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Toriyama K, Okuma T, Abe S, Nakamura H, Aoshiba K. In vitro anticancer effect of azithromycin targeting hypoxic lung cancer cells via the inhibition of mitophagy. Oncol Lett 2024; 27:12. [PMID: 38028184 PMCID: PMC10664065 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2023.14146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid tumors are predisposed to hypoxia, which induces tumor progression, and causes resistance to treatment. Hypoxic tumor cells exploit auto- and mitophagy to facilitate metabolism and mitochondrial renewal. Azithromycin (AZM), a widely used macrolide, inhibits autophagy in cancer cells. The aim of the present study was to determine whether AZM targeted hypoxic cancer cells by inhibiting mitophagy. Lung cancer cell lines (A549, H1299 and NCI-H441) were cultured for up to 72 h under normoxic (20% O2) or hypoxic (0.3% O2) conditions in the presence or absence of AZM (≤25 µM), and the cell survival, autophagy flux and mitophagy flux were evaluated. AZM treatment reduced cell survival under hypoxic conditions, caused mitolysosome dysfunction with raised lysosomal pH and impaired the efficient removal of hypoxia-damaged mitochondria, eventually inducing apoptosis in the cancer cells. The cytotoxic effect of AZM under hypoxic conditions was abolished in mitochondria-deficient A549 cells (ρ° cells). The present study demonstrated that AZM reduced lung cancer cell survival under hypoxic conditions by interfering with the efficient removal of damaged mitochondria through mitophagy inhibition. Thus, AZM may be considered as a promising anticancer drug that targets the mitochondrial vulnerability of hypoxic lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoshi Toriyama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami-machi, Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Takashi Okuma
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami-machi, Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Shinji Abe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami-machi, Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan
| | - Kazutetsu Aoshiba
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami-machi, Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan
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2
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Preferred Migration of Mitochondria toward Cells and Tissues with Mitochondrial Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415734. [PMID: 36555376 PMCID: PMC9779580 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are organelles that play a vital role in cellular survival by supplying ATP and metabolic substrates via oxidative phosphorylation and the Krebs cycle. Hence, mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to many human diseases, including metabolic syndromes, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and aging. Mitochondrial transfer between cells has been shown to occur naturally, and mitochondrial transplantation is beneficial for treating mitochondrial dysfunction. In this study, the migration of mitochondria was tracked in vitro and in vivo using mitochondria conjugated with green fluorescent protein (MTGFP). When MTGFP were used in a coculture model, they were selectively internalized into lung fibroblasts, and this selectivity depended on the mitochondrial functional states of the receiving fibroblasts. Compared with MTGFP injected intravenously into normal mice, MTGFP injected into bleomycin-induced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis model mice localized more abundantly in the lung tissue, indicating that mitochondrial homing to injured tissue occurred. This study shows for the first time that exogenous mitochondria are preferentially trafficked to cells and tissues in which mitochondria are damaged, which has implications for the delivery of therapeutic agents to injured or diseased sites.
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Liu J, Fan G, Tao N, Feng F, Meng C, Sun T. Ginsenoside Rb1 Alleviates Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation and Fibrosis by Suppressing Central Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization-, Leucine-Rich Repeat-, and Pyrin Domains-Containing Protein Three Inflammasome Activation and the NF-κB Pathway. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:1793-1809. [PMID: 35719213 PMCID: PMC9205635 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s361748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic and irreversible fibrotic interstitial pneumonia of unknown etiology and therapeutic strategies are limited. Emerging evidence suggests that the continuous activation of the central nucleotide-binding oligomerization-, leucine-rich repeat-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. Ginsenoside Rb1 (G-Rb1) is the most abundant component in the traditional Chinese herb ginseng and has anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic activities. The purpose of this study was to explore whether G-Rb1 exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic activities in vivo and in vitro by suppressing the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB pathway. Methods Forty-eight male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups (n=12/group) as follows: control, bleomycin (BLM), BLM/G-Rb1, and G-Rb1. A pulmonary fibrosis model was developed via an intratracheal injection of BLM. Six mice from each group were euthanized on days 3 and 21. The degree of pulmonary fibrosis was examined by histological evaluation and assessing α-smooth muscle actin levels. THP-1 cells were differentiated into macrophages, and stimulated by lipopolysaccharide and adenosine triphosphate. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB pathway was determined by Western blotting. Interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-18 levels were measured by ELISA. MRC-5 cells were cultured in the conditioned medium of the treated macrophages, after which markers of myofibroblasts were determined by Western blotting. Results G-Rb1 ameliorated BLM-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in mice, and suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome activation and the NF-κB pathway in lung tissues. Moreover, interleukin-1 beta secreted after NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages promoted fibroblast differentiation. G-Rb1 inhibited lipopolysaccharide- and adenosine triphosphate-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages and disturbed the crosstalk between macrophages and fibroblasts. Conclusion G-Rb1 ameliorates BLM-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation and the NF-κB pathway. Hence, G-Rb1 is a potential novel therapeutic drug for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoqing Fan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ningning Tao
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feifei Feng
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Meng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tieying Sun
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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4
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GSPE Protects against Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice via Ameliorating Epithelial Apoptosis through Inhibition of Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:8200189. [PMID: 35355866 PMCID: PMC8958066 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8200189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive interstitial lung disease of unknown cause which leads to alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis followed by basement membrane disruption and accumulation of extracellular matrix, destroying the lung architecture. Oxidative stress is involved in the development of alveolar injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. Oxidative stress-mediated alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) apoptosis is suggested to be a key process in the pathogenesis of IPF. Therefore, the present study investigated whether grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) could inhibit the development of pulmonary fibrosis via ameliorating epithelial apoptosis through the inhibition of oxidative stress. We found that GSPE significantly ameliorated the histological changes and the level of collagen deposition in bleomycin (BLM)-induced lungs. Moreover, GSPE attenuated lung inflammation by reducing the total number of cells in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and decreasing the expression of IL-6. We observed that the levels of H2O2 leading to oxidative stress were increased following BLM instillation, which significantly decreased with GSPE treatment both in vivo and in vitro. These findings showed that GSPE attenuated BLM-induced epithelial apoptosis in the mouse lung and A549 alveolar epithelial cell through the inhibition of oxidative stress. Furthermore, GSPE could attenuate mitochondrial-associated cell apoptosis via decreasing the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. The present study demonstrates that GSPE could ameliorate bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice via inhibition of epithelial apoptosis through the inhibition of oxidative stress.
