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Giarratana AO, Prendergast CM, Salvatore MM, Capaccione KM. TGF-β signaling: critical nexus of fibrogenesis and cancer. J Transl Med 2024; 22:594. [PMID: 38926762 PMCID: PMC11201862 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05411-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway is a vital regulator of cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and extracellular matrix production. It functions through canonical SMAD-mediated processes and noncanonical pathways involving MAPK cascades, PI3K/AKT, Rho-like GTPases, and NF-κB signaling. This intricate signaling system is finely tuned by interactions between canonical and noncanonical pathways and plays key roles in both physiologic and pathologic conditions including tissue homeostasis, fibrosis, and cancer progression. TGF-β signaling is known to have paradoxical actions. Under normal physiologic conditions, TGF-β signaling promotes cell quiescence and apoptosis, acting as a tumor suppressor. In contrast, in pathological states such as inflammation and cancer, it triggers processes that facilitate cancer progression and tissue remodeling, thus promoting tumor development and fibrosis. Here, we detail the role that TGF-β plays in cancer and fibrosis and highlight the potential for future theranostics targeting this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna O Giarratana
- Northwell Health - Peconic Bay Medical Center, 1 Heroes Way, Riverhead, NY, 11901, USA.
| | | | - Mary M Salvatore
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 11032, USA
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2
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Noshita S, Kubo Y, Kajiwara K, Okuzaki D, Nada S, Okada M. A TGF-β-responsive enhancer regulates SRC expression and epithelial-mesenchymal transition-associated cell migration. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs261001. [PMID: 37439249 PMCID: PMC10445741 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The non-receptor tyrosine kinase SRC is overexpressed and/or hyperactivated in various human cancers, and facilitates cancer progression by promoting invasion and metastasis. However, the mechanisms underlying SRC upregulation are poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) induces SRC expression at the transcriptional level by activating an intragenic the SRC enhancer. In the human breast epithelial cell line MCF10A, TGF-β1 stimulation upregulated one of the SRC promotors, the 1A promoter, resulting in increased SRC mRNA and protein levels. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-sequencing analysis revealed that the SMAD complex is recruited to three enhancer regions ∼15 kb upstream and downstream of the SRC promoter, and one of them is capable of activating the SRC promoter in response to TGF-β. JUN, a member of the activator protein (AP)-1 family, localises to the enhancer and regulates TGF-β-induced SRC expression. Furthermore, TGF-β-induced SRC upregulation plays a crucial role in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated cell migration by activating the SRC-focal adhesion kinase (FAK) circuit. Overall, these results suggest that TGF-β-induced SRC upregulation promotes cancer cell invasion and metastasis in a subset of human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soshi Noshita
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuki Kubo
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kajiwara
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Daisuke Okuzaki
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Human Immunology lab, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Centre, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Nada
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masato Okada
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Oncogene research, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Centre, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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3
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Karetnikova ES, Jarzebska N, Rodionov RN, Rubets E, Markov AG, Spieth PM. mRNA Levels of Epithelial and Mesenchymal Markers in Lung Epithelial Cell Lines. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 12:211-219. [PMID: 38317809 PMCID: PMC10838588 DOI: 10.61186/rbmb.12.2.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Background Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important physiologic process that determines the outcome of lung tissue healing after injury. Stimuli and molecular cascades inducing EMT lead to up-regulation of the mesenchymal-specific genes in the alveolar epithelial cells and to down-regulation of the genes coding for epithelial markers. Alveolar epithelial cell lines are commonly used as in vitro models to study processes occurring in the lung tissue. The aim of this study is to quantify and compare mRNA expression levels of epithelial and mesenchymal markers in a number of lung epithelial cell lines. Methods Lung epithelial cell lines L2, R3/1 and RLE-6TN were cultured. Repeated mRNA isolation, reverse transcription, and quantitative PCR with primers to epithelial (E-cadherin, occludin, and ZO-2) and mesenchymal (α-SMA, collagen III, and vimentin) markers were performed. Results First, our study revealed a higher level of epithelial transcripts in the RLE-6TN cell line compared to L2 and R3/1 cells. Secondly, we have found simultaneous mRNA expression of both epithelial (E-cadherin, occludin and ZO-2) and mesenchymal (α-SMA, collagen III and vimentin) markers in all cell lines studied. Conclusions Our data indicate that at the transcriptional level the L2, R3/1, and RLE-6TN cell lines are at one of the intermediate stages of EMT, which opens new possibilities for the study of EMT on cell lines. Determination of the direction of changes in epithelial and mesenchymal markers will make it possible to establish the factors responsible for both EMT and reverse mesenchymal-epithelial transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Sergeevna Karetnikova
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- Department of General Physiology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Natalia Jarzebska
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Roman Nikolaevich Rodionov
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Elena Rubets
- Department of General Physiology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Alexander Georgievich Markov
- Department of General Physiology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
- The first and the second authors contributed equally to this work.
| | - Peter Markus Spieth
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- The first and the second authors contributed equally to this work.
