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Snider AP, Gomes RS, Summers AF, Tenley SC, Abedal-Majed MA, McFee RM, Wood JR, Davis JS, Cupp AS. Identification of Lipids and Cytokines in Plasma and Follicular Fluid before and after Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Stimulation as Potential Markers for Follicular Maturation in Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3289. [PMID: 37894013 PMCID: PMC10603728 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of follicle maturation leading to ovulation is a key milestone in female fertility. It is known that circulating lipids and cytokines play a role in the follicle's ability to go through follicular maturation and the ovulatory processes. However, the specific mechanisms are not well understood. We posit that dysregulation of granulosa cells influences the ovarian environment, which tries to adapt by changing released lipids and cytokines to achieve follicular maturation. Eleven non-lactating adult females underwent estrus synchronization with two injections of PGF2α 14 days apart. Daily blood samples were collected for 28 days to monitor steroid hormone production after the second injection. To understand the potential impacts of lipids and cytokines during ovulation, a low-dose FSH stimulation (FSHLow) was performed after resynchronization of cows, and daily blood samples were collected for 14 days to monitor steroid hormone production until ovariectomies. The lipidomic analysis demonstrated increased circulating diacylglycerides and triacylglycerides during the mid-luteal phase and after FSHLow treatment. Cholesteryl esters decreased in circulation but increased in follicular fluid (FF) after FSHLow. Increased circulating concentrations of TNFα and reduced CXCL9 were observed in response to FSHLow. Therefore, specific circulating lipids and cytokines may serve as markers of normal follicle maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria P. Snider
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA;
| | - Renata S. Gomes
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, 3940 Fair Street, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (R.S.G.); (J.R.W.)
| | | | - Sarah C. Tenley
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, 3940 Fair Street, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (R.S.G.); (J.R.W.)
| | - Mohamed A. Abedal-Majed
- Department of Animal Production, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan;
| | - Renee M. McFee
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
| | - Jennifer R. Wood
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, 3940 Fair Street, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (R.S.G.); (J.R.W.)
| | - John S. Davis
- Olson Center for Women’s Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 983255 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
- VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Andrea S. Cupp
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, 3940 Fair Street, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (R.S.G.); (J.R.W.)
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Muñoz-Cueto JA, Zmora N, Paullada-Salmerón JA, Marvel M, Mañanos E, Zohar Y. The gonadotropin-releasing hormones: Lessons from fish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 291:113422. [PMID: 32032603 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fish have been of paramount importance to our understanding of vertebrate comparative neuroendocrinology and the mechanisms underlying the physiology and evolution of gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH) and their genes. This review integrates past and recent knowledge on the Gnrh system in the fish model. Multiple Gnrh isoforms (two or three forms) are present in all teleosts, as well as multiple Gnrh receptors (up to five types), which differ in neuroanatomical localization, pattern of projections, ontogeny and functions. The role of the different Gnrh forms in reproduction seems to also differ in teleost models possessing two versus three Gnrh forms, Gnrh3 being the main hypophysiotropic hormone in the former and Gnrh1 in the latter. Functions of the non-hypothalamic Gnrh isoforms are still unclear, although under suboptimal physiological conditions (e.g. fasting), Gnrh2 may increase in the pituitary to ensure the integrity of reproduction under these conditions. Recent developments in transgenesis and mutagenesis in fish models have permitted the generation of fish lines expressing fluorophores in Gnrh neurons and to elucidate the dynamics of the elaborate innervations of the different neuronal populations, thus enabling a more accurate delineation of their reproductive roles and regulations. Moreover, in combination with neuronal electrophysiology, these lines have clarified the Gnrh mode of actions in modulating Lh and Fsh activities. While loss of function and genome editing studies had the premise to elucidate the exact roles of the multiple Gnrhs in reproduction and other processes, they have instead evoked an ongoing debate about these roles and opened new avenues of research that will no doubt lead to new discoveries regarding the not-yet-fully-understood Gnrh system.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Muñoz-Cueto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences and INMAR, University of Cádiz, CEIMAR, The European University of the Seas (SEA-EU), Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain.
| | - Nilli Zmora
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - José A Paullada-Salmerón
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences and INMAR, University of Cádiz, CEIMAR, The European University of the Seas (SEA-EU), Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain
| | - Miranda Marvel
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Evaristo Mañanos
- Institute of Aquaculture of Torre de la Sal, CSIC, Castellón, Spain
| | - Yonathan Zohar
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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3
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Chang JP, Pemberton JG. Comparative aspects of GnRH-Stimulated signal transduction in the vertebrate pituitary - Contributions from teleost model systems. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 463:142-167. [PMID: 28587765 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a major regulator of reproduction through actions on pituitary gonadotropin release and synthesis. Although it is often thought that pituitary cells are exposed to only one GnRH, multiple GnRH forms are delivered to the pituitary of teleost fishes; interestingly this can include the cGnRH-II form usually thought to be non-hypophysiotropic. GnRHs can regulate other pituitary cell-types, both directly as well as indirectly, and multiple GnRH receptors (GnRHRs) may also be expressed in the pituitary, and even within a single pituitary cell-type. Literature on the differential actions of native GnRH isoforms in primary pituitary cells is largely derived from teleost fishes. This review will outline the diversity and complexity of GnRH-GnRHR signal transduction found within vertebrate gonadotropes as well as extra-gonadotropic sites with special emphasis on comparative studies from fish models. The implications that GnRHR transduction mechanisms are GnRH isoform-, function-, and cell-specific are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Joshua G Pemberton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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4
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Haug MF, Gesemann M, Berger M, Neuhauss SCF. Phylogeny and distribution of protein kinