung injury. We show that IL-10 receptor gene expression increased with gestational age. Mechanical stretch decreased not only IL-10 receptor gene expression but also IL-10 secretion. In contrast, mechanical stretch increased release of IL-6. We then investigated IL-10 signaling pathway-associated proteins and found that in wild-type cells, mechanical stretch decreased activation of JAK1 and TYK2 and increased STAT3 and SOCS3 activation. However, opposite effects were found in cells isolated from IL-10 knockout mice. Reduction in IL-6 secretion by stretch was observed in cells isolated from IL-10 null mice. To support the idea that stretch-induced SOCS3 expression via IL-6 leads to reduced IL-10 expression, siRNA-mediated inhibition of SOCS3 restored IL-10 secretion in cells exposed to stretch and decreased IL-6 secretion. Taken together, these studies suggest that the inhibitory effect of mechanical stretch on IL-10 secretion is mediated via activation of IL-6-STAT3-SOCS3 signaling pathway. SOCS3 could be a therapeutic target to increase IL-10 production in lung cells exposed to mechanical injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Hokenson
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Yulian Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Renda L. Hawwa
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Zheping Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Surendra Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Juan Sanchez-Esteban
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Mammoto A, Mammoto T, Ingber DE. Mechanosensitive mechanisms in transcriptional regulation. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:3061-73. [PMID: 22797927 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.093005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation contributes to the maintenance of pluripotency, self-renewal and differentiation in embryonic cells and in stem cells. Therefore, control of gene expression at the level of transcription is crucial for embryonic development, as well as for organogenesis, functional adaptation, and regeneration in adult tissues and organs. In the past, most work has focused on how transcriptional regulation results from the complex interplay between chemical cues, adhesion signals, transcription factors and their co-regulators during development. However, chemical signaling alone is not sufficient to explain how three-dimensional (3D) tissues and organs are constructed and maintained through the spatiotemporal control of transcriptional activities. Accumulated evidence indicates that mechanical cues, which include physical forces (e.g. tension, compression or shear stress), alterations in extracellular matrix (ECM) mechanics and changes in cell shape, are transmitted to the nucleus directly or indirectly to orchestrate transcriptional activities that are crucial for embryogenesis and organogenesis. In this Commentary, we review how the mechanical control of gene transcription contributes to the maintenance of pluripotency, determination of cell fate, pattern formation and organogenesis, as well as how it is involved in the control of cell and tissue function throughout embryogenesis and adult life. A deeper understanding of these mechanosensitive transcriptional control mechanisms should lead to new approaches to tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Mammoto
- Vascular Biology Program, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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14
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Huang Z, Wang Y, Nayak PS, Dammann CE, Sanchez-Esteban J. Stretch-induced fetal type II cell differentiation is mediated via ErbB1-ErbB4 interactions. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:18091-102. [PMID: 22493501 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.313163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Stretch-induced differentiation of lung fetal type II epithelial cells is mediated through EGFR (ErbB1) via release of HB-EGF and TGF-α ligands. Employing an EGFR knock-out mice model, we further investigated the role of the ErbB family of receptors in mechanotranduction during lung development. Deletion of EGFR prevented endogenous and mechanical stretch-induced type II cell differentiation via the ERK pathway, which was rescued by overexpression of a constitutively active MEK. Interestingly, the expression of ErbB4, the only ErbB receptor that EGFR co-precipitates in wild-type cells, was decreased in EGFR-deficient type II cells. Similar to EGFR, ErbB4 was activated by stretch and participated in ERK phosphorylation and type II cell differentiation. However, neuregulin (NRG) or stretch-induced ErbB4 activation were blunted in EGFR-deficient cells and not rescued after ErbB4 overexpression, suggesting that induction of ErbB4 phosphorylation is EGFR-dependent. Finally, we addressed how shedding of ligands is regulated by EGFR. In knock-out cells, TGF-α, a ligand for EGFR, was not released by stretch, while HB-EGF, a ligand for EGFR and ErbB4, was shed by stretch although to a lower magnitude than in normal cells. Release of these ligands was inhibited by blocking EGFR and ERK pathway. In conclusion, our studies show that EGFR and ErbB4 regulate stretch-induced type II cell differentiation via ERK pathway. Interactions between these two receptors are important for mechanical signals in lung fetal type II cells. These studies provide novel insights into the cell signaling mechanisms regulating ErbB family receptors in lung cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheping Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02905, USA