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4
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Sales A, Khodr V, Machillot P, Chaar L, Fourel L, Guevara-Garcia A, Migliorini E, Albigès-Rizo C, Picart C. Differential bioactivity of four BMP-family members as function of biomaterial stiffness. Biomaterials 2022; 281:121363. [PMID: 35063741 PMCID: PMC7613911 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
While a soft film itself is not able to induce cell spreading, BMP-2 presented via such soft film (so called "matrix-bound BMP-2") was previously shown to trigger cell spreading, migration and downstream BMP-2 signaling. Here, we used thin films of controlled stiffness presenting matrix-bound BMPs to study the effect of four BMP members (BMP-2, 4, 7, 9) on cell adhesion and differentiation of skeletal progenitors. We performed automated high-content screening of cellular responses, including cell number, cell spreading area, SMAD phosphorylation and alkaline phosphatase activity. We revealed that the cell response to bBMPs is BMP-type specific, and involved certain BMP receptors and beta chain integrins. In addition, this response is stiffness-dependent for several receptors. The basolateral presentation of the BMPs allowed us to discriminate the specificity of cellular response, especiallyd the role of type I and II BMP receptors and of β integrins in a BMP-type and stiffness-dependent manner. Notably, BMP-2 and BMP-4 were found to have distinct roles, while ALK5, previously known as a TGF-β receptor was revealed to be involved in the BMP-pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrià Sales
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM U1292 Biosanté, CNRS EMR 5000 BRM, 38000 Grenoble, France; CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Technology, LMGP, UMR 5628, 3 Parvis Louis Néel, 38016, Grenoble, France.
| | - Valia Khodr
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM U1292 Biosanté, CNRS EMR 5000 BRM, 38000 Grenoble, France; CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Technology, LMGP, UMR 5628, 3 Parvis Louis Néel, 38016, Grenoble, France
| | - Paul Machillot
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM U1292 Biosanté, CNRS EMR 5000 BRM, 38000 Grenoble, France; CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Technology, LMGP, UMR 5628, 3 Parvis Louis Néel, 38016, Grenoble, France
| | - Line Chaar
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, CNRS 5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB) 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Laure Fourel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM U1292 Biosanté, CNRS EMR 5000 BRM, 38000 Grenoble, France; CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Technology, LMGP, UMR 5628, 3 Parvis Louis Néel, 38016, Grenoble, France; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, CNRS 5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB) 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Amaris Guevara-Garcia
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM U1292 Biosanté, CNRS EMR 5000 BRM, 38000 Grenoble, France; CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Technology, LMGP, UMR 5628, 3 Parvis Louis Néel, 38016, Grenoble, France; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, CNRS 5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB) 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Elisa Migliorini
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM U1292 Biosanté, CNRS EMR 5000 BRM, 38000 Grenoble, France; CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Technology, LMGP, UMR 5628, 3 Parvis Louis Néel, 38016, Grenoble, France
| | - Corinne Albigès-Rizo
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, CNRS 5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB) 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Catherine Picart
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM U1292 Biosanté, CNRS EMR 5000 BRM, 38000 Grenoble, France; CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Technology, LMGP, UMR 5628, 3 Parvis Louis Néel, 38016, Grenoble, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France.
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5
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FAK Inhibition Attenuates Corneal Fibroblast Differentiation In Vitro. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11111682. [PMID: 34827680 PMCID: PMC8616004 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Corneal fibrosis (or scarring) occurs in response to ocular trauma or infection, and by reducing corneal transparency, it can lead to visual impairment and blindness. Studies highlight important roles for transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and -β3 as modulators in corneal wound healing and fibrosis, leading to increased extracellular matrix (ECM) components and expression of α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA), a myofibroblast marker. In this study, human corneal fibroblasts (hCF) were cultured as a monolayer culture (2D) or on poly-transwell membranes to generate corneal stromal constructs (3D) that were treated with TGF-β1, TGF-β3, or TGF-β1 + FAK inhibitor (FAKi). Results show that hCF 3D constructs treated with TGF-β1 or TGF-β3 impart distinct effects on genes involved in wound healing and fibrosis—ITGAV, ITGB1, SRC and ACTA2. Notably, in the 3D construct model, TGF-β1 enhanced αSMA and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) protein expression, whereas TGF-β3 did not. In addition, in both the hCF 2D cell and 3D construct models, we found that TGF-β1 + FAKi attenuated TGF-β1-mediated myofibroblast differentiation, as shown by abrogated αSMA expression. This study concludes that FAK signaling is important for the onset of TGF-β1-mediated myofibroblast differentiation, and FAK inhibition may provide a novel beneficial therapeutic avenue to reduce corneal scarring.
