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Fuster-Martínez I, Calatayud S. The current landscape of antifibrotic therapy across different organs: A systematic approach. Pharmacol Res 2024; 205:107245. [PMID: 38821150 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a common pathological process that can affect virtually all the organs, but there are hardly any effective therapeutic options. This has led to an intense search for antifibrotic therapies over the last decades, with a great number of clinical assays currently underway. We have systematically reviewed all current and recently finished clinical trials involved in the development of new antifibrotic drugs, and the preclinical studies analyzing the relevance of each of these pharmacological strategies in fibrotic processes affecting tissues beyond those being clinically studied. We analyze and discuss this information with the aim of determining the most promising options and the feasibility of extending their therapeutic value as antifibrotic agents to other fibrotic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Fuster-Martínez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universitat de València, Valencia 46010, Spain; FISABIO (Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana), Valencia 46020, Spain.
| | - Sara Calatayud
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universitat de València, Valencia 46010, Spain; CIBERehd (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red - Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas), Spain.
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2
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Schwab AD, Wyatt TA, Moravec G, Thiele GM, Nelson AJ, Gleason A, Schanze O, Duryee MJ, Romberger DJ, Mikuls TR, Poole JA. Targeting transitioning lung monocytes/macrophages as treatment strategies in lung disease related to environmental exposures. Respir Res 2024; 25:157. [PMID: 38594676 PMCID: PMC11003126 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-024-02804-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental/occupational exposures cause significant lung diseases. Agricultural organic dust extracts (ODE) and bacterial component lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induce recruited, transitioning murine lung monocytes/macrophages, yet their cellular role remains unclear. METHODS CCR2 RFP+ mice were intratracheally instilled with high concentration ODE (25%), LPS (10 μg), or gram-positive peptidoglycan (PGN, 100 μg) for monocyte/macrophage cell-trafficking studies. CCR2 knockout (KO) mice and administration of intravenous clodronate liposomes strategies were employed to reduce circulating monocytes available for lung recruitment following LPS exposure. Lung tissues and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were collected. Pro-inflammatory and/or pro-fibrotic cytokines, chemokines, and lung extracellular matrix mediators were quantitated by ELISA. Infiltrating lung cells including monocyte/macrophage subpopulations, neutrophils, and lymphocytes were characterized by flow cytometry. Lung histopathology, collagen content, vimentin, and post-translational protein citrullination and malondialdehyde acetaldehyde (MAA) modification were quantitated. Parametric statistical tests (one-way ANOVA, Tukey'smultiple comparison) and nonparametric statistical (Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn's multiple comparison) tests were used following Shapiro-Wilk testing for normality. RESULTS Intratracheal instillation of ODE, LPS, or PGN robustly induced the recruitment of inflammatory CCR2+ CD11cintCD11bhi monocytes/macrophages and both CCR2+ and CCR2- CD11c-CD11bhi monocytes at 48 h. There were also increases in CCR2+ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and NK cells. Despite reductions in LPS-induced lung infiltrating CD11cintCD11bhi cells (54% reduction), CCR2 knockout (KO) mice were not protected against LPS-induced inflammatory and pro-fibrotic consequences. Instead, compensatory increases in lung neutrophils and CCL2 and CCL7 release occurred. In contrast, the depletion of circulating monocytes through the administration of intravenous clodronate (vs. vehicle) liposomes 24 h prior to LPS exposure reduced LPS-induced infiltrating CD11cintCD11bhi monocyte-macrophage subpopulation by 59% without compensatory changes in other cell populations. Clodronate liposome pre-treatment significantly reduced LPS-induced IL-6 (66% reduction), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-3 (36%), MMP-8 (57%), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (61%), fibronectin (38%), collagen content (22%), and vimentin (40%). LPS-induced lung protein citrullination and MAA modification, post-translational modifications implicated in lung disease, were reduced (39% and 48%) with clodronate vs. vehicle liposome. CONCLUSION Highly concentrated environmental/occupational exposures induced the recruitment of CCR2+ and CCR2- transitioning monocyte-macrophage and monocyte subpopulations and targeting peripheral monocytes may reduce the adverse lung consequences resulting from exposures to LPS-enriched inhalants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D Schwab
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Todd A Wyatt
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Research Service, Omaha, NE, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Grace Moravec
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Geoffrey M Thiele
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Research Service, Omaha, NE, USA
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Amy J Nelson
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Angela Gleason
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Oliver Schanze
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Michael J Duryee
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Research Service, Omaha, NE, USA
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Debra J Romberger
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Research Service, Omaha, NE, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ted R Mikuls
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Research Service, Omaha, NE, USA
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jill A Poole
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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Carter H, Costa RM, Adams TS, Gilchrist T, Emch CE, Bame M, Oldham JM, Linderholm AL, Noth I, Kaminski N, Moore BB, Gurczynski SJ. Dendritic Cell - Fibroblast Crosstalk via TLR9 and AHR Signaling Drives Lung Fibrogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.15.584457. [PMID: 38559175 PMCID: PMC10980010 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.15.584457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by progressive scarring and loss of lung function. With limited treatment options, patients succumb to the disease within 2-5 years. The molecular pathogenesis of IPF regarding the immunologic changes that occur is poorly understood. We characterize a role for non-canonical aryl-hydrocarbon receptor signaling (ncAHR) in dendritic cells (DCs) that leads to production of IL-6 and IL-17, promoting fibrosis. TLR9 signaling in myofibroblasts is shown to regulate production of TDO2 which converts tryptophan into the endogenous AHR ligand kynurenine. Mice with augmented ncAHR signaling were created by crossing floxed AHR exon-2 deletion mice (AHR Δex2 ) with mice harboring a CD11c-Cre. Bleomycin was used to study fibrotic pathogenesis. Isolated CD11c+ cells and primary fibroblasts were treated ex-vivo with relevant TLR agonists and AHR modulating compounds to study how AHR signaling influenced inflammatory cytokine production. Human datasets were also interrogated. Inhibition of all AHR signaling rescued fibrosis, however, AHR Δex2 mice treated with bleomycin developed more fibrosis and DCs from these mice were hyperinflammatory and profibrotic upon adoptive transfer. Treatment of fibrotic fibroblasts with TLR9 agonist increased expression of TDO2. Study of human samples corroborate the relevance of these findings in IPF patients. We also, for the first time, identify that AHR exon-2 floxed mice retain capacity for ncAHR signaling.
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4
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Guohui J, Kun W, Dong T, Ji Z, Dong L, Dong W, Jingyu C. Microbiosis in lung allotransplantation and xenotransplantation: State of the art and future perspective. HEALTH CARE SCIENCE 2022; 1:119-128. [PMID: 38938886 PMCID: PMC11080722 DOI: 10.1002/hcs2.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The respiratory tract is known to harbor a microbial community including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. New techniques contribute enormously to the identification of unknown or culture-independent species and reveal the interaction of the community with the host immune system. The existing respiratory microbiome and substantial equilibrium of the transplanted microbiome from donor lung grafts provide an extreme bloom of dynamic changes in the microenvironment in lung transplantation (LT) recipients. Dysbiosis in grafts are not only related to the modified microbial components but also involve the kinetics of the host-graft "talk," which signifies the destination of graft allograft injury, acute rejection, infection, and chronic allograft dysfunction development in short- and long-term survival. Microbiome-derived factors may contribute to lung xenograft survival when using genetically multimodified pig-derived organs. Here, we review the most advanced knowledge of the dynamics and resilience of microbial communities in transplanted lungs with various pretransplant indications. Conceptual and analytical points of view have been illustrated along the time series, gaining insight into the microbiome and lung grafts. Future endeavors on precise tools, sophisticated models, and novel targeted regimens are needed to improve the long-term survival in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Guohui
- Center for Medical Device Evaluation, NMPABeijingChina
| | - Wu Kun
- Center for Medical Device Evaluation, NMPABeijingChina
| | - Tian Dong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Zhang Ji
- Wuxi Lung Transplant Center, Wuxi People's Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical UniversityWuxiChina
| | - Liu Dong
- Wuxi Lung Transplant Center, Wuxi People's Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical UniversityWuxiChina
| | - Wei Dong
- Wuxi Lung Transplant Center, Wuxi People's Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical UniversityWuxiChina
| | - Chen Jingyu
- Wuxi Lung Transplant Center, Wuxi People's Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical UniversityWuxiChina
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5
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ZC3H4 regulates infiltrating monocytes, attenuating pulmonary fibrosis through IL-10. Respir Res 2022; 23:204. [PMID: 35962397 PMCID: PMC9375388 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-022-02134-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicosis is a pulmonary fibrosis-associated disease caused by the inhalation of large amounts of free silicon dioxide (SiO2) that mainly manifests as early inflammation and late pulmonary fibrosis. As macrophage precursors, monocytes accumulate in the lung during early inflammation, but their role in the development of silicosis is unclear. Single-cell sequencing (cell numbers = 25,002), Western blotting, quantitative real-time PCR, ELISA and cell functional experiments were used to explore the specific effects of monocytes on fibroblasts. The CRISPR/Cas9 system was used to specifically knock down ZC3H4, a novel member of the CCCH zinc finger protein family, and was combined with pharmacological methods to explore the mechanism by which ZC3H4 affects chemokine and cytokine secretion. The results indicated that (1) SiO2 induced an infiltrating phenotype in monocytes; (2) infiltrating monocytes inhibited the activation, viability and migration of fibroblasts by regulating IL-10 but not IL-8; and (3) SiO2 downregulated IL-10 via ZC3H4-induced autophagy. This study revealed that ZC3H4 regulated the secretion function of monocytes, which, in turn, inhibited fibroblast function in early inflammation through autophagy signaling, thereby reducing pulmonary fibrosis. These findings provide a new idea for the clinical treatment of silicosis.
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Ghanem M, Homps-Legrand M, Garnier M, Morer L, Goletto T, Frija-Masson J, Wicky PH, Jaquet P, Bancal C, Hurtado-Nedelec M, de Chaisemartin L, Jaillet M, Mailleux A, Quesnel C, Poté N, Debray MP, de Montmollin E, Neukirch C, Borie R, Taillé C, Crestani B. Blood fibrocytes are associated with severity and prognosis in COVID-19 pneumonia. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 321:L847-L858. [PMID: 34496650 PMCID: PMC8562948 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00105.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased blood fibrocytes are associated with a poor prognosis in fibrotic lung diseases. We aimed to determine whether the percentage of circulating fibrocytes could be predictive of severity and prognosis during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. Blood fibrocytes were quantified by flow cytometry as CD45+/CD15-/CD34+/collagen-1+ cells in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 pneumonia. In a subgroup of patients admitted in an intensive care unit (ICU), fibrocytes were quantified in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Serum amyloid P (SAP), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), CXCL12, CCL2, and FGF2 concentrations were measured. We included 57 patients in the hospitalized group (median age = 59 yr [23-87]) and 16 individuals as healthy controls. The median percentage of circulating fibrocytes was higher in the patients compared with the controls (3.6% [0.2-9.2] vs. 2.1% [0.9-5.1], P = 0.04). Blood fibrocyte count was lower in the six patients who died compared with the survivors (1.6% [0.2-4.4] vs. 3.7% [0.6-9.2], P = 0.02). Initial fibrocyte count was higher in patients showing a complete lung computed tomography (CT) resolution at 3 mo. Circulating fibrocyte count was decreased in the ICU group (0.8% [0.1-2.0]), whereas BAL fibrocyte count was 6.7% (2.2-15.4). Serum SAP and TGF-β1 concentrations were increased in hospitalized patients. SAP was also increased in ICU patients. CXCL12 and CCL2 were increased in ICU patients and negatively correlated with circulating fibrocyte count. We conclude that circulating fibrocytes were increased in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 pneumonia, and a lower fibrocyte count was associated with an increased risk of death and a slower resolution of lung CT opacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mada Ghanem
- Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Université de Paris, Inserm, U1152, Paris, France.,APHP, Service de Pneumologie A, Centre de référence des Maladies Pulmonaires Rares, FHU APOLLO, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Méline Homps-Legrand
- Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Université de Paris, Inserm, U1152, Paris, France
| | - Marc Garnier
- Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Université de Paris, Inserm, U1152, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, APHP, DMU DREAM, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France
| | - Lise Morer
- APHP, Service de Pneumologie A, Centre de référence des Maladies Pulmonaires Rares, FHU APOLLO, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Tiphaine Goletto
- APHP, Service de Pneumologie A, Centre de référence des Maladies Pulmonaires Rares, FHU APOLLO, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | | | - Paul-Henri Wicky
- APHP, Service de Réanimation Médicale et Infectieuse, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Jaquet
- APHP, Service de Réanimation Médicale et Infectieuse, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Bancal
- APHP, Laboratoire d'Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | | | - Luc de Chaisemartin
- Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, APHP, Laboratoire d'immunologie, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France, Inserm, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Madeleine Jaillet
- Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Université de Paris, Inserm, U1152, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Mailleux
- Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Université de Paris, Inserm, U1152, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Quesnel
- Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Université de Paris, Inserm, U1152, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, APHP, DMU DREAM, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Poté
- Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Université de Paris, Inserm, U1152, Paris, France.,APHP, Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie pathologique, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Debray
- Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Université de Paris, Inserm, U1152, Paris, France.,APHP, Service de Radiologie, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | | | - Catherine Neukirch
- Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Université de Paris, Inserm, U1152, Paris, France.,APHP, Service de Pneumologie A, Centre de référence des Maladies Pulmonaires Rares, FHU APOLLO, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Raphael Borie
- Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Université de Paris, Inserm, U1152, Paris, France.,APHP, Service de Pneumologie A, Centre de référence des Maladies Pulmonaires Rares, FHU APOLLO, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Camille Taillé
- Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Université de Paris, Inserm, U1152, Paris, France.,APHP, Service de Pneumologie A, Centre de référence des Maladies Pulmonaires Rares, FHU APOLLO, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Crestani
- Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Université de Paris, Inserm, U1152, Paris, France.,APHP, Service de Pneumologie A, Centre de référence des Maladies Pulmonaires Rares, FHU APOLLO, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
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7
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Cao M, Liu H, Dong Y, Liu W, Yu Z, Wang Q, Wang Q, Liang Z, Li Y, Ren H. Mesenchymal stem cells alleviate idiopathic pneumonia syndrome by modulating T cell function through CCR2-CCL2 axis. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:378. [PMID: 34215321 PMCID: PMC8254317 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02459-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pneumonia syndrome (IPS) is a non-infectious fatal complication characterized by a massive infiltration of leukocytes in lungs and diffuse pulmonary injury after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Conventional immunosuppressive treatments for IPS have poor therapeutic effects. Safe and effective treatments are not yet available and under explorations. Our previous study demonstrated that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can alleviate IPS, but the mechanisms remain unclear. METHODS Co-cultured pre-activated T cells and MSCs in vitro to observe the changes in the CCR2-CCL2 axis. By establishing an IPS mouse model and administering MSCs to further verify the results of in vitro experiments. RESULTS Co-culture of pre-activated T cells with MSCs in vitro modulated the CCR2-CCL2 axis, resulting in quiescent T cells and polarization toward CCR2+CD4+ T cell subsets. Blocking CCR2-CCL2 interaction abolished the immunoregulatory effect of MSCs, leading to re-activation of T cells and partial reversion of polarizing toward CCR2+CD4+ T cells. In IPS mouse model, application of MSCs prolonged the survival and reduced the pathological damage and T cell infiltration into lung tissue. Activation of CCR2-CCL2 axis and production of CCR2+CD4+ T cells were observed in the lungs treated with MSCs. The prophylactic effect of MSCs on IPS was significantly attenuated by the administration of CCR2 or CCL2 antagonist in MSC-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated an important role of CCR2-CCL2 axis in modulating T cell function which is one of the mechanisms of the prophylactic effect of MSCs on IPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Cao
- Department of Hematology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8 Xishiku Street, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- Department of Hematology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8 Xishiku Street, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Yujun Dong
- Department of Hematology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8 Xishiku Street, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Hematology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8 Xishiku Street, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Zhengyu Yu
- Department of Hematology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8 Xishiku Street, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Qingya Wang
- Department of Hematology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8 Xishiku Street, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Qingyun Wang
- Department of Hematology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8 Xishiku Street, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Zeying Liang
- Department of Hematology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8 Xishiku Street, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Hematology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8 Xishiku Street, Beijing, 100034, China.