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15
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Schmitt S, Hendricks P, Weir J, Somasundaram R, Sittampalam GS, Nirmalanandhan VS. Stretching mechanotransduction from the lung to the lab: approaches and physiological relevance in drug discovery. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2012; 10:137-47. [PMID: 22352900 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2011.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have shown a great deal of interest and research into the understanding of the biological and physiological roles of mechanical forces on cellular behavior. Despite these reports, in vitro screening of new molecular entities for lung ailments is still performed in static cell culture models. Failure to incorporate the effects of mechanical forces during early stages of screening could significantly reduce the success rate of drug candidates in the highly expensive clinical phases of the drug discovery pipeline. The objective of this review is to expand our current understanding of lung mechanotransduction and extend its applicability to cellular physiology and new drug screening paradigms. This review covers early in vivo studies and the importance of mechanical forces in normal lung development, use of different types of bioreactors that simulate in vivo movements in a controlled in vitro cell culture environment, and recent research using dynamic cell culture models. The cells in lungs are subjected to constant stretching (mechanical forces) in regular cycles due to involuntary expansion and contraction during respiration. The effects of stretch on normal and abnormal (disease) lung cells under pathological conditions are discussed. The potential benefits of extending dynamic cell culture models (screening in the presence of forces) and the associated challenges are also discussed in this review. Based on this review, the authors advocate the development of dynamic high throughput screening models that could facilitate the rapid translation of in vitro biology to animal models and clinical efficacy. These concepts are translatable to cardiovascular, digestive, and musculoskeletal tissues and in vitro cell systems employed routinely in drug-screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Schmitt
- School of Engineering, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66160, USA.
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16
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Wang Y, Huang Z, Nayak PS, Sanchez-Esteban J. An experimental system to study mechanotransduction in fetal lung cells. J Vis Exp 2012:3543. [PMID: 22371001 DOI: 10.3791/3543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical forces generated in utero by repetitive breathing-like movements and by fluid distension are critical for normal lung development. A key component of lung development is the differentiation of alveolar type II epithelial cells, the major source of pulmonary surfactant. These cells also participate in fluid homeostasis in the alveolar lumen, host defense, and injury repair. In addition, distal lung parenchyma cells can be directly exposed to exaggerated stretch during mechanical ventilation after birth. However, the precise molecular and cellular mechanisms by which lung cells sense mechanical stimuli to influence lung development and to promote lung injury are not completely understood. Here, we provide a simple and high purity method to isolate type II cells and fibroblasts from rodent fetal lungs. Then, we describe an in vitro system, The Flexcell Strain Unit, to provide mechanical stimulation to fetal cells, simulating mechanical forces in fetal lung development or lung injury. This experimental system provides an excellent tool to investigate molecular and cellular mechanisms in fetal lung cells exposed to stretch. Using this approach, our laboratory has identified several receptors and signaling proteins that participate in mechanotransduction in fetal lung development and lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulian Wang
- Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Alpert Medical School of Brown University
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17
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Ye H, Zhan Q, Ren Y, Liu X, Yang C, Wang C. Cyclic deformation-induced injury and differentiation of rat alveolar epithelial type II cells. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2011; 180:237-46. [PMID: 22154752 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The injury and differentiation of alveolar epithelial type II cells induced by alveolar epithelial deformation play important roles in the pathophysiology of ventilator-induced lung injury and repair of the lung injury, respectively. We developed an in vitro rat model to investigate the effects of deformation amplitude, peak deformation, and minimum deformation on the viability and differentiation of type II cells. Rat primary alveolar epithelial type II cells were exposed to a variety of equibiaxial cyclic stretch protocols, and deformation-induced cell survival and differentiation were analyzed. Cell death increased when deformation consisted of change in cell surface area (ΔSA) of 0-37%, 0-50%, 12-50%, 37-50% (P=0.001, P<0.001, P<0.001, and P=0.003, respectively). When ΔSA was at 12-37% and 12-50%, mRNA transcription (P=0.034 and P=0.036) and protein expressions (P=0.008 and P=0.001) of caveolin-1 (a marker for the type I phenotype) increased, in contrast to the decrease of their mRNA transcription of surfactant protein C (a marker for the type II phenotype) (P=0.011, 0.002). These results suggest that amplitude or minimum deformation ≥ 37% ΔSA is an important cause of cell death, and amplitude ≥ 25% ΔSA promotes cell differentiation. Appropriate amplitude (25% ΔSA) can not only avoid cell death but also promote cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Ye