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6
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Han Y, Jiang M, He R, Lv X, Liao X, He Y, Zhang F, Long L, Jiang G, Peng Z, Tao L, Hu G, Meng J. Mefunidone Ameliorates Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:713572. [PMID: 34630088 PMCID: PMC8499630 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.713572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is one of the most common and devastating interstitial lung diseases with poor prognosis. Currently, few effective drugs are available for IPF. Hence, we sought to explore the role of mefunidone (MFD), a newly synthesized drug developed by our team, in lung fibrosis. In this study, MFD was found to attenuate bleomycin (BLM) -induced lung fibrosis and inflammation in mice according to Ashcroft and alveolitis scoring. The protein contents and total cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of BLM-treated mice were also lowered by MFD. Moreover, the elevation of TGF-β/Smad2 and phosphorylation of MAPK pathways was repressed by MFD. Additionally, MFD attenuated the swelling and vacuolization of mitochondria, lowered the ratio of apoptotic cells, restored the mitochondrial membrane potential, and reversed the expression of cleaved-caspase 3, Bcl-2 and Bax. Meanwhile, the level of epithelial marker, E-cadherin, was restored by MFD, while the levels of mesenchymal markers such as Snail and vimentin were down-regulated by MFD. Besides, MFD inhibited the expression of fibronectin and α-smooth muscle actin in TGF-β treated normal human lung fibroblasts. Thus, our findings suggested that MFD could ameliorate lung fibrosis, cell apoptosis and EMT potentially via suppression of TGF-β/Smad2 and MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Han
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Changsha, China.,Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mao Jiang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Changsha, China
| | - Rongling He
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Lv
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Changsha, China.,Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaohua Liao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Changsha, China.,Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yijun He
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Changsha, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lingzhi Long
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Changsha, China
| | - Guoliang Jiang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Changsha, China
| | - Zhangzhe Peng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Changsha, China.,Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lijian Tao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Changsha, China.,Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Gaoyun Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Meng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Changsha, China
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7
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Suppression of TGF-β1 signaling by Matrigel via FAK signaling in cultured human trabecular meshwork cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7319. [PMID: 33795740 PMCID: PMC8016910 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86591-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The trabecular meshwork (TM) is composed of TM cells and beams of the extracellular matrix, together contributing to aqueous humor (AH) outflow resistance. Herein, we validated that our culture system on 2D Matrigel expressed putative TM markers and myocilin, of which the latter was upregulated by dexamethasone. Continuous passage of these cells on 2D Matrigel resulted in a gradual loss of expression of these markers. However, such a loss was restored by seeding cells in 3D Matrigel where expression of TM markers was further upregulated upon continuous passage. In contrast, TM cells seeded on fibronectin, collagen I/IV, or laminin lost expression of these markers and turned into myofibroblasts with expression of αSMA, which were dose-dependently upregulated by TGF-β1/TGF-β2. TM cells in 3D Matrigel also expressed TGF-β1/TGF-β3 despite challenge of TGF-β1. The maintenance of TM phenotype by 3D Matrigel was linked to inhibition of canonical TGF-β signaling and activation of pFAK-pSrc-pP190RhoGAP-P120RasGAP signaling. These findings indicate that basement membrane matrix with low rigidity plays an active role in maintaining TM phenotype in the presence of TGF-β1 and shed light on its physiological role. Furthermore, abnormal matrices may perpetuate the pathological TM phenotype when the level of TGF-β2 is elevated in glaucoma patients.
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8
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Weng Y, Lieberthal TJ, Zhou VX, Lopez-Ichikawa M, Armas-Phan M, Bond TK, Yoshida MC, Choi WT, Chang TT. Liver epithelial focal adhesion kinase modulates fibrogenesis and hedgehog signaling. JCI Insight 2020; 5:141217. [PMID: 32910808 PMCID: PMC7605528 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.141217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is an important mediator of extracellular matrix-integrin mechano-signal transduction that regulates cell motility, survival, and proliferation. As such, FAK is being investigated as a potential therapeutic target for malignant and fibrotic diseases, and numerous clinical trials of FAK inhibitors are underway. The function of FAK in nonmalignant, nonmotile epithelial cells is not well understood. We previously showed that hepatocytes demonstrated activated FAK near stiff collagen tracts in fibrotic livers. In this study, we examined the role of liver epithelial FAK by inducing fibrotic liver disease in mice with liver epithelial FAK deficiency. We found that mice that lacked FAK in liver epithelial cells developed more severe liver injury and worse fibrosis as compared with controls. Increased fibrosis in liver epithelial FAK-deficient mice was linked to the activation of several profibrotic pathways, including the hedgehog/smoothened pathway. FAK-deficient hepatocytes produced increased Indian hedgehog in a manner dependent on matrix stiffness. Furthermore, expression of the hedgehog receptor, smoothened, was increased in macrophages and biliary cells of hepatocyte-specific FAK-deficient fibrotic livers. These results indicate that liver epithelial FAK has important regulatory roles in the response to liver injury and progression of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tammy T Chang
- Department of Surgery.,Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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9
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Zhang Y, Liu S, Zhou S, Yu D, Gu J, Qin Q, Cheng Y, Sun X. Focal adhesion kinase: Insight into its roles and therapeutic potential in oesophageal cancer. Cancer Lett 2020; 496:93-103. [PMID: 33038490 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Oesophageal cancer is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates because it is highly invasive and prone to recurrence and metastasis, with a five-year survival rate of <20%. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new methods aimed at improving therapeutic intervention. Several studies have shown that targeted therapy may be effective for the treatment of oesophageal cancer. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a non-receptor tyrosine kinase with kinase activity and scaffolding function, could be overexpressed in a variety of solid tumours, including oesophageal cancer. FAK participates in survival, proliferation, progression, adhesion, invasion, migration, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, DNA damage repair, and other biological processes through multiple signalling pathways in cancer cells. It plays an important role in the occurrence and development of tumours and has been linked to the prognosis of oesophageal cancer. FAK has been suggested as a potential therapeutic target in oesophageal cancer; thus, the combination of FAK inhibitors with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy is expected to prolong the survival of patients. This paper presents a brief overview of the structure of FAK and its potential role in oesophageal cancer, providing a rationale for the future application of FAK inhibitors in the treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Shu Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Shu Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Dandan Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Junjie Gu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Qin Qin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Xinchen Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China.