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5
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Lara PC, Macías-Verde D, Burgos-Burgos J. Age-induced NLRP3 Inflammasome Over-activation Increases Lethality of SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia in Elderly Patients. Aging Dis 2020; 11:756-762. [PMID: 32765942 PMCID: PMC7390513 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.0601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Age is one of the most important prognostic factors associated to lethality in SARS-CoV-2 infection. In multivariate analysis, advanced age was an independent risk factor for death. Recent studies suggest a role for the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine rich repeat containing family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation in lung inflammation and fibrosis in SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infections. Increased NLRP3/ apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC) mRNA expression and increased caspase-1 activity, have been observed in aged lung, provoking increased and heightened expression levels of mature Interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 in aged individuals. Aged individuals have a basal predisposition to over-react to infection, displaying an increased hyper-inflammatory cascade, that seems not to be fully physiologically controlled. NLRP3 inflammasome is over-activated in aged individuals, through deficient mitochondrial functioning, increased mitochondrial Reactive Oxigen Species (mtROS) and/or mitochondrial (mt)DNA, leading to a hyper-response of classically activated macrophages and subsequent increases in IL-1 β. This NLRP3 over-activated status in elderly individuals, is also observed in telomere dysfunctional mice models. In our opinion, the NLRP3 inflammasome plays a central role in the increased lethality observed in elderly patients infected by COVID-19. Strategies blocking inflammasome would deserve to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro C Lara
- 1Hospital Universitario San Roque, Las Palmas, Spain.,2Universidad Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas, Spain.,3Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer, Tenerife, Spain
| | - David Macías-Verde
- 1Hospital Universitario San Roque, Las Palmas, Spain.,2Universidad Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas, Spain.,3Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Javier Burgos-Burgos
- 1Hospital Universitario San Roque, Las Palmas, Spain.,2Universidad Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas, Spain.,3Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer, Tenerife, Spain
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6
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Li J, Wang J, Liu W, Hayashi T, Itoh K, Onodera S, Ikejima T. Metformin protects Escherichia coli from bleomycin-induced bactericide via enhanced generation of hydrogen peroxide. Free Radic Res 2020; 54:64-75. [PMID: 31905044 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2019.1703968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Bleomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic that is widely employed in the therapy of a range of lymphomas and germ cell tumours. But the therapeutic efficacy of bleomycin is limited by development of lung fibrosis. The cytotoxicity of bleomycin is mostly ascribed to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage, while a protective effect of metformin against bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis results from the inhibition of mitochondrial complex I. Since mitochondria and bacteria have certain similarities in structure and function, we used Escherichia coli for simplification in the present work to investigate the relationship between metformin and bleomycin with apparently opposite effects on mitochondrial DNA damage. Bleomycin lethality to E. coli was ameliorated by metformin treatment accompanying further increase of the level of reactive oxygen species. Catalase but not superoxide dismutases attenuated the protective effect of metformin. Meanwhile, treatment with hydrogen peroxide enhanced the protection, indicating that metformin may protect E. coli from bleomycin-induced bactericide via enhanced generation of hydrogen peroxide. Moreover, silibinin, a hepatoprotective polyphenolic flavonoid attenuates the cytotoxicity of bleomycin to E. coli via enhanced generation of hydrogen peroxide as well. This bacterial model in place of mitochondria can provide us with easier screening for the molecules with capability of reducing the bleomycin side effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Jiaojiao Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Toshihiko Hayashi
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry and Life Science, School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Japan
| | | | | | - Takashi Ikejima
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
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7
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Youssef I, Ricort JM. Deciphering the Role of Protein Kinase D1 (PKD1) in Cellular Proliferation. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:1961-1974. [PMID: 31311827 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase D1 (PKD1) is a serine/threonine kinase that belongs to the calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase family, and is involved in multiple mechanisms implicated in tumor progression such as cell motility, invasion, proliferation, protein transport, and apoptosis. While it is expressed in most tissues in the normal state, PKD1 expression may increase or decrease during tumorigenesis, and its role in proliferation is context-dependent and poorly understood. In this review, we present and discuss the current landscape of studies investigating the role of PKD1 in the proliferation of both cancerous and normal cells. Indeed, as a potential therapeutic target, deciphering whether PKD1 exerts a pro- or antiproliferative effect, and under what conditions, is of paramount importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilige Youssef
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS UMR_8113, Laboratoire de Biologie et Pharmacologie Appliquée, Cachan, France.,École Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Cachan, France
| | - Jean-Marc Ricort
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS UMR_8113, Laboratoire de Biologie et Pharmacologie Appliquée, Cachan, France. .,École Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Cachan, France.,Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
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8
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Kikuchi R, Iwai Y, Tsuji T, Watanabe Y, Koyama N, Yamaguchi K, Nakamura H, Aoshiba K. Hypercapnic tumor microenvironment confers chemoresistance to lung cancer cells by reprogramming mitochondrial metabolism in vitro. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 134:200-214. [PMID: 30639568 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment has previously been reported to be hypercapnic (as high as ~84 mmHg), although its effect on tumor cell behaviors is unknown. In this study, high CO2 levels, ranging from 5% to 15%, protected lung cancer cells from anticancer agents, such as cisplatin, carboplatin and etoposide, by suppressing apoptosis. The cytoprotective effect of a high CO2 level was independent of acidosis and was due to mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming that reduced mitochondrial respiration, as assessed by oxygen consumption, oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial membrane and oxidative potentials, eventually leading to reduced reactive oxidant species production. In contrast, high CO2 levels did not affect cisplatin-mediated DNA damage responses or the expression of Bcl-2 family proteins. Although high CO2 levels inhibited glycolysis, this inhibition was not mechanistically involved in high CO2-mediated reductions in mitochondrial respiration, because a high CO2 concentration inhibited isolated mitochondria. A cytoprotective effect of high CO2 levels on mitochondria DNA-depleted cells was not noted, lending support to our conclusion that high CO2 levels act on mitochondria to reduce the cytotoxicity of anticancer agents. High CO2-mediated cytoprotection was also noted in a 3D culture system. In conclusion, the hypercapnic tumor microenvironment reprograms mitochondrial respiratory metabolism causing chemoresistance in lung cancer cells. Thus, tumor hypercapnia may represent a novel target to improve chemosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Kikuchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, 3-20-1 Chuou, Ami-machi, Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan
| | - Yuki Iwai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, 3-20-1 Chuou, Ami-machi, Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan
| | - Takao Tsuji
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-shinjuku, Sinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Watanabe
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, 780 Komuro, Ina-machi, Saitama 362-0806, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Koyama
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Tokyo Medical University Hachioji Medical Center, 1163 Tate-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo 193-0998, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, 3-20-1 Chuou, Ami-machi, Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, 3-20-1 Chuou, Ami-machi, Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan
| | - Kazutetsu Aoshiba
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, 3-20-1 Chuou, Ami-machi, Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan.
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9
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Baptiste BA, Katchur SR, Fivenson EM, Croteau DL, Rumsey WL, Bohr VA. Enhanced mitochondrial DNA repair of the common disease-associated variant, Ser326Cys, of hOGG1 through small molecule intervention. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 124:149-162. [PMID: 29879444 PMCID: PMC6098717 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.05.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The common oxidatively generated lesion, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoGua), is removed from DNA by base excision repair. The glycosylase primarily charged with recognition and removal of this lesion is 8-oxoGuaDNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1). When left unrepaired, 8-oxodG alters transcription and is mutagenic. Individuals homozygous for the less active OGG1 allele, Ser326Cys, have increased risk of several cancers. Here, small molecule enhancers of OGG1 were identified and tested for their ability to stimulate DNA repair and protect cells from the environmental hazard paraquat (PQ). PQ-induced mtDNA damage was inversely proportional to the levels of OGG1 expression whereas stimulation of OGG1, in some cases, entirely abolished its cellular effects. The PQ-mediated decline of mitochondrial membrane potential or nuclear condensation were prevented by the OGG1 activators. In addition, in Ogg1-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts complemented with hOGG1S326C, there was increased cellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species compared to their wild type counterparts. Mitochondrial extracts from cells expressing hOGG1S326C were deficient in mitochondrial 8-oxodG incision activity, which was rescued by the OGG1 activators. These data demonstrate that small molecules can stimulate OGG1 activity with consequent cellular protection. Thus, OGG1-activating compounds may be useful in select humans to mitigate the deleterious effects of environmental oxidants and mutagens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly A Baptiste
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Steven R Katchur
- Respiratory Therapy Area, GSK R&D, Collegeville, PA, United States
| | - Elayne M Fivenson
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Deborah L Croteau
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - William L Rumsey
- Respiratory Therapy Area, GSK R&D, Collegeville, PA, United States
| | - Vilhelm A Bohr
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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10
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Jang S, Ryu SM, Lee J, Lee H, Hong SH, Ha KS, Park WS, Han ET, Yang SR. Bleomycin Inhibits Proliferation via Schlafen-Mediated Cell Cycle Arrest in Mouse Alveolar Epithelial Cells. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2018; 82:133-142. [PMID: 29926548 PMCID: PMC6435923 DOI: 10.4046/trd.2017.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis involves irreversible alveolar destruction. Although alveolar epithelial type II cells are key functional participants within the lung parenchyma, how epithelial cells are affected upon bleomycin (BLM) exposure remains unknown. In this study, we determined whether BLM could induce cell cycle arrest via regulation of Schlafen (SLFN) family genes, a group of cell cycle regulators known to mediate growth-inhibitory responses and apoptosis in alveolar epithelial type II cells. Methods Mouse AE II cell line MLE-12 were exposed to 1–10 µg/mL BLM and 0.01–100 µM baicalein (Bai), a G1/G2 cell cycle inhibitor, for 24 hours. Cell viability and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were analyzed by MTT and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Apoptosis-related gene expression was evaluated by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Cellular morphology was determined after DAPI and Hoechst 33258 staining. To verify cell cycle arrest, propidium iodide (PI) staining was performed for MLE-12 after exposure to BLM. Results BLM decreased the proliferation of MLE-12 cells. However, it significantly increased expression levels of interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor α, and transforming growth factor β1. Based on Hoechst 33258 staining, BLM induced condensation of nuclear and fragmentation. Based on DAPI and PI staining, BLM significantly increased the size of nuclei and induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest. Results of qRT-PCR analysis revealed that BLM increased mRNA levels of BAX but decreased those of Bcl2. In addition, BLM/Bai increased mRNA levels of p53, p21, SLFN1, 2, 4 of Schlafen family. Conclusion BLM exposure affects pulmonary epithelial type II cells, resulting in decreased proliferation possibly through apoptotic and cell cycle arrest associated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soojin Jang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Se Min Ryu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jooyeon Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Hanbyeol Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Seok Ho Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Kwon Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Won Sun Park
- Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Eun Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Se Ran Yang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea.
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11
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Cybrid Models of Pathological Cell Processes in Different Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:4647214. [PMID: 29983856 PMCID: PMC6015674 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4647214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Modelling of pathological processes in cells is one of the most sought-after technologies of the 21st century. Using models of such processes may help to study the pathogenetic mechanisms of various diseases. The aim of the present study was to analyse the literature, dedicated to obtaining and investigating cybrid models. Besides, the possibility of modeling pathological processes in cells and treatment of different diseases using the models was evaluated. Methods of obtaining Rho0 cell cultures showed that, during their creation, mainly a standard technique, based on the use of mtDNA replication inhibitors (ethidium bromide), was applied. Cybrid lines were usually obtained by PEG fusion. Most frequently, platelets acted as donors of mitochondria. According to the analysis of the literature data, cybrid cell cultures can be modeled to study the dysfunction of the mitochondrial genome and molecular cellular pathological processes. Such models can be very promising for the development of therapeutic approaches to the treatment of various human diseases.