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
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18
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Lee HS, Kim CK. Cathepsin B is activated as an executive protease in fetal rat alveolar type II cells exposed to hyperoxia. Exp Mol Med 2011; 43:223-9. [PMID: 21415591 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2011.43.4.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar type II cells are main target of hyperoxia-induced lung injury. The authors investigated whether lysosomal protease, cathepsin B (CB), is activated in fetal alveolar type II cells in the transitional period from the canalicular to saccular stages during 65%-hyperoxia and whether CB is related to fetal alveolar type II cell (FATIIC) death secondary to hyperoxia. FATIICs were isolated from embryonic day 19 rats and exposed to 65%-oxygen for 24 h and 36 h. The cells exposed to room air were used as controls. Cell cytotoxicity was assessed by lactate dehydrogenase-release and flow cytometry, and apoptosis was analyzed by TUNEL assay and flow cytometry. CB activity was assessed by colorimetric assay, qRT-PCR and western blots. 65%-hyperoxia induced FATIIC death via necrosis and apoptosis. Interestingly, caspase-3 activities were not enhanced in FATIICs during 65%-hyperoxia, whereas CB activities were greatly increased during 65%-hyperoxia in a time-dependent manner, and similar findings were observed with qRT-PCR and western blots. In addition, the preincubation of CB inhibitor prior to 65%-hyperoxia reduced FATIIC death significantly. Our studies suggest that CB activation secondary to hyperoxia might have a relevant role in executing the cell death program in FATIICs during the acute stage of 65%-hyperoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Soo Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon Naitonal University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea.
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19
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Hendricks P, Diaz FJ, Schmitt S, Sitta Sittampalam G, Nirmalanandhan VS. Effects of respiratory mechanical forces on the pharmacological response of lung cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2011; 26:632-43. [PMID: 21718364 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2011.00964.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In vitro screening of chemotherapeutic agents is routinely carried out in static monolayer cell cultures. However, drugs administered to patients act in the presence of various microenvironments in vivo. For example, in lung tumors, mechanical forces are constantly present and do affect the physiological response of the lung tissue to a variety of therapeutic agents. We hypothesized that mechanical forces may affect the response of lung tumors to chemotherapeutic agents and studied the effects under simulated conditions. First, we examined the effects of simulated forces that approximate normal respiration on the proliferation and morphology of NCI-H358 and A549 cell lines. Then, we studied the effects of the simulated forces on the ability of Paclitaxel, Doxorubicin, Cisplatin, Zactima and an experimental drug to induce cytotoxicity in both cell lines. Cells were treated with the drugs in the presence or absence of simulated forces (20% maximum strain and 15 cycles/minute) that approximate human lung expansion and contraction. Cell proliferation and the effectiveness of the drugs were assessed. Using a standard exponential cell growth model, it was determined that mechanical forces significantly reduced the proliferation of both cell lines. Interestingly, forces also significantly lowered the effectiveness of all drugs except Zactima in A549 cells, while in NCI-H358 cells, Zactima was the only drug that demonstrated an increase in effectiveness owing to applied forces. Our results demonstrate that mechanical forces have significant impact on cell survival and chemotherapeutic efficacy and may be of significance in engineering improved screening assays for antitumor drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hendricks
- The University of Kansas Cancer Center, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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20