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10
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Yamashita N, Kusaba T, Nakata T, Tomita A, Ida T, Watanabe-Uehara N, Ikeda K, Kitani T, Uehara M, Kirita Y, Matoba S, Humphreys BD, Tamagaki K. Intratubular epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tubular atrophy after kidney injury in mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 319:F579-F591. [PMID: 32799673 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00108.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubular atrophy is a common pathological feature of kidney fibrosis. Although fibroblasts play a predominant role in tissue fibrosis, the role of repairing tubular epithelia in tubular atrophy is unclear. We demonstrated the essential role of focal adhesion kinase (FAK)-mediated intratubular epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in the pathogenesis of tubular atrophy after severe ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Actively proliferating tubular epithelia undergoing intratubular EMT were noted in the acute phase of severe IRI, resulting in tubular atrophy in the chronic phase, reflecting failed tubular repair. Furthermore, FAK was phosphorylated in the tubular epithelia in the acute phase of severe IRI, and its inhibition ameliorated both tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis in the chronic phase after injury. In vivo clonal analysis of single-labeled proximal tubular epithelial cells after IRI using proximal tubule reporter mice revealed substantial clonal expansion after IRI, reflecting active epithelial proliferation during repair. The majority of these proliferating epithelia were located in atrophic and nonfunctional tubules, and FAK inhibition was sufficient to prevent tubular atrophy. In vitro, transforming growth factor-β induced FAK phosphorylation and an EMT phenotype, which was also prevented by FAK inhibition. In an in vitro tubular epithelia gel contraction assay, transforming growth factor-β treatment accelerated gel contraction, which was suppressed by FAK inhibition. In conclusion, injury-induced intratubular EMT is closely related to tubular atrophy in a FAK-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Yamashita
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kusaba
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nakata
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Aya Tomita
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Ida
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Noriko Watanabe-Uehara
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kisho Ikeda
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Kitani
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Uehara
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuhei Kirita
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoaki Matoba
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Benjamin D Humphreys
- Division of Nephrology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Keiichi Tamagaki
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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11
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Lu JT, Tan CC, Wu XR, He R, Zhang X, Wang QS, Li XQ, Zhang R, Feng YM. FOXF2 deficiency accelerates the visceral metastasis of basal-like breast cancer by unrestrictedly increasing TGF-β and miR-182-5p. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:2973-2987. [PMID: 32424142 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-0555-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mesenchymal transcription factor forkhead box F2 (FOXF2) is a critical regulator of embryogenesis and tissue homeostasis. Our previous studies demonstrated that FOXF2 is ectopically expressed in basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) cells and that FOXF2 deficiency promotes the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and aggressiveness of BLBC cells. In this study, we found that FOXF2 controls transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)/SMAD signaling pathway activation through transrepression of TGF-β-coding genes in BLBC cells. FOXF2-deficient BLBC cells adopt a myofibroblast-/cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF)-like phenotype, and tend to metastasize to visceral organs by increasing autocrine TGF-β signaling and conferring aggressiveness to neighboring cells by increasing paracrine TGF-β signaling. In turn, TGF-β silences FOXF2 expression through upregulating miR-182-5p, a posttranscriptional regulator of FOXF2 and inducer of metastasis. In addition to mediating a reciprocal repression loop between FOXF2 and TGF-β through direct transrepression by SMAD3, miR-182-5p forms a reciprocal repression loop with FOXF2 that directly transrepresses MIR182 expression. Therefore, FOXF2 deficiency accelerates the visceral metastasis of BLBC through unrestricted increases in autocrine and paracrine TGF-β signaling, and miR-182-5p expression. Our findings provide novel mechanisms underlying the roles of TGF-β, miR-182-5p, and FOXF2 in accelerating BLBC dissemination and metastasis, and may facilitate the development of therapeutic strategies for aggressive BLBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Tao Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Cong-Cong Tan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Xiao-Ran Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Rui He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Qing-Shan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China.,Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Treatment of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China.,Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Treatment of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China.,Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Treatment of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Yu-Mei Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China. .,Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Treatment of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China.