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12
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Dannenmann B, Lehle S, Lorscheid S, Huber SM, Essmann F, Schulze-Osthoff K. Simultaneous quantification of DNA damage and mitochondrial copy number by long-run DNA-damage quantification (LORD-Q). Oncotarget 2017; 8:112417-112425. [PMID: 29348835 PMCID: PMC5762520 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage and changes in the mitochondrial DNA content have been implicated in ageing and cancer development. To prevent genomic instability and tumorigenesis, cells must maintain the integrity of their nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. Advances in the research of DNA damage protection and genomic stability, however, also depend on the availability of techniques that can reliably quantify alterations of mitochondrial DNA copy numbers and DNA lesions in an accurate high-throughput manner. Unfortunately, no such method has been established yet. Here, we describe the high-sensitivity long-run real-time PCR technique for DNA-damage quantification (LORD-Q) and its suitability to simultaneously measure DNA damage rates and mitochondrial DNA copy numbers in cultured cells and tissue samples. Using the LORD-Q multiplex assay, we exemplarily show that the mitochondrial DNA content does not directly affect DNA damage susceptibility, but influences the efficacy of certain anticancer drugs. Hence, LORD-Q provides a fast and precise method to assess DNA lesions, DNA repair and mtDNA replication as well as their role in a variety of pathological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Dannenmann
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Simon Lehle
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lorscheid
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan M Huber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Frank Essmann
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Schulze-Osthoff
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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13
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Stout-Delgado HW, Cho SJ, Chu SG, Mitzel DN, Villalba J, El-Chemaly S, Ryter SW, Choi AMK, Rosas IO. Age-Dependent Susceptibility to Pulmonary Fibrosis Is Associated with NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 55:252-63. [PMID: 26933834 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0222oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging has been implicated in the development of pulmonary fibrosis, which has seen a sharp increase in incidence in those older than 50 years. Recent studies demonstrate a role for the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine rich repeat containing family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and its regulated cytokines in experimental lung fibrosis. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that age-related NLRP3 inflammasome activation is an important predisposing factor in the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Briefly, young and aged wild-type and NLRP3(-/-) mice were subjected to bleomycin-induced lung injury. Pulmonary fibrosis was determined by histology and hydroxyproline accumulation. Bone marrow and alveolar macrophages were isolated from these mice. NLRP3 inflammasome activation was assessed by co-immunoprecipitation experiments. IL-1β and IL-18 production was measured by ELISA. The current study demonstrated that aged wild-type mice developed more lung fibrosis and exhibited increased morbidity and mortality after bleomycin-induced lung injury, when compared with young mice. Bleomycin-exposed aged NLRP3(-/-) mice had reduced fibrosis compared with their wild-type age-matched counterparts. Bone marrow-derived and alveolar macrophages from aged mice displayed higher levels of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and caspase-1-dependent IL-1β and IL-18 production, which was associated with altered mitochondrial function and increased production of reactive oxygen species. Our study demonstrated that age-dependent increases in alveolar macrophage mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and NLRP3 inflammasome activation contribute to the development of experimental fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather W Stout-Delgado
- 1 Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.,2 Pulmonary Fibrosis Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and
| | - Soo Jung Cho
- 1 Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Sarah G Chu
- 3 Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dana N Mitzel
- 2 Pulmonary Fibrosis Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and
| | - Julian Villalba
- 2 Pulmonary Fibrosis Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and.,3 Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Souheil El-Chemaly
- 2 Pulmonary Fibrosis Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and.,3 Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stefan W Ryter
- 1 Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.,3 Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Augustine M K Choi
- 1 Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.,3 Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ivan O Rosas
- 2 Pulmonary Fibrosis Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and.,3 Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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14
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Jablonski RP, Kim SJ, Cheresh P, Williams DB, Morales-Nebreda L, Cheng Y, Yeldandi A, Bhorade S, Pardo A, Selman M, Ridge K, Gius D, Budinger GRS, Kamp DW. SIRT3 deficiency promotes lung fibrosis by augmenting alveolar epithelial cell mitochondrial DNA damage and apoptosis. FASEB J 2017; 31:2520-2532. [PMID: 28258190 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601077r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis are important in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and asbestosis. Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) detoxifies mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, in part, by deacetylating manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and mitochondrial 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase. We reasoned that SIRT3 deficiency occurs in fibrotic lungs and thereby augments AEC mtDNA damage and apoptosis. Human lungs were assessed by using immunohistochemistry for SIRT3 activity via acetylated MnSODK68 Murine AEC SIRT3 and cleaved caspase-9 (CC-9) expression were assayed by immunoblotting with or without SIRT3 enforced expression or silencing. mtDNA damage was measured by using quantitative PCR and apoptosis via ELISA. Pulmonary fibrosis after asbestos or bleomycin exposure was evaluated in 129SJ/wild-type and SIRT3-knockout mice (Sirt3-/- ) by using fibrosis scoring and lung collagen levels. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis lung alveolar type II cells have increased MnSODK68 acetylation compared with controls. Asbestos and H2O2 diminished AEC SIRT3 protein expression and increased mitochondrial protein acetylation, including MnSODK68 SIRT3 enforced expression reduced oxidant-induced AEC OGG1K338/341 acetylation, mtDNA damage, and apoptosis, whereas SIRT3 silencing promoted these effects. Asbestos- or bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis, AEC mtDNA damage, and apoptosis in wild-type mice were amplified in Sirt3-/- animals. These data suggest a novel role for SIRT3 deficiency in mediating AEC mtDNA damage, apoptosis, and lung fibrosis.-Jablonski, R. P., Kim, S.-J., Cheresh, P., Williams, D. B., Morales-Nebreda, L., Cheng, Y., Yeldandi, A., Bhorade, S., Pardo, A., Selman, M., Ridge, K., Gius, D., Budinger, G. R. S., Kamp, D. W. SIRT3 deficiency promotes lung fibrosis by augmenting alveolar epithelial cell mitochondrial DNA damage and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renea P Jablonski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Seok-Jo Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Paul Cheresh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - David B Williams
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Luisa Morales-Nebreda
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Anjana Yeldandi
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sangeeta Bhorade
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Annie Pardo
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Moises Selman
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, México City, Mexico
| | - Karen Ridge
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - David Gius
- Department of Radiation Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - G R Scott Budinger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - David W Kamp
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA; .,Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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15
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Wilson A, Yakovlev VA. Cells redox environment modulates BRCA1 expression and DNA homologous recombination repair. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 101:190-201. [PMID: 27771433 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer development and progression have been linked to oxidative stress, a condition characterized by unbalanced increase in ROS and RNS production. The main endogenous initiators of the redox imbalance in cancer cells are defective mitochondria, elevated NOX activity, and uncoupled NOS3. Traditionally, most attention has been paid to direct oxidative damage to DNA by certain ROS. However, increase in oxidative DNA lesions does not always lead to malignancy. Hence, additional ROS-dependent, pro-carcinogenic mechanisms must be important. Our recent study demonstrated that Tyr nitration of PP2A stimulates its activity and leads to downregulation of BRCA1 expression. This provides a mechanism for chromosomal instability essential for tumor progression. In the present work, we demonstrated that inhibition of ROS production by generating mitochondrial-electron-transport-deficient cell lines (ρ0 cells) or by inhibition of NOX activity with a selective peptide inhibitor significantly reduced PP2A Tyr nitration and its activity in different cancer cell lines. As a result of the decreased PP2A activity, BRCA1 expression was restored along with a significantly enhanced level of DNA HRR. We used TCGA database to analyze the correlation between expressions of the NOX regulatory subunits, NOS isoforms, and BRCA1 in the 3 cancer research studies: breast invasive carcinoma, ovarian cystadenocarcinoma, and lung adenocarcinoma. TCGA database analysis demonstrated that the high expression levels of most of the NOX regulatory subunits responsible for stimulation of NOX1-NOX4 were associated with significant downregulation of BRCA1 expression.
