1
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Liu Z, Wang W, Luo J, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Gan Z, Shen X, Zhang Y, Meng X. Anti-Apoptotic Role of Sanhuang Xiexin Decoction and Anisodamine in Endotoxemia. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:531325. [PMID: 33967742 PMCID: PMC8099151 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.531325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endotoxemia is characterized by initial uncontrollable inflammation, terminal immune paralysis, significant cell apoptosis and tissue injury, which can aggravate or induce multiple diseases and become one of the complications of many diseases. Therefore, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic therapy is a valuable strategy for the treatment of endotoxemia-induced tissue injury. Traditional Chinese medicine exhibits great advantages in the treatment of endotoxemia. In this review, we have analyzed and summarized the active ingredients and their metabolites of Sanhuang Xiexin Decoction, a famous formula in endotoxemia therapy. We then have summarized the mechanisms of Sanhuang Xiexin Decoction against endotoxemia and its mediated tissue injury. Furthermore, silico strategy was used to evaluate the anti-apoptotic mechanism of anisodamine, a well-known natural product that widely used to improve survival in patients with septic shock. Finally, we also have summarized other anti-apoptotic natural products as well as their therapeutic effects on endotoxemia and its mediated tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Liu
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenxiang Wang
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingrui Zhang
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunsen Zhang
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiqiang Gan
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaofei Shen
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianli Meng
- Innovative Institutes of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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2
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Liang Y, Fan C, Yan X, Lu X, Jiang H, Di S, Ma Z, Feng Y, Zhang Z, Feng P, Feng X, Feng J, Jin F. Berberine ameliorates lipopolysaccharide‐induced acute lung injury via the
PERK
‐mediated
Nrf2/HO‐1
signaling axis. Phytother Res 2018; 33:130-148. [PMID: 30346043 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liang
- Department of Respiration, Tangdu Hospital The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
- Department of Respiration Kunming General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army Kunming China
| | - Chongxi Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Xiaolong Yan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Xi Lu
- Department of Respiration, Tangdu Hospital The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Department of Respiration, Tangdu Hospital The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Shouyin Di
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Yingtong Feng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery The 97th Hospital of PLA Xuzhou China
| | - Zhengbin Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Pan Feng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Xiao Feng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Jianyu Feng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Faguang Jin
- Department of Respiration, Tangdu Hospital The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
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3
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Jiang Y, Zeng Y, Huang X, Qin Y, Luo W, Xiang S, Sooranna SR, Pinhu L. Nur77 attenuates endothelin-1 expression via downregulation of NF-κB and p38 MAPK in A549 cells and in an ARDS rat model. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L1023-L1035. [PMID: 27765761 PMCID: PMC5206403 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00043.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by inflammatory injury to the alveolar and capillary barriers that results in impaired gas exchange and severe acute respiratory failure. Nuclear orphan receptor Nur77 has emerged as a regulator of gene expression in inflammation, and its role in the pathogenesis of ARDS is not clear. The objective of this study is to investigate the potential role of Nur77 and its underlying mechanism in the regulation of endothelin-1 (ET-1) expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced A549 cells and an ARDS rat model. We demonstrate that LPS induced Nur77 expression and nuclear export in A549 cells. Overexpression of Nur77 markedly decreased basal and LPS-induced ET-1 expression in A549 cells, whereas knockdown of Nur77 increased the ET-1 expression. LPS-induced phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB and p38 MAPK were blocked by Nur77 overexpression and augmented by Nur77 knockdown in A549 cells. In vivo, LPS induced Nur77 expression in lung in ARDS rats. Pharmacological activation of Nur77 by cytosporone B (CsnB) inhibited ET-1 expression in ARDS rats, decreased LPS-induced phosphorylation of NF-κB and p38 MAPK, and relieved lung, liver, and kidney injury. Pharmacological deactivation of Nur77 by 1,1-bis-(3'-indolyl)-1-(p-hydroxyphenyl)methane (DIM-C-pPhOH, C-DIM8) had no effect on ET-1 expression and lung injury. These results indicated that Nur77 decreases ET-1 expression by suppressing NF-κB and p38 MAPK in LPS-stimulated A549 cells in vitro, and, in an LPS-induced ARDS rat model, CsnB reduced ET-1 expression and lung injury in ARDS rats.
