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Zhang R, Liu H, Lin J, Ding J, You J, Geng J. AhR may be involved in Th17 cell differentiation in chronic hepatitis B. J Viral Hepat 2023; 30:939-950. [PMID: 37608767 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Th17 cells which are crucial for host immunity have been demonstrated to increase HBV infection. However, the mechanism of the Th17 cell increase is unknown. Hence, the mechanism of Th17 cell enhancement is important to provide a theoretical foundation for chronic hepatitis B immunotherapy. This study included 15 instances in the healthy control (HC) and 15 cohorts in the chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Their CD4+ T cells were isolated from their peripheral blood and then subjected to RNA transcriptome sequencing. Then, to identify target genes linked to Th17-cell differentiation, DEGs associated with CHB were convergent with the Th17-cell-associated genes from the KEGG database. Hub genes of DEG and target genes linked to Th17 cells were analysed for correlation. The AhR-related genes were located using the GeneMANIA database. To analyse the function of the genes, GO and KEGG pathways were employed. Protein-protein interaction network analysis employed the Metascape, STRING and Cytoscape databases. Finally, Western blotting and RT-qPCR were used to validate AhR. A total of 348 differential genes were identified in CHB patients. CytoHubba was used for screening five hub genes associated with CHB: CXCL10, RACGAP1, TPX2, FN1 and GZMA. This study aimed to determine the mechanism of elevated Th17 cells in CHB. As a result, further investigation using the convergence of DGEs and Th17 cell-related genes identified three target genes: AhR, HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1, all of which were elevated in CHB. The three genes were primarily involved in immune response-related processes, according to the GO enrichment analysis. Correlation analysis of CXCL10, RACGAP1, TPX2, FN1 and GZMA genes with AhR, HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 revealed that AhR was positively associated with CXCL10 and GZMA genes, which best respond to the severity of CHB disease. Combined with the role of AhR in Th17 cell differentiation, the genes AhR was chosen for confirmation by RT-qPCR and WB in this study. The results showed that the CHB group had higher expression levels of AhR at both RT-qPCR and WB levels. Furthermore, this study's findings revealed that AhR may contribute to the development of CHB by affecting the differentiation of Th17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyi Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Huaie Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jie Ding
- The Third People's Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, China
| | - Jing You
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jiawei Geng
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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Lin X, Lv X, Li B, Meng Q, Lai H, Gong Q, Tong Z. Heterogeneity of T cells in periapical lesions and in vitro validation of the proangiogenic effect of GZMA on HUVECs. Int Endod J 2023; 56:1254-1269. [PMID: 37400946 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM T cells are key immunomodulatory cells in periapical lesions. This study aimed to explore the roles of T cells in chronic apical periodontitis (CAP) using single-cell RNA sequencing and to further investigate Granzyme A (GZMA) in angiogenesis regulation. METHODOLOGY A total of five CAP samples were collected for single-cell RNA sequencing. We performed subcluster and lineage-tracing analyses for T cells. According to differential gene expression, distinct biological functions enriched in T cells of CAP were presented by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and compared with healthy gingiva (data obtained from the GEO database). CellChat was used to explore potential ligand-receptor interactions between T cells and endothelial cells in CAP. The coculture of primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and Jurkat T cells, as well as the addition of GZMA recombinant protein, was used to validate the predicted pair of GZMA and coagulation factor II thrombin receptor (F2R) by RT-PCR, angiogenesis and migration assays. RESULTS A transcriptomic atlas of 44 746 individual cells was constructed from the periapical lesions of five patients with CAP by single-cell RNA-seq, and eight cell types were identified. We identified nine subsets of T cells and deciphered the cellular heterogeneity of T cells in CAP at the functional level by subclustering and GSEA. Lineage tracing revealed a distinct lineage of T cells in CAP and predicted the transition of the T cellular state upon CAP. GSEA revealed multiple biological processes and relevant angiogenesis genes upregulated in CAP T cells. GZMA-F2R pairs were predicted by cell-cell interactions in CAP. High expression of GZMA and F2R was observed in the coculture of HUVECs and Jurkat T cells, and the proangiogenic capacity of the GZMA recombinant protein was emphasized by in vitro experiments. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides novel insights into the heterogeneity of T cells in periapical lesions and reveals the potential role of GZMA in T cells in regulating angiogenesis in HUVECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Lin
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Lv
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baoyu Li
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingzhen Meng
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongbin Lai