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MESH Headings
- A549 Cells
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma of Lung
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Chromosomal Instability
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/genetics
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/metabolism
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/pathology
- Databases, Genetic
- Electron Transport
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- MCF-7 Cells
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Mitochondria/pathology
- NADPH Oxidase 1/genetics
- NADPH Oxidase 1/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism
- Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Oxidative Stress
- Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/genetics
- Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/metabolism
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Recombinational DNA Repair
- Signal Transduction
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/genetics
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Wilson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College Street, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Vasily A Yakovlev
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College Street, Richmond, VA 23298, United States.
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16
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Kim SJ, Cheresh P, Jablonski RP, Morales-Nebreda L, Cheng Y, Hogan E, Yeldandi A, Chi M, Piseaux R, Ridge K, Michael Hart C, Chandel N, Scott Budinger GR, Kamp DW. Mitochondrial catalase overexpressed transgenic mice are protected against lung fibrosis in part via preventing alveolar epithelial cell mitochondrial DNA damage. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 101:482-490. [PMID: 27840320 PMCID: PMC5928521 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) injury and mitochondrial dysfunction are important in the development of lung fibrosis. Our group has shown that in the asbestos exposed lung, the generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) in AEC mediate mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage and apoptosis which are necessary for lung fibrosis. These data suggest that mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants should ameliorate asbestos-induced lung. OBJECTIVE To determine whether transgenic mice that express mitochondrial-targeted catalase (MCAT) have reduced lung fibrosis following exposure to asbestos or bleomycin and, if so, whether this occurs in association with reduced AEC mtDNA damage and apoptosis. METHODS Crocidolite asbestos (100µg/50µL), TiO2 (negative control), bleomycin (0.025 units/50µL), or PBS was instilled intratracheally in 8-10 week-old wild-type (WT - C57Bl/6J) or MCAT mice. The lungs were harvested at 21d. Lung fibrosis was quantified by collagen levels (Sircol) and lung fibrosis scores. AEC apoptosis was assessed by cleaved caspase-3 (CC-3)/Surfactant protein C (SFTPC) immunohistochemistry (IHC) and semi-quantitative analysis. AEC (primary AT2 cells from WT and MCAT mice and MLE-12 cells) mtDNA damage was assessed by a quantitative PCR-based assay, apoptosis was assessed by DNA fragmentation, and ROS production was assessed by a Mito-Sox assay. RESULTS Compared to WT, crocidolite-exposed MCAT mice exhibit reduced pulmonary fibrosis as measured by lung collagen levels and lung fibrosis score. The protective effects in MCAT mice were accompanied by reduced AEC mtDNA damage and apoptosis. Similar findings were noted following bleomycin exposure. Euk-134, a mitochondrial SOD/catalase mimetic, attenuated MLE-12 cell DNA damage and apoptosis. Finally, compared to WT, asbestos-induced MCAT AT2 cell ROS production was reduced. CONCLUSIONS Our finding that MCAT mice have reduced pulmonary fibrosis, AEC mtDNA damage and apoptosis following exposure to asbestos or bleomycin suggests an important role for AEC mitochondrial H2O2-induced mtDNA damage in promoting lung fibrosis. We reason that strategies aimed at limiting AEC mtDNA damage arising from excess mitochondrial H2O2 production may be a novel therapeutic target for mitigating pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Jo Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Paul Cheresh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Renea P Jablonski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Luisa Morales-Nebreda
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Erin Hogan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Anjana Yeldandi
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Monica Chi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Raul Piseaux
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Karen Ridge
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - C Michael Hart
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States; Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Navdeep Chandel
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - G R Scott Budinger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - David W Kamp
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, United States.