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MESH Headings
- A549 Cells
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Animals
- Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Endothelin-1/metabolism
- Kidney/drug effects
- Kidney/pathology
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/pathology
- Lung/drug effects
- Lung/metabolism
- Male
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/agonists
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/metabolism
- Phenylacetates/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Respiratory Distress Syndrome/enzymology
- Respiratory Distress Syndrome/genetics
- Respiratory Distress Syndrome/pathology
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Jiang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine
| | - Yi Zeng
- Department of Central Laboratory, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, China
| | - Xia Huang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine
| | - Yueqiu Qin
- Department of Digestive, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, China; Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, China
| | | | - Shulin Xiang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, the People's Hospital of Guangxi, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Suren R Sooranna
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdon; and
| | - Liao Pinhu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, China
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Saxon JA, Cheng DS, Han W, Polosukhin VV, McLoed AG, Richmond BW, Gleaves LA, Tanjore H, Sherrill TP, Barham W, Yull FE, Blackwell TS. p52 Overexpression Increases Epithelial Apoptosis, Enhances Lung Injury, and Reduces Survival after Lipopolysaccharide Treatment. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 196:1891-9. [PMID: 26773153 PMCID: PMC4744539 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although numerous studies have demonstrated a critical role for canonical NF-κB signaling in inflammation and disease, the function of the noncanonical NF-κB pathway remains ill-defined. In lung tissue from patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, we identified increased expression of the noncanonical pathway component p100/p52. To investigate the effects of p52 expression in vivo, we generated a novel transgenic mouse model with inducible expression of p52 in Clara cell secretory protein-expressing airway epithelial cells. Although p52 overexpression alone did not cause significant inflammation, p52 overexpression caused increased lung inflammation, injury, and mortality following intratracheal delivery of Escherichia coli LPS. No differences in cytokine/chemokine expression were measured between p52-overexpressing mice and controls, but increased apoptosis of Clara cell secretory protein-positive airway epithelial cells was observed in transgenic mice after LPS stimulation. In vitro studies in lung epithelial cells showed that p52 overexpression reduced cell survival and increased the expression of several proapoptotic genes during cellular stress. Collectively, these studies demonstrate a novel role for p52 in cell survival/apoptosis of airway epithelial cells and implicate noncanonical NF-κB signaling in the pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Saxon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Dong-Sheng Cheng
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Wei Han
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Vasiliy V Polosukhin
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Allyson G McLoed
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Bradley W Richmond
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232; and
| | - Linda A Gleaves
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Harikrishna Tanjore
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Taylor P Sherrill
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Whitney Barham
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Fiona E Yull
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Timothy S Blackwell
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232; Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232; and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
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5
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Fried S, Tosun S, Troost G, Keil S, Zaenker KS, Dittmar T. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Promotes Apoptosis in Human Breast Epithelial × Breast Cancer Hybrids, but Not in Parental Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148438. [PMID: 26863029 PMCID: PMC4749126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) belong to the group of pathogen recognition receptors known to play a crucial role in the innate immune system. In cancer, TLR expression is still debated controversially due to contradictory results reporting that both induction of apoptosis as well as tumor progression could depend on TLR signaling, whereby recent data rather indicate a pro-tumorigenic effect. The biological phenomenon of cell fusion has been associated with cancer progression due to findings revealing that fusion-derived hybrid cells could exhibit properties like an increased metastatogenic capacity and an increased drug resistance. Thus, M13MDA435 hybrid cell lines, which derived from spontaneous fusion events between human M13SV1-EGFP-Neo breast epithelial cells and human MDA-MB-435-Hyg breast cancer cells, were investigated. Cultivation of cells in the presence of the TLR4 ligand LPS potently induced apoptosis in all hybrid clones, but not in parental cells, which was most likely attributed to differential kinetics of the TLR4 signal transduction cascade. Activation of this pathway concomitant with NF-κB nuclear translocation and TNF-α expression was solely observed in hybrid cells. However, induction of LPS mediated apoptosis was not TNF-α dependent since TNF-α neutralization was not correlated to a decreased amount of dead cells. In addition to TNF-α, LPS also caused IFN-β expression in hybrid clones 1 and 3. Interestingly, hybrid clones differ in the mode of LPS induced apoptosis. While neutralization of IFN-β was sufficient to impair the LPS induced apoptosis in M13MDA435-1 and -3 hybrids, the amount of apoptotic M13MDA435-2 and -4 hybrid cells remained unchanged in the presence of neutralizing IFN-β antibodies. In summary, the fusion of non-LPS susceptible parental human breast epithelial cells and human breast cancer cells gave rise to LPS susceptible hybrid cells, which is in view with the cell fusion hypothesis that hybrid cells could exhibit novel properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Fried
- Institute of Immunology & Experimental Oncology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, Witten/Herdecke University, Stockumer Str. 10, Witten, Germany
| | - Songuel Tosun
- Institute of Immunology & Experimental Oncology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, Witten/Herdecke University, Stockumer Str. 10, Witten, Germany
| | - Gabriele Troost
- Institute of Immunology & Experimental Oncology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, Witten/Herdecke University, Stockumer Str. 10, Witten, Germany
| | - Silvia Keil
- Institute of Immunology & Experimental Oncology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, Witten/Herdecke University, Stockumer Str. 10, Witten, Germany
| | - Kurt S. Zaenker
- Institute of Immunology & Experimental Oncology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, Witten/Herdecke University, Stockumer Str. 10, Witten, Germany
| | - Thomas Dittmar
- Institute of Immunology & Experimental Oncology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, Witten/Herdecke University, Stockumer Str. 10, Witten, Germany
- * E-mail:
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6
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Kuhn H, Petzold K, Hammerschmidt S, Wirtz H. Interaction of cyclic mechanical stretch and toll-like receptor 4-mediated innate immunity in rat alveolar type II cells. Respirology 2014; 19:67-73. [PMID: 23796194 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE In cases of infection-induced acute lung injury, mechanical ventilation might be necessary to maintain oxygenation. Although low tidal volume ventilation is applied, alveolar over-distension may occur and result in ventilator-induced lung injury. In this study, we investigate (i) the influence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation on high-amplitude stretching; and (ii) the effect of stretching on LPS-mediated immune response in isolated rat alveolar type II cells. METHODS Type II cells were incubated with LPS and stretched for 24 h on elastic membranes. Initially we examined apoptosis and lactic acid dehydrogenase release in LPS-treated stretched cells. Furthermore we determined toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 expression, TLR4 signalling by analysis of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-2, interleukin-1 beta, tumour necrosis factor alpha). RESULTS Our results show that LPS increases apoptosis and cytotoxicity in high amplitude stretched cells. Stretching and LPS activate NF-κB. The LPS influence is the prevailing one while no synergistic effects were observed by additional stretching. LPS stimulates an increased secretion of the inflammatory mediators only. Stretching had no influence on cytokines secretion. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that activation of TLR4 mediated immunity intensifies cell damage caused by stretching whereas in return stretching had no influence on TLR4 mediated innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Kuhn
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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7
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Krishnamoorthy V, Chung L. Bench-to-bedside: The use of local anesthetics to attenuate inflammation in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci 2014; 4:98-100. [PMID: 25024936 PMCID: PMC4093975 DOI: 10.4103/2229-5151.134143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remains a world-wide treatment challenge, with high morbidity and mortality. The central pathophysiology of ARDS centers around inflammation in the lung and increased microvascular permeability. Local anesthetics have been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects at the basic science level and the advent of local anesthetics with improved cardiovascular safety profiles has made use of local anesthetics in attenuating the inflammation in ARDS a recent research interest. In this review, we will provide a brief summary of some of the basic science work in local anesthetics and lung inflammation and provide a case for the bench to bedside research in this potential therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Linda Chung
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, USA
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8
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Nathe KE, Mancuso CJ, Parad R, Van Marter LJ, Martin CR, Stoler-Barak L, Philbin VJ, Phillips MF, Palmer CD, Levy O. Innate immune activation in neonatal tracheal aspirates suggests endotoxin-driven inflammation. Pediatr Res 2012; 72:203-11. [PMID: 22580716 PMCID: PMC3406551 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2012.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tracheal aspirates (TAs) from critically ill neonates accumulate bacterial endotoxin and demonstrate mobilization of endotoxin-binding proteins, but the potential bioactivity of endotoxin in TAs is unknown. We characterized innate immune activation in TAs of mechanically ventilated neonates. METHODS Innate immune activation in TAs of mechanically ventilated neonates was characterized using a targeted 84-gene quantitative real-time (qRT) PCR array. Protein expression of cytokines was confirmed by multiplex assay. Expression and localization of the endotoxin-inducible antimicrobial protein Calgranulin C (S100A12) was assessed by flow cytometry. Endotoxin levels were measured in TA supernatants using the Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay. RESULTS Analyses by qRT-PCR demonstrated expression of pattern recognition receptors, Toll-like receptor-nuclear factor κB and inflammasome pathways, cytokines/chemokines and their receptors, and anti-infective proteins in TA cells. Endotoxin positivity increased with postnatal age. As compared with endotoxin-negative TAs, endotoxin-positive TAs demonstrated significantly greater tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade E, member 1 (SERPINE1) mRNA, and IL-10, TNF, and IL-1β protein. Expression of S100A12 protein was localized to TA neutrophils. CONCLUSION Correlation of endotoxin with TA inflammatory responses suggests endotoxin bioactivity and the possibility that endotoxin antagonists could mitigate pulmonary inflammation and its sequelae in this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katheryn E. Nathe
- Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts,Department of Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children at North Shore Medical Center, Salem, Massachusetts,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christy J. Mancuso
- Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Richard Parad
- Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts,Department of Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Linda J. Van Marter
- Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts,Department of Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Camilia R. Martin
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,Department of Neonatology Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Liat Stoler-Barak
- Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Victoria J. Philbin
- Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michele F. Phillips
- Department of Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christine D. Palmer
- Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ofer Levy
- Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,()
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9
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Plaizier J, Khafipour E, Li S, Gozho G, Krause D. Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA), endotoxins and health consequences. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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10
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Herrmann IK, Urner M, Hasler M, Roth-Z’Graggen B, Aemisegger C, Baulig W, Athanassiou EK, Regenass S, Stark WJ, Beck-Schimmer B. Iron core/shell nanoparticles as magnetic drug carriers: possible interactions with the vascular compartment. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2011; 6:1199-213. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.11.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Nanomagnets with metal cores have recently been shown to be promising candidates for magnetic drug delivery due to higher magnetic moments compared with commonly used metal oxides. Successful application strongly relies on a safe implementation that goes along with detailed knowledge of interactions and effects that nanomagnets might impart once entering the body. Materials & Methods: In this work, we put a particular focus on the interactions of ultra-strong metal nanomagnets (≥ three-times higher in magnetization compared with oxide nanoparticles) within the vascular compartment. Individual aspects of possible effects are addressed, including interactions with the coagulation cascade, the complement system, phagocytes and toxic or inflammatory reactions both by blood and endothelial cells in response to nanomagnet exposure. Results: We show that carbon-coated metal nanomagnets are well-tolerated by cells of the vascular compartment and have only minor effects on blood coagulation. Conclusion: These findings provide the fundament to initiate successful first in vivo evaluations opening metal nanomagnets with improved magnetic properties to fascinating applications in nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge K Herrmann
- Institute for Chemical & Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry & Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Urner