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qimei Gong
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongchun Tong
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Richardson KC, Jung K, Pardo J, Turner CT, Granville DJ. Noncytotoxic Roles of Granzymes in Health and Disease. Physiology (Bethesda) 2022; 37:323-348. [PMID: 35820180 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00011.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Granzymes are serine proteases previously believed to play exclusive and somewhat redundant roles in lymphocyte-mediated target cell death. However, recent studies have challenged this paradigm. Distinct substrate profiles and functions have since emerged for each granzyme while their dysregulated proteolytic activities have been linked to diverse pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katlyn C Richardson
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Karen Jung
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julian Pardo
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, Radiology, Pediatrics and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Christopher T Turner
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David J Granville
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Li X, Wei S, Ma X, Li H, Jing M, Liu H, Zhao Y. Efficacy and safety of Tanreqing injection combined with antibiotics against Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Pharm Ther 2022; 47:1159-1172. [PMID: 35712904 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.13706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE Tanreqing injection (TRQ) is a traditional Chinese medicine injection. The goal of this study was to assess the clinical efficacy and safety of TRQ injection in combination with azithromycin or ceftriaxone, as well as azithromycin or ceftriaxone alone, in treating Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia (SPP). METHODS The randomized controlled trial (RCT) of TRQ injection combined with antibiotics versus antibiotics alone in the treatment of SPP was retrieved from Chinese and English databases (the control group was treated with antibiotics alone, while the experimental group received TRQ injection combined with antibiotics). The retrieval period was from the database's inception through February 2022. The data was extracted using the Cochrane Collaboration Network Quality Evaluation Standards, the methodological quality of the included literature was assessed, and the outcome indicators were calculated using RevMan5.4.1 software. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A total of 25 RCTs were collected, including 2057 patients. TRQ injection combined with antibiotics significantly improved clinical efficacy and reduced defervescence time, lung rale disappearance time, cough disappearance time, disappearance time of chest pain, and average hospitalization time when compared to control group, according to meta-analysis results (p < 0.05). WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION In the treatment of SPP, TRQ injection combination with antibiotics can significantly improve the total effect rate when compared to standard western medicine. Due to the low quality of the randomized controlled trials included in this investigation, more high-quality, multi-center, large-sample, prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical studies are needed to confirm the aforementioned conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shizhang Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Haotian Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Manyi Jing
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Honghong Liu
- Senior Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Zheng X, Guo J, Cao C, Qin T, Zhao Y, Song X, Lv M, Hu L, Zhang L, Zhou D, Fang T, Yang W. Time-Course Transcriptome Analysis of Lungs From Mice Infected With Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae via Aerosolized Intratracheal Inoculation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:833080. [PMID: 35573776 PMCID: PMC9097095 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.833080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKp) can cause life-threatening community-acquired infections among healthy young individuals and is thus of concern for global dissemination. In this study, a mouse model of acute primary hvKp pneumonia was established via aerosolized intratracheal (i.t.) inoculation, laying the foundation for conducting extensive studies related to hvKp. Subsequently, a time-course transcriptional profile was created of the lungs from the mouse model at 0, 12, 24, 48 and 60 hours post-infection (hpi) using RNA Sequencing (RNA-Seq). RNA-Seq data were analyzed with the use of Mfuzz time clustering, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and Immune Cell Abundance Identifier for mouse (ImmuCellAI-mouse). A gradual change in the transcriptional profile of the lungs was observed that reflected expected disease progression. At 12 hpi, genes related to acute phase inflammatory response increased in expression and lipid metabolism appeared to have a pro-inflammatory effect. At 24 hpi, exacerbation of inflammation was observed and active IFN-γ suggested that signaling promoted activation and recruitment of macrophages occurred. Genes related to maintaining the structural integrity of lung tissues showed a sustained decrease in expression after infection and the decrease was especially marked at 48 hpi. TNF, IL-17, MAPK and NF-kB signaling pathways may play key roles in the