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17
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Bindu S, Pillai VB, Kanwal A, Samant S, Mutlu GM, Verdin E, Dulin N, Gupta MP. SIRT3 blocks myofibroblast differentiation and pulmonary fibrosis by preventing mitochondrial DNA damage. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 312:L68-L78. [PMID: 27815257 PMCID: PMC5283928 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00188.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myofibroblast differentiation is a key process in the pathogenesis of fibrotic diseases. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is a powerful inducer of myofibroblast differentiation and is implicated in pathogenesis of tissue fibrosis. This study was undertaken to determine the role of mitochondrial deacetylase SIRT3 in TGF-β1-induced myofibroblast differentiation in vitro and lung fibrosis in vivo. Treatment of human lung fibroblasts with TGF-β1 resulted in increased expression of fibrosis markers, smooth muscle α-actin (α-SMA), collagen-1, and fibronectin. TGF-β1 treatment also caused depletion of endogenous SIRT3, which paralleled with increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA damage, and subsequent reduction in levels of 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1), an enzyme that hydrolyzes oxidized guanine (8-oxo-dG) and thus protects DNA from oxidative damage. Overexpression of SIRT3 by adenovirus-mediated transduction reversed the effects of TGF-β1 on ROS production and mitochondrial DNA damage and inhibited TGF-β1-induced myofibroblast differentiation. To determine the antifibrotic role of SIRT3 in vivo, we used the bleomycin-induced mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis. Compared with wild-type controls, Sirt3-knockout mice showed exacerbated fibrosis after intratracheal instillation of bleomycin. Increased lung fibrosis was associated with decreased levels of OGG1 and concomitant accumulation of 8-oxo-dG and increased mitochondrial DNA damage. In contrast, the transgenic mice with whole body Sirt3 overexpression were protected from bleomycin-induced mtDNA damage and development of lung fibrosis. These data demonstrate a critical role of SIRT3 in the control of myofibroblast differentiation and lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samik Bindu
- Department of Surgery, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Vinodkumar B Pillai
- Department of Surgery, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Abhinav Kanwal
- Department of Surgery, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sadhana Samant
- Department of Surgery, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gökhan M Mutlu
- Department of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Eric Verdin
- Gladstone Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Nickolai Dulin
- Department of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Mahesh P Gupta
- Department of Surgery, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois;
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18
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Prakash YS. Emerging concepts in smooth muscle contributions to airway structure and function: implications for health and disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L1113-L1140. [PMID: 27742732 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00370.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway structure and function are key aspects of normal lung development, growth, and aging, as well as of lung responses to the environment and the pathophysiology of important diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and fibrosis. In this regard, the contributions of airway smooth muscle (ASM) are both functional, in the context of airway contractility and relaxation, as well as synthetic, involving production and modulation of extracellular components, modulation of the local immune environment, cellular contribution to airway structure, and, finally, interactions with other airway cell types such as epithelium, fibroblasts, and nerves. These ASM contributions are now found to be critical in airway hyperresponsiveness and remodeling that occur in lung diseases. This review emphasizes established and recent discoveries that underline the central role of ASM and sets the stage for future research toward understanding how ASM plays a central role by being both upstream and downstream in the many interactive processes that determine airway structure and function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Prakash
- Departments of Anesthesiology, and Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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19
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Chowdhury AR, Long A, Fuchs SY, Rustgi A, Avadhani NG. Mitochondrial stress-induced p53 attenuates HIF-1α activity by physical association and enhanced ubiquitination. Oncogene 2016; 36:397-409. [PMID: 27345397 PMCID: PMC5192009 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Retrograde signaling is a mechanism by which mitochondrial dysfunction is communicated to the nucleus for inducing a metabolic shift essential for cell survival. Previously we showed that partial mtDNA depletion in different cell types induced mitochondrial retrograde signaling pathway (MtRS) involving Ca+2 sensitive Calcineurin (Cn) activation as an immediate upstream event of stress response. In multiple cell types, this stress signaling was shown to induce tumorigenic phenotypes in immortalized cells. In this study we show that MtRS also induces p53 expression which was abrogated by Ca2+ chelators and shRNA mediated knock down of CnAβ mRNA. Mitochondrial dysfunction induced by mitochondrial ionophore, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) and other respiratory inhibitors, which perturb the transmembrane potential, were equally efficient in inducing the expression of p53 and downregulation of MDM2. Stress-induced p53 physically interacted with HIF-1α and attenuated the latter’s binding to promoter DNA motifs. Additionally, p53 promoted ubiquitination and degradation of HIF-1α in partial mtDNA depleted cells. The mtDNA depleted cells, with inhibited HIF-1α, showed upregulation of glycolytic pathway genes, glucose transporter 1–4 (Glut1–4), phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1) and Glucokinase (GSK) but not of prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) isoforms. For the first time we show that p53 is induced as part of MtRS and it renders HIF-1α inactive by physical interaction. In this respect our results show that MtRS induces tumor growth independent of HIF-1α pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Roy Chowdhury
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A Long
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Genetics, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - S Y Fuchs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A Rustgi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Genetics, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - N G Avadhani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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20
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Yan H, Li Y, Peng X, Huang D, Gui L, Huang B. Resistance of mitochondrial DNA-depleted cells against oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced macrophage pyroptosis. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:4393-9. [PMID: 27035880 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL)-induced macrophage pyroptosis is critical in atherosclerosis inflammation and plaque instability. It has been reported that mitochondrial (mt)DNA-depleted (rho0) cells demonstrate resistance to apoptosis. However, little is known about the susceptibility of rho0 cells to Ox-LDL-induced macrophage pyroptosis. Pyroptosis, a caspase-1-dependent programmed cell death, which compromises membrane integrity, cleaves pro-interleukin (IL)‑1β and pro‑IL‑18 into IL‑1β and IL‑18, respectively and releases damage‑associated molecular pattern molecules, is triggered by a variety of stimuli, including Ox‑LDL. In the present study, the expression levels of cleaved caspase‑1 and IL‑1β in Ox‑LDL‑treated J774A.1 rho0 cells were observed to be significantly decreased when compared with Ox‑LDL‑treated J774A.1 normal cells. Furthermore, J774A.1 rho0 cells exhibited a significant reduction in the ratios of dead cells and lactate dehydrogenase release following Ox‑LDL stimulation compared with the J774A.1 normal cells. In addition, the loss of mtDNA did not influence Ox‑LDL‑induced cholesterol accumulation in J774A.1 rho0 cells, which was observed by Oil Red O staining and CHOD‑PAP assay. Finally, J774A.1 rho0 cells exhibited reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and were capable of maintaining the mitochondrial membrane potential following Ox‑LDL treatment. Thus, the results indicate that the loss of mtDNA potentially rendered murine macrophage J774A.1 resistant to Ox‑LDL‑induced pyroptosis by mitigating NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 inflammasome activation through reducing ROS production. In addition, mtDNA depletion did not interrupt Ox-LDL-induced intracellular lipid accumulation and continued to maintain the mitochondrial membrane potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Yan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Yunyun Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Xue Peng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Dake Huang