| | - Hanyun Ren
- Department of Hematology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8 Xishiku Street, Beijing, 100034, China.
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Gurczynski SJ, Pereira NL, Hrycaj SM, Wilke C, Zemans RL, Moore BB. Stem cell transplantation uncovers TDO-AHR regulation of lung dendritic cells in herpesvirus-induced pathology. JCI Insight 2021; 6:139965. [PMID: 33491663 PMCID: PMC7934859 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.139965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is an intracellular sensor of aromatic hydrocarbons that sits at the top of various immunomodulatory pathways. Here, we present evidence that AHR plays a role in controlling IL-17 responses and the development of pulmonary fibrosis in response to respiratory pathogens following bone marrow transplant (BMT). Mice infected intranasally with gamma-herpesvirus 68 (γHV-68) following BMT displayed elevated levels of the AHR ligand, kynurenine (kyn), in comparison with control mice. Inhibition or genetic ablation of AHR signaling resulted in a significant decrease in IL-17 expression as well as a reduction in lung pathology. Lung CD103+ DCs expressed AHR following BMT, and treatment of induced CD103+ DCs with kyn resulted in altered cytokine production in response to γHV-68. Interestingly, mice deficient in the kyn-producing enzyme indolamine 2-3 dioxygenase showed no differences in cytokine responses to γHV-68 following BMT; however, isolated pulmonary fibroblasts infected with γHV-68 expressed the kyn-producing enzyme tryptophan dioxygenase (TDO2). Our data indicate that alterations in the production of AHR ligands in response to respiratory pathogens following BMT results in a pro-Th17 phenotype that drives lung pathology. We have further identified the TDO2/AHR axis as a potentially novel form of intercellular communication between fibroblasts and DCs that shapes immune responses to respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Gurczynski
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Nicolas L Pereira
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Steven M Hrycaj
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Carol Wilke
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Rachel L Zemans
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Bethany B Moore
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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9
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Brody SL, Gunsten SP, Luehmann HP, Sultan DH, Hoelscher M, Heo GS, Pan J, Koenitzer JR, Lee EC, Huang T, Mpoy C, Guo S, Laforest R, Salter A, Russell TD, Shifren A, Combadiere C, Lavine KJ, Kreisel D, Humphreys BD, Rogers BE, Gierada DS, Byers DE, Gropler RJ, Chen DL, Atkinson JJ, Liu Y. Chemokine Receptor 2-targeted Molecular Imaging in Pulmonary Fibrosis. A Clinical Trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 203:78-89. [PMID: 32673071 PMCID: PMC7781144 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202004-1132oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive inflammatory lung disease without effective molecular markers of disease activity or treatment responses. Monocyte and interstitial macrophages that express the C-C motif CCR2 (chemokine receptor 2) are active in IPF and central to fibrosis.Objectives: To phenotype patients with IPF for potential targeted therapy, we developed 64Cu-DOTA-ECL1i, a radiotracer to noninvasively track CCR2+ monocytes and macrophages using positron emission tomography (PET).Methods: CCR2+ cells were investigated in mice with bleomycin- or radiation-induced fibrosis and in human subjects with IPF. The CCR2+ cell populations were localized relative to fibrotic regions in lung tissue and characterized using immunolocalization, single-cell mass cytometry, and Ccr2 RNA in situ hybridization and then correlated with parallel quantitation of lung uptake by 64Cu-DOTA-ECL1i PET.Measurements and Main Results: Mouse models established that increased 64Cu-DOTA-ECL1i PET uptake in the lung correlates with CCR2+ cell infiltration associated with fibrosis (n = 72). As therapeutic models, the inhibition of fibrosis by IL-1β blockade (n = 19) or antifibrotic pirfenidone (n = 18) reduced CCR2+ macrophage accumulation and uptake of the radiotracer in mouse lungs. In lung tissues from patients with IPF, CCR2+ cells concentrated in perifibrotic regions and correlated with radiotracer localization (n = 21). Human imaging revealed little lung uptake in healthy volunteers (n = 7), whereas subjects with IPF (n = 4) exhibited intensive signals in fibrotic zones.Conclusions: These findings support a role for imaging CCR2+ cells within the fibrogenic niche in IPF to provide a molecular target for personalized therapy and monitoring.Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03492762).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Christophe Combadiere
- INSERM, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Kory J. Lavine
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Developmental Biology
| | - Daniel Kreisel
- Department of Surgery, and
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri; and
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10
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Yang J, Agarwal M, Ling S, Teitz-Tennenbaum S, Zemans RL, Osterholzer JJ, Sisson TH, Kim KK. Diverse Injury Pathways Induce Alveolar Epithelial Cell CCL2/12, Which Promotes Lung Fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 62:622-632. [PMID: 31922885 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2019-0297oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that fibrosis is a multicellular process with contributions from alveolar epithelial cells (AECs), recruited monocytes/macrophages, and fibroblasts. We have previously shown that AEC injury is sufficient to induce fibrosis, but the precise mechanism remains unclear. Several cell types, including AECs, can produce CCL2 and CCL12, which can promote fibrosis through CCR2 activation. CCR2 signaling is critical for the initiation and progression of pulmonary fibrosis, in part through recruitment of profibrotic bone marrow-derived monocytes. Attempts at inhibiting CCL2 in patients with fibrosis demonstrated a marked upregulation of CCL2 production and no therapeutic response. To better understand the mechanisms involved in CCL2/CCR2 signaling, we generated mice with conditional deletion of CCL12, a murine homolog of human CCL2. Surprisingly, we found that mice with complete deletion of CCL12 had markedly increased concentrations of other CCR2 ligands and were not protected from fibrosis after bleomycin injury. In contrast, mice with lung epithelial cell-specific deletion of CCL12 were protected from bleomycin-induced fibrosis and had expression of CCL2 and CCL7 similar to that of control mice treated with bleomycin. Deletion of CCL12 within AECs led to decreased recruitment of exudate macrophages. Finally, injury to murine and human primary AECs resulted in increased production of CCL2 and CCL12, in part through activation of the mTOR pathway. In conclusion, these data suggest that targeting CCL2 may be a viable antifibrotic strategy once the pathways involved in the production and function of CCL2 and other CCR2 ligands are better defined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manisha Agarwal
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Song Ling
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Seagal Teitz-Tennenbaum
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and.,Pulmonary Section, Department of Medicine, VA Ann Arbor Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Rachel L Zemans
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - John J Osterholzer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and.,Pulmonary Section, Department of Medicine, VA Ann Arbor Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Thomas H Sisson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Kevin K Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
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11
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IL-17A Contributes to Lung Fibrosis in a Model of Chronic Pulmonary Graft-versus-host Disease. Transplantation 2020; 103:2264-2274. [PMID: 31658231 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic pulmonary graft-versus-host disease (cpGVHD) after hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) manifests as progressive airway and parenchymal lung fibrosis. On the basis of our prior data, mice that undergo allogeneic HCT with Tbet-knockout donors (AlloTbet) have increased lung Th17 cells and IL-17A and develop fibrosis resembling human cpGVHD. The role of IL-17A in posttransplant pulmonary fibrosis remains incompletely understood. We hypothesized that IL-17A is necessary for development of murine cpGVHD in this model. METHODS AlloTbet mice received weekly intraperitoneal anti-IL-17A or IgG (200 μg/mouse) starting 2 weeks post-HCT and were sacrificed after week 5. Histologic airway and parenchymal fibrosis were semiquantitatively graded in a blinded fashion. Lung cells and proteins were measured by flow cytometry, ELISA, and multicytokine assays. RESULTS Anti-IL-17A modestly decreased airway and parenchymal lung fibrosis, along with a striking reduction in pulmonary neutrophilia, IL-6, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, CXCL1, and CXCL5 in AlloTbet mice. Additionally, anti-IL-17A decreased CCL2, inflammatory monocytes and macrophages, and Th17 cells. CONCLUSIONS In the setting of murine AlloHCT with Tbet donors, IL-17A blockade decreases fibrotic features of cpGVHD. This may be mediated by the observed reduction in neutrophils or specific lung monocyte and macrophage populations or alternatively via a direct effect on fibroblasts. Collectively, our results further suggest that anti-IL-17A strategies could prove useful in preventing alloimmune-driven fibrotic lung diseases.
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12
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Reader BF, Sethuraman S, Hay BR, Thomas Becket RV, Karpurapu M, Chung S, Lee YG, Christman JW, Ballinger MN. IRAK-M Regulates Monocyte Trafficking to the Lungs in Response to Bleomycin Challenge. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:2661-2670. [PMID: 32253243 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a deadly disease characterized by excessive extracellular matrix deposition in the lungs, resulting in decreased pulmonary function. Although epithelial cells and fibroblasts have long been the focus of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis research, the role of various subpopulations of macrophages in promoting a fibrotic response is an emerging target. Healthy lungs are composed of two macrophage populations, tissue-resident alveolar macrophages and interstitial macrophages, which help to maintain homeostasis. After injury, tissue-resident alveolar macrophages are depleted, and monocytes from the bone marrow (BM) traffic to the lungs along a CCL2/CCR2 axis and differentiate into monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages (Mo-AMs), which is a cell population implicated in murine models of pulmonary fibrosis. In this study, we sought to determine how IL-1R-associated kinase-M (IRAK-M), a negative regulator of TLR signaling, modulates monocyte trafficking into the lungs in response to bleomycin. Our data indicate that after bleomycin challenge, mice lacking IRAK-M have decreased monocyte trafficking and reduced Mo-AMs in their lungs. Although IRAK-M expression did not regulate differences in chemokines, cytokines, or adhesion molecules associated with monocyte recruitment, IRAK-M was necessary for CCR2 upregulation following bleomycin challenge. This finding prompted us to develop a competitive BM chimera model, which demonstrated that expression of BM-derived IRAK-M was necessary for monocyte trafficking into the lung and for subsequent enhanced collagen deposition. These data indicate that IRAK-M regulates monocyte trafficking by increasing the expression of CCR2, resulting in enhanced monocyte translocation into the lung, Mo-AM differentiation, and development of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda F Reader
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Shruthi Sethuraman
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Bryan R Hay
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Rose Viguna Thomas Becket
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Manjula Karpurapu
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Sangwoon Chung
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Yong Gyu Lee
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - John W Christman
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Megan N Ballinger
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210
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13
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Chong SG, Sato S, Kolb M, Gauldie J. Fibrocytes and fibroblasts-Where are we now. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 116:105595. [PMID: 31473260 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2019.105595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts are considered major contributors to the process of fibrogenesis and the progression of matrix deposition and tissue distortion in fibrotic diseases such as Pulmonary Fibrosis. Recent discovery of the fibrocyte, a circulating possible precursor cell to the tissue fibroblast in fibrosis, has raised issues regarding the characterization of fibrocytes with respect to their morphology, growth characteristics in vitro, their biological role in vivo and their potential utility as a biomarker and/ or treatment target in various human diseases. Characterization studies of the fibrocyte continue as does emerging conflicting data concerning the relationship to or with the lung fibroblast. The source of signals that direct the traffic of these cells, as well as their response to therapeutic intervention with newly available drugs, bring new insights to the understanding of this cell type. The identification of exosomes from fibrocytes that can affect resident fibroblast activities suggest mechanisms of their influence on pathogenesis. Moreover, interesting comparisons with other pathologies are emerging involving the influence of circulating mesenchymal precursor cells on tissue responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sy Giin Chong
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; School of Medicine and Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Seidai Sato
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Division of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Martin Kolb
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jack Gauldie
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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14
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Warheit-Niemi HI, Hult EM, Moore BB. A pathologic two-way street: how innate immunity impacts lung fibrosis and fibrosis impacts lung immunity. Clin Transl Immunology 2019; 8:e1065. [PMID: 31293783 PMCID: PMC6593479 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung fibrosis is characterised by the accumulation of extracellular matrix within the lung and is secondary to both known and unknown aetiologies. This accumulation of scar tissue limits gas exchange causing respiratory insufficiency. The pathogenesis of lung fibrosis is poorly understood, but immunologic‐based treatments have been largely ineffective. Despite this, accumulating evidence suggests that innate immune cells and receptors play important modulatory roles in the initiation and propagation of the disease. Paradoxically, while innate immune signalling may be important for the pathogenesis of fibrosis, there is also evidence to suggest that innate immune function against pathogens may be impaired, leading to dysregulated and/or impaired host defence. This review summarises the evidence for this pathologic two‐way street, highlights new concepts of pathogenesis and recommends future directions for research emphasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elissa M Hult
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Bethany B Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA.,Department of Internal Medicine Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
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15
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CCR2 mediates increased susceptibility to post-H1N1 bacterial pneumonia by limiting dendritic cell induction of IL-17. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:518-530. [PMID: 30498200 PMCID: PMC6375750 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0106-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Post influenza bacterial pneumonia is associated with significant mortality and morbidity. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role in host defense against bacterial pneumonia, but their contribution to post influenza-susceptibility to secondary bacterial pneumonia is incompletely understood. WT and CCR2-/- mice were infected with 100 plaque forming units (pfu) H1N1 intranasally alone or were challenged on day 5 with 7 × 107 colony forming units (cfu) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus intratracheally. WT mice express abundant CCL2 mRNA and protein post-H1N1 alone or dual infection. CCR2-/- mice had significantly higher survival as compared to WT mice, associated with significantly improved bacterial clearance at 24 and 48 h (10-fold and 14-fold, respectively) post bacterial challenge. There was robust upregulation of IL-23 and IL-17 as well as downregulation of IL-27 expression in CCR2-/- mice following sequential infection as compared to WT mice, which was also associated with significantly greater accumulation of CD103+ DC. Finally, WT mice treated with a CCR2 inhibitor showed improved bacterial clearance in association with similar cytokine profiles as CCR2-/- mice. Thus, CCR2 significantly contributes to increased susceptibility to bacterial infection after influenza pneumonia likely via altered dendritic cell responses and thus, CCR2 antagonism represents a potential therapeutic strategy.