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Hawwa RL, Hokenson MA, Wang Y, Huang Z, Sharma S, Sanchez-Esteban J. IL-10 inhibits inflammatory cytokines released by fetal mouse lung fibroblasts exposed to mechanical stretch. Pediatr Pulmonol 2011; 46:640-9. [PMID: 21337733 PMCID: PMC3103753 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.21433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanical ventilation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. However, the molecular mechanisms by which excessive stretch induces lung inflammation are not well characterized. OBJECTIVES In this study, we investigated in vitro the contribution of lung mesenchymal cells to the inflammatory response mediated by mechanical stretch and the potential protective role of IL-10. METHODS Fetal mouse lung fibroblasts isolated during the saccular stage of lung development were exposed to 20% cyclic stretch to simulate mechanical injury. The phenotype of cultured fibroblasts was investigated by red oil O and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) staining. Cell necrosis, apoptosis, and inflammation were analyzed by lactate dehydrogenase release, cleaved caspase-3 activation and release of cytokines and chemokines into the supernatant, respectively. RESULTS First, we characterized the phenotype of the cultured fibroblasts and found an absence of red oil O staining and 100% positive staining for α-SMA, indicating that cultured fibroblasts were myofibroblasts. Mechanical stretch increased necrosis and apoptosis by two- and three-fold, compared to unstretched samples. Incubation of monolayers with IL-10 prior to stretch did not affect necrosis but significantly decreased apoptosis. Mechanical stretch increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines IL-1β, MCP-1, RANTES, IL-6, KC and TNF-α into the supernatant by 1.5- to 2.5-fold, and administration of IL-10 before stretch blocked that release. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that lung interstitial cells may play a significant role in the inflammatory cascade triggered by mechanical stretch. IL-10 protects fetal fibroblasts from injury secondary to stretch. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2011; 46:640-649. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renda L Hawwa
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, 101 Dudley Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02905, USA
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21
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Wright CJ, Kirpalani H. Targeting inflammation to prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia: can new insights be translated into therapies? Pediatrics 2011; 128:111-26. [PMID: 21646264 PMCID: PMC3124103 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2010-3875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) frequently complicates preterm birth and leads to significant long-term morbidity. Unfortunately, few therapies are known to effectively prevent or treat BPD. Ongoing research has been focusing on potential therapies to limit inflammation in the preterm lung. In this review we highlight recent bench and clinical research aimed at understanding the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of BPD. We also critically assess currently used therapies and promising developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clyde J. Wright
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; ,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Haresh Kirpalani
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; ,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and ,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Hawwa RL, Hokenson MA, Wang Y, Huang Z, Sharma S, Sanchez-Esteban J. Differential expression of MMP-2 and -9 and their inhibitors in fetal lung cells exposed to mechanical stretch: regulation by IL-10. Lung 2011; 189:341-9. [PMID: 21701831 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-011-9310-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Abnormal remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. However, the contribution of lung parenchymal cells to ECM remodeling after mechanical injury is not well defined. The objective of these studies was to investigate in vitro the release of MMP-2 and -9 and their respective inhibitors TIMP-2 and -1, and to explore potential regulation by IL-10. DESIGN Mouse fetal epithelial cells and fibroblasts isolated on E18-19 of gestation were exposed to 20% cyclic stretch to simulate lung injury. MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity were investigated by zymography and ELISA. TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 abundance were analyzed by Western blot. RESULTS We found that mechanical stretch increased MMP-2 and decreased TIMP-2 in fibroblasts, indicating that excessive stretch promotes MMP-2 activation, expressed as the MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratio. Incubation with IL-10 did not change MMP-2 activity. In contrast, mechanical stretch of epithelial cells decreased MMP-9 activity and the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio by 60-70%. When IL-10 was added, mechanical stretch increased the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio by 50%. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that mechanical stretch differentially affects MMP-2/9 and their inhibitors in fetal lung cells. IL-10 modulates MMP-9 activity through a combination of effects on MMP-9 and TIMP-1 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renda L Hawwa
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 101 Dudley Street, Providence, RI 02905, USA