immunopathogenesis mechanism at all stages of infection. Natural killer (NK) cells consistently decreased in abundance after infection, which has rarely been reported in hvKp infection and could provide a new target for treatment. Genes Saa1 and Slpi were significantly upregulated during infection. Both Saa1, which is associated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that elicits host inflammatory response, and Slpi, which encodes an antimicrobial protein, have not previously been reported in hvKp infections and could be important targets for subsequent studies. To t our knowledge, this paper represents the first study to investigate the pulmonary transcriptional response to hvKp infection. The results provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of hvKp pulmonary infection that can contribute to the development of therapies to reduce hvKp pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Zheng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Jianshu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoyue Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Tongtong Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
- Laboratory Animal Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Lingfei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Tongyu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Tongyu Fang, ; Wenhui Yang,
| | - Wenhui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Tongyu Fang, ; Wenhui Yang,
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Rawle DJ, Le TT, Dumenil T, Bishop C, Yan K, Nakayama E, Bird PI, Suhrbier A. Widespread discrepancy in Nnt genotypes and genetic backgrounds complicates granzyme A and other knockout mouse studies. eLife 2022; 11:e70207. [PMID: 35119362 PMCID: PMC8816380 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Granzyme A (GZMA) is a serine protease secreted by cytotoxic lymphocytes, with Gzma-/- mouse studies having informed our understanding of GZMA's physiological function. We show herein that Gzma-/- mice have a mixed C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N genetic background and retain the full-length nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (Nnt) gene, whereas Nnt is truncated in C57BL/6J mice. Chikungunya viral arthritis was substantially ameliorated in Gzma-/- mice; however, the presence of Nnt and the C57BL/6N background, rather than loss of GZMA expression, was responsible for this phenotype. A new CRISPR active site mutant C57BL/6J GzmaS211A mouse provided the first insights into GZMA's bioactivity free of background issues, with circulating proteolytically active GZMA promoting immune-stimulating and pro-inflammatory signatures. Remarkably, k-mer mining of the Sequence Read Archive illustrated that ≈27% of Run Accessions and ≈38% of BioProjects listing C57BL/6J as the mouse strain had Nnt sequencing reads inconsistent with a C57BL/6J genetic background. Nnt and C57BL/6N background issues have clearly complicated our understanding of GZMA and may similarly have influenced studies across a broad range of fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Rawle
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Thuy T Le
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Troy Dumenil
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Cameron Bishop
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Kexin Yan
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Eri Nakayama
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyoJapan
| | - Phillip I Bird
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, GVN Center of ExcellenceBrisbaneAustralia
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Uranga-Murillo I, Tapia E, Garzón-Tituaña M, Ramirez-Labrada A, Santiago L, Pesini C, Esteban P, Roig FJ, Galvez EM, Bird PI, Pardo J, Arias M. Biological relevance of Granzymes A and K during E. coli sepsis. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:9873-9883. [PMID: 34815792 PMCID: PMC8581435 DOI: 10.7150/thno.59418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Recent in vitro findings suggest that the serine protease Granzyme K (GzmK) may act as a proinflammatory mediator. However, its role in sepsis is unknown. Here we aim to understand the role of GzmK in a mouse model of bacterial sepsis and compare it to the biological relevance of Granzyme A (GzmA). Methods: Sepsis was induced in WT, GzmA-/- and GzmK-/- mice by an intraperitoneal injection of 2x108 CFU from E. coli. Mouse survival was monitored during 5 days. Levels of IL-1α, IL-1β, TNFα and IL-6 in plasma were measured and bacterial load in blood, liver and spleen was analyzed. Finally, profile of cellular expression of GzmA and GzmK was analyzed by FACS. Results: GzmA and GzmK are not involved in the control of bacterial infection. However, GzmA and GzmK deficient mice showed a lower sepsis score in comparison with WT mice, although only GzmA deficient mice exhibited increased survival. GzmA deficient mice also showed reduced expression of some proinflammatory cytokines like IL1-α, IL-β and IL-6. A similar result was found when extracellular GzmA was therapeutically inhibited in WT mice using serpinb6b, which improved survival and reduced IL-6 expression. Mechanistically, active extracellular GzmA induces the production of IL-6 in macrophages by a mechanism dependent on TLR4 and MyD88. Conclusions: These results suggest that although both proteases contribute to the clinical signs of E. coli-induced sepsis, inhibition of GzmA is sufficient to reduce inflammation and improve survival irrespectively of the presence of other inflammatory granzymes, like GzmK.