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16
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O’Dwyer DN, Zhou X, Wilke CA, Xia M, Falkowski NR, Norman KC, Arnold KB, Huffnagle GB, Murray S, Erb-Downward JR, Yanik GA, Moore BB, Dickson RP. Lung Dysbiosis, Inflammation, and Injury in Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2018; 198:1312-1321. [PMID: 29878854 PMCID: PMC6290939 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201712-2456oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) is a common treatment for hematological neoplasms and autoimmune disorders. Among HCT recipients, pulmonary complications are common, morbid, and/or lethal, and they have recently been associated with gut dysbiosis. The role of lung microbiota in post-HCT pulmonary complications is unknown. OBJECTIVES To investigate the role of lung microbiota in post-HCT pulmonary complications using animal modeling and human BAL fluid. METHODS For animal modeling, we used an established murine model of HCT with and without postengraftment herpes virus infection. For human studies, we characterized lung microbiota in BAL fluid from 43 HCT recipients. Lung bacteria were characterized using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing and were compared with lung histology (murine) and with alveolar inflammation and pulmonary function testing (human). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Both HCT and viral infection independently altered the composition of murine lung microbiota, but they had no effect on lung microbial diversity. By contrast, combined HCT and viral infection profoundly altered lung microbiota, decreasing community diversity with an associated pneumonitis. Among human HCT recipients, increased relative abundance of the Proteobacteria phylum was associated with impaired pulmonary function, and lung microbiota were significantly associated with alveolar concentrations of inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS In animal models and human subjects, lung dysbiosis is a prominent feature of HCT. Lung dysbiosis is correlated with histologic, immunologic, and physiologic features of post-HCT pulmonary complications. Our findings suggest the lung microbiome may be an unappreciated target for the prevention and treatment of post-HCT pulmonary complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N. O’Dwyer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Xiaofeng Zhou
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Carol A. Wilke
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Meng Xia
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, and
| | - Nicole R. Falkowski
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Katy C. Norman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Kelly B. Arnold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Gary B. Huffnagle
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and
| | - Susan Murray
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, and
| | - John R. Erb-Downward
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Gregory A. Yanik
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Bethany B. Moore
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and
| | - Robert P. Dickson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
- Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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17
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Heukels P, van Hulst JAC, van Nimwegen M, Boorsma CE, Melgert BN, van den Toorn LM, Boomars KAT, Wijsenbeek MS, Hoogsteden H, von der Thüsen JH, Hendriks RW, Kool M, van den Blink B. Fibrocytes are increased in lung and peripheral blood of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Res 2018; 19:90. [PMID: 29747640 PMCID: PMC5946532 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0798-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fibrocytes are implicated in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) pathogenesis and increased proportions in the circulation are associated with poor prognosis. Upon tissue injury, fibrocytes migrate to the affected organ. In IPF patients, circulating fibrocytes are increased especially during exacerbations, however fibrocytes in the lungs have not been examined. Therefore, we sought to evaluate if fibrocytes can be detected in IPF lungs and we compare percentages and phenotypic characteristics of lung fibrocytes with circulating fibrocytes in IPF. Methods First we optimized flow cytometric detection circulating fibrocytes using a unique combination of intra- and extra-cellular markers to establish a solid gating strategy. Next we analyzed lung fibrocytes in single cell suspensions of explanted IPF and control lungs and compared characteristics and numbers with circulating fibrocytes of IPF. Results Using a gating strategy for both circulating and lung fibrocytes, which excludes potentially contaminating cell populations (e.g. neutrophils and different leukocyte subsets), we show that patients with IPF have increased proportions of fibrocytes, not only in the circulation, but also in explanted end-stage IPF lungs. These lung fibrocytes have increased surface expression of HLA-DR, increased intracellular collagen-1 expression, and also altered forward and side scatter characteristics compared with their circulating counterparts. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that lung fibrocytes in IPF patients can be quantified and characterized by flow cytometry. Lung fibrocytes have different characteristics than circulating fibrocytes and represent an intermediate cell population between circulating fibrocytes and lung fibroblast. Therefore, more insight in their phenotype might lead to specific therapeutic targeting in fibrotic lung diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12931-018-0798-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Heukels
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015, CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - J A C van Hulst
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015, CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M van Nimwegen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015, CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C E Boorsma
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - B N Melgert
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - L M van den Toorn
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015, CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K A T Boomars
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015, CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M S Wijsenbeek
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015, CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Hoogsteden
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015, CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J H von der Thüsen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015, CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015, CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Kool
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015, CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B van den Blink
