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Wu X, Lu W, He M, Chen H, Chen Y, Duan X, Zheng Q, Li Y, Chen J, Liu S, Liao J, Kuang M, Lin Z, Yang K, Wang J. Structural and functional definition of the pulmonary vein system in a chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension rat model. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 318:C555-C569. [PMID: 31940248 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00289.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Unlike the pulmonary artery (PA), the pathophysiological changes of the pulmonary vein (PV) in the development of pulmonary hypertension (PH) remain largely unknown. In this study, we comprehensively investigated the structural and functional changes in the PV isolated from the chronic hypoxia (CH; 10% O2, 21 days)-induced PH rat model (CHPH). Results showed that CH caused an increase in right ventricular pressure but did not affect the mean pulmonary venous pressure and the left atrial pressure. Similar to the PA, vascular lumen stenosis and medial thickening were also observed in the intrapulmonary veins isolated from the CHPH rats. Notably, CH induced more severe loss in the endothelium of intrapulmonary veins than the arteries. Then, the contractile response to 5-HT and U46619 was significantly greater in the intrapulmonary small veins (ISPV) and arteries (ISPA) isolated from CHPH rats than those from normoxic rats but not in the extrapulmonary and intrapulmonary large veins. Treatment with nifedipine (Nif), SKF96365 (SKF), or ryanodine and caffeine either partially attenuated (Nif) or dramatically abolished (SKF or ryanodine and caffeine) 5-HT-induced maximal contraction in ISPV from both normoxic and CHPH rats. Because of the severe loss of endothelium in the PV of CHPH rats, the decrease in acetylcholine (ACh)-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation was significantly larger in ISPV than ISPA, whereas the sodium nitroprusside-induced endothelium-independent relaxation was not altered in both ISPA and ISPV. In conclusion, our results provide fundamental data to comprehensively define the PV system in CHPH rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenju Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mengzhang He
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haixia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuyu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Meidan Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziying Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
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Gao Y, Cornfield DN, Stenmark KR, Thébaud B, Abman SH, Raj JU. Unique aspects of the developing lung circulation: structural development and regulation of vasomotor tone. Pulm Circ 2017; 6:407-425. [PMID: 27942377 DOI: 10.1086/688890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes our current knowledge on lung vasculogenesis and angiogenesis during normal lung development and the regulation of fetal and postnatal pulmonary vascular tone. In comparison to that of the adult, the pulmonary circulation of the fetus and newborn displays many unique characteristics. Moreover, altered development of pulmonary vasculature plays a more prominent role in compromised pulmonary vasoreactivity than in the adult. Clinically, a better understanding of the developmental changes in pulmonary vasculature and vasomotor tone and the mechanisms that are disrupted in disease states can lead to the development of new therapies for lung diseases characterized by impaired alveolar structure and pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuangsheng Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - David N Cornfield
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kurt R Stenmark
- Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Bernard Thébaud
- Sinclair Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute; University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven H Abman
- Section of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - J Usha Raj
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Abstract
Hypoxic pulmonary hypertension of the newborn is characterized by elevated pulmonary vascular resistance and pressure due to vascular remodeling and increased vessel tension secondary to chronic hypoxia during the fetal and newborn period. In comparison to the adult, the pulmonary vasculature of the fetus and the newborn undergoes tremendous developmental changes that increase susceptibility to a hypoxic insult. Substantial evidence indicates that chronic hypoxia alters the production and responsiveness of various vasoactive agents such as endothelium-derived nitric oxide, endothelin-1, prostanoids, platelet-activating factor, and reactive oxygen species, resulting in sustained vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling. These changes occur in most cell types within the vascular wall, particularly endothelial and smooth muscle cells. At the cellular level, suppressed nitric oxide-cGMP signaling and augmented RhoA-Rho kinase signaling appear to be critical to the development of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuansheng Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University, Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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Dospinescu C, Widmer H, Rowe I, Wainwright C, Cruickshank SF. Hypoxia sensitivity of a voltage-gated potassium current in porcine intrapulmonary vein smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012; 303:L476-86. [PMID: 22773694 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00157.