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Garzón-Tituaña M, Sierra-Monzón JL, Comas L, Santiago L, Khaliulina-Ushakova T, Uranga-Murillo I, Ramirez-Labrada A, Tapia E, Morte-Romea E, Algarate S, Couty L, Camerer E, Bird PI, Seral C, Luque P, Paño-Pardo JR, Galvez EM, Pardo J, Arias M. Granzyme A inhibition reduces inflammation and increases survival during abdominal sepsis. Theranostics 2021; 11:3781-3795. [PMID: 33664861 PMCID: PMC7914344 DOI: 10.7150/thno.49288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: Peritonitis is one of the most common causes of sepsis, a serious syndrome characterized by a dysregulated systemic inflammatory response. Recent evidence suggests that Granzyme A (GzmA), a serine protease mainly expressed by NK and T cells, could act as a proinflammatory mediator and could play an important role in the pathogenesis of sepsis. This work aims to analyze the role and the therapeutic potential of GzmA in the pathogenesis of peritoneal sepsis. Methods: The level of extracellular GzmA as well as GzmA activity were analyzed in serum from healthy volunteers and patients with confirmed peritonitis and were correlated with the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score. Peritonitis was induced in C57Bl/6 (WT) and GzmA-/- mice by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Mice were treated intraperitoneally with antibiotics alone or in combination serpinb6b, a specific GzmA inhibitor, for 5 days. Mouse survival was monitored during 14 days, levels of some proinflammatory cytokines were measured in serum and bacterial load and diversity was analyzed in blood and spleen at different times. Results: Clinically, elevated GzmA was observed in serum from patients with abdominal sepsis suggesting that GzmA plays an important role in this pathology. In the CLP model GzmA deficient mice, or WT mice treated with an extracellular GzmA inhibitor, showed increased survival, which correlated with a reduction in proinflammatory markers in both serum and peritoneal lavage fluid. GzmA deficiency did not influence bacterial load in blood and spleen and GzmA did not affect bacterial replication in macrophages in vitro, indicating that GzmA has no role in bacterial control. Analysis of GzmA in lymphoid cells following CLP showed that it was mainly expressed by NK cells. Mechanistically, we found that extracellular active GzmA acts as a proinflammatory mediator in macrophages by inducing the TLR4-dependent expression of IL-6 and TNFα. Conclusions: Our findings implicate GzmA as a key regulator of the inflammatory response during abdominal sepsis and provide solid evidences about its therapeutic potential for the treatment of this severe pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Garzón-Tituaña
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José L Sierra-Monzón
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laura Comas
- Instituto de Carboquímica ICB-CSIC, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Llipsy Santiago
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Tatiana Khaliulina-Ushakova
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Iratxe Uranga-Murillo
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ariel Ramirez-Labrada
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elena Tapia
- Animal Unit, University of Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elena Morte-Romea
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sonia Algarate
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology and Department of Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ludovic Couty
- INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, Université de Paris, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Eric Camerer
- INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, Université de Paris, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Phillip I Bird
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 3800, Clayton VIC, Australia
| | - Cristina Seral
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology and Department of Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar Luque
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José R Paño-Pardo
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eva M Galvez
- Instituto de Carboquímica ICB-CSIC, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Julián Pardo
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Aragon I+D Foundation (ARAID), 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
- Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA), University of Zaragoza, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology and Department of Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maykel Arias
- Instituto de Carboquímica ICB-CSIC, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
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Spacek R, Musilova I, Andrys C, Soucek O, Burckova H, Pavlicek J, Pliskova L, Bolehovska R, Kacerovsky M. Extracellular granzyme A in amniotic fluid is elevated in the presence of sterile intra-amniotic inflammation in preterm prelabor rupture of membranes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2020; 35:3244-3253. [PMID: 32912008 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2020.1817895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To determine the levels of granzyme A in amniotic fluid in pregnancies complicated by preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM), based on the presence of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC) and/or intra-amniotic inflammation (IAI). METHODS OF STUDY A total of 166 women with singleton pregnancies complicated by PPROM were included. Amniocentesis was performed at the time of admission and assessments of MIAC (using both cultivation and non-cultivation techniques) and IAI (interleukin-6 