1
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Zhang H, Guo Q, Liang Z, Wang M, Wang B, Sun-Waterhouse D, Waterhouse GI, Wang J, Ma C, Kang W. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Chaetoglobosin Vb in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells: Achieved via the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 147:111915. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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2
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Kim IS, Zhang F, Bhawal UK. The Role of the Hypoxia Responsive Gene DEC1 in Periodontal Inflammation. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2018. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.27.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Il-Shin Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Honam University
| | - Fengzhu Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo
| | - Ujjal K. Bhawal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo
- Research Institute of Oral Health, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo
- Department of Oral Health, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University
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3
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Ramos MFDP, Monteiro de Barros ADCM, Razvickas CV, Borges FT, Schor N. Xanthine oxidase inhibitors and sepsis. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2018; 32:2058738418772210. [PMID: 29786457 PMCID: PMC5967155 DOI: 10.1177/2058738418772210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase activation occurs in sepsis and results in the generation of uric acid (UrAc) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). We aimed to evaluate the effect of xanthine oxidase inhibitors (XOis) in rats stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS (10 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) immediately after allopurinol (Alo, 2 mg/kg) or febuxostat (Feb, 1 mg/kg) every 24 h for 3 days. To increase UrAc levels, oxonic acid (Oxo) was administered by gavage (750 mg/kg per day) for 5 days. Animals were divided into the following 10 groups (n = 6 each): (1) Control, (2) Alo, (3) Feb, (4) LPS, (5) LPSAlo, (6) LPSFeb, (7) Oxo, (8) OxoLPS, (9) OxoLPSAlo, and (10) OxoLPSFeb. Feb with or without Oxo did not aggravate sepsis. LPS administration (with or without Oxo) significantly decreased the creatinine clearance (ClCr) in LPSAlo (60%, P < 0.01) versus LPS (44%, P < 0.05) and LPSFeb (35%, P < 0.05). Furthermore, a significant increase in mortality was observed with LPSAlo (28/34, 82%) compared to LPS treatment alone (10/16, 63%) and LPSFeb (11/17, 65%, P < 0.05). In addition, increased levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-10 were observed at 72 h compared to the groups that received LPS and LPSFeb with or without Oxo. In this study, coadministration of Alo in LPS-induced experimental sepsis aggravated septic shock, leading to mortality, renal function impairment, and high ROS and proinflammatory IL levels. In contrast, administration of Feb did not potentiate sepsis, probably because it did not interfere with other metabolic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fátima de Paula Ramos
- Division of Nephrology, Department of
Medicine, Escola Paulista De Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo
(UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Clara Versolato Razvickas
- Division of Nephrology, Department of
Medicine, Escola Paulista De Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo
(UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda T Borges
- Division of Nephrology, Department of
Medicine, Escola Paulista De Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo
(UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo,
Brazil
| | - Nestor Schor
- Division of Nephrology, Department of
Medicine, Escola Paulista De Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo
(UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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4
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Gao H, Cui Y, Kang N, Liu X, Liu Y, Zou Y, Zhang Z, Li X, Yang S, Li J, Wang C, Xu QM, Chen X. Isoacteoside, a dihydroxyphenylethyl glycoside, exhibits anti-inflammatory effects through blocking toll-like receptor 4 dimerization. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:2880-2896. [PMID: 28616865 PMCID: PMC5554315 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Isoacteoside (is a phenylethanoid isolated from Monochasma savatieri Franch. ex Maxim., which is an anti-inflammatory herb widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. However, the exact mechanism of the anti-inflammatory activity of isoacteoside is not completely understood. In this study, its anti-inflammatory mechanism was elucidated in mouse macrophages. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The expression of the NF-κB pathway, MAPK pathway, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β was evaluated using Western blotting, quantitative real-time PCR or ELISA. TLR4 dimerization was determined by transfecting HEK293T cells with TLR4 plasmids. The in vivo anti-inflammatory effect of isoacteoside was determined using mouse models of xylene-induced ear oedema, LPS-induced endotoxic shock and LPS-induced endotoxaemia-associated acute kidney injury (AKI). KEY RESULTS Isoacteoside suppressed COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β expression. Furthermore, isoacteoside attenuated the LPS-induced transcriptional activity of NF-κB by decreasing the levels of phosphorylated IκB-α and IKK and NF-κB/p65 nuclear translocation. In addition, isoacteoside inhibited LPS-induced transcriptional activity of AP-1 by reducing the levels of phosphorylated JNK1/2 and p38MAPK. Isoacteoside blocked LPS-induced TLR4 dimerization, resulting in a reduction in the recruitment of MyD88 and TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) and the phosphorylation of TGF-β-activated kinase-1 (TAK1). Pretreatment of mice with isoacteoside effectively inhibited xylene-induced ear oedema and LPS-induced endotoxic death and protected against LPS-induced AKI. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Isoacteoside blocked TLR4 dimerization, which activates the MyD88-TAK1-NF-κB/MAPK signalling cascades and TRIF pathway. Our data indicate that isoacteoside is a potential lead compound for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yankun Cui