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015, CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Gurczynski SJ, Zhou X, Flaherty M, Wilke CA, Moore BB. Bone marrow transplant-induced alterations in Notch signaling promote pathologic Th17 responses to γ-herpesvirus infection. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:881-893. [PMID: 29044226 PMCID: PMC5906203 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pneumonia syndrome (IPS) is a common, often fatal, complication following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) characterized by severe pneumonitis and interstitial fibrosis. Fully reconstituted syngeneic bone marrow transplant (BMT) mice infected with murine γ-herpesvirus-68 develop interleukin-17 (IL-17)-driven pneumonitis and fibrosis, which mimics clinical manifestations of IPS. We found CD103+ and CD11b+ dendritic cells (DCs) are selectively deficient for the Notch ligand, DLL4, following BMT and CD4+ T cells isolated from lungs and spleens of infected BMT mice display Notch signaling defects. Mice transplanted with CD4-Cre-driven dominant-negative Notch transcriptional regulator Mastermind-Like (CD4-Cre-DNMAML (CCD) mice) bone marrow displayed elevated IL-17 and transforming growth factor-β (TGF β) in the lungs, a further expansion of T-helper type 17 (Th17) cells, and developed more fibrosis than wild-type (WT)-BMT mice. Culture of BMT lung leukocytes with recombinant Notch ligand, DLL4, restored Notch signaling and decreased production of IL-17. Adoptive transfer of CD11c+ DCs could restore Th1 and limit Th17 in WT-BMT but not CCD-BMT mice, indicating that a specific DC/CD4+ T-cell Notch interaction modulates IL-17 production following reconstitution in syngeneic BMT mice. Given recent clinical observations showing that patients with pulmonary complications post-transplant harbor occult herpesvirus infections, these data provide mechanistic insight and suggest potential therapies for these devastating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Gurczynski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Xiaofeng Zhou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Melanie Flaherty
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Carol A. Wilke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Bethany B. Moore
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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19
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Zhou X, Moore BB. Location or origin? What is critical for macrophage propagation of lung fibrosis? Eur Respir J 2018; 51:51/3/1800103. [PMID: 29496789 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00103-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Zhou
- Dept of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Bethany B Moore
- Dept of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Dept of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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20
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Lassance L, Marino GK, Medeiros CS, Thangavadivel S, Wilson SE. Fibrocyte migration, differentiation and apoptosis during the corneal wound healing response to injury. Exp Eye Res 2018; 170:177-187. [PMID: 29481786 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether bone marrow-derived fibrocytes migrate into the cornea after stromal scar-producing injury and differentiate into alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) + myofibroblasts. Chimeric mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) bone marrow cells had fibrosis (haze)-generating irregular phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK). Multiplex immunohistochemistry (IHC) for GFP and fibrocyte markers (CD34, CD45, and vimentin) was used to detect fibrocyte infiltration into the corneal stroma and the development of GFP+ αSMA+ myofibroblasts. IHC for activated caspase-3, GFP and CD45 was used to detect fibrocyte and other hematopoietic cells undergoing apoptosis. Moderate haze developed in PTK-treated mouse corneas at 14 days after surgery and worsened, and persisted, at 21 days after surgery. GFP+ CD34+ CD45+ fibrocytes, likely in addition to other CD34+ and/or CD45+ hematopoietic and stem/progenitor cells, infiltrated the cornea and were present in the stroma in high numbers by one day after PTK. The fibrocytes and other bone marrow-derived cells progressively decreased at four days and seven days after surgery. At four days after PTK, 5% of the GFP+ cells expressed activated caspase-3. At 14 days after PTK, more than 50% of GFP+ CD45+ cells were also αSMA+ myofibroblasts. At 21 days after PTK, few GFP+ αSMA+ cells persisted in the stroma and more than 95% of those remaining expressed activated caspase-3, indicating they were undergoing apoptosis. GFP+ CD45+ SMA+ cells that developed from 4 to 21 days after irregular PTK were likely developed from fibrocytes. After irregular PTK in the strain of C57BL/6-C57/BL/6-Tg(UBC-GFP)30Scha/J chimeric mice, however, more than 95% of fibrocytes and other hematopoietic cells underwent apoptosis prior to the development of mature αSMA+ myofibroblasts. Most GFP+ CD45+ αSMA+ myofibroblasts that did develop subsequently underwent apoptosis-likely due to epithelial basement membrane regeneration and deprivation of epithelium-derived TGFβ requisite for myofibroblast survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Lassance
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | | | - Carla S Medeiros
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Steven E Wilson
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States.
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21
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Gurczynski SJ, Moore BB. IL-17 in the lung: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 314:L6-L16. [PMID: 28860146 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00344.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The IL-17 family of cytokines has emerged over the last two decades as a pleiotropic group of molecules that function in a wide variety of both beneficial and detrimental (pathological) processes, mainly in mucosal barrier tissue. The beneficial effects of IL-17 expression are especially important in the lung, where exposure to foreign agents is abundant. IL-17A plays an important role in protection from both extracellular bacteria and fungi, as well as viruses that infect cells of the mucosal tracts. IL-17 coregulated cytokines, such as IL-22, are involved in maintaining epithelial cell homeostasis and participate in epithelial cell repair/regeneration following inflammatory insults. Thus, the IL-17/IL-22 axis is important in both responding to, and recovering from, pathogens. However, aberrant expression or overexpression of IL-17 cytokines contributes to a number of pathological outcomes, including asthma, pneumonitis, and generation or exacerbation of pulmonary fibrosis. This review covers the good, bad, and ugly aspects of IL-17 in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Gurczynski
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Bethany B Moore
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
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