- Comprehensive Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Li Gui
- Comprehensive Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Baojun Huang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
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21
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Alshatwi AA, Periasamy VS, Athinarayanan J, Elango R. Synergistic anticancer activity of dietary tea polyphenols and bleomycin hydrochloride in human cervical cancer cell: Caspase-dependent and independent apoptotic pathways. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 247:1-10. [PMID: 26800624 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bleomycin is a chemotherapeutic agent that is frequently used in the treatment of various cancers. Bleomycin causes serious adverse effects via antioxidant defense abnormalities against reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the current cervical cancer monodrug therapy strategy has failed to produce the expected outcomes; hence, combinational therapies are gaining great interest. Tea polyphenols are also effective antioxidative and chemo-preventive agents. However, the combined effect of tea polyphenol (TPP) and bleomycin (BLM) against cervical cancer remains unknown. In this study, we focused on the potential of TPP on BLM anticancer activity against cervical cancer cells. Cervical cancer cells (SiHa) were treated with various concentrations of TPP, BLM and TPP combined with BLM (TPP-BLM), and their effects on cell growth, intracellular reactive oxygen species, poly-caspase activity, early apoptosis and the expression of caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9, Bcl-2 and p53 were assessed. The MTT assay revealed that the SiHa cells were less sensitive to growth inhibition by TPP treatment compared with both BLM and the combination therapy. Nuclear staining indicated that exposure to TPP-BLM increased the percentage of apoptotic nuclei compared with a mono-agent treatment. Caspase activation assay demonstrated that proportion of early and late apoptotic/secondary necrotic cells was higher in the cells treated with the combination therapy than in those treated with either TPP or BLM alone. The TPP-BLM treatment synergistically induced apoptosis through caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9 activation, Bcl-2 upregulation and p53 overexpression. This study suggests that TPP-BLM may be used as an efficient antioxidant-based combination therapy for cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Alshatwi
- Nanobiotechnology and Molecular Biology Research Lab, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Vaiyapuri Subbarayan Periasamy
- Nanobiotechnology and Molecular Biology Research Lab, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jegan Athinarayanan
- Nanobiotechnology and Molecular Biology Research Lab, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramesh Elango
- Nanobiotechnology and Molecular Biology Research Lab, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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22
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Yeung M, Hurren R, Nemr C, Wang X, Hershenfeld S, Gronda M, Liyanage S, Wu Y, Augustine J, Lee EA, Spagnuolo PA, Southall N, Chen C, Zheng W, Jeyaraju DV, Minden MD, Laposa R, Schimmer AD. Mitochondrial DNA damage by bleomycin induces AML cell death. Apoptosis 2016; 20:811-20. [PMID: 25820141 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-015-1119-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria contain multiple copies of their own 16.6 kb circular genome. To explore the impact of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage on mitochondrial (mt) function and viability of AML cells, we screened a panel of DNA damaging chemotherapeutic agents to identify drugs that could damage mtDNA. We identified bleomycin as an agent that damaged mtDNA in AML cells at concentrations that induced cell death. Bleomycin also induced mtDNA damage in primary AML samples. Consistent with the observed mtDNA damage, bleomycin reduced mt mass and basal oxygen consumption in AML cells. We also demonstrated that the observed mtDNA damage was functionally important for bleomycin-induced cell death. Finally, bleomycin delayed tumor growth in xenograft mouse models of AML and anti-leukemic concentrations of the drug induced mtDNA damage in AML cells preferentially over normal lung tissue. Taken together, mtDNA-targeted therapy may be an effective strategy to target AML cells and bleomycin could be useful in the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- ManTek Yeung
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Room 7-116, 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
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23
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Resseguie EA, Staversky RJ, Brookes PS, O'Reilly MA. Hyperoxia activates ATM independent from mitochondrial ROS and dysfunction. Redox Biol 2015; 5:176-185. [PMID: 25967673 PMCID: PMC4430709 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
High levels of oxygen (hyperoxia) are often used to treat individuals with respiratory distress, yet prolonged hyperoxia causes mitochondrial dysfunction and excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can damage molecules such as DNA. Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase is activated by nuclear DNA double strand breaks and delays hyperoxia-induced cell death through downstream targets p53 and p21. Evidence for its role in regulating mitochondrial function is emerging, yet it has not been determined if mitochondrial dysfunction or ROS activates ATM. Because ATM maintains mitochondrial homeostasis, we hypothesized that hyperoxia induces both mitochondrial dysfunction and ROS that activate ATM. In A549 lung epithelial cells, hyperoxia decreased mitochondrial respiratory reserve capacity at 12h and basal respiration by 48 h. ROS were significantly increased at 24h, yet mitochondrial DNA double strand breaks were not detected. ATM was not required for activating p53 when mitochondrial respiration was inhibited by chronic exposure to antimycin A. Also, ATM was not further activated by mitochondrial ROS, which were enhanced by depleting manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2). In contrast, ATM dampened the accumulation of mitochondrial ROS during exposure to hyperoxia. Our findings suggest that hyperoxia-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and ROS do not activate ATM. ATM more likely carries out its canonical response to nuclear DNA damage and may function to attenuate mitochondrial ROS that contribute to oxygen toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Resseguie
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Rhonda J Staversky
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Paul S Brookes
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Michael A O'Reilly
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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24
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Yu Z, Paul R, Bhattacharya C, Bozeman TC, Rishel MJ, Hecht SM. Structural features facilitating tumor cell targeting and internalization by bleomycin and its disaccharide. Biochemistry 2015; 54:3100-9. [PMID: 25905565 PMCID: PMC4440614 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We have shown previously that the bleomycin (BLM) carbohydrate moiety can recapitulate the tumor cell targeting effects of the entire BLM molecule, that BLM itself is modular in nature consisting of a DNA-cleaving aglycone which is delivered selectively to the interior of tumor cells by its carbohydrate moiety, and that there are disaccharides structurally related to the BLM disaccharide which are more efficient than the natural disaccharide at tumor cell targeting/uptake. Because BLM sugars can deliver molecular cargoes selectively to tumor cells, and thus potentially form the basis for a novel antitumor strategy, it seemed important to consider additional structural features capable of affecting the efficiency of tumor cell recognition and delivery. These included the effects of sugar polyvalency and net charge (at physiological pH) on tumor cell recognition, internalization, and trafficking. Since these parameters have been shown to affect cell surface recognition, internalization, and distribution in other contexts, this study has sought to define the effects of these structural features on tumor cell recognition by bleomycin and its disaccharide. We demonstrate that both can have a significant effect on tumor cell binding/internalization, and present data which suggests that the metal ions normally bound by bleomycin following clinical administration may significantly contribute to the efficiency of tumor cell uptake, in addition to their characterized function in DNA cleavage. A BLM disaccharide-Cy5** conjugate incorporating the positively charged dipeptide d-Lys-d-Lys was found to associate with both the mitochondria and the nuclear envelope of DU145 cells, suggesting possible cellular targets for BLM disaccharide-cytotoxin conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Yu