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Naixin Kang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Yanli Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yue Zou
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ziyu Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoran Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shilin Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ji Li
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Chunming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Qiong-Ming Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiuping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
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5
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Lakshmikanth CL, Jacob SP, Kudva AK, Latchoumycandane C, Yashaswini PSM, Sumanth MS, Goncalves-de-Albuquerque CF, Silva AR, Singh SA, Castro-Faria-Neto HC, Prabhu SK, McIntyre TM, Marathe GK. Escherichia coli Braun Lipoprotein (BLP) exhibits endotoxemia - like pathology in Swiss albino mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34666. [PMID: 27698491 PMCID: PMC5048175 DOI: 10.1038/srep34666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) promotes sepsis, but bacterial peptides also promote inflammation leading to sepsis. We found, intraperitoneal administration of live or heat inactivated E. coli JE5505 lacking the abundant outer membrane protein, Braun lipoprotein (BLP), was less toxic than E. coli DH5α possessing BLP in Swiss albino mice. Injection of BLP free of LPS purified from E. coli DH5α induced massive infiltration of leukocytes in lungs and liver. BLP activated human polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) ex vivo to adhere to denatured collagen in serum and polymyxin B independent fashion, a property distinct from LPS. Both LPS and BLP stimulated the synthesis of platelet activating factor (PAF), a potent lipid mediator, in human PMNs. In mouse macrophage cell line, RAW264.7, while both BLP and LPS similarly upregulated TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA; BLP was more potent in inducing cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA and protein expression. Peritoneal macrophages from TLR2−/− mice significantly reduced the production of TNF-α in response to BLP in contrast to macrophages from wild type mice. We conclude, BLP acting through TLR2, is a potent inducer of inflammation with a response profile both common and distinct from LPS. Hence, BLP mediated pathway may also be considered as an effective target against sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shancy Petsel Jacob
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore - 570 006, Karnataka, India
| | - Avinash Kundadka Kudva
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, 115 Henning Building, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Calivarathan Latchoumycandane
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | | | - Mosale Seetharam Sumanth
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore - 570 006, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Adriana R Silva
- Laboratótio de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Sridevi Annapurna Singh
- Department of Protein Chemistry &Technology, Central Food Technological Research Institute/CSIR, Mysore - 570 020, Karnataka, India
| | - Hugo C Castro-Faria-Neto
- Laboratótio de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Sandeep Kumble Prabhu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, 115 Henning Building, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Thomas M McIntyre
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Gopal Kedihithlu Marathe
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore - 570 006, Karnataka, India
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6
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Pumklin J, Bhalang K, Pavasant P. Hypoxia enhances the effect of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated IL-1β expression in human periodontal ligament cells. Odontology 2016; 104:338-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s10266-015-0223-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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7
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Li L, Ling Y, Huang M, Yin T, Gou SM, Zhan NY, Xiong JX, Wu HS, Yang ZY, Wang CY. Heparin inhibits the inflammatory response induced by LPS and HMGB1 by blocking the binding of HMGB1 to the surface of macrophages. Cytokine 2015; 72:36-42. [PMID: 25562836 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
High mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), a nuclear non-histone DNA-binding protein, is secreted extracellularly during inflammation and is a late mediator of inflammatory responses. The pro-inflammatory activity of recombinant HMGB1 proteins is dependent upon the formation of complexes with other mediators, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This study investigated the influence of heparin on LPS+HMGB1-mediated inflammatory responses in cultured macrophages and a murine sepsis model. HMGB1 promoted the phosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2. HMGB1 enhanced the induction of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNF-α, by LPS in macrophages. Heparin blocked the binding of HMGB1 to the surface of macrophages, and suppressed the phosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2, but not JNK; TNF-α secretion was also decreased. However, heparin alone did not affect LPS-induced production of TNF-α. Heparin reduced lethality in mice exposed to LPS+HMGB1. To conclude, heparin inhibited LPS-induced HMGB1-amplified inflammatory responses by blocking HMGB1 binding to macrophage surfaces. Heparin could be used therapeutically as an effective inhibitor of HMGB1-associated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430022, China
| | - Yan Ling
- Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430022, China
| | - Min Huang
- Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430022, China
| | - Tao Yin
- Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430022, China
| | - Shan-Miao Gou
- Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430022, China
| | - Nai-Yang Zhan
- Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430022, China
| | - Jiong-Xin Xiong
- Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430022, China
| | - He-Shui Wu
- Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430022, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Yang
- Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430022, China.
| | - Chun-You Wang
- Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430022, China.
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8
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Tomasi ML, Ryoo M, Yang H, Iglesias Ara A, Ko KS, Lu SC. Molecular mechanisms of lipopolysaccharide-mediated inhibition of glutathione synthesis in mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 68:148-58. [PMID: 24296246 PMCID: PMC3943979 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Endotoxemia correlates with the degree of liver failure and may participate in worsening of liver diseases. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS; synonymous with endotoxin) treatment in mice lowered the hepatic glutathione (GSH) level, which in turn is a variable that determines susceptibility to LPS-induced injury. We previously showed that LPS treatment in mice lowered hepatic expression of the rate-limiting enzyme in GSH synthesis, glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL). The aim of our current work was to determine the molecular mechanism(s) responsible for these changes. Studies were done using RAW cells (murine macrophages), in vivo LPS-treated mice, and mouse hepatocytes. We found that LPS treatment lowered GCL catalytic and modifier (Gclc and Gclm) subunit expression at the transcriptional level, which was unrelated to alterations in nitric oxide production or induction of NF-κB/p65 subunit. The key mechanism was a decrease in sumoylation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and MafG, which is required for their heterodimerization and subsequent binding and trans-activation of the antioxidant-response element (ARE) present in the promoter region of these genes that is essential for their expression. LPS treatment lowered markedly the expression of ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 9 (Ubc9), which is required for sumoylation. Similar findings also occurred in liver after in vivo LPS treatment and in LPS-treated mouse hepatocytes. Overexpression of Ubc9 protected against LPS-mediated inhibition of Gclc and Gclm expression in RAW cells and hepatocytes. In conclusion, LPS-mediated lowering of GCL expression in hepatocytes and macrophages is due to lowering of sumoylation of Nrf2 and MafG, leading to reduced heterodimerization, binding, and trans-activation of ARE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lauda Tomasi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Minjung Ryoo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Heping Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Ainhoa Iglesias Ara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Kwang Suk Ko
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, College of Health Science, Ewha Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shelly C Lu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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9
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Liu Y, Song M, Che TM, Bravo D, Pettigrew JE. Anti-inflammatory effects of several plant extracts on porcine alveolar macrophages in vitro. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:2774-83. [PMID: 22328722 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain plant extracts are bioactive substances of some foods or traditional herbs, known to possess antioxidant, antibacterial, and perhaps immunoregulatory effects. This study investigated the in vitro anti-inflammatory effects of 7 plant extracts (anethol, capsicum oleoresin, carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, garlicon, and turmeric oleoresin) on porcine alveolar macrophages collected from weaned pigs (n = 6 donor pigs) by bronchoalveolar lavage. The experimental design for this assay was a 2 [with or without 1 μg lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/mL] × 5 (5 different amounts of each plant extract) factorial arrangements in a randomized complete block design. The application of plant extracts were 0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL, except for cinnamaldehyde and turmeric oleoresin, which were 0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 μg/mL. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to determine the number of live cells, Griess assay was applied to detect nitric oxide (NO) production, and ELISA was used to measure tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-1β, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and IL-10 in the cell culture supernatants of macrophages. The LPS increased (P < 0.001) the secretion of TNF-α, IL-1β, and TGF-β. Without LPS, anethol and capsicum oleoresin increased (linear, P < 0.001) cell viability of macrophages, whereas other plant extracts reduced (linear, P < 0.001) it. Anethol, capsicum oleoresin, and carvacrol enhanced (linear, P < 0.001) the cell proliferation of LPS-treated macrophages. Without LPS, anethol, capsicum oleoresin, cinnamaldehyde, or turmeric oleoresin stimulated TNF-α secretion, whereas all plant extracts except eugenol enhanced IL-1β concentration in the supernatants of macrophages. However, all plant extracts suppressed (linear, P < 0.001) TNF-α, and all plant extracts except turmeric oleoresin decreased (linear, P < 0.05) IL-1β secretion from LPS-treated macrophages. Anethol and capsicum oleoresin decreased (linear, P < 0.001) TGF-β from macrophages in the absence of LPS, but the other plant extracts increased it. Anethol, capsicum oleoresin, and carvacrol also suppressed (linear, P < 0.001) TGF-β from macrophages with LPS stimulation; the other plant extracts enhanced or did not affect it. The anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, was not detected in any supernatants. Only very low amounts of NO were detected in the supernatants of macrophages. In conclusion, the TNF-α results indicate all plant extracts tested here may have anti-inflammatory effects to varying degrees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champagne, Urbana, IL, USA
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10
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Werno C, Schmid T, Schnitzer SE, Peters K, Milke L, Brüne B. A combination of hypoxia and lipopolysaccharide activates tristetraprolin to destabilize proinflammatory mRNAs such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:1104-12. [PMID: 20639458 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.091212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is often accompanied by hypoxia because of the high oxygen consumption of invading bacteria and immune cells. During resolution of inflammation, the formation of inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), which is produced by macrophages, needs to be terminated. We show in RAW264.7 macrophages that TNF-alpha mRNA as well as intracellular and secreted TNF-alpha protein levels are reduced after prolonged incubations with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) under hypoxic conditions. The decrease in TNF-alpha was mediated by destabilization of TNF-alpha mRNA via a 3'-untranslated region-dependent mechanism. Specifically, the RNA-binding protein tristetraprolin (TTP) increased at mRNA and protein levels after 16-hour incubations with LPS under hypoxia. Interestingly, TTP accumulated in a dephosphorylated and active form, and this accumulation was attributable to reduced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity under these conditions. Knockdown of TTP by small interfering RNA abolished destabilization of TNF-alpha mRNA. Prolonged incubations with LPS under hypoxia also reduced mRNA amounts and stability of other proinflammatory mediators such as macrophage inflammatory protein-2, interleukin-6, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Therefore, we propose that hypoxia plays a key role during resolution of inflammation by activating posttranscriptional, TTP-dependent regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Werno
- Goethe-University Frankfurt, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, Frankfurt, Germany
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11
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Acute hypoxia decreases E. coli LPS-induced cytokine production and NF-kappaB activation in alveolar macrophages. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2010; 172:63-71. [PMID: 20470909 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2009] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reductions in alveolar oxygenation during lung hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury are common after gram-negative endotoxemia. However, the effects of H/R on endotoxin-stimulated cytokine production by alveolar macrophages are unclear and may depend upon thresholds for hypoxic oxyradical generation in situ. Here TNF-alpha and IL-1beta production were determined in rat alveolar macrophages stimulated with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS, serotype O55:B5) while exposed to either normoxia for up to 24h, to brief normocarbic hypoxia (1.5h at an atmospheric PO(2)=10+/-2mm Hg), or to combined H/R. LPS-induced TNF-alpha and IL-1beta were reduced at the peak of hypoxia and by reoxygenation in LPS+H/R cells (P<0.01) compared with normoxic controls despite no changes in reduced glutathione (GSH) or in PGE2 production. Both TNF-alpha mRNA and NF-kappaB activation were reduced by hypoxia that suppressed superoxide anion generation. Thus, dynamic reductions in the ambient PO(2) of alveolar macrophages that do not deplete GSH suppress LPS-induced TNF-alpha expression, IL-1beta production, and NF-kappaB activation even as oxyradical production is decreased.