in amniotic fluid) were performed on all subjects. Based on the presence/absence of MIAC and IAI, the women were further divided into the following subgroups: intra-amniotic infection, sterile IAI, colonization, and absence of both MIAC and IAI. Amniotic fluid granzyme A levels were assessed using ELISA. RESULTS Women with MIAC had lower levels of granzyme A in the amniotic fluid than women without this condition (with MIAC: median 15.9 pg/mL vs. without MIAC: median 19.9 pg/mL, p = .03). Women with sterile IAI had higher amniotic fluid granzyme A levels than women with intra-amniotic infection, colonization and women with the absence of either MIAC or IAI (intra-amniotic infection: median 15.6 pg/mL; sterile IAI: median 31.8 pg/mL; colonization: median 16.9 pg/mL; absence of both MIAC and IAI: median 18.8 pg/mL; p = .02). CONCLUSIONS The presence of sterile IAI was associated with elevated levels of granzyme A in amniotic fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Spacek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Musilova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ctirad Andrys
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soucek
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Burckova
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Pavlicek
- Department of Pediatrics and Prenatal Cardiology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Pliskova
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Bolehovska
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Marian Kacerovsky
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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10
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Garzón-Tituaña M, Arias MA, Sierra-Monzón JL, Morte-Romea E, Santiago L, Ramirez-Labrada A, Martinez-Lostao L, Paño-Pardo JR, Galvez EM, Pardo J. The Multifaceted Function of Granzymes in Sepsis: Some Facts and a Lot to Discover. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1054. [PMID: 32655547 PMCID: PMC7325996 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a serious global health problem. In addition to a high incidence, this syndrome has a high mortality and is responsible for huge health expenditure. The pathophysiology of sepsis is very complex and it is not well-understood yet. However, it is widely accepted that the initial phase of sepsis is characterized by a hyperinflammatory response while the late phase is characterized by immunosuppression and immune anergy, increasing the risk of secondary infections. Granzymes (Gzms) are a family of serine proteases classified according to their cleavage specificity. Traditionally, it was assumed that all Gzms acted as cytotoxic proteases. However, recent evidence suggests that GzmB is the one with the greatest cytotoxic capacity, while the cytotoxicity of others such as GzmA and GzmK is not clear. Recent studies have found that GzmA, GzmB, GzmK, and GzmM act as pro-inflammatory mediators. Specially, solid evidences show that GzmA and GzmK function as extracellular proteases that regulate the inflammatory response irrespectively of its ability to induce cell death. Indeed, studies in animal models indicate that GzmA is involved in the cytokine release syndrome characteristic of sepsis. Moreover, the GZM family also could regulate other biological processes involved in sepsis pathophysiology like the coagulation cascade, platelet function, endothelial barrier permeability, and, in addition, could be involved in the immunosuppressive stage of sepsis. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview on the contribution of these novel functions of Gzms to sepsis and the new therapeutic opportunities emerging from targeting these proteases for the treatment of this serious health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Garzón-Tituaña
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - José L Sierra-Monzón
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elena Morte-Romea
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Llipsy Santiago
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ariel Ramirez-Labrada
- Nanotoxicology and Immunotoxicology Unit (UNATI), Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Luis Martinez-Lostao
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain.,Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José R Paño-Pardo
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eva M Galvez
- Instituto de Carboquímica ICB-CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Julián Pardo
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Aragon I + D Foundation (ARAID), Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology and Department of Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
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11
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van Daalen KR, Reijneveld JF, Bovenschen N. Modulation of Inflammation by Extracellular Granzyme A. Front Immunol 2020; 11:931. [PMID: 32508827 PMCID: PMC7248576 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Granzyme A (GrA) has long been recognized as one of the key players in the induction of cell death of neoplastic, foreign or infected cells after granule delivery by cytotoxic cells. While the cytotoxic potential of GrA is controversial in current literature, accumulating evidence now indicates roles for extracellular GrA in modulating inflammation and inflammatory diseases. This paper aims to explore the literature presenting current knowledge on GrA as an extracellular modulator of inflammation by summarizing (i) the presence and role of extracellular GrA in several inflammatory diseases, and (ii) the potential molecular mechanisms of extracellular GrA in augmenting inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim R van Daalen
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Niels Bovenschen
