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Chen D, Yuan T, Chen Y, Zhang H, Niu Z, Fang L, Du G. DL0805-1, a novel Rho-kinase inhibitor, attenuates lung injury and vasculopathy in a rat model of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 919:174779. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Christou H, Michael Z, Spyropoulos F, Chen Y, Rong D, Khalil RA. Carbonic anhydrase inhibition improves pulmonary artery reactivity and nitric oxide-mediated relaxation in sugen-hypoxia model of pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 320:R835-R850. [PMID: 33826428 PMCID: PMC8285620 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00362.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a serious disease with pulmonary arterial fibrotic remodeling and limited responsiveness to vasodilators. Our data suggest that mild acidosis induced by carbonic anhydrase inhibition could ameliorate PH, but the vascular mechanisms are unclear. We tested the hypothesis that carbonic anhydrase inhibition ameliorates PH by improving pulmonary vascular reactivity and relaxation mechanisms. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were either control normoxic (Nx), or injected with Sugen 5416 (20 mg/kg, sc) and subjected to hypoxia (9% O2) (Su + Hx), or Su + Hx treated with acetazolamide (ACTZ, 100 mg/kg/day, in drinking water). After measuring the hemodynamics, right ventricular hypertrophy was assessed by Fulton's Index; vascular function was measured in pulmonary artery, aorta, and mesenteric arteries; and pulmonary arteriolar remodeling was assessed in lung sections. Right ventricular systolic pressure and Fulton's Index were increased in Su + Hx and reduced in Su + Hx + ACTZ rats. Pulmonary artery contraction to KCl and phenylephrine were reduced in Su + Hx and improved in Su + Hx + ACTZ. Acetylcholine (ACh)-induced relaxation and nitrate/nitrite production were reduced in pulmonary artery of Su + Hx and improved in Su + Hx + ACTZ. ACh relaxation was blocked by nitric oxide (NO) synthase and guanylate cyclase inhibitors, supporting a role of NO-cGMP. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced relaxation was reduced in pulmonary artery of Su + Hx, and ACTZ enhanced relaxation to SNP. Contraction/relaxation were not different in aorta or mesenteric arteries of all groups. Pulmonary arterioles showed wall thickening in Su + Hx that was ameliorated in Su + Hx + ACTZ. Thus, amelioration of pulmonary hemodynamics during carbonic anhydrase inhibition involves improved pulmonary artery reactivity and NO-mediated relaxation and may enhance responsiveness to vasodilator therapies in PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Christou
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zoe Michael
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Fotios Spyropoulos
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yunfei Chen
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dan Rong
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Raouf A Khalil
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Bao YR, Chen JW, Jiang Y, Wang LH, Xue R, Qian JX, Zhang GX. Sodium Tanshinone II Sulfonate A Ameliorates Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:687. [PMID: 32508639 PMCID: PMC7253651 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pulmonary hypertension (PH) remains a prevalent disease globally. Sodium tanshinone II sulfonate A (STS) has been used in clinical treatment of PH. Aims The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of sodium STS treatment on hypoxia-induced PH and related mechanisms. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were housed in a hypoxic chamber with an oxygen concentration of 10 ± 1% for 8 h a day over 21 days. Rats were treated with either STS (low-dose: 10 mg/kg or high-dose: 30 mg/kg) or LY294002 (which is an inhibitor of PI3K). Pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) was measured, right ventricular hypertrophy parameters were monitored, lung edema parameters were measured, and pathological changes were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Protein expressions of apoptosis, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR/autophagy pathways in rat lung tissue were examined by western blot. Levels of the pro-inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α in lung tissues of rats were measured using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Results of our study demonstrate that persistent exposure to hypoxic conditions increased PAP, right ventricular hypertrophy, lung edema, parameters of lung vascular proliferation and decreased the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2. Furthermore, hypoxic conditions activated the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, inhibited autophagy, and elevated abundance of inflammatory factors in rat lung tissue. Treatment with STS resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in PAP, right ventricular hypertrophy, lung edema, lung vascular proliferation and reversed hypoxia induced lung tissue protein expression and pro-inflammatory factors in rat lung tissue. In addition, hypoxia-induced increases in PAP, cardiac hypertrophy, and lung expression of the proteins PI3K/Akt/mTOR/autophagy pathway were partially reversed by treatment with LY294002. Conclusions STS alleviates hypoxia-induced PH by promoting apoptosis, inhibiting PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, up-regulating autophagy, and inhibiting inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ru Bao