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12
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Lahat N, Rahat MA, Kinarty A, Weiss-Cerem L, Pinchevski S, Bitterman H. Hypoxia enhances lysosomal TNF-alpha degradation in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2008; 295:C2-12. [PMID: 18434619 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00572.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Infection, simulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), is a potent stimulator of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production, and hypoxia often synergizes with LPS to induce higher levels of the secreted cytokine. However, we show that in primary mouse peritoneal macrophages and in three mouse peritoneal macrophage cell lines (RAW 264.7, J774A.1, and PMJ-2R), hypoxia (O(2) < 0.3%) reduces the secretion of LPS-induced TNF-alpha (P < 0.01). In RAW 264.7 cells this reduction was not regulated transcriptionally as TNF-alpha mRNA levels remained unchanged. Rather, hypoxia and LPS reduced the intracellular levels of TNF-alpha by twofold (P < 0.01) by enhancing its degradation in the lysosomes and inhibiting its secretion via secretory lysosomes, as shown by confocal microscopy and verified by the use of the lysosome inhibitor Bafilomycin A1. In addition, although hypoxia did not change the accumulation of the soluble receptor TNF-RII, it increased its binding to the secreted TNF-alpha by twofold (P < 0.05). We suggest that these two posttranslational regulatory checkpoints coexist in hypoxia and may partially explain the reduced secretion and diminished biological activity of TNF-alpha in hypoxic peritoneal macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitza Lahat
- Immunology Research Unit, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
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13
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Mukhopadhyay S, Das S, Williams EA, Moore D, Jones JD, Zahm DS, Ndengele MM, Lechner AJ, Howlett AC. Lipopolysaccharide and cyclic AMP regulation of CB(2) cannabinoid receptor levels in rat brain and mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 181:82-92. [PMID: 17045344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Revised: 08/04/2006] [Accepted: 08/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CB(2) cannabinoid receptors exist in immune cells including macrophages. Affinity-purified antibodies against the CB(2) receptor identified a 45 kDa protein in rat brain, human tonsil and rat and mouse microglia, but not mouse N18TG2 neuroblastoma cells. Intracerebroventricular lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increased immunoreactive CB(2) receptors in brain membranes detected by Western blot. LPS increased immunodetectable CB(2) receptors in cultured RAW 264.7 macrophages, and this was partially attenuated by cyclohexamide or the protein kinase A and C inhibitors H8 and bis-indolylmaleimide. Forskolin or dibutyryl cyclic AMP increased CB(2) receptor immunoreactivity, suggesting the involvement of the cyclic AMP-protein kinase A-Cyclic AMP response element pathway in the regulation of CB(2) receptor levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Mukhopadhyay
- Neuroscience of Drug Abuse Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA.