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia contracts the pulmonary vein, but the underlying cellular effectors remain unclear. Utilizing contractile studies and whole cell patch-clamp electrophysiology, we report for the first time a hypoxia-sensitive K(+) current in porcine pulmonary vein smooth muscle cells (PVSMC). Hypoxia induced a transient contractile response that was 56 ± 7% of the control response (80 mM KCl). This contraction required extracellular Ca(2+) and was sensitive to Ca(2+) channel blockade. Blockade of K(+) channels by tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA) or 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) reversibly inhibited the hypoxia-mediated contraction. Single-isolated PVSMC (typically 159.1 ± 2.3 μm long) had mean resting membrane potentials (RMP) of -36 ± 4 mV with a mean membrane capacitance of 108 ± 3.5 pF. Whole cell patch-clamp recordings identified a rapidly activating, partially inactivating K(+) current (I(KH)) that was hypoxia, TEA, and 4-AP sensitive. I(KH) was insensitive to Penitrem A or glyburide in PVSMC and had a time to peak of 14.4 ± 3.3 ms and recovered in 67 ms following inactivation at +80 mV. Peak window current was -32 mV, suggesting that I(KH) may contribute to PVSMC RMP. The molecular identity of the potassium channel is not clear. However, RT-PCR, using porcine pulmonary artery and vein samples, identified Kv(1.5), Kv(2.1), and BK, with all three being more abundant in the PV. Both artery and vein expressed STREX, a highly conserved and hypoxia-sensitive BK channel variant. Taken together, our data support the hypothesis that hypoxic inhibition of I(KH) would contribute to hypoxic-induced contraction in PVSMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciprian Dospinescu
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon Univ, Schoolhill, Aberdeen, Scotland UK
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Xue Q, Ducsay CA, Longo LD, Zhang L. Effect of long-term high-altitude hypoxia on fetal pulmonary vascular contractility. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008; 104:1786-92. [PMID: 18388246 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01314.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia in the fetus and/or newborn is associated with an increased risk of pulmonary hypertension. The present study tested the hypothesis that long-term high-altitude hypoxemia differentially regulates contractility of fetal pulmonary arteries (PA) and veins (PV) mediated by differences in endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). PA and PV were isolated from near-term fetuses of pregnant ewes maintained at sea level (300 m) or high altitude of 3,801 m for 110 days (arterial Po(2) of 60 Torr). Hypoxia had no effect on the medial wall thickness of pulmonary vessels and did not alter KCl-induced contractions. In PA, hypoxia significantly increased norepinephrine (NE)-induced contractions, which were not affected by eNOS inhibitor N(G)-nitro-l-arginine (l-NNA). In PV, hypoxia had no effect on NE-induced contractions in the absence of l-NNA. l-NNA significantly increased NE-induced contractions in both control and hypoxic PV. In the presence of l-NNA, NE-induced contractions of PV were significantly decreased in hypoxic lambs compared with normoxic animals. Acetylcholine caused relaxations of PV but not PA, and hypoxia significantly decreased both pD(2) and the maximal response of acetylcholine-induced relaxation in PV. Additionally, hypoxia significantly decreased the maximal response of sodium nitroprusside-induced relaxations of both PA and PV. eNOS was detected in the endothelium of both PA and PV, and eNOS protein levels were significantly higher in PV than in PA in normoxic lambs. Hypoxia had no significant effect on eNOS levels in either PA or PV. The results demonstrate heterogeneity of fetal pulmonary arteries and veins in response to long-term high-altitude hypoxia and suggest a likely common mechanism downstream of NO in fetal pulmonary vessel response to chronic hypoxia in utero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xue
- Dept. of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda Univ. School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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6