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jing-Wei Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lin-Hui Wang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Rong Xue
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jin-Xian Qian
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Guo-Xing Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Young JM, Williams DR, Thompson AAR. Thin Air, Thick Vessels: Historical and Current Perspectives on Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:93. [PMID: 31119132 PMCID: PMC6504829 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between pulmonary hypertension (PH) and hypoxia is well-established, with two key mechanistic processes, hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and hypoxia-induced vascular remodeling, driving changes in pulmonary arterial pressure. In contrast to other forms of pulmonary hypertension, the vascular changes induced by hypoxia are reversible, both in humans returning to sea-level from high altitude and in animal models. This raises the intriguing possibility that the molecular drivers of these hypoxic processes could be targeted to modify pulmonary vascular remodeling in other contexts. In this review, we outline the history of research into PH and hypoxia, before discussing recent advances in our understanding of this relationship at the molecular level, focussing on the role of the oxygen-sensing transcription factors, hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs). Emerging links between HIF and vascular remodeling highlight the potential utility in inhibiting this pathway in pulmonary hypertension and raise possible risks of activating this pathway using HIF-stabilizing medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Young
- Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Apex (Altitude Physiology Expeditions), Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - A. A. Roger Thompson
- Apex (Altitude Physiology Expeditions), Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Christou H, Hudalla H, Michael Z, Filatava EJ, Li J, Zhu M, Possomato-Vieira JS, Dias-Junior C, Kourembanas S, Khalil RA. Impaired Pulmonary Arterial Vasoconstriction and Nitric Oxide-Mediated Relaxation Underlie Severe Pulmonary Hypertension in the Sugen-Hypoxia Rat Model. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 364:258-274. [PMID: 29212831 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.244798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary vasoreactivity could determine the responsiveness to vasodilators and, in turn, the prognosis of pulmonary hypertension (PH). We hypothesized that pulmonary vasoreactivity is impaired, and we examined the underlying mechanisms in the Sugen-hypoxia rat model of severe PH. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with Sugen (20 mg/kg s.c.) and exposed to hypoxia (9% O2) for 3 weeks, followed by 4 weeks in normoxia (Su/Hx), or treated with Sugen alone (Su) or hypoxia alone (Hx) or neither (Nx). After hemodynamic measurements, the heart was assessed for right ventricular hypertrophy (Fulton's index); the pulmonary artery, aorta, and mesenteric arteries were isolated for vascular function studies; and contractile markers were measured in pulmonary arteries using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Other rats were used for morphometric analysis of pulmonary vascular remodeling. Right ventricular systolic pressure and Fulton's index were higher in Su/Hx versus Su, Hx, and Nx rats. Pulmonary vascular remodeling was more prominent in Su/Hx versus Nx rats. In pulmonary artery rings, contraction to high KCl (96 mM) was less in Su/Hx versus Nx and Su, and phenylephrine-induced contraction was reduced in Su/Hx versus Nx, Hx, and Su. Acetylcholine (ACh)-induced relaxation was less in Su/Hx versus Nx and Hx, suggesting reduced endothelium-dependent vasodilation. ACh relaxation was inhibited by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and guanylate cyclase blockade in all groups, suggesting a role of the NO-cGMP pathway. Nitrate/nitrite production in response to ACh was less in Su/Hx versus Nx, supporting reduced endothelial NO production. Sodium nitroprusside (10-8 M) caused less relaxation in Su/Hx versus Nx, Hx, and Su, suggesting a decreased responsiveness of vascular smooth muscle (VSM) to vasodilators. Neither contraction nor relaxation differed in the aorta or mesenteric arteries of all groups. PCR analysis showed decreased expression of contractile markers in pulmonary artery of Su/Hx versus Nx. The reduced responsiveness to vasoconstrictors and NO-mediated vasodilation in the pulmonary, but not systemic, vessels may be an underlying mechanism of severe PH in Su/Hx rats and appears to involve attenuation of the NO relaxation pathway and a switch of pulmonary VSM cells to a synthetic less reactive phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Christou
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine (H.C., H.H., Z.M., E.J.F., S.K.), and Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery (J.L., M.Z., J.S.P.-V., C.D.-J., R.A.K.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Division of Newborn Medicine, Children's Hospital (H.C., S.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Neonatology, Children's University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (H.H.)