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12
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Enhancement of FAK alleviates ventilator-induced alveolar epithelial cell injury. Sci Rep 2020; 10:419. [PMID: 31942012 PMCID: PMC6962166 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57350-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical ventilation induces lung injury by damaging alveolar epithelial cells (AECs), but the pathogenesis remains unknown. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase that is involved in cell growth and intracellular signal transduction pathways. This study explored the potential role of FAK in AECs during lung injury induced by mechanical ventilation. High-volume mechanical ventilation (HMV) was used to create a mouse lung injury model, which was validated by analysis of lung weight, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and histological investigation. The expression of FAK and Akt in AECs were evaluated. In addition, recombinant FAK was administered to mice via the tail vein, and then the extent of lung injury was assessed. Mouse AECs were cultured in vitro, and FAK expression in cells under stretch was investigated. The effects of FAK on cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis were investigated. The results showed that HMV decreased FAK expression in AECs of mice, while FAK supplementation attenuated lung injury, reduced protein levels/cell counts in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and decreased histological lung injury and oedema. The protective effect of FAK promoted AEC proliferation and migration and prevented cells from undergoing apoptosis, which restored the integrity of the alveoli through Akt pathway. Therefore, the decrease in FAK expression by HMV is essential for injury to epithelial cells and the disruption of alveolar integrity. FAK supplementation can reduce AEC injury associated with HMV.
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13
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Huang HT, Liu ZC, Wu KQ, Gu SR, Lu TC, Zhong CJ, Zhou YX. MiR-92a regulates endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) by targeting GDF11 via activate SMAD2/3/FAK/Akt/eNOS pathway. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:563. [PMID: 31807544 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.09.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background The effects of miR-92a on EPCs are still poorly elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the effects of miR-92a on EPCs (Endothelial progenitor cells) in a model of hypoxia (HO) or high glucose (HG)-induced EPCs injury by targeting GDF11 (Differentiation growth factor 11). Methods The effects of miR-92a on EPCs subjected to HO or HG were investigated firstly. Subsequently, the action mechanism of miR-92a on EPCs by targeting GDF11 was elucidated. Proliferation, apoptosis, migration, angiogenesis was measured with MTT, flow cytometry, transwell, tube formation respectively. After 24 h, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured by fluorescence intensity. LDH and NO (nitric oxide) levels were determined by ELISA. The expression of FLK-1 (fetal liver kinase 1) and vWF (von Willebrand factor) was detected by immunofluorescence. mRNA and protein expression levels were examined using PCR and western blotting respectively. The interaction between miR-92a and GDF11 was evaluated by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Results Our results showed that HO or HG increased apoptosis, production of LDH and generation of ROS, but decreased the ability of migration and tube formation and generation of NO in EPCs; inhibiting of miR-92a decreased HO or HG-induced injury of EPCs, whereas miR-92a over-expression had the opposite effect; the protective effects induced by inhibiting of miR-92a on EPCs could be reversed by GDF11 siRNA and the harmful effects induced by over-expression of miR-92a could be rescued by over-expression of GDF11, which showed that the harmful effects of miR-92a be related to its inhibition of GDF11 and subsequent inactivation of the SMAD2/3/FAK/Akt/eNOS signaling pathway. Conclusions Inhibiting miR-92a can protect EPCs from HO or HG-induced injury. The effect of miR-92a on EPCs are mediated by regulating of GDF11 and downstream SMAD2/3/FAK/Akt/eNOS signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Tao Huang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Nantong First People's Hospital, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Zhen-Chuan Liu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Kai-Qin Wu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Shao-Rui Gu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Tian-Cheng Lu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Chong-Jun Zhong
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Nantong First People's Hospital, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yong-Xin Zhou
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
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14
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Barnes JW, Duncan D, Helton S, Hutcheson S, Kurundkar D, Logsdon NJ, Locy M, Garth J, Denson R, Farver C, Vo HT, King G, Kentrup D, Faul C, Kulkarni T, De Andrade JA, Yu Z, Matalon S, Thannickal VJ, Krick S. Role of fibroblast growth factor 23 and klotho cross talk in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 317:L141-L154. [PMID: 31042083 PMCID: PMC6689746 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00246.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive fibrosing interstitial pneumonia that mainly affects the elderly. Several reports have demonstrated that aging is involved in the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of IPF. α-Klotho (KL) has been well characterized as an "age-suppressing" hormone and can provide protection against cellular senescence and oxidative stress. In this study, KL levels were assessed in human plasma and primary lung fibroblasts from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF-FB) and in lung tissue from mice exposed to bleomycin, which showed significant downregulation when compared with controls. Conversely, transgenic mice overexpressing KL were protected against bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. Treatment of human lung fibroblasts with recombinant KL alone was not sufficient to inhibit transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-induced collagen deposition and inflammatory marker expression. Interestingly, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), a proinflammatory circulating protein for which KL is a coreceptor, was upregulated in IPF and bleomycin lungs. To our surprise, FGF23 and KL coadministration led to a significant reduction in fibrosis and inflammation in IPF-FB; FGF23 administration alone or in combination with KL stimulated KL upregulation. We conclude that in IPF downregulation of KL may contribute to fibrosis and inflammation and FGF23 may act as a compensatory antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory mediator via inhibition of TGF-β signaling. Upon restoration of KL levels, the combination of FGF23 and KL leads to resolution of inflammation and fibrosis. Altogether, these data provide novel insight into the FGF23/KL axis and its antifibrotic/anti-inflammatory properties, which opens new avenues for potential therapies in aging-related diseases like IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod W Barnes