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Schindler MB, Hislop AA, Haworth SG. Postnatal changes in pulmonary vein responses to endothelin-1 in the normal and chronically hypoxic lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 292:L1273-9. [PMID: 17259291 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00173.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The response of pulmonary arteries to endothelin-1 (ET-1) changes with age in normal pigs and is abnormal in pulmonary hypertension. The purpose of this study was to determine if the same is true of the pulmonary veins. We studied the wall structure and functional response to ET-1 in pulmonary veins from normal pigs from fetal life to adulthood and from pigs subjected to chronic hypobaric hypoxia either from birth for 3 days or from 3 to 6 days of age. In isolated normal veins, the contractile response decreased by 40% between late fetal life and 14 days of age with a concomitant twofold increase in endothelium-dependent relaxant response. The ETA antagonist BQ-123 reduced the contractile response significantly more in newborn than older animals, whereas the ET-B antagonist BQ-788 had no effect in fetal animals and maximally increased contraction at 14 days of age. Hypoxic exposure significantly increased pulmonary vein smooth muscle area and contractile response to ET-1. The relaxation response was impaired following hypoxic exposure from birth but not from 3 to 6 days of age. The ETA antagonist BQ-123 decreased contractile and increased dilator responses significantly more than in age-matched controls. Thus pulmonary veins show age-related changes similar to those seen in the pulmonary arteries with a decrease in ETA-mediated contractile and increase in ET-B-mediated relaxant response with age. Contractile response was also increased in hypoxia as in the arteries. This study suggests that pulmonary veins are involved in postnatal adaptation and the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margrid B Schindler
- Vascular Biology and Pharmacology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Stanford SJ, Hislop AA, Oltmanns U, Nabel EG, Sang H, Haworth SG, Mitchell JA. Transition from placental to air breathing stimulates haem-oxygenase-1 expression without functional consequence for pulmonary vascular adaptation in pigs and mice. Br J Pharmacol 2005; 144:467-76. [PMID: 15655535 PMCID: PMC1576023 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. In systemic vessels, haem-oxygenase (HO) is induced during oxidative stress and known to modulate vasodilatation and vascular remodelling. At birth, with the transition from placental to air breathing, the pulmonary vessels are exposed to oxidative stress and undergo well-documented remodelling processes. Thus, we investigated the role of HO in the lung during adaptation to extra-uterine life using a pig and mouse model. In addition to the novel data presented with regard to one isoform, HO-1, this study is among the first to describe the pulmonary vascular remodelling in the mouse after birth. 2. We show, for the first time, that another isoform, HO-2, is present constitutively at birth and HO-1 protein is induced in the porcine and murine lung after birth in vascular and airway structures, peaking at 14 days in the pig and at about 4 days in the mouse. Furthermore, we show that HO-1 mRNA declines after birth in the mouse lung. 3. Inhibitors of HO did not modify vasodilator responses in vessels from 14-day-old pigs. 4. Moreover, lungs from HO-1-deficient mice developed normally after birth. 5. HO-1 is induced at birth but plays no role in the development of vasodilator responses or remodelling that occurs at this time. These data suggest that HO-1 expression at birth is a redundant response to oxidative stress in the lungs of healthy mammals. However, it remains possible that this pathway protects if complications occur during or after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salome J Stanford
- Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, UCCM, The Royal Brompton & Harefield N.H.S. Trust, Imperial College, National Heart and Lung Institute, Dovehouse Street, Sydney Street, London, SW3 9LY
- Developmental Vascular Biology and Pharmacology, Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH
| | - Alison A Hislop
- Developmental Vascular Biology and Pharmacology, Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH
| | - Ute Oltmanns
- Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, UCCM, The Royal Brompton & Harefield N.H.S. Trust, Imperial College, National Heart and Lung Institute, Dovehouse Street, Sydney Street, London, SW3 9LY
| | - Elizabeth G Nabel
- Vascular Biology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, MD 20892, U.S.A
| | - Hong Sang
- Vascular Biology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, MD 20892, U.S.A
| | - Shelia G Haworth
- Developmental Vascular Biology and Pharmacology, Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH
| | - Jane A Mitchell
- Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, UCCM, The Royal Brompton & Harefield N.H.S. Trust, Imperial College, National Heart and Lung Institute, Dovehouse Street, Sydney Street, London, SW3 9LY
- Author for correspondence:
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Abstract
Pulmonary veins have been seen primarily as conduit vessels; however, over the past two decades, a large amount of evidence has accumulated to indicate that pulmonary veins can exhibit substantial vasoactivity. In this review, the role of veins in regulation of the pulmonary circulation, particularly during the perinatal period and under certain pathophysiological conditions, is discussed. In the fetus, pulmonary veins contribute a significant fraction to total pulmonary vascular resistance. At birth, the veins as well as the arteries relax in response to endothelium-derived nitric oxide and dilator prostaglandins, thereby assisting in the fall in pulmonary vascular resistance. These effects are oxygen dependent and modulated by cGMP-dependent protein kinase. Under chronic hypoxic conditions, pulmonary veins undergo remodeling and demonstrate substantial constriction and hypertrophy. In a number of species, including the human, pulmonary veins are also the primary sites of action of certain vasoconstrictors such as endothelin and thromboxane. In various pathological conditions, there is an increased synthesis of these vasoactive agents that may lead to pulmonary venous constriction, increased microvascular pressures for fluid filtration, and formation of pulmonary edema. In conclusion, the significant role of veins in regulation of the pulmonary circulation needs to be appreciated to better prevent, diagnose, and treat lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuansheng Gao
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Research and Education Institute, 1124 W. Carson St., RB-1, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
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Gao Y, Dhanakoti S, Trevino EM, Sander FC, Portugal AM, Raj JU. Effect of oxygen on cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase-mediated relaxation in ovine fetal pulmonary arteries and veins. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003; 285:L611-8. [PMID: 12754191 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00411.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) plays an important role in regulating pulmonary vasomotor tone in the perinatal period. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that a change in oxygen tension affects PKG-mediated pulmonary vasodilation. Isolated intrapulmonary arteries and veins of near-term fetal lambs were first incubated for 4 h under hypoxic and normoxic conditions (Po2 of 30 and 140 mmHg, respectively) and then contracted with endothelin-1. 8-Bromoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-BrcGMP), a cell membrane-permeable analog of cGMP, induced a greater relaxation in vessels incubated in normoxia than in hypoxia. beta-Phenyl-1,N2-etheno-8-bromoguanosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate, Rp isomer (Rp-8-Br-PET-cGMPS), a selective inhibitor of PKG, attenuated relaxation induced by 8-BrcGMP (10-4 and 3 x 10-4 M). In the presence of Rp-8-Br-PET-cGMPS, the differential responses to 8-BrcGMP between hypoxia and normoxia treatment were abolished in veins but not in arteries. cGMP-stimulated PKG activity was present in arteries but not in veins after 4 h of hypoxia. Both vessel types showed significant increase in cGMP-stimulated PKG activity after 4 h of normoxia. PKG protein (Western blot analysis) and PKG mRNA levels (quantitative RT-PCR) were greater in veins but not in arteries after 4-h exposure to normoxia vs. hypoxia. These results demonstrate that oxygen augments cGMP-mediated vasodilation of fetal pulmonary arteries and veins. Furthermore, the effect of oxygen on response of the veins to cGMP is due to an increase in the activity, protein level, and mRNA of PKG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuansheng Gao
- Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Research and Education Institute, 1124 W. Carson St., RB-1, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
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Tolsa JF, Gao Y, Sander FC, Souici AC, Moessinger A, Raj JU. Differential responses of newborn pulmonary arteries and veins to atrial and C-type natriuretic peptides. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002; 282:H273-80. [PMID: 11748072 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.2002.282.1.h273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) are important dilators of the pulmonary circulation during the perinatal period. We compared the responses of pulmonary arteries (PA) and veins (PV) of newborn lambs to these peptides. ANP caused a greater relaxation of PA than of PV, and CNP caused a greater relaxation of PV than of PA. RIA showed that ANP induced a greater increase in cGMP content of PA than CNP. In PV, ANP and CNP caused a similar moderate increase in cGMP content. Receptor binding study showed more specific binding sites for ANP than for CNP in PA and more for CNP than for ANP in PV. Relative quantitative RT-PCR for natriuretic peptide receptor A (NPR-A) and B (NPR-B) mRNAs show that, in PA, NPR-A mRNA is more prevalent than NPR-B mRNA, whereas, in PV, NPR-B mRNA is more prevalent than NPR-A mRNA. In conclusion, in the pulmonary circulation, arteries are the major site of action for ANP, and veins are the major site for CNP. Furthermore, the differences in receptor abundance and the involvement of a cGMP-independent mechanism may contribute to the heterogeneous effects of the natriuretic peptides in PA and PV of newborn lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Francois Tolsa
- Neonatal Research Laboratory, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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