| | - Hannes Hudalla
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine (H.C., H.H., Z.M., E.J.F., S.K.), and Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery (J.L., M.Z., J.S.P.-V., C.D.-J., R.A.K.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Division of Newborn Medicine, Children's Hospital (H.C., S.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Neonatology, Children's University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (H.H.)
| | - Zoe Michael
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine (H.C., H.H., Z.M., E.J.F., S.K.), and Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery (J.L., M.Z., J.S.P.-V., C.D.-J., R.A.K.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Division of Newborn Medicine, Children's Hospital (H.C., S.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Neonatology, Children's University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (H.H.)
| | - Evgenia J Filatava
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine (H.C., H.H., Z.M., E.J.F., S.K.), and Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery (J.L., M.Z., J.S.P.-V., C.D.-J., R.A.K.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Division of Newborn Medicine, Children's Hospital (H.C., S.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Neonatology, Children's University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (H.H.)
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine (H.C., H.H., Z.M., E.J.F., S.K.), and Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery (J.L., M.Z., J.S.P.-V., C.D.-J., R.A.K.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Division of Newborn Medicine, Children's Hospital (H.C., S.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Neonatology, Children's University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (H.H.)
| | - Minglin Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine (H.C., H.H., Z.M., E.J.F., S.K.), and Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery (J.L., M.Z., J.S.P.-V., C.D.-J., R.A.K.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Division of Newborn Medicine, Children's Hospital (H.C., S.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Neonatology, Children's University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (H.H.)
| | - Jose S Possomato-Vieira
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine (H.C., H.H., Z.M., E.J.F., S.K.), and Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery (J.L., M.Z., J.S.P.-V., C.D.-J., R.A.K.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Division of Newborn Medicine, Children's Hospital (H.C., S.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Neonatology, Children's University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (H.H.)
| | - Carlos Dias-Junior
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine (H.C., H.H., Z.M., E.J.F., S.K.), and Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery (J.L., M.Z., J.S.P.-V., C.D.-J., R.A.K.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Division of Newborn Medicine, Children's Hospital (H.C., S.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Neonatology, Children's University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (H.H.)
| | - Stella Kourembanas
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine (H.C., H.H., Z.M., E.J.F., S.K.), and Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery (J.L., M.Z., J.S.P.-V., C.D.-J., R.A.K.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Division of Newborn Medicine, Children's Hospital (H.C., S.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Neonatology, Children's University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (H.H.)
| | - Raouf A Khalil
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine (H.C., H.H., Z.M., E.J.F., S.K.), and Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery (J.L., M.Z., J.S.P.-V., C.D.-J., R.A.K.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Division of Newborn Medicine, Children's Hospital (H.C., S.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Neonatology, Children's University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (H.H.)