- Institute of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Zurich, Hof E 111, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Hasler
- Institute of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Zurich, Hof E 111, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Birgit Roth-Z’Graggen
- Institute of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Zurich, Hof E 111, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Werner Baulig
- Institute of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Zurich, Hof E 111, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Evagelos K Athanassiou
- Institute for Chemical & Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry & Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Regenass
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinics for Immunology, Diagnostics AKI, Häldeliweg 4, CH-8044 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Beatrice Beck-Schimmer
- Institute of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Zurich, Hof E 111, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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11
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Z'graggen BR, Tornic J, Müller-Edenborn B, Reyes L, Booy C, Beck-Schimmer B. Acute lung injury: apoptosis in effector and target cells of the upper and lower airway compartment. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 161:324-31. [PMID: 20456415 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04175.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic cell death has been considered an underlying mechanism in acute lung injury. To evaluate the evidence of this process, apoptosis rate was determined in effector cells (alveolar macrophages, neutrophils) and target cells (tracheobronchial and alveolar epithelial cells) of the respiratory compartment upon exposure to hypoxia and endotoxin stimulation in vitro. Cells were exposed to 5% oxygen or incubated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 4, 8 and 24 h, and activity of caspase-3, -8 and -9 was determined. Caspase-3 of alveolar macrophages was increased at all three time-points upon LPS stimulation, while hypoxia did not affect apoptosis rate at early time-points. In neutrophils, apoptosis was decreased in an early phase of hypoxia at 4 h. However, enhanced expression of caspase-3 activity was seen at 8 and 24 h. In the presence of LPS a decreased apoptosis rate was observed at 8 h compared to controls, while it was increased at 24 h. Tracheobronchial as well as alveolar epithelial cells experienced an enhanced caspase-3 activity upon LPS stimulation with no change of apoptosis rate under hypoxia. While increased apoptosis rate is triggered through an intrinsic and extrinsic pathway in alveolar macrophages, intrinsic signalling is activated in tracheobronchial epithelial cells. The exact pathway pattern in neutrophils and alveolar epithelial cells could not be determined. These data clearly demonstrate that upon injury each cell type experiences its own apoptosis pattern. Further experiments need to be performed to determine the functional role of these apoptotic processes in acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Roth Z'graggen
- Institute of Physiology and Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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NATHE KATHERYNE, PARAD RICHARD, VAN MARTER LINDAJ, LUND CARAA, SUTER EUGÉNIEE, HERNANDEZ-DIAZ SONIA, BOUSH ELIZABETHBG, IKONOMU EVA, MOREY JOANN, ZEMAN ALENKAM, MCNAMARA MEAGHAN, LEVY OFER, Levy O. Endotoxin-directed innate immunity in tracheal aspirates of mechanically ventilated human neonates. Pediatr Res 2009; 66:191-6. [PMID: 19390484 PMCID: PMC3992717 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181aa33d7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical ventilation of preterm infants is associated with pulmonary inflammation. Intubated infants often develop bacterial tracheal colonization, but little is known about endotoxin in tracheal aspirates (TAs) or the mobilization of innate immunity toward endotoxin, a potent stimulus that contributes to inflammatory disease. We characterized mobilization of endotoxin-directed innate immunity in TAs from an observational cohort of mechanically ventilated neonates. TA supernatants (n = 42; GA = 23-40 wk, postnatal age = 1-71 d) were assayed for endotoxin (Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay) and endotoxin-modulating proteins: bactericidal/ permeability-increasing protein (BPI), LPS-binding protein (LBP), and soluble cell differentiation antigen 14 (sCD14). TA cellular BPI was measured by ELISA, Western blot, flow cytometry, and bactericidal assay. TA mRNAs encoding endotoxin-modulating proteins were measured by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Endotoxin in TA supernatants was proportional to both postnatal age and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). Neonatal TAs were rich in PMN containing BPI and expressed mRNAs encoding Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, CD14, and myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD-2). Extracellular BPI was consistently detectable and correlated with TA PMN and GA. Both extracellular- and cellular-BPI increased during the first postnatal week. TA extracellular BPI, LBP, and sCD14 were positively correlated. TAs from intubated neonates demonstrate endotoxin accumulation and mobilization of endotoxin-directed innate immunity, potentially contributing to pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- KATHERYN E. NATHE