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Transfer, analysis, and reversion of the fibrous dysplasia cellular phenotype in human skeletal progenitors. J Bone Miner Res 2010; 25:1103-16. [PMID: 19874199 PMCID: PMC5524372 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.091036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human skeletal progenitors were engineered to stably express R201C mutated, constitutively active Gs alpha using lentiviral vectors. Long-term transduced skeletal progenitors were characterized by an enhanced production of cAMP, indicating the transfer of the fundamental cellular phenotype caused by activating mutations of Gs alpha. Like skeletal progenitors isolated from natural fibrous dysplasia (FD) lesions, transduced cells could generate bone but not adipocytes or the hematopoietic microenvironment on in vivo transplantation. In vitro osteogenic differentiation was noted for the lack of mineral deposition, a blunted upregulation of osteocalcin, and enhanced upregulation of other osteogenic markers such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bone sialoprotein (BSP) compared with controls. A very potent upregulation of RANKL expression was observed, which correlates with the pronounced osteoclastogenesis observed in FD lesions in vivo. Stable transduction resulted in a marked upregulation of selected phosphodiesterase (PDE) isoform mRNAs and a prominent increase in total PDE activity. This predicts an adaptive response in skeletal progenitors transduced with constitutively active, mutated Gs alpha. Indeed, like measurable cAMP levels, the differentiative responses of transduced skeletal progenitors were profoundly affected by inhibition of PDEs or lack thereof. Finally, using lentiviral vectors encoding short hairpin (sh) RNA interfering sequences, we demonstrated that selective silencing of the mutated allele is both feasible and effective in reverting the aberrant cAMP production brought about by the constitutively active Gs alpha and some of its effects on in vitro differentiation of skeletal progenitors.
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Wang Y, Maciejewski BS, Drouillard D, Santos M, Hokenson MA, Hawwa RL, Huang Z, Sanchez-Esteban J. A role for caveolin-1 in mechanotransduction of fetal type II epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 298:L775-83. [PMID: 20172952 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00327.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical forces are critical for fetal lung development. Using surfactant protein C (SP-C) as a marker, we previously showed that stretch-induced fetal type II cell differentiation is mediated via the ERK pathway. Caveolin-1, a major component of the plasma membrane microdomains, is important as a signaling protein in blood vessels exposed to shear stress. Its potential role in mechanotransduction during fetal lung development is unknown. Caveolin-1 is a marker of type I epithelial cell phenotype. In this study, using immunocytochemistry, Western blotting, and immunogold electron microscopy, we first demonstrated the presence of caveolin-1 in embryonic day 19 (E19) rat fetal type II epithelial cells. By detergent-free purification of lipid raft-rich membrane fractions and fluorescence immunocytochemistry, we found that mechanical stretch translocates caveolin-1 from the plasma membrane to the cytoplasm. Disruption of the lipid rafts with cholesterol-chelating agents further increased stretch-induced ERK activation and SP-C gene expression compared with stretch samples without disruptors. Similar results were obtained when caveolin-1 gene was knocked down by small interference RNA. In contrast, adenovirus overexpression of the wild-type caveolin-1 or delivery of caveolin-1 scaffolding domain peptide inside the cells decreased stretch-induced ERK phosphorylation and SP-C mRNA expression. In conclusion, our data suggest that caveolin-1 is present in E19 fetal type II epithelial cells. Caveolin-1 is translocated from the plasma membrane to the cytoplasm by mechanical stretch and functions as an inhibitory protein in stretch-induced type II cell differentiation via the ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulian Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02905, USA
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Abstract
Lung function is inextricably linked to mechanics. On short timescales every breath generates dynamic cycles of cell and matrix stretch, along with convection of fluids in the airways and vasculature. Perturbations such airway smooth muscle shortening or surfactant dysfunction rapidly alter respiratory mechanics, with profound influence on lung function. On longer timescales, lung development, maturation, and remodeling all strongly depend on cues from the mechanical environment. Thus mechanics has long played a central role in our developing understanding of lung biology and respiratory physiology. This concise review focuses on progress over the past 5 years in elucidating the molecular origins of lung mechanical behavior, and the cellular signaling events triggered by mechanical perturbations that contribute to lung development, homeostasis, and injury. Special emphasis is placed on the tools and approaches opening new avenues for investigation of lung behavior at integrative cellular and molecular scales. We conclude with a brief summary of selected opportunities and challenges that lie ahead for the lung mechanobiology research community.