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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12
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Schanoski AS, Le TT, Kaiserman D, Rowe C, Prow NA, Barboza DD, Santos CA, Zanotto PMA, Magalhães KG, Aurelio L, Muller D, Young P, Zhao P, Bird PI, Suhrbier A. Granzyme A in Chikungunya and Other Arboviral Infections. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3083. [PMID: 31993061 PMCID: PMC6971054 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Granzyme A (GzmA) is secreted by cytotoxic lymphocytes and has traditionally been viewed as a mediator of cell death. However, a growing body of data suggests the physiological role of GzmA is promotion of inflammation. Here, we show that GzmA is significantly elevated in the sera of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) patients and that GzmA levels correlated with viral loads and disease scores in these patients. Serum GzmA levels were also elevated in CHIKV mouse models, with NK cells the likely source. Infection of mice deficient in type I interferon responses with CHIKV, Zika virus, or dengue virus resulted in high levels of circulating GzmA. We also show that subcutaneous injection of enzymically active recombinant mouse GzmA was able to mediate inflammation, both locally at the injection site as well as at a distant site. Protease activated receptors (PARs) may represent targets for GzmA, and we show that treatment with PAR antagonist ameliorated GzmA- and CHIKV-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thuy T Le
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Dion Kaiserman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Caitlin Rowe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Natalie A Prow
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Diego D Barboza
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cliomar A Santos
- Health Foundation Parreiras Horta, Central Laboratory of Public Health, State Secretary for Health, Aracajú, Brazil
| | - Paolo M A Zanotto
- Laboratory of Molecular Evolution and Bioinformatics, Department of Microbiology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kelly G Magalhães
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Luigi Aurelio
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - David Muller
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul Young
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Peishen Zhao
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Phillip I Bird
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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13
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Liu WT, Lv YJ, Yang RC, Fu JY, Liu L, Wang H, Cao Q, Tan C, Chen HC, Wang XR. New insights into meningitic Escherichia coli infection of brain microvascular endothelial cells from quantitative proteomics analysis. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:291. [PMID: 30340642 PMCID: PMC6195690 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1325-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial meningitis remains a big threat to the integrity of the central nervous system (CNS), despite the advancements in antimicrobial reagents. Escherichia coli is a bacterial pathogen that can disrupt the CNS function, especially in neonates. E. coli meningitis occurs after bacteria invade the brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) that form a direct and essential barrier restricting the entry of circulating microbes and toxins to the brain. Previous studies have reported on several cellular proteins that function during meningitic E. coli infections; however, more comprehensive investigations to elucidate the potential targets involved in E. coli meningitis are essential to better understand this disease and discover new treatments for it. Methods The isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) approach coupled with LC-MS/MS were applied to compare and characterize the different proteomic profiles of BMECs in response to meningitic or non-meningitic E. coli strains. KEGG and gene ontology annotations, ingenuity pathways analysis, and functional experiments were combined to identify the key host molecules involved in the meningitic E. coli-induced tight junction breakdown and neuroinflammatory responses. Results A total of 13 cellular proteins were found to be differentially expressed by meningitic E. coli strains PCN033 and RS218, including one that was also affected by HB101, a non-meningitic E. coli strain. Through bioinformatics analysis, we identified the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), granzyme A, NF-κB signaling, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways as being biologically involved in the meningitic E. coli-induced tight junction breakdown and neuroinflammation. Functionally, we showed that MIF facilitated meningitic E. coli-induced production of cytokines and chemokines and also helped to disrupt the blood-brain barrier by decreasing the expression of tight junction proteins like ZO-1, occludin. Moreover, we demonstrated the significant activation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling in BMECs in response to meningitic E. coli strains, which dominantly determined the generation of the proinflammatory cytokines including IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-1β. Conclusions Our work identified 12 host cellular targets that are affected by meningitic E. coli strains and revealed MIF to be an important contributor to meningitic E. coli-induced cytokine production and tight junction disruption, and also the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways that are mainly involved in the infection-induced cytokines production. Characterization of these distinct proteins and pathways in BMECs will facilitate further elucidation of meningitis-causing mechanisms in humans and animals, thereby enabling the development of novel preventative and therapeutic strategies against infection with meningitic E. coli. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1325-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Tong Liu