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Department of Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - RICHARD PARAD
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Department of Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - LINDA J. VAN MARTER
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Department of Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - CARA A. LUND
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - EUGÉNIE E. SUTER
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - SONIA HERNANDEZ-DIAZ
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA., Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - EVA IKONOMU
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - JO ANN MOREY
- Department of Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - ALENKA M. ZEMAN
- Department of Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - MEAGHAN MCNAMARA
- Department of Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - OFER LEVY
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Correspondence and requests for reprints should be addressed to: Ofer Levy M.D., Ph.D. Harvard Medical School Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases Children's Hospital Boston 300 Longwood Avenue, Enders 854 Boston, MA 02115 Office phone: (617) 919-2904 FAX: (617) 730-0255
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Toll-like receptor 4-dependent responses to lung injury in a murine model of pulmonary contusion. Shock 2009; 31:376-81. [PMID: 18665044 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e3181862279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Blunt chest trauma resulting in pulmonary contusion with an accompanying acute inflammatory response is a common but poorly understood injury. We previously demonstrated that toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2) participates in the inflammatory response to lung injury. We hypothesized that the TLR-4, in an MyD88-dependent manner, may also participate in the response to lung injury. To investigate this, we used a model of pulmonary contusion in the mouse that is similar to that observed clinically in humans and evaluated postinjury lung function, pulmonary neutrophil recruitment, and the systemic innate immune response. Comparisons were made between wild-type mice and mice deficient in TLR-4 or MyD88. We found TLR-4-dependent responses to pulmonary contusion that include hypoxemia, edema, and neutrophil infiltration. Increased expression of IL-6 and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 in the bronchoalveolar lavage and serum was also dependent on TLR-4 activation. We further demonstrated that these responses to pulmonary contusion were dependent on MyD88, an adapter protein in the signal transduction pathway mediated by TLRs. These results show that TLRs have a primary role in the response to acute lung injury. Lung inflammation and systemic innate immune responses are dependent on TLR activation by pulmonary contusion.
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Kim S, Nadel JA. Fibrinogen binding to ICAM-1 promotes EGFR-dependent mucin production in human airway epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009; 297:L174-83. [PMID: 19429776 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00032.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucous hypersecretion is a serious feature of chronic airway diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cystic fibrosis. Although mucins are produced via activation of an EGF receptor (EGFR) signaling cascade, the mechanisms leading to exaggerated mucin production in mucous hypersecretory diseases are unknown. Because expression of ICAM-1 and of the ICAM-1 ligand fibrinogen is increased in the airways of subjects with mucous hypersecretory diseases, we hypothesized that fibrinogen binding to ICAM-1 could increase EGFR-dependent mucin production in human airway (NCI-H292) epithelial cells. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that an ICAM-1 neutralizing antibody and an ICAM-1(8-22) peptide that binds fibrinogen decreased mucin production induced by the EGFR ligand transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha dose-dependently. Exogenous fibrinogen and a fibrinogen(117-133) peptide that binds ICAM-1 rescued mucin production in cells treated with the ICAM-1(8-22) peptide. Surprisingly, the ICAM-1(8-22) peptide increased EGFR phosphotyrosine and phospho-ERK1/2 in cells treated with TGF-alpha. The ICAM-1(8-22) peptide-induced increases in EGFR phosphotyrosine and phospho-ERK1/2 were prevented by exogenous fibrinogen, by the fibrinogen(117-133) peptide, and by selective inhibitors of phospholipase C (PLC), protein kinase C (PKC)-alpha/beta, and metalloproteases. These results suggest that fibrinogen binding to ICAM-1 promotes mucin production by decreasing TGF-alpha-induced EGFR and ERK1/2 activation and that the fibrinogen-ICAM-1-dependent decrease in EGFR and ERK1/2 activation occurs via inhibition of an early positive feedback pathway involving PLC- and PKC-alpha/beta-dependent metalloprotease activation and subsequent metalloprotease-dependent EGFR reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suil Kim
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California,San Francisco, California 94143-0130, USA.