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Liu W, Wei Y, Sun P, Wang WH, Kleyman TR, Satlin LM. Mechanoregulation of BK channel activity in the mammalian cortical collecting duct: role of protein kinases A and C. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 297:F904-15. [PMID: 19656909 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.90685.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Flow-stimulated net K secretion (J(K)) in the cortical collecting duct (CCD) is mediated by an iberiotoxin (IBX)-sensitive BK channel, and requires an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+](i)). The alpha-subunit of the reconstituted BK channel is phosphorylated by PKA and PKC. To test whether the BK channel in the native CCD is regulated by these kinases, J(K) and net Na absorption (J(Na)) were measured at slow (approximately 1) and fast (approximately 5 nl x min(-1) x mm(-1)) flow rates in rabbit CCDs microperfused in the presence of mPKI, an inhibitor of PKA; calphostin C, which inhibits diacylglycerol binding proteins, including PKC; or bisindolylmaleimide (BIM) and Gö6976, inhibitors of classic and novel PKC isoforms, added to luminal (L) and/or basolateral (B) solutions. L but not B mPKI increased J(K) in CCDs perfused at a slow flow rate; a subsequent increase in flow rate augmented J(K) modestly. B mPKI alone or with L inhibitor abolished flow stimulation of J(K). Similarly, L calphostin C increased J(K) in CCDs perfused at slow flow rates, as did calphostin C in both L and B solutions. The observation that IBX inhibited the L mPKI- and calphostin C-mediated increases in J(K) at slow flow rates implicated the BK channel in this K flux, a notion suggested by patch-clamp analysis of principal cells. The kinase inhibited by calphostin C was not PKC as L and/or B BIM and Gö6976 failed to enhance J(K) at the slow flow rate. However, addition of these PKC inhibitors to the B solution alone or with L inhibitor blocked flow stimulation of J(K). Interpretation of these results in light of the effects of these inhibitors on the flow-induced elevation of [Ca2+](i) suggests that the principal cell apical BK channel is tonically inhibited by PKA and that flow stimulation of J(K) in the CCD is PKA and PKC dependent. The specific targets of the kinases remain to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1664, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Silbert O, Wang Y, Maciejewski BS, Lee H, Shaw SK, Sanchez–Esteban J. ROLES OF RhoA AND Rac1 ON ACTIN REMODELING AND CELL ALIGNMENT AND DIFFERENTIATION IN FETAL TYPE II EPITHELIAL CELLS EXPOSED TO CYCLIC MECHANICAL STRETCH. Exp Lung Res 2009; 34:663-80. [DOI: 10.1080/01902140802339615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Wang Y, Maciejewski BS, Soto-Reyes D, Lee HS, Warburton D, Sanchez-Esteban J. Mechanical stretch promotes fetal type II epithelial cell differentiation via shedding of HB-EGF and TGF-alpha. J Physiol 2009; 587:1739-53. [PMID: 19237431 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2008.163899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which mechanical forces promote fetal lung development are not fully understood. Here, we investigated differentiation of fetal type II epithelial cells via the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in response to mechanical strain. First, we showed that incubation of embryonic day (E) 19 fetal type II cells with recombinant heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) or transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha, but not with amphiregulin (AR), betacellulin (BTC) or epiregulin (EPR), increased fetal type II cell differentiation, as measured by surfactant protein B/C mRNA and protein levels. Next, we demonstrated that 5% cyclic stretch of E19 monolayers transfected with plasmid encoding alkaline phosphatase (AP)-tagged ligands shed mature HB-EGF and TGF-alpha into the supernatant and promoted type II cell differentiation. Release of these ligands was also observed in E19 cells subjected to higher degrees of cyclic strain, but not in cells exposed to continuous stretch. Interestingly, the addition of fibroblasts to type II cell cultures did not enhance release of HB-EGF. Whereas HB-EGF shedding was also detected in E18 cells exposed to 5% cyclic stretch, release of this ligand after 2.5% sustained stretch was restricted to cells isolated on E18 of gestation. In addition, mechanical stretch released EGF, AR and BTC. We conclude that mechanical stretch promotes fetal type II cell differentiation via ectodomain shedding of HB-EGF and TGF-alpha. The magnitude of shedding varied depending on gestational age, ligand, and strain protocol. These studies provide novel mechanistic information potentially relevant to fetal lung development and to mechanical ventilation-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulian Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, USA