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Dawn Duncan
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Scott Helton
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Samuel Hutcheson
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Deepali Kurundkar
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Naomi J Logsdon
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Morgan Locy
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jaleesa Garth
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Rebecca Denson
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Carol Farver
- Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Hai T Vo
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Gwendalyn King
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Dominik Kentrup
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Christian Faul
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Tejaswini Kulkarni
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Joao A De Andrade
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama , Birmingham, Alabama
- Birmingham VA Medical Center , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Zhihong Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (Molecular and Translational Biomedicine), University of Alabama , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Sadis Matalon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (Molecular and Translational Biomedicine), University of Alabama , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Stefanie Krick
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama , Birmingham, Alabama
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15
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Abstract
Fibrosis is a dynamic process with the potential for reversibility and restoration of near-normal tissue architecture and organ function. Herein, we review mechanisms for resolution of organ fibrosis, in particular that involving the lung, with an emphasis on the critical roles of myofibroblast apoptosis and clearance of deposited matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Horowitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
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16
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Geng Y, Liu X, Liang J, Habiel DM, Kulur V, Coelho AL, Deng N, Xie T, Wang Y, Liu N, Huang G, Kurkciyan A, Liu Z, Tang J, Hogaboam CM, Jiang D, Noble PW. PD-L1 on invasive fibroblasts drives fibrosis in a humanized model of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. JCI Insight 2019; 4:125326. [PMID: 30763282 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.125326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive disease with unremitting extracellular matrix deposition, leading to a distortion of pulmonary architecture and impaired gas exchange. Fibroblasts from IPF patients acquire an invasive phenotype that is essential for progressive fibrosis. Here, we performed RNA sequencing analysis on invasive and noninvasive fibroblasts and found that the immune checkpoint ligand CD274 (also known as PD-L1) was upregulated on invasive lung fibroblasts and was required for the invasive phenotype of lung fibroblasts, is regulated by p53 and FAK, and drives lung fibrosis in a humanized IPF model in mice. Activating CD274 in IPF fibroblasts promoted invasion in vitro and pulmonary fibrosis in vivo. CD274 knockout in IPF fibroblasts and targeting CD274 by FAK inhibition or CD274-neutralizing antibodies blunted invasion and attenuated fibrosis, suggesting that CD274 may be a novel therapeutic target in IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Geng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xue Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jiurong Liang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David M Habiel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Vrishika Kulur
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ana Lucia Coelho
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nan Deng
- Biostatistics & Bioinformatics Core
| | - Ting Xie
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Ningshan Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Guanling Huang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Adrianne Kurkciyan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | | | - Cory M Hogaboam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Dianhua Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Paul W Noble
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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17
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Fang M, Fan S, Yao X, Liu N, Gao J, Wang Z, Xu T, Xian X, Li W. Transfection of Sox11 plasmid alleviates ventilator-induced lung injury via Sox11 and FAK. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 512:182-188. [PMID: 30879763 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) is the most common complication in the mechanical ventilation in clinic. The pathogenesis of VILI has not been well understood. The SRY related High Mobility Group box group-F family member 11(Sox11) is a protein associated with lung development. The focal adhesion kinase(FAK) is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase and is regulated by Sox11. The present study, therefore, was undertaken to explore the potential role of Sox11 and FAK in VILI. Methods High volume mechanical ventilation(HMV) was used to establish mouse VILI model under anesthesia. The lung injury was evaluated by analyzing the lung weight, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, histopathological changes and apoptosis of the lung. The Sox11 and FAK expressions in the lung were investigated by real-time qPCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis. Results HMV induced VILI simultaneously companied with decreased expressions of Sox11 and FAK in alveolar epithelial and interstitial cells either in gene and protein levels. Transfection of Sox11 plasmid significantly upregulated expressions of Sox11 and FAK in gene and protein levels in the lung and particularly effectively alleviated VILI. Furthermore, FAK antagonism by PF562271(FAK antagonist) blocked the alleviating effect of Sox11 plasmid transfection on the VILI. Conclusion The dysregulation in the Sox11 and FAK after HMV play an important role in the pathogenesis of VILI, and facilitating the activity of Sox11and FAK might be an effective target and potential option in the prevention and treatment of VILI in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Fang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shujuan Fan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaoguang Yao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; College of Integrative Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Emergency, The Forth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Junxia Gao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Tieling Xu
- Department of Emergency, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaohui Xian
- Department of Pathophysiology, Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wenbin Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.