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Journeay WS, Suri SS, Moralez JG, Fenniri H, Singh B. Low inflammatory activation by self-assembling Rosette nanotubes in human Calu-3 pulmonary epithelial cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2008; 4:817-823. [PMID: 18535989 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200700700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Rosette nanotubes (RNT) are a new class of metal-free organic nanotubes synthesized through self-assembly. Because of the wide range of potential biomedical applications associated with these materials, it is necessary to evaluate their potential in vitro toxicity. Here the cytotoxicity of a lysine-functionalized nanotube (RNT-K) in a human Calu-3 pulmonary epithelial cell line is investigated. The cells were treated with media only (control), lysine (50 mg mL(-1)), RNT-K (1, 5, and 50 microg mL(-1)), Min-U-Sil quartz microparticles (QM; 80 microg mL(-1)), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 1 microg mL(-1)). The supernatants were analyzed at 1, 6, and 24 h after treatment for the expression of three proinflammatory mediators: IL-8, TNF-alpha and EMAP-II. Cellular viability determined with the Trypan blue assay is significantly reduced in the QM and high-dose RNT-treated groups. TNF-alpha and EMAP-II are undetectable by enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the supernatant of all groups. Although IL-8 concentrations do not differ between treatments, its concentrations increase with time within each of the groups. Quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRTPCR) of IL-8 mRNA shows increased expression in the high-dose RNT-treated groups at both 1 and 6 h, while an adhesion molecule, ICAM-1 mRNA, shows the greatest increase at 6 h in the QM-treated group. In summary, RNT-K neither reduces cell viability at moderate doses nor does it induce a time-dependent inflammatory response in pulmonary epithelial cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Shane Journeay
- Immunology Research Group, Toxicology Graduate Program and Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
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Tang PS, Mura M, Seth R, Liu M. Acute lung injury and cell death: how many ways can cells die? Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 294:L632-41. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00262.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis has been considered as an underlying mechanism in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiorgan dysfunction syndrome. Recently, several alternative pathways for cell death (such as caspase-independent cell death, oncosis, and autophagy) have been discovered. Evidence of these pathways in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury has also come into light. In this article, we briefly introduce cell death pathways and then focus on studies related to lung injury. The different types of cell death that occur and the underlying mechanisms utilized depend on both experimental and clinical conditions. Lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury is associated with apoptosis via Fas/Fas ligand mechanisms. Hyperoxia and ischemia-reperfusion injury generate reactive oxidative species, which induce complex cell death patterns composed of apoptosis, oncosis, and necrosis. Prolonged overexpression of inflammatory mediators results in increased production and activation of proteases, especially cathepsins. Activation and resistance to death of neutrophils also plays an important role in promoting parenchymal cell death. Knowledge of the coexisting multiple cell death pathways and awareness of the pharmacological inhibitors targeting different proteases critical to cell death may lead to the development of novel therapies for acute lung injury.
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Effects of lipopolysaccharide and Mannheimia haemolytica leukotoxin on bovine lung microvascular endothelial cells and alveolar epithelial cells. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2007; 15:338-47. [PMID: 18032592 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00344-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease resulting from infection with Mannheimia haemolytica commonly results in extensive vascular leakage into the alveoli. M. haemolytica produces two substances, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and leukotoxin (LKT), that are known to be important in inducing some of the pathological changes. In the present study, we examined bovine pulmonary epithelial (BPE) cell and bovine lung microvascular endothelial cell monolayer permeability, as measured by trans-well endothelial and epithelial cell electrical resistance (TEER), after incubation with LPS, LKT, or LPS-activated neutrophils. Endothelial cell monolayers exposed to LPS exhibited significant decreases in TEER that corresponded with increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, apoptosis, and morphological changes. In contrast, BPE cells exposed to LPS increased the levels of production of inflammatory cytokines but displayed no changes in TEER, apoptosis, or visible morphological changes. Both cell types appeared to express relatively equal levels of the LPS ligand Toll-like receptor 4. However, TEER in BPE cell monolayers was decreased when the cells were incubated with LPS-activated neutrophils. Although the incubation of BPE cells with LKT decreased TEER, this was not reduced by the incubation of LKT with a neutralizing antibody and was reversed when LKT was preincubated with the LPS-neutralizing compound polymyxin B. Because BPE cells did not express the LKT receptor CD11a/CD18, we infer that contaminating LPS was responsible for the decreased TEER. In conclusion, LPS triggered changes in endothelial cells that would be consistent with vascular leakage, but neither LPS nor LKT caused similar changes in epithelial cells, unless neutrophils were also present.