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Ugland H, Boquest AC, Naderi S, Collas P, Blomhoff HK. cAMP-mediated induction of cyclin E sensitizes growth-arrested adipose stem cells to DNA damage-induced apoptosis. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 19:5082-92. [PMID: 18799628 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-01-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation capacity of mesenchymal stem cells has been extensively studied, but little is known on cell cycle-related events in the proliferation and differentiation phases of these cells. Here, we demonstrate that exposure to cAMP-increasing agents inhibits proliferation of adipose stem cells (ASCs). This antiproliferative effect is associated with both reduced cdk2 activity and pRB phosphorylation. Concomitantly, however, the level of cyclin E markedly increases upon cAMP induction, indicating that cyclin E may have cdk2-independent functions in these cells besides its role as a cdk2 activator. Indeed, we found indications of a cdk2-independent role of cyclin E in DNA damage-induced apoptosis. 8-CPT-cAMP sensitizes ASCs to gamma-irradiation-induced apoptosis, an effect abolished by knockdown of cyclin E. Moreover, cAMP induces early activation of ERK, leading to reduced degradation of cyclin E. The cAMP-mediated up-regulation of cyclin E was blocked by knockdown of ERK or by an inhibitor of the ERK kinase MEK. We conclude that cAMP inhibits cdk2 activity and pRB phosphorylation, leading to reduced ASC proliferation. Concomitant with this growth inhibition, however, cyclin E levels are increased in a MEK/ERK-dependent manner. Our results suggest that cyclin E plays an important, cdk2-independent role in genotoxic stress-induced apoptosis in mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hege Ugland
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway
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30
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Ochoa CD, Baker H, Hasak S, Matyal R, Salam A, Hales CA, Hancock W, Quinn DA. Cyclic stretch affects pulmonary endothelial cell control of pulmonary smooth muscle cell growth. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008; 39:105-12. [PMID: 18314539 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0283oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells are subjected to mechanical forces in the form of cyclic stretch resulting from blood pulsatility. Pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs) produce factors that stimulate and inhibit pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) growth. We hypothesized that PAECs exposed to cyclic stretch secrete proteins that inhibit PASMC growth. Media from PAECs exposed to cyclic stretch significantly inhibited PASMC growth in a time-dependent manner. Lyophilized material isolated from stretched PAEC-conditioned media significantly inhibited PASMC growth in a dose-dependent manner. This inhibition was reversed by trypsin inactivation, which is consistent with the relevant factor being a protein(s). To identify proteins that inhibited cell growth in conditioned media from stretched PAECs, we used proteomic techniques and found that thrombospondin (TSP)-1, a natural antiangiogenic factor, was up-regulated by stretch. In vitro, exogenous TSP-1 inhibited PASMC growth. TSP-1-blocking antibodies reversed conditioned media-induced inhibition of PASMC growth. Cyclic stretched PAECs secrete protein(s) that inhibit PASMC proliferation. TSP-1 may be, at least in part, responsible for this inhibition. The complete identification and understanding of the secreted proteome of stretched PAECs may lead to new insights into the pathophysiology of pulmonary vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristhiaan D Ochoa
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Bullfinch 148, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Lee HS, Wang Y, Maciejewski BS, Esho K, Fulton C, Sharma S, Sanchez-Esteban J. Interleukin-10 protects cultured fetal rat type II epithelial cells from injury induced by mechanical stretch. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 294:L225-32. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00370.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical ventilation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. However, the mechanisms by which excessive stretch of fetal or neonatal type II epithelial cells contributes to lung injury are not well defined. In these investigations, isolated embryonic day 19 fetal rat type II epithelial cells were cultured on substrates coated with fibronectin and exposed to 5% or 20% cyclic stretch to simulate mechanical forces during lung development or lung injury, respectively. Twenty percent stretch of fetal type II epithelial cells increased necrosis, apoptosis, and proliferation compared with control, unstretched samples. By ELISA and real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), 20% stretch increased secretion of IL-8 into the media and IL-8 gene expression and inhibited IL-10 release. Interestingly, administration of recombinant IL-10 before 20% stretch did not affect cell lysis but significantly reduced apoptosis and IL-8 release compared with stretched samples without IL-10. Collectively, our studies suggest that IL-10 may play an important role in protection of fetal type II epithelial cells from injury secondary to stretch.