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18
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Shifeng L, Hong X, Xue Y, Siyu N, Qiaodan Z, Dingjie X, Lijuan Z, Zhongqiu W, Xuemin G, Wenchen C, Guizhen Z, Dan L, Ruimin W, Fang Y. Ac-SDKP increases α-TAT 1 and promotes the apoptosis in lung fibroblasts and epithelial cells double-stimulated with TGF-β1 and silica. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 369:17-29. [PMID: 30826375 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Crystalline silica (SiO2) particles have very strong toxicity to the lungs, and silicosis is an excessive pulmonary interstitial remodeling disease that follows persistent SiO2 injury. We showed here that DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) and apoptosis were aggravated during rat silicosis induced by SiO2 exposure. Ac-SDKP attenuates lung parenchymal distortion and collagen deposition, and decreases the expression of γH2AX, p21, and cleaved caspase-3, as well as improves the reduction of pulmonary function caused by silicosis. In vitro, we found an evolution of smooth muscle actin α (α-SMA), collagen type I (Col I) in both A549 and MRC-5 cells in response to transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) + SiO2. Only A549 cells showed any reduction in the rate of apoptosis induced by the double stimulation, because of the anti-apoptotic effects of TGF-β1. N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP) is an anti-fibrotic tetrapeptide. It also has the ability to promote the apoptosis of leukemia cells. However its role in promoting cell apoptosis in silicosis is still unknown. We here found that Ac-SDKP could induce cell apoptosis and inhibit fibrotic response in A549 and MRC-5 cells treated with TGF-β1 + SiO2, and these effects depended on regulation of α-tubulin acetyltransferase 1 (α-TAT1). These findings suggest that Ac-SDKP may have therapeutic value in the treatment of silicotic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shifeng
- Basic Medical College, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xu Hong
- Medical Research Center, Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis Research, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Yi Xue
- Key Laboratory of Functional and Clinical Translational Medicine, Fujian Province University, Department of Basic Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Niu Siyu
- Medical Research Center, Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis Research, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Zhang Qiaodan
- Medical Research Center, Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis Research, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Xu Dingjie
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Zhang Lijuan
- Medical Research Center, Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis Research, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Wei Zhongqiu
- Basic Medicine College, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Gao Xuemin
- Basic Medical College, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Cai Wenchen
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Zhang Guizhen
- Medical Research Center, Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis Research, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Li Dan
- Medical Research Center, Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis Research, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Wang Ruimin
- Medical Research Center, Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis Research, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Yang Fang
- Basic Medical College, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.
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19
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Chanda D, Otoupalova E, Smith SR, Volckaert T, De Langhe SP, Thannickal VJ. Developmental pathways in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 65:56-69. [PMID: 30130563 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and terminal lung disease with no known cure. IPF is a disease of aging, with median age of diagnosis over 65 years. Median survival is between 3 and 5 years after diagnosis. IPF is characterized primarily by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins by activated lung fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, resulting in reduced gas exchange and impaired pulmonary function. Growing evidence supports the concept of a pro-fibrotic environment orchestrated by underlying factors such as genetic predisposition, chronic injury and aging, oxidative stress, and impaired regenerative responses may account for disease development and persistence. Currently, two FDA approved drugs have limited efficacy in the treatment of IPF. Many of the genes and gene networks associated with lung development are induced or activated in IPF. In this review, we analyze current knowledge in the field, gained from both basic and clinical research, to provide new insights into the disease process, and potential approaches to treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diptiman Chanda
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| | - Eva Otoupalova
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Samuel R Smith
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Thomas Volckaert
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Stijn P De Langhe
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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20
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Caja L, Dituri F, Mancarella S, Caballero-Diaz D, Moustakas A, Giannelli G, Fabregat I. TGF-β and the Tissue Microenvironment: Relevance in Fibrosis and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018. [PMID: 29701666 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051294.pmid:29701666;pmcid:pmc5983604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a cytokine essential for the induction of the fibrotic response and for the activation of the cancer stroma. Strong evidence suggests that a strong cross-talk exists among TGF-β and the tissue extracellular matrix components. TGF-β is stored in the matrix as part of a large latent complex bound to the latent TGF-β binding protein (LTBP) and matrix binding of latent TGF-β complexes, which is required for an adequate TGF-β function. Once TGF-β is activated, it regulates extracellular matrix remodelling and promotes a fibroblast to myofibroblast transition, which is essential in fibrotic processes. This cytokine also acts on other cell types present in the fibrotic and tumour microenvironment, such as epithelial, endothelial cells or macrophages and it contributes to the cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) phenotype. Furthermore, TGF-β exerts anti-tumour activity by inhibiting the host tumour immunosurveillance. Aim of this review is to update how TGF-β and the tissue microenvironment cooperate to promote the pleiotropic actions that regulate cell responses of different cell types, essential for the development of fibrosis and tumour progression. We discuss recent evidences suggesting the use of TGF-β chemical inhibitors as a new line of defence against fibrotic disorders or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Caja
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 582, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Francesco Dituri
- National Institute of Gastroenterology, "S. de Bellis" Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy.
| | - Serena Mancarella
- National Institute of Gastroenterology, "S. de Bellis" Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy.
| | - Daniel Caballero-Diaz
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Gran Via de l'Hospitalet, 199, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
- Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Aristidis Moustakas
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 582, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Gianluigi Giannelli
- National Institute of Gastroenterology, "S. de Bellis" Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy.