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Thiel M, Chouker A, Ohta A, Jackson E, Caldwell C, Smith P, Lukashev D, Bittmann I, Sitkovsky MV. Oxygenation inhibits the physiological tissue-protecting mechanism and thereby exacerbates acute inflammatory lung injury. PLoS Biol 2005; 3:e174. [PMID: 15857155 PMCID: PMC1088279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2004] [Accepted: 03/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) usually requires symptomatic supportive therapy by intubation and mechanical ventilation with the supplemental use of high oxygen concentrations. Although oxygen therapy represents a life-saving measure, the recent discovery of a critical tissue-protecting mechanism predicts that administration of oxygen to ARDS patients with uncontrolled pulmonary inflammation also may have dangerous side effects. Oxygenation may weaken the local tissue hypoxia-driven and adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR)-mediated anti-inflammatory mechanism and thereby further exacerbate lung injury. Here we report experiments with wild-type and adenosine A2AR-deficient mice that confirm the predicted effects of oxygen. These results also suggest the possibility of iatrogenic exacerbation of acute lung injury upon oxygen administration due to the oxygenation-associated elimination of A2AR-mediated lung tissue-protecting pathway. We show that this potential complication of clinically widely used oxygenation procedures could be completely prevented by intratracheal injection of a selective A2AR agonist to compensate for the oxygenation-related loss of the lung tissue-protecting endogenous adenosine. The identification of a major iatrogenic complication of oxygen therapy in conditions of acute lung inflammation attracts attention to the need for clinical and epidemiological studies of ARDS patients who require oxygen therapy. It is proposed that oxygen therapy in patients with ARDS and other causes of lung inflammation should be combined with anti-inflammatory measures, e.g., with inhalative application of A2AR agonists. The reported observations may also answer the long-standing question as to why the lungs are the most susceptible to inflammatory injury and why lung failure usually precedes multiple organ failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Thiel
- 1Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MarylandUnited States of America
- 2Clinic of AnaesthesiologyUniversity of MunichGermany
| | - Alexander Chouker
- 1Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MarylandUnited States of America
- 2Clinic of AnaesthesiologyUniversity of MunichGermany
| | - Akio Ohta
- 1Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MarylandUnited States of America
- 3New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern UniversityBoston, MassachusettsUnited States of America
| | - Edward Jackson
- 4Pharmacology/Medicine Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePennsylvaniaUnited States of America
| | - Charles Caldwell
- 1Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MarylandUnited States of America
| | - Patrick Smith
- 1Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MarylandUnited States of America
| | - Dmitry Lukashev
- 1Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MarylandUnited States of America
- 3New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern UniversityBoston, MassachusettsUnited States of America
| | - Iris Bittmann
- 5Pathology, Klinikum GrosshadernUniversity of MunichGermany
| | - Michail V Sitkovsky
- 1Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MarylandUnited States of America
- 3New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern UniversityBoston, MassachusettsUnited States of America
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15
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Rouzer CA, Kingsley PJ, Wang H, Zhang H, Morrow JD, Dey SK, Marnett LJ. Cyclooxygenase-1-dependent prostaglandin synthesis modulates tumor necrosis factor-alpha secretion in lipopolysaccharide-challenged murine resident peritoneal macrophages. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:34256-68. [PMID: 15181007 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m402594200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive studies of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis in murine resident peritoneal macrophages (RPM) responding to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) revealed that the primary PGs produced by RPM were prostacyclin and PGE(2). Detectable increases in net PG formation occurred within the first hour, and maximal PG formation had occurred by 6-10 h after LPS addition. Free arachidonic acid levels rose and peaked at 1-2 h after LPS addition and then returned to baseline. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and microsomal PGE synthase levels markedly increased upon exposure of RPM to LPS, with the most rapid increases in protein expression occurring 2-6 h after addition of the stimulus. RPM constitutively expressed high levels of COX-1. Studies using isoform-selective inhibitors and RPM from mice bearing targeted deletions of ptgs-1 and ptgs-2 demonstrated that COX-1 contributes significantly to PG synthesis in RPM, especially during the initial 1-2 h after LPS addition. Selective inhibition of either COX isoform resulted in increased secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha); however, this effect was much greater with the COX-1 than with the COX-2 inhibitor. These results demonstrate autocrine regulation of TNF-alpha secretion by endogenous PGs synthesized primarily by COX-1 in RPM and suggest that COX-1 may play a significant role in the regulation of the early response to endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Rouzer
- Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0146.
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16
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Abstract
Cytokines represent a multi-diverse family of polypeptide regulators; they are of relatively low molecular weight, pharmacologically active proteins that are secreted by one cell for the purpose of altering either its own functions (autocrine effect) or those of adjacent cells (paracrine effect). Cytokines are small, non-enzymatic glycoproteins whose actions are both diverse and overlapping (specificity/redundancy) and may affect diverse and overlapping target cell populations. In many instances, individual cytokines have multiple biological activities. Different cytokines can also have the same activity, which provides for functional redundancy within the inflammatory and immune systems. As biological cofactors that are released by specific cells, cytokines have specific effects on cell-cell interaction, communication, and behavior of other cells. As a result, it is infrequent that loss or neutralization of one cytokine will markedly interfere with either of these systems. The biological effect of one cytokine is often modified or augmented by another. Because an inter-digitating, redundant network of cytokines is involved in the production of most biological effects, both under physiologic and pathologic conditions, it usually requires more than a single defect in the network to alter drastically the outcome of the process. This fact therefore may have crucial significance in the development of therapeutic strategies for bio-pharmacologic intervention in cytokine-mediated inflammatory processes and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Haddad
- Severinghaus-Radiometer Research Labs, Molecular Neuroscience Research Division, School of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, Medical Sciences Building S-261, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0542, USA.
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17
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Haddad JJ, Fahlman CS. Redox- and oxidant-mediated regulation of interleukin-10: an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant cytokine? Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 297:163-76. [PMID: 12237098 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02094-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Reduction-oxidation (redox) state constitutes such a potential signaling mechanism for the regulation of an inflammatory signal associated with oxidative stress. Interleukin (IL)-10 has recently emerged as an anti-inflammatory cytokine with antioxidant properties. Interestingly, redox- and oxidant-mediated pathways positively and/or negatively regulate the expression, distribution, and functional properties of IL-10, thus, allowing the evolution of what is known as an anti-inflammatory redox-oxidant revolving axis. This axis is directly involved in regulating phosphorylation mechanisms, which eventually control gene expression and the biosynthesis of oxidative stress-related cofactors, such as reactive species and inflammatory cytokines. The association between IL-10, an anti-inflammatory antioxidant, with redox- and oxidant-related pathways governing the regulation of inflammatory and closely dependent processes is thereafter discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Haddad
- Severinghaus-Radiometer Research Laboratories, Molecular Neuroscience Research Division, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California at San Francisco, School of Medicine, 94143-0542, USA.
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18
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White JE, Tsan MF. Differential induction of TNF-alpha and MnSOD by endotoxin: role of reactive oxygen species and NADPH oxidase. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2001; 24:164-9. [PMID: 11159050 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.24.2.4169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) is known to induce the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and the induction of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). We have recently demonstrated that induction of TNF-alpha and MnSOD by LPS is mediated through different signal transduction pathways. In the current study, we investigated the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the induction of TNF-alpha and MnSOD messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in human monocytes. Hypoxia (1% O2) inhibited the production of superoxide (O2-) and the induction of MnSOD, but not TNF-alpha, mRNA. Diphenylene iodonium (DPI), a potent inhibitor of the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, had no effect on LPS induction of MnSOD mRNA, whereas it markedly inhibited LPS-induced O2- production. Neither hypoxia nor DPI had any effect on LPS activation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB. These results suggest that (1) ROS is important in the induction of MnSOD, but not TNF-alpha, mRNA by LPS, (2) ROS from sources other than NADPH oxidase is involved in LPS induction of MnSOD mRNA, and (3) ROS-mediated LPS induction of MnSOD mRNA is independent of NF-kappaB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E White
- Research Service, Stratton Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Albany Medical College, 113 Holland Ave., Albany, NY 12208, USA
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