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Peng G, Xu J, Liu R, Fu Z, Li S, Hong W, Chen J, Li B, Ran P. Isolation, culture and identification of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells from rat distal pulmonary arteries. Cytotechnology 2017; 69:831-840. [PMID: 28321780 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-017-0081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The culture of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) is one of the most powerful tools for exploring the mechanisms of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Both pulmonary vasoconstriction and remodeling occur predominantly in distal pulmonary arteries (PA). In this study, we provide our detailed and standardized protocol for easy isolation and culture of PASMCs from rat distal PA to supply every investigator with a simple, economical and useful method in studying PH. The protocol can be divided into four stages: isolation of distal PA, isolation of cells, growth in culture and passage of cells. Rat distal PASMCs were characterized by morphological activity and by immunostaining for smooth muscle α-actin and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain, but not for CD90/Thy-1 or von Willebrand factor. Furthermore, functional assessments were performed, confirming the presence of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels and physiological characteristic of response to hypoxia. In conclusion, we have developed a detailed and simple protocol for obtaining rat distal PASMCs. These PASMCs exhibit features consistent with vascular smooth muscle cells, and they could subsequently be used to further explore the pathophysiological mechanisms of PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongyong Peng
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Juan Xu
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongmin Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenli Fu
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoxing Li
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Intensive Care Unit, Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Hong
- The Research Center of Experiment Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinglong Chen
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Li
- The Research Center of Experiment Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Pixin Ran
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Walker J, Undem C, Yun X, Lade J, Jiang H, Shimoda LA. Role of Rho kinase and Na+/H+ exchange in hypoxia-induced pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/6/e12702. [PMID: 27009277 PMCID: PMC4814889 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal proliferation and migration of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) are hallmark characteristics of vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension induced by chronic hypoxia. In this study, we investigated the role of the Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) and alterations in intracellular pH (pHi) homeostasis in meditating increased proliferation and migration in PASMCs isolated from resistance‐sized pulmonary arteries from chronically hypoxic rats or from normoxic rats that were exposed to hypoxia ex vivo (1% or 4% O2, 24–96 h). We found that PASMCs exposed to either in vivo or ex vivo hypoxia exhibited greater proliferative and migratory capacity, elevated pHi, and enhanced NHE activity. The NHE inhibitor, ethyl isopropyl amiloride (EIPA), normalized pHi in hypoxic PASMCs and reduced migration by 73% and 45% in cells exposed to in vivo and in vitro hypoxia, respectively. Similarly, EIPA reduced proliferation by 97% and 78% in cells exposed to in vivo and in vitro hypoxia, respectively. We previously demonstrated that NHE isoform 1 (NHE1) is the predominant isoform expressed in PASMCs. The development of hypoxia‐induced pulmonary hypertension and alterations in PASMC pHi homeostasis were prevented in mice deficient for NHE1. We found that short‐term (24 h) ex vivo hypoxic exposure did not alter the expression of NHE1, so we tested the role of Rho kinase (ROCK) as a possible means of increasing NHE activity. In the presence of the ROCK inhibitor, Y‐27632, we found that pHi and NHE activity were normalized and migration and proliferation were reduced in PASMCs exposed to either in vivo (by 68% for migration and 22% for proliferation) or ex vivo (by 43% for migration and 17% for proliferation) hypoxia. From these results, we conclude that during hypoxia, activation of ROCK enhances NHE activity and promotes PASMC migration and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Walker
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Clark Undem
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xin Yun
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Julie Lade
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Haiyang Jiang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Larissa A Shimoda
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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8
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Boedtkjer E, Hansen KB, Boedtkjer DMB, Aalkjaer C, Boron WF. Extracellular HCO3- is sensed by mouse cerebral arteries: Regulation of tone by receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase γ. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:965-80. [PMID: 26661205 PMCID: PMC4853837 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15610787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We investigate sensing and signaling mechanisms for H(+), [Formula: see text] and CO2 in basilar arteries using out-of-equilibrium solutions. Selectively varying pHo, [[Formula: see text]]o, or pCO2, we find: (a) lowering pHo attenuates vasoconstriction and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) Ca(2+)-responses whereas raising pHo augments vasoconstriction independently of VSMC [Ca(2+)]i, (b) lowering [[Formula: see text]]o increases arterial agonist-sensitivity of tone development without affecting VSMC [Ca(2+)]i but c) no evidence that CO2 has direct net vasomotor effects. Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase (RPTP)γ is transcribed in endothelial cells, and direct vasomotor effects of [Formula: see text] are absent in arteries from RPTPγ-knockout mice. At pHo 7.4, selective changes in [[Formula: see text]]o or pCO2 have little effect on pHi At pHo 7.1, decreased [[Formula: see text]]o or increased pCO2 causes intracellular acidification, which attenuates vasoconstriction. Under equilibrated conditions, anti-contractile effects of CO2/[Formula: see text] are endothelium-dependent and absent in arteries from RPTPγ-knockout mice. With CO2/[Formula: see text] present, contractile responses to agonist-stimulation are potentiated in arteries from RPTPγ-knockout compared to wild-type mice, and this difference is larger for respiratory than metabolic acidosis. In conclusion, decreased pHo and pHi inhibit vasoconstriction, whereas decreased [[Formula: see text]]o promotes vasoconstriction through RPTPγ-dependent changes in VSMC Ca(2+)-sensitivity. [Formula: see text] serves dual roles, providing substrate for pHi-regulating membrane transporters and modulating arterial responses to acid-base disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebbe Boedtkjer
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Donna M B Boedtkjer
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Walter F Boron
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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9
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Huetsch J, Shimoda LA. Na(+)/H(+) exchange and hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Pulm Circ 2015; 5:228-43. [PMID: 26064449 DOI: 10.1086/680213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular pH (pHi) homeostasis is key to the functioning of vascular smooth muscle cells, including pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). Sodium-hydrogen exchange (NHE) is an important contributor to pHi control in PASMCs. In this review, we examine the role of NHE in PASMC function, in both physiologic and pathologic conditions. In particular, we focus on the contribution of NHE to the PASMC response to hypoxia, considering both acute hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and the development of pulmonary vascular remodeling and pulmonary hypertension in response to chronic hypoxia. Hypoxic pulmonary hypertension remains a disease with limited therapeutic options. Thus, this review explores past efforts at disrupting NHE signaling and discusses the therapeutic potential that such efforts may have in the field of pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Huetsch
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Larissa A Shimoda
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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10
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Yan G, Wang Q, Shi H, Han Y, Ma G, Tang C, Gu Y. Regulation of rat intrapulmonary arterial tone by arachidonic acid and prostaglandin E2 during hypoxia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73839. [PMID: 24013220 PMCID: PMC3754945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Arachidonic acid (AA) and its metabolites, prostaglandins (PG) are known to be involved in regulation of vascular homeostasis including vascular tone and vessel wall tension, but their potential role in Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) remains unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of AA and PGE2 on the hypoxic response in isolated rat intrapulmonary arteries (IPAs). METHODS AND RESULTS We carried out the investigation on IPAs by vessel tension measurement. Isotetrandrine (20 µM) significantly inhibited phase I, phase IIb and phase IIc of hypoxic vasoconstriction. Both indomethacin (100 µM) and NS398 attenuated KPSS-induced vessel contraction and phase I, phase IIb and phase IIc of HPV, implying that COX-2 plays a primary role in the hypoxic response of rat IPAs. PGE2 alone caused a significant vasoconstriction in isolated rat IPAs. This constriction is mediated by EP4. Blockage of EP4 by L-161982 (1 µM) significantly inhibited phase I, phase IIb and phase IIc of hypoxic vasoconstriction. However, AH6809 (3 µM), an antagonist of EP1, EP2, EP3 and DP1 receptors, exerted no effect on KPSS or hypoxia induced vessel contraction. Increase of cellular cAMP by forskolin could significantly reduce KPSS-induced vessel contraction and abolish phase I, phase II b and phase II c of HPV. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated a vasoconstrictive effect of PGE2 on rat IPAs and this effect is via activation of EP4. Furthermore, our results suggest that intracellular cAMP plays dual roles in regulation of vascular tone, depending on the spatial distribution of cAMP and its coupling with EP receptor and Ca(2+) channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoliang Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, China ; Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Abstract
It has been known for more than 60 years, and suspected for over 100, that alveolar hypoxia causes pulmonary vasoconstriction by means of mechanisms local to the lung. For the last 20 years, it has been clear that the essential sensor, transduction, and effector mechanisms responsible for hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) reside in the pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell. The main focus of this review is the cellular and molecular work performed to clarify these intrinsic mechanisms and to determine how they are facilitated and inhibited by the extrinsic influences of other cells. Because the interaction of intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms is likely to shape expression of HPV in vivo, we relate results obtained in cells to HPV in more intact preparations, such as intact and isolated lungs and isolated pulmonary vessels. Finally, we evaluate evidence regarding the contribution of HPV to the physiological and pathophysiological processes involved in the transition from fetal to neonatal life, pulmonary gas exchange, high-altitude pulmonary edema, and pulmonary hypertension. Although understanding of HPV has advanced significantly, major areas of ignorance and uncertainty await resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Sylvester
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School ofMedicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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