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Gran Via de l'Hospitalet, 199, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
- Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
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Caja L, Dituri F, Mancarella S, Caballero-Diaz D, Moustakas A, Giannelli G, Fabregat I. TGF-β and the Tissue Microenvironment: Relevance in Fibrosis and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051294. [PMID: 29701666 PMCID: PMC5983604 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a cytokine essential for the induction of the fibrotic response and for the activation of the cancer stroma. Strong evidence suggests that a strong cross-talk exists among TGF-β and the tissue extracellular matrix components. TGF-β is stored in the matrix as part of a large latent complex bound to the latent TGF-β binding protein (LTBP) and matrix binding of latent TGF-β complexes, which is required for an adequate TGF-β function. Once TGF-β is activated, it regulates extracellular matrix remodelling and promotes a fibroblast to myofibroblast transition, which is essential in fibrotic processes. This cytokine also acts on other cell types present in the fibrotic and tumour microenvironment, such as epithelial, endothelial cells or macrophages and it contributes to the cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) phenotype. Furthermore, TGF-β exerts anti-tumour activity by inhibiting the host tumour immunosurveillance. Aim of this review is to update how TGF-β and the tissue microenvironment cooperate to promote the pleiotropic actions that regulate cell responses of different cell types, essential for the development of fibrosis and tumour progression. We discuss recent evidences suggesting the use of TGF-β chemical inhibitors as a new line of defence against fibrotic disorders or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Caja
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 582, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Francesco Dituri
- National Institute of Gastroenterology, "S. de Bellis" Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy.
| | - Serena Mancarella
- National Institute of Gastroenterology, "S. de Bellis" Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy.
| | - Daniel Caballero-Diaz
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Gran Via de l'Hospitalet, 199, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
- Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Aristidis Moustakas
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 582, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Gianluigi Giannelli
- National Institute of Gastroenterology, "S. de Bellis" Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy.
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Gran Via de l'Hospitalet, 199, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
- Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
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Wang D, Wang W, Liang Q, He X, Xia Y, Shen S, Wang H, Gao Q, Wang Y. DHEA-induced ovarian hyperfibrosis is mediated by TGF-β signaling pathway. J Ovarian Res 2018; 11:6. [PMID: 29321035 PMCID: PMC5763573 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-017-0375-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common metabolic and endocrine disorder with pathological mechanisms remain unclear. The following study investigates the ovarian hyperfibrosis forming via transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway in Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)- induced polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) rat model. We furthermore explored whether TGF-βRI inhibitor (SB431542) decreases ovarian fibrosis by counterbalancing the expression of fibrotic biomarkers. Methods Thirty female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into Blank group (n = 6), Oil group (n = 6), and Oil + DHEA-induced model group (n = 6 + 12). The model groups were established by subcutaneous injection of DHEA for 35 consecutive days. The 12 successful model rats were additionally divided in vehicle group (n = 6) and SB431542-treated group (n = 6). Vehicle group and SB431542-treated group, served as administration group and were intraperitoneally injected with DMSO and SB431542 for additional 14 consecutive days. Ovarian morphology, fibrin and collagen localization and expression in ovaries were detected using H&E staining, immunohistochemistry and Sirius red staining. The ovarian protein and RNA were examined using Western blot and RT-PCR. Results In DHEA-induced ovary in rat, fibrin and collagen had significantly higher levels, while the main fibrosis markers (TGF-β, CTGF, fibronectin, a-SMA) were obviously upregulated. SB431542 significantly reduced the expression of pro-fibrotic molecules (TGF-β, Smad3, Smad2, a-SMA) and increased anti-fibrotic factor MMP2. Conclusion TGF-βRI inhibitor (SB431542) inhibits the downstream signaling molecules of TGF-β and upregulates MMP2, which in turn prevent collagen deposition. Moreover, ovarian hyperfibrosis in DHEA-induced PCOS rat model could be improved by TGF-βRI inhibitor (SB431542) restraining the transcription of accelerating fibrosis genes and modulating EMT mediator. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13048-017-0375-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daojuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytacal Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical school, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Wenqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytacal Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical school, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Qiao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytacal Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical school, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xuan He
- State Key Laboratory of Analytacal Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical school, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yanjie Xia
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Shanmei Shen
- Divisions of Endocrinology, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytacal Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical school, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Qian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytacal Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical school, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytacal Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical school, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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