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Russo TA, Wang Z, Davidson BA, Genagon SA, Beanan JM, Olson R, Holm BA, Knight PR, Chess PR, Notter RH. Surfactant dysfunction and lung injury due to the E. coli virulence factor hemolysin in a rat pneumonia model. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 292:L632-43. [PMID: 17341765 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00326.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study tests the hypothesis that the virulence factor hemolysin (Hly) expressed by extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli contributes to surfactant dysfunction and lung injury in a rat model of gram-negative pneumonia. Rats were instilled intratracheally with CP9 (wild type, Hly-positive), CP9hlyA (Hly-minus), CP9/pEK50 (supraphysiological Hly), or purified LPS. At 6 h postinfection, rats given CP9 had a decreased percentage content of large surfactant aggregates in cell-free bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), decreased large aggregate surface activity, decreased Pa(O2)/FiO2) ratio, increased BAL albumin/protein levels, and increased histological evidence of lung injury compared with rats given CP9hlyA or LPS. In addition, rats given CP9/pEK50 or CP9 had decreased large aggregate surface activity, decreased Pa(O2)/FiO2) ratios, and increased BAL albumin/protein levels at 2 h postinfection compared with rats given CP9hlyA. The severity of permeability lung injury based on albumin/protein levels in BAL at 2 h was ordered as CP9/pEK50 > CP9 > CP9hlyA > normal saline controls. Total lung titers of bacteria were increased at 6 h in rats given CP9 vs. CP9hlyA, but bacterial titers were not significantly different at 2 h, indicating that increased surfactant dysfunction and lung injury were associated with Hly as opposed to bacterial numbers per se. Further studies in vitro showed that CP9 could directly lyse transformed pulmonary epithelial cells (H441 cells) but that indirect lysis of H441 cells secondary to Hly-induced neutrophil lysis did not occur. Together, these data demonstrate that Hly is an important direct mediator of surfactant dysfunction and lung injury in gram-negative pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Russo
- Department of Medicine, The Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, NY, USA.
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Aravalli RN, Peterson PK, Lokensgard JR. Toll-like Receptors in Defense and Damage of the Central Nervous System. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2007; 2:297-312. [DOI: 10.1007/s11481-007-9071-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 03/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Hippenstiel S, Opitz B, Schmeck B, Suttorp N. Lung epithelium as a sentinel and effector system in pneumonia--molecular mechanisms of pathogen recognition and signal transduction. Respir Res 2006; 7:97. [PMID: 16827942 PMCID: PMC1533821 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-7-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2006] [Accepted: 07/08/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia, a common disease caused by a great diversity of infectious agents is responsible for enormous morbidity and mortality worldwide. The bronchial and lung epithelium comprises a large surface between host and environment and is attacked as a primary target during lung infection. Besides acting as a mechanical barrier, recent evidence suggests that the lung epithelium functions as an important sentinel system against pathogens. Equipped with transmembranous and cytosolic pathogen-sensing pattern recognition receptors the epithelium detects invading pathogens. A complex signalling results in epithelial cell activation, which essentially participates in initiation and orchestration of the subsequent innate and adaptive immune response. In this review we summarize recent progress in research focussing on molecular mechanisms of pathogen detection, host cell signal transduction, and subsequent activation of lung epithelial cells by pathogens and their virulence factors and point to open questions. The analysis of lung epithelial function in the host response in pneumonia may pave the way to the development of innovative highly needed therapeutics in pneumonia in addition to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hippenstiel
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bastian Opitz
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Schmeck
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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