- †Center for Bioenergetics, Biodesign Institute, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Rakesh Paul
- †Center for Bioenergetics, Biodesign Institute, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Chandrabali Bhattacharya
- †Center for Bioenergetics, Biodesign Institute, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Trevor C Bozeman
- †Center for Bioenergetics, Biodesign Institute, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Michael J Rishel
- ‡GE Global Research, 1 Research Circle, Niskayuna, New York 12309, United States
| | - Sidney M Hecht
- †Center for Bioenergetics, Biodesign Institute, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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25
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González-Hunt CP, Leung MCK, Bodhicharla RK, McKeever MG, Arrant AE, Margillo KM, Ryde IT, Cyr DD, Kosmaczewski SG, Hammarlund M, Meyer JN. Exposure to mitochondrial genotoxins and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114459. [PMID: 25486066 PMCID: PMC4259338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration has been correlated with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage and exposure to environmental toxins, but causation is unclear. We investigated the ability of several known environmental genotoxins and neurotoxins to cause mtDNA damage, mtDNA depletion, and neurodegeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans. We found that paraquat, cadmium chloride and aflatoxin B1 caused more mitochondrial than nuclear DNA damage, and paraquat and aflatoxin B1 also caused dopaminergic neurodegeneration. 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) caused similar levels of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA damage. To further test whether the neurodegeneration could be attributed to the observed mtDNA damage, C. elegans were exposed to repeated low-dose ultraviolet C radiation (UVC) that resulted in persistent mtDNA damage; this exposure also resulted in dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Damage to GABAergic neurons and pharyngeal muscle cells was not detected. We also found that fasting at the first larval stage was protective in dopaminergic neurons against 6-OHDA-induced neurodegeneration. Finally, we found that dopaminergic neurons in C. elegans are capable of regeneration after laser surgery. Our findings are consistent with a causal role for mitochondrial DNA damage in neurodegeneration, but also support non mtDNA-mediated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia P. González-Hunt
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Maxwell C. K. Leung
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rakesh K. Bodhicharla
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Madeline G. McKeever
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrew E. Arrant
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kathleen M. Margillo
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ian T. Ryde
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Derek D. Cyr
- Center for Applied Genomics and Technology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sara G. Kosmaczewski
- Department of Genetics, Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Marc Hammarlund
- Department of Genetics, Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Joel N. Meyer
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: mailto:
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26
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Abstract
Without doubt, animal models have provided significant insights into our understanding of the rheumatological diseases; however, no model has accurately replicated all aspects of any autoimmune disease. Recent years have seen a plethora of knockouts and transgenics that have contributed to our knowledge of the initiating events of systemic sclerosis, an autoimmune disease. In this review, the focus is on models of systemic sclerosis and how they have progressed our understanding of fibrosis and vasculopathy, and whether they are relevant to the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol M Artlett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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27
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Lehle S, Hildebrand DG, Merz B, Malak PN, Becker MS, Schmezer P, Essmann F, Schulze-Osthoff K, Rothfuss O. LORD-Q: a long-run real-time PCR-based DNA-damage quantification method for nuclear and mitochondrial genome analysis. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 42:e41. [PMID: 24371283 PMCID: PMC3973301 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt1349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA damage is tightly associated with various biological and pathological processes, such as aging and tumorigenesis. Although detection of DNA damage is attracting increasing attention, only a limited number of methods are available to quantify DNA lesions, and these techniques are tedious or only detect global DNA damage. In this study, we present a high-sensitivity long-run real-time PCR technique for DNA-damage quantification (LORD-Q) in both the mitochondrial and nuclear genome. While most conventional methods are of low-sensitivity or restricted to abundant mitochondrial DNA samples, we established a protocol that enables the accurate sequence-specific quantification of DNA damage in >3-kb probes for any mitochondrial or nuclear DNA sequence. In order to validate the sensitivity of this method, we compared LORD-Q with a previously published qPCR-based method and the standard single-cell gel electrophoresis assay, demonstrating a superior performance of LORD-Q. Exemplarily, we monitored induction of DNA damage and repair processes in human induced pluripotent stem cells and isogenic fibroblasts. Our results suggest that LORD-Q provides a sequence-specific and precise method to quantify DNA damage, thereby allowing the high-throughput assessment of DNA repair, genotoxicity screening and various other processes for a wide range of life science applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lehle
- Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany, Division of Immunogenetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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28
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Meyer JN, Leung MCK, Rooney JP, Sendoel A, Hengartner MO, Kisby GE, Bess AS. Mitochondria as a target of environmental toxicants. Toxicol Sci 2013; 134:1-17. [PMID: 23629515 PMCID: PMC3693132 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Enormous strides have recently been made in our understanding of the biology and pathobiology of mitochondria. Many diseases have been identified as caused by mitochondrial dysfunction, and many pharmaceuticals have been identified as previously unrecognized mitochondrial toxicants. A much smaller but growing literature indicates that mitochondria are also targeted by environmental pollutants. We briefly review the importance of mitochondrial function and maintenance for health based on the genetics of mitochondrial diseases and the toxicities resulting from pharmaceutical exposure. We then discuss how the principles of mitochondrial vulnerability illustrated by those fields might apply to environmental contaminants, with particular attention to factors that may modulate vulnerability including genetic differences, epigenetic interactions, tissue characteristics, and developmental stage. Finally, we review the literature related to environmental mitochondrial toxicants, with a particular focus on those toxicants that target mitochondrial DNA. We conclude that the fields of environmental toxicology and environmental health should focus more strongly on mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel N Meyer
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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