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Chen Y, Pacyna-Gengelbach M, Deutschmann N, Niesporek S, Petersen I. Homeobox gene HOP has a potential tumor suppressive activity in human lung cancer. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:1021-7. [PMID: 17417779 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The homeobox containing gene HOP (Homeodomain Only Protein) was identified in the developing heart and lung where it functions downstream of Nkx2.5 and Nkx2.1 to modulate cardiac and lung gene expression. Previously, we found that HOP was downregulated in lung cancer. In this study, we constructed an expression vector containing the full-length cDNA of HOP and transfected it into a lung cancer cell line H2170. Stable transfection led to an increased expression of HOP confirmed by Northern blot analysis. HOP positive transfectants remarkably reduced the growth rate and the ability of anchorage-independent growth in soft agar, and moreover suppressed the tumor formation in nude mice compared to controls. Transient transfection of Nkx2.1 into H2170 resulted in the overexpression of HOP, and correspondingly, siRNA silencing of Nkx2.1 reduced the expression of HOP in lung cancer cells. Treatment with a differentiation modulating agent 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) led to restoration of HOP expression in a small cell lung cancer cell line H526. In 29 paired primary lung tumor samples, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis was performed by using the 3 microsatellite markers D4S189, D4S231 and D4S392 around the region of chromosome 4q12 where HOP locates. LOH was only found in 4 out 23 cases (17.4%) indicating that allelic loss is a rare genetic event not responsible for the downregulation of HOP in lung cancer. Taken together, our data suggest that HOP is a potential tumor suppressor possibly involved in lung cancer differentiation, and functions downstream of Nkx2.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Charité, Schumannstr 20-21, D-10098 Berlin, Germany
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Storme L, Rakza T, Houfflin-Debarge V, Dufour P, Bouissou A, Subtil D, Deruelle P. Physiopathologie des conséquences respiratoires néonatales de la rupture prématurée des membranes : application à la prise en charge néonatale. Arch Pediatr 2007; 14 Suppl 1:S42-8. [DOI: 10.1016/s0929-693x(07)80010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Chen Y, Knösel T, Ye F, Pacyna-Gengelbach M, Deutschmann N, Petersen I. Decreased PITX1 homeobox gene expression in human lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2006; 55:287-94. [PMID: 17157953 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2006.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2006] [Revised: 09/29/2006] [Accepted: 10/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The PITX1 (pituitary homeobox 1) gene has essential roles in human development and has been considered a tumor suppressor in various cancers. However, in lung cancer the role of PITX1 remains to be elucidated. In this study, we analyzed the expression of PITX1 at both mRNA and protein levels in human lung cancer. The reduced PITX1 expression was found in cancer cell lines test compared to normal human bronchial epithelia cells (HEBC) and small airway epithelia cells (SAEC) by Northern blot analysis and RT-PCR as well as Western blot analysis. In primary lung tissues, PITX1 mRNA was found to be downregulated in the majority of tumors compared with normal lung tissues. An association between the lack of PITX1 mRNA expression and higher tumor grade was observed. A tissue microarray containing 135 primary lung carcinomas was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Eighty-four cases (62%) exhibited no expression of PITX1 and the lower expression of PITX1 was significantly linked to higher tumor stages. Additionally, PITX1 was found to be upregulated in lung cancer cell lines H2228 and H526 after they were exposed to a differentiation modifying agent 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). Since homeobox genes are known to transcriptionally regulate key cellular processes and associated with differentiation and carcinogenesis, we suggest that PITX1 might be linked to lung cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Charité, Schumannstr 20-21, D-10098 Berlin, Germany
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