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yu-Jin Lv
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Rui-Cheng Yang
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Ji-Yang Fu
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Lu Liu
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Huan Wang
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Qi Cao
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Chen Tan
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Huan-Chun Chen
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Xiang-Ru Wang
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
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14
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Arias M, Martínez-Lostao L, Santiago L, Ferrandez A, Granville DJ, Pardo J. The Untold Story of Granzymes in Oncoimmunology: Novel Opportunities with Old Acquaintances. Trends Cancer 2017; 3:407-422. [PMID: 28718416 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
For more than 20 years perforin and granzymes (GZMs) have been recognized as key cell death executors of cytotoxic T (Tc) and natural killer (NK) cells during cancer immunosurveillance. In immune surveillance, perforin and GZMB, the most potent cytotoxic molecules, act mainly as antitumoral and anti-infectious factors. However, when expressed by immune regulatory cells they may contribute to immune evasion of specific cancer types. By contrast, the other major granzyme, GZMA, seems not to play a major role in Tc/NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity, but acts as a proinflammatory cytokine that might contribute to cancer development. Members of the GZM family also regulate other biological processes unrelated to cell death, such as angiogenesis, vascular integrity, extracellular matrix remodeling, and barrier function, all of which contribute to cancer initiation and progression. Thus, a new paradigm is emerging in the field of oncoimmunology. Can GZMs act as protumoral factors under some circumstances? We review the diverse roles of GZMs in cancer progression, and new therapeutic opportunities emerging from targeting these protumoral roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maykel Arias
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Luis Martínez-Lostao
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, and Department of Microbiology, Preventive Medicine, and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Servicio de Inmunología Hospital Clínico Universitario Lorenzo Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain; Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Llipsy Santiago
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Angel Ferrandez
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lorenzo Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - David J Granville
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Julián Pardo
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, and Department of Microbiology, Preventive Medicine, and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; Aragon I+D Foundation (ARAID), Zaragoza, Spain.
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15
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Influenza A Virus Infection Predisposes Hosts to Secondary Infection with Different Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotypes with Similar Outcome but Serotype-Specific Manifestation. Infect Immun 2016; 84:3445-3457. [PMID: 27647871 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00422-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) and Streptococcus pneumoniae are major causes of respiratory tract infections, particularly during coinfection. The synergism between these two pathogens is characterized by a complex network of dysregulated immune responses, some of which last until recovery following IAV infection. Despite the high serotype diversity of S. pneumoniae and the serotype replacement observed since the introduction of conjugate vaccines, little is known about pneumococcal strain dependency in the enhanced susceptibility to severe secondary S. pneumoniae infection following IAV infection. Thus, we studied how preinfection with IAV alters host susceptibility to different S. pneumoniae strains with various degrees of invasiveness using a highly invasive serotype 4 strain, an invasive serotype 7F strain, and a carrier serotype 19F strain. A murine model of pneumococcal coinfection during the acute phase of IAV infection showed a significantly increased degree of pneumonia and mortality for all tested pneumococcal strains at otherwise sublethal doses. The incidence and kinetics of systemic dissemination, however, remained bacterial strain dependent. Furthermore, we observed strain-specific alterations in the pulmonary levels of alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, and inflammatory mediators ultimately affecting immunopathology. During the recovery phase following IAV infection, bacterial growth in the lungs and systemic dissemination were enhanced in a strain-dependent manner. Altogether, this study shows that acute IAV infection predisposes the host to lethal S. pneumoniae infection irrespective of the pneumococcal serotype, while the long-lasting synergism between IAV and S. pneumoniae is bacterial strain dependent. These results hold implications for developing tailored therapeutic treatment regimens for dual infections during future IAV outbreaks.
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