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Zhao Y, Guo DF, Morgan DA, Cho YE, Rahmouni K. Adipocyte-specific disruption of the BBSome causes metabolic and autonomic dysfunction. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2024; 327:R54-R65. [PMID: 38738295 PMCID: PMC11380988 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00039.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is a major public health issue due to its association with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and other cardiovascular risks. The BBSome, a complex of eight conserved Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) proteins, has emerged as a key regulator of energy and glucose homeostasis as well as cardiovascular function. However, the importance of adipocyte BBSome in controlling these physiological processes is not clear. Here, we show that adipocyte-specific constitutive disruption of the BBSome through selective deletion of the Bbs1 gene adiponectin (AdipoCre/Bbs1fl/fl mice) does not affect body weight under normal chow or high-fat and high-sucrose diet (HFHSD). However, constitutive BBSome deficiency caused impairment in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Similar phenotypes were observed after inducible adipocyte-specific disruption of the BBSome (AdipoCreERT2/Bbs1fl/fl mice). Interestingly, a significant increase in renal sympathetic nerve activity, measured using multifiber recording in the conscious state, was observed in AdipoCre/Bbs1fl/fl mice on both chow and HFHSD. A significant increase in tail-cuff arterial pressure was also observed in chow-fed AdipoCre/Bbs1fl/fl mice, but this was not reproduced when arterial pressure was measured by radiotelemetry. Moreover, AdipoCre/Bbs1fl/fl mice had no significant alterations in vascular reactivity. On the other hand, AdipoCre/Bbs1fl/fl mice displayed impaired baroreceptor reflex sensitivity when fed HFHSD, but not on normal chow. Taken together, these data highlight the relevance of the adipocyte BBSome for the regulation of glucose homeostasis and sympathetic traffic. The BBSome also contributes to baroreflex sensitivity under HFHSD, but not normal chow.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The current study show how genetic manipulation of fat cells impacts various functions of the body including sensitivity to the hormone insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Deng-Fu Guo
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
- Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Donald A Morgan
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
- Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Young-Eun Cho
- College of Nursing, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Kamal Rahmouni
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
- Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
- Obesity Research and Education Initiative, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
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Leachman J, Creeden J, Turner M, Ahmed N, Dalmasso C, Loria AS. Sex-specific sequels of early life stress on serine/threonine kinase activity in visceral adipose tissue from obese mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.03.587852. [PMID: 38617246 PMCID: PMC11014506 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.03.587852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are an established independent risk factor for chronic disease including obesity and hypertension; however, only women exposed to multiple ACEs show a positive relationship with BMI. Our lab has reported that maternal separation and early weaning (MSEW), a mouse model of early life stress, induces sex-specific mechanisms underlying greater blood pressure response to a chronic high fat diet (HF). Specifically, female MSEW mice fed a HF display exacerbated perigonadal white adipose tissue (pgWAT) expansion and a metabolic syndrome-like phenotype compared to control counterparts, whereas hypertension is caused by sympathoactivation in male MSEW mice. Thus, this study aimed to determine whether there is a sex-specific serine/threonine kinase (STKA) activity in pgWAT adipose tissue associated with early life stress. Frozen pgWAT was collected from MSEW and control, male and female mice fed a HF to assess STKA activity using the Pamstation12 instrument. Overall, MSEW induces significant reduction of 7 phosphokinases (|Z| >=1.5) in females (QIK, MLK, PKCH, MST, STE7, PEK, FRAY) and 5 in males (AKT, SGK, P38, MARK, CDK), while 15 were downregulated in both sexes (DMPK, PKA, PKG, RSK, PLK, DYRK, NMO, CAMK1, JNK, PAKA, RAD53, ERK, PAKB, PKD, PIM, AMPK). This data provides new insights into the sex-specific dysregulation of the molecular network controlling cellular phosphorylation signals in visceral adipose tissue and identifies possible target phosphokinases implicated in adipocyte hypertrophy as a result of exposure to early life stress. Identifying functional metabolic signatures is critical to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms behind the sex-specific obesity risk associated with early life stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Leachman
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 405362
| | - Justin Creeden
- The Department of Neurosciences at the University of Toledo Medical Center
| | - Meghan Turner
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 405362
| | - Nermin Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 405362
| | - Carolina Dalmasso
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 405362
| | - Analia S. Loria
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 405362
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Hu H, Zhang Z, Liu Z, Chu F, Ran J, Liang W. Thickened Perirenal Fat Predicts Poor Renal Outcome in Patients with Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy: A Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study. KIDNEY DISEASES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 10:51-60. [PMID: 38322631 PMCID: PMC10843190 DOI: 10.1159/000533507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Perirenal fat is a pad that fills the retroperitoneal space outside the kidney, which affects kidney function in various ways. However, the association between perirenal fat and IgA nephropathy (IgAN) has not yet been elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the role of perirenal fat in predicting IgAN progression. Methods A total of 473 patients with biopsy-proven IgAN and follow-up information were recruited, and perirenal fat thickness (PFT) was measured using color Doppler ultrasonography at renal biopsy. Patients were divided into two groups according to the median PFT: the low-PFT group (PFT ≤1.34 cm, n = 239) and the high PFT group (PFT >1.35 cm, n = 234). A total of 473 healthy participants were included in the control group. Basic clinical characteristics were assessed at the time of renal biopsy, and the relationship between PFT and combined endpoints was analyzed. The renal composite endpoints were defined as a two-fold increase in blood creatinine level, end-stage renal disease (dialysis over 3 months). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to explore the role of PFT in the progression of IgAN. Three clinicopathological models of multivariate Cox regression analysis were established to evaluate the association between PFT and renal prognosis in patients with IgAN. Results Compared to healthy subjects, patients with IgAN showed significantly higher PFT. After a median follow-up of 50 months, 75 of 473 patients (15.9%) with IgAN reached renal composite endpoints. Among those, 13 of 239 patients (5.4%) were in the low PFT group, and 62 of 234 patients (26.5%) were in the high PFT group (p < 0.001). The results of three Cox regression models (including demographics, pathological and clinical indicators, and PFT) demonstrated that a higher PFT was significantly associated with a higher risk of reaching renal composite endpoints in patients with IgAN. Conclusion This study indicated a positive relationship between PFT at renal biopsy and renal progression in patients with IgAN, suggesting that perirenal fat might act as a marker of poor prognosis in patients with IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtu Hu
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Key Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Zongwei Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Key Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Zikang Liu
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Key Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Fan Chu
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Key Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Jialu Ran
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Wei Liang
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Key Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Wuhan, China
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Dalmasso C, Ahmed NS, Ghuneim S, Cincinelli C, Leachman JR, Giani JF, Cassis L, Loria AS. Obese Male Mice Exposed to Early Life Stress Display Sympathetic Activation and Hypertension Independent of Circulating Angiotensin II. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e029511. [PMID: 38156515 PMCID: PMC10863837 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.029511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously reported that male mice exposed to maternal separation and early weaning (MSEW), a model of early life stress, show sympathetic activation and increased blood pressure in response to a chronic high-fat diet. The goal of this study was to investigate the contribution of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to the mechanism by which MSEW increases blood pressure and vasomotor sympathetic tone in obese male mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice were exposed to MSEW during postnatal life. Undisturbed litters served as controls. At weaning, both control and MSEW offspring were placed on a low-fat diet or a high-fat diet for 20 weeks. Angiotensin peptides in serum were similar in control and MSEW mice regardless of the diet. However, a high-fat diet induced a similar increase in angiotensinogen levels in serum, renal cortex, liver, and fat in both control and MSEW mice. No evidence of renin-angiotensin system activation was found in adipose tissue and renal cortex. After chronic treatment with enalapril (2.5 mg/kg per day, drinking water, 7 days), an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that does not cross the blood-brain barrier, induced a similar reduction in blood pressure in both groups, while the vasomotor sympathetic tone remained increased in obese MSEW mice. In addition, acute boluses of angiotensin II (1, 10, 50 μg/kg s.c.) exerted a similar pressor response in MSEW and control mice before and after enalapril treatment. CONCLUSIONS Overall, elevated blood pressure and vasomotor sympathetic tone remained exacerbated in MSEW mice compared with controls after the peripheral inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme, suggesting a mechanism independent of angiotensin II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Dalmasso
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | - Nermin S. Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | - Sundus Ghuneim
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | - Cole Cincinelli
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | - Jaqueline R. Leachman
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | - Jorge F. Giani
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Lisa Cassis
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | - Analia S. Loria
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
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Clayton TL. Obesity and hypertension: Obesity medicine association (OMA) clinical practice statement (CPS) 2023. OBESITY PILLARS 2023; 8:100083. [PMID: 38125655 PMCID: PMC10728712 DOI: 10.1016/j.obpill.2023.100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Background This Obesity Medicine Association (OMA) Clinical Practice Statement (CPS) provides an overview of the mechanisms and treatment of obesity and hypertension. Methods The scientific support for this CPS is based upon published citations, clinical perspectives of OMA authors, and peer review by the Obesity Medicine Association leadership. Results Mechanisms contributing to obesity-related hypertension include unhealthful nutrition, physical inactivity, insulin resistance, increased sympathetic nervous system activity, renal dysfunction, vascular dysfunction, heart dysfunction, increased pancreatic insulin secretion, sleep apnea, and psychosocial stress. Adiposopathic factors that may contribute to hypertension include increased release of free fatty acids, increased leptin, decreased adiponectin, increased renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation, increased 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, reduced nitric oxide activity, and increased inflammation. Conclusions Increase in body fat is the most common cause of hypertension. Among patients with obesity and hypertension, weight reduction via healthful nutrition, physical activity, behavior modification, bariatric surgery, and anti-obesity medications mostly decrease blood pressure, with the greatest degree of weight reduction generally correlated with the greatest degree of blood pressure reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Lowe Clayton
- Diplomate of American Board of Obesity Medicine, WakeMed Bariatric Surgery and Medical Weight Loss USA
- Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Buies Creek, NC 27546, Levine Hall Room 170 USA
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Mishra G, Townsend KL. The metabolic and functional roles of sensory nerves in adipose tissues. Nat Metab 2023; 5:1461-1474. [PMID: 37709960 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00868-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Homeostatic regulation of adipose tissue is critical for the maintenance of energy balance and whole-body metabolism. The peripheral nervous system provides bidirectional neural communication between the brain and adipose tissue, thereby providing homeostatic control. Most research on adipose innervation and nerve functions has been limited to the sympathetic nerves and their neurotransmitter norepinephrine. In recent years, more work has focused on adipose sensory nerves, but the contributions of subsets of sensory nerves to metabolism and the specific roles contributed by sensory neuropeptides are still understudied. Advances in imaging of adipose innervation and newer tissue denervation techniques have confirmed that sensory nerves contribute to the regulation of adipose functions, including lipolysis and browning. Here, we summarize the historical and latest findings on the regulation, function and plasticity of adipose tissue sensory nerves that contribute to metabolically important processes such as lipolysis, vascular control and sympathetic axis cross-talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Mishra
- Department of Neurological Surgery, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kristy L Townsend
- Department of Neurological Surgery, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Watso JC, Fancher IS, Gomez DH, Hutchison ZJ, Gutiérrez OM, Robinson AT. The damaging duo: Obesity and excess dietary salt contribute to hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Obes Rev 2023; 24:e13589. [PMID: 37336641 PMCID: PMC10406397 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among adults worldwide. In this review, we focus on two of the most critical public health challenges that contribute to hypertension-obesity and excess dietary sodium from salt (i.e., sodium chloride). While the independent effects of these factors have been studied extensively, the interplay of obesity and excess salt overconsumption is not well understood. Here, we discuss both the independent and combined effects of excess obesity and dietary salt given their contributions to vascular dysfunction, autonomic cardiovascular dysregulation, kidney dysfunction, and insulin resistance. We discuss the role of ultra-processed foods-accounting for nearly 60% of energy intake in America-as a major contributor to both obesity and salt overconsumption. We highlight the influence of obesity on elevated blood pressure in the presence of a high-salt diet (i.e., salt sensitivity). Throughout the review, we highlight critical gaps in knowledge that should be filled to inform us of the prevention, management, treatment, and mitigation strategies for addressing these public health challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C. Watso
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Ibra S. Fancher
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Dulce H. Gomez
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Orlando M. Gutiérrez
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Shinohara K. Emerging topics on basic research in hypertension: interorgan communication and the need for interresearcher collaboration. Hypertens Res 2023; 46:638-645. [PMID: 36646880 PMCID: PMC9841142 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-023-01176-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of hypertension is multifactorial and highly complex. Basic research plays critical roles in elucidating the complex pathogenesis of hypertension and developing its treatment. This review covers recent topics in basic research related to hypertension in the following six parts: brain/autonomic nervous system, kidney, vascular system, potential treatments, extracellular vesicles, and gut microbiota. The brain receives afferent nerve inputs from peripheral organs, including the heart, kidneys, and adipose tissue, and humoral inputs from circulating factors such as proinflammatory cytokines and leptin, which are involved in the regulation of central sympathetic outflow. In the kidneys, changes in Wnt/β-catenin signaling have been reported in several hypertensive models. New findings on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the kidneys have also been reported. Sirtuin 6, which participates in various cellular functions, including DNA repair, has been shown to have protective effects on the vascular system. Skin water conservation, mediated by skin vasoconstriction and the accumulation of osmolytes such as sodium, has been found to contribute to hypertension. Studies of rivaroxaban and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors as drug repositioning candidates have been performed. Extracellular vesicles have been shown to be involved in novel diagnostic approaches and treatments for hypertension as well as other diseases. In gut microbiota studies, interactions between microbiota and antihypertensive drugs and potential pathophysiology linking microbiota and COVID-19 have been reported. It can be seen that inter-organ communication has received particular attention from these recent research topics. To truly understand the pathogenesis of hypertension and to develop treatments for conquering hypertension, interresearcher communication and collaboration should be further facilitated. This mini-review focuses on recent topics on basic research in hypertension from the several points of view. The recent topics indicate that inter-organ communication has received particular attention. Interresearcher communication and collaboration should also be further facilitated to truly understand the complex pathogenesis of hypertension and to develop the treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Shinohara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Katsurada K, Kario K. Neural afferents as potential targets to ameliorate FGF21-mediated sympathoexcitation. Hypertens Res 2021; 45:372-375. [PMID: 34880422 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-021-00811-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Katsurada
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kazuomi Kario
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
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Dalmasso C, Leachman JR, Ghuneim S, Ahmed N, Schneider ER, Thibault O, Osborn JL, Loria AS. Epididymal Fat-Derived Sympathoexcitatory Signals Exacerbate Neurogenic Hypertension in Obese Male Mice Exposed to Early Life Stress. Hypertension 2021; 78:1434-1449. [PMID: 34601958 PMCID: PMC8516729 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.17298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Dalmasso
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine (C.D., J.R.L., S.G., N.A., O.T., A.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Jacqueline R. Leachman
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine (C.D., J.R.L., S.G., N.A., O.T., A.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Sundus Ghuneim
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine (C.D., J.R.L., S.G., N.A., O.T., A.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Nermin Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine (C.D., J.R.L., S.G., N.A., O.T., A.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Eve R. Schneider
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences (E.R.S., J.L.O.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Olivier Thibault
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine (C.D., J.R.L., S.G., N.A., O.T., A.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Jeffrey L. Osborn
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences (E.R.S., J.L.O.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Analia S. Loria
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine (C.D., J.R.L., S.G., N.A., O.T., A.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
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Bian R, Gong J, Li J, Li P. Relaxin increased blood pressure and sympathetic activity in paraventricular nucleus of hypertensive rats via enhancing oxidative stress. Peptides 2021; 141:170550. [PMID: 33839220 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Relaxin, an ovarian polypeptide hormone, is found in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) which is an important central integrative site for the control of blood pressure and sympathetic outflow. The aim of this study was to determine if superoxide anions modulate the effects of relaxin in the PVN. Experiments were performed in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Relaxin mRNA and protein, and its receptor, relaxin family peptide receptor 1 (RXFP1) levels in PVN were 3.24, 3.17, and 3.64 times higher in SHRs than in WKY rats, respectively. Microinjection of relaxin-2 into the PVN dose-dependently increased mean arterial pressure (MAP), renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and heart rate (HR) in both WKY rats and SHRs, although the effects on MAP (16.87 ± 1.99 vs. 8.97 ± 1.48 mm Hg in 100 nmol), RSNA (22.60 ± 2.15 vs. 11.77 ± 1.43 % in 100 nmol) and HR (22.85 ± 3.13 vs. 12.62 ± 2.83 beats/min in 100 nmol) were greater in SHRs. Oxidative stress level was enhanced after relaxin-2 microinjection into the PVN. Pretreatment with superoxide anion scavengers or NADPH oxidase inhibitor blocked, and superoxide dismutase inhibitor potentiated the effects of relaxin-2 on MAP, RSNA and HR. RXFP1 knockdown significantly attenuated the blood pressure of SHRs, and inhibited the increases of atrial natriuretic peptide, brain natriuretic peptide, collagen I, collagen III and fibronectin in the heart of SHRs. These results demonstrated that relaxin is expressed in the PVN, and contributes to hypertension and sympathetic overdrive via oxidative stress. Down-regulation of RXFP1 in the PVN could attenuate hypertension and cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Bian
- Center of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juexiao Gong
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianan Li
- Center of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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Hammoud SH, AlZaim I, Al-Dhaheri Y, Eid AH, El-Yazbi AF. Perirenal Adipose Tissue Inflammation: Novel Insights Linking Metabolic Dysfunction to Renal Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:707126. [PMID: 34408726 PMCID: PMC8366229 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.707126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A healthy adipose tissue (AT) is indispensable to human wellbeing. Among other roles, it contributes to energy homeostasis and provides insulation for internal organs. Adipocytes were previously thought to be a passive store of excess calories, however this view evolved to include an endocrine role. Adipose tissue was shown to synthesize and secrete adipokines that are pertinent to glucose and lipid homeostasis, as well as inflammation. Importantly, the obesity-induced adipose tissue expansion stimulates a plethora of signals capable of triggering an inflammatory response. These inflammatory manifestations of obese AT have been linked to insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes, and proposed to evoke obesity-induced comorbidities including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). A growing body of evidence suggests that metabolic disorders, characterized by AT inflammation and accumulation around organs may eventually induce organ dysfunction through a direct local mechanism. Interestingly, perirenal adipose tissue (PRAT), surrounding the kidney, influences renal function and metabolism. In this regard, PRAT emerged as an independent risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is even correlated with CVD. Here, we review the available evidence on the impact of PRAT alteration in different metabolic states on the renal and cardiovascular function. We present a broad overview of novel insights linking cardiovascular derangements and CKD with a focus on metabolic disorders affecting PRAT. We also argue that the confluence among these pathways may open several perspectives for future pharmacological therapies against CKD and CVD possibly by modulating PRAT immunometabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safaa H. Hammoud
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ibrahim AlZaim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Departmment of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Yusra Al-Dhaheri
- Department of Biology, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ali H. Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, Qatar University (QU) Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed F. El-Yazbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Alalamein International University, Alalamein, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Ahmed F. El-Yazbi,
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