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Diz-de Almeida S, Cruz R, Luchessi AD, Lorenzo-Salazar JM, de Heredia ML, Quintela I, González-Montelongo R, Nogueira Silbiger V, Porras MS, Tenorio Castaño JA, Nevado J, Aguado JM, Aguilar C, Aguilera-Albesa S, Almadana V, Almoguera B, Alvarez N, Andreu-Bernabeu Á, Arana-Arri E, Arango C, Arranz MJ, Artiga MJ, Baptista-Rosas RC, Barreda-Sánchez M, Belhassen-Garcia M, Bezerra JF, Bezerra MAC, Boix-Palop L, Brion M, Brugada R, Bustos M, Calderón EJ, Carbonell C, Castano L, Castelao JE, Conde-Vicente R, Cordero-Lorenzana ML, Cortes-Sanchez JL, Corton M, Darnaude MT, De Martino-Rodríguez A, Del Campo-Pérez V, de Bustamante AD, Domínguez-Garrido E, Eirós R, Fariñas MC, Fernandez-Nestosa MJ, Fernández-Robelo U, Fernández-Rodríguez A, Fernández-Villa T, Gago-Dominguez M, Gil-Fournier B, Gómez-Arrue J, Álvarez BG, Bernaldo de Quirós FG, González-Neira A, González-Peñas J, Gutiérrez-Bautista JF, Herrero MJ, Herrero-Gonzalez A, Jimenez-Sousa MA, Lattig MC, Borja AL, Lopez-Rodriguez R, Mancebo E, Martín-López C, Martín V, Martinez-Nieto O, Martinez-Lopez I, Martinez-Resendez MF, Martinez-Perez A, Mazzeu JF, Macías EM, Minguez P, Cuerda VM, Oliveira SF, Ortega-Paino E, Parellada M, Paz-Artal E, Santos NPC, Pérez-Matute P, Perez P, Pérez-Tomás ME, Perucho T, Pinsach-Abuin M, Pita G, Pompa-Mera EN, Porras-Hurtado GL, Pujol A, León SR, Resino S, Fernandes MR, Rodríguez-Ruiz E, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, Rodriguez-Garcia JA, Ruiz-Cabello F, Ruiz-Hornillos J, Ryan P, Soria JM, Souto JC, Tamayo E, Tamayo-Velasco A, Taracido-Fernandez JC, Teper A, Torres-Tobar L, Urioste M, Valencia-Ramos J, Yáñez Z, Zarate R, de Rojas I, Ruiz A, Sánchez P, Real LM, Guillen-Navarro E, Ayuso C, Parra E, Riancho JA, Rojas-Martinez A, Flores C, Lapunzina P, Carracedo Á. Novel risk loci for COVID-19 hospitalization among admixed American populations. eLife 2024; 13:RP93666. [PMID: 39361370 PMCID: PMC11449485 DOI: 10.7554/elife.93666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The genetic basis of severe COVID-19 has been thoroughly studied, and many genetic risk factors shared between populations have been identified. However, reduced sample sizes from non-European groups have limited the discovery of population-specific common risk loci. In this second study nested in the SCOURGE consortium, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for COVID-19 hospitalization in admixed Americans, comprising a total of 4702 hospitalized cases recruited by SCOURGE and seven other participating studies in the COVID-19 Host Genetic Initiative. We identified four genome-wide significant associations, two of which constitute novel loci and were first discovered in Latin American populations (BAZ2B and DDIAS). A trans-ethnic meta-analysis revealed another novel cross-population risk locus in CREBBP. Finally, we assessed the performance of a cross-ancestry polygenic risk score in the SCOURGE admixed American cohort. This study constitutes the largest GWAS for COVID-19 hospitalization in admixed Latin Americans conducted to date. This allowed to reveal novel risk loci and emphasize the need of considering the diversity of populations in genomic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Diz-de Almeida
- ERN-ITHACA-European Reference Network, Soria, Spain
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Navarra Health Service Hospital, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBERER, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Raquel Cruz
- ERN-ITHACA-European Reference Network, Soria, Spain
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Navarra Health Service Hospital, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBERER, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Andre D Luchessi
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Departamento de Analises Clinicas e Toxicologicas, Natal, Brazil
| | - José M Lorenzo-Salazar
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Inés Quintela
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Sistema Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Vivian Nogueira Silbiger
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Departamento de Analises Clinicas e Toxicologicas, Natal, Brazil
| | - Marta Sevilla Porras
- CIBERER, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz IDIPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jair Antonio Tenorio Castaño
- ERN-ITHACA-European Reference Network, Soria, Spain
- CIBERER, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz IDIPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julian Nevado
- ERN-ITHACA-European Reference Network, Soria, Spain
- CIBERER, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz IDIPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose María Aguado
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD16/0016/0002), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Sergio Aguilera-Albesa
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Navarra Health Service Hospital, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Health Service, NavarraBioMed Research Group, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Berta Almoguera
- CIBERER, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Genetics & Genomics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Alvarez
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Human Genotyping-CEGEN Unit, Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Andreu-Bernabeu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
- School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eunate Arana-Arri
- Biocruces Bizkai HRI, Bizkaia, Spain
- Cruces University Hospital, Osakidetza, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Celso Arango
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
- School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María J Arranz
- Fundació Docència I Recerca Mutua Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Raúl C Baptista-Rosas
- Hospital General de Occidente, Zapopan Jalisco, Mexico
- Centro Universitario de Tonalá, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tonalá Jalisco, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación Multidisciplinario en Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tonalá Jalisco, Mexico
| | - María Barreda-Sánchez
- Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Moncef Belhassen-Garcia
- Hospital Universitario de Salamanca-IBSAL, Servicio de Medicina Interna-Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Joao F Bezerra
- Escola Tecnica de Saúde, Laboratorio de Vigilancia Molecular Aplicada, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Marcos A C Bezerra
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Genetics Postgraduate Program, Recife, Brazil
| | | | - María Brion
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Xenética Cardiovascular, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBERCV, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón Brugada
- CIBERCV, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Girona (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
- Medical Science Department, School of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- Hospital Josep Trueta, Cardiology Service, Girona, Spain
| | - Matilde Bustos
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)- University of Seville- Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - Enrique J Calderón
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)- University of Seville- Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- CIBERESP, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Carbonell
- Hospital Universitario de Salamanca-IBSAL, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Salamanca, Spain
- Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Luis Castano
- CIBERER, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Biocruces Bizkai HRI, Bizkaia, Spain
- Osakidetza, Cruces University Hospital, Bizkaia, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Diabetes and Metabolic Associated Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- University of Pais Vasco, UPV/EHU, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Jose E Castelao
- Oncology and Genetics Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Galicia Sur, Xerencia de Xestion Integrada de Vigo-Servizo Galego de Saúde, Vigo, Spain
| | | | - M Lourdes Cordero-Lorenzana
- Servicio de Medicina intensiva, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sistema Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jose L Cortes-Sanchez
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marta Corton
- CIBERER, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Genetics & Genomics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Alba De Martino-Rodríguez
- Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS), Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS-Aragon), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Victor Del Campo-Pérez
- Preventive Medicine Department, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Galicia Sur, Xerencia de Xestion Integrada de Vigo-Servizo Galego de Saúde, Vigo, Spain
| | | | | | - Rocío Eirós
- Hospital Universitario de Salamanca-IBSAL, Servicio de Cardiología, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Carmen Fariñas
- IDIVAL, Cantabria, Spain
- Hospital U M Valdecilla, Cantabria, Spain
- Universidad de Cantabria, Cantabria, Spain
| | | | - Uxía Fernández-Robelo
- Urgencias Hospitalarias, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sistema Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Amanda Fernández-Rodríguez
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Tania Fernández-Villa
- CIBERESP, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Interacciones Gen-Ambiente y Salud (GIIGAS) - Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Manuela Gago-Dominguez
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Sistema Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- IDIS, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Javier Gómez-Arrue
- Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS), Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS-Aragon), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Beatriz González Álvarez
- Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS), Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS-Aragon), Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Anna González-Neira
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Human Genotyping-CEGEN Unit, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier González-Peñas
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
- School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan F Gutiérrez-Bautista
- Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, Granada, Spain
| | - María José Herrero
- IIS La Fe, Plataforma de Farmacogenética, Valencia, Spain
- Universidad de Valencia, Departamento de Farmacología, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Herrero-Gonzalez
- Data Analysis Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - María A Jimenez-Sousa
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Claudia Lattig
- Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Ciencias, Bogotá, Colombia
- SIGEN Alianza Universidad de los Andes - Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Rosario Lopez-Rodriguez
- CIBERER, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Genetics & Genomics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Esther Mancebo
- Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Department of Immunology, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Transplant Immunology and Immunodeficiencies Group, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Vicente Martín
- CIBERESP, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Interacciones Gen-Ambiente y Salud (GIIGAS) - Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Oscar Martinez-Nieto
- SIGEN Alianza Universidad de los Andes - Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
- Fundación Santa Fe de Bogota, Departamento Patologia y Laboratorios, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Iciar Martinez-Lopez
- Unidad de Genética y Genómica Islas Baleares, Islas Baleares, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Unidad de Diagnóstico Molecular y Genética Clínica, Islas Baleares, Spain
| | | | - Angel Martinez-Perez
- Genomics of Complex Diseases Unit, Research Institute of Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juliana F Mazzeu
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Brasília, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas (UnB), Brasília, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciencias da Saude (UnB), Brazila, Brazil
| | | | - Pablo Minguez
- CIBERER, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Genetics & Genomics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Moreno Cuerda
- Hospital Universitario Mostoles, Medicina Interna, Madrid, Spai, Spain
- Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silviene F Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciencias da Saude (UnB), Brazila, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética e Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal (UnB), Brasília, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Profissional em Ensino de Biologia (UnB), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Eva Ortega-Paino
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, CNIO Biobank, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mara Parellada
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
- School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Estela Paz-Artal
- Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Department of Immunology, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Transplant Immunology and Immunodeficiencies Group, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ney P C Santos
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Belém, Brazil
| | - Patricia Pérez-Matute
- Infectious Diseases, Microbiota and Metabolism Unit, CSIC Associated Unit, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | | | - M Elena Pérez-Tomás
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Mellina Pinsach-Abuin
- CIBERCV, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Girona (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
| | - Guillermo Pita
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Human Genotyping-CEGEN Unit, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ericka N Pompa-Mera
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Mexico City, Mexico
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Hospital de Infectología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Aurora Pujol
- CIBERER, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Salvador Resino
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marianne R Fernandes
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Belém, Brazil
- Hospital Ophir Loyola, Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Belém, Brazil
| | - Emilio Rodríguez-Ruiz
- IDIS, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Sistema Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodriguez-Artalejo
- CIBERESP, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- IdiPaz (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario La Paz), Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Ruiz-Cabello
- IDIS, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs GRANADA), Granada, Spain
- Universidad de Granada, Departamento Bioquímica, Biología Molecular e Inmunología III, Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Ruiz-Hornillos
- Hospital Infanta Elena, Allergy Unit, Valdemoro, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Ryan
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Madrid, Spain
- Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Soria
- Genomics of Complex Diseases Unit, Research Institute of Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Souto
- Haemostasis and Thrombosis Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Tamayo
- Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valladolid, Servicio de Anestesiologia y Reanimación, Valladolid, Spain
- Universidad de Valladolid, Departamento de Cirugía, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alvaro Tamayo-Velasco
- Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valladolid, Servicio de Hematologia y Hemoterapia, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Taracido-Fernandez
- Data Analysis Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Teper
- Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutierrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Miguel Urioste
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Familial Cancer Clinical Unit, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Zuleima Yáñez
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Ruth Zarate
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Investigación Científica, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Itziar de Rojas
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Research Center and Memory clinic, ACE Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Agustín Ruiz
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Research Center and Memory clinic, ACE Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pascual Sánchez
- CIEN Foundation/Queen Sofia Foundation Alzheimer Center, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Miguel Real
- Hospital Universitario de Valme, Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Encarna Guillen-Navarro
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
- Sección Genética Médica - Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Servicio Murciano de Salud, Murcia, Spain
- Departamento Cirugía, Pediatría, Obstetricia y Ginecología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia (UMU), Murcia, Spain
- Grupo Clínico Vinculado, Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Ayuso
- CIBERER, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Genetics & Genomics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Esteban Parra
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, Canada
| | - José A Riancho
- CIBERER, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- IDIVAL, Cantabria, Spain
- Hospital U M Valdecilla, Cantabria, Spain
- Universidad de Cantabria, Cantabria, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Flores
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Canarias, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Lapunzina
- ERN-ITHACA-European Reference Network, Soria, Spain
- CIBERER, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz IDIPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Carracedo
- CIBERER, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Sistema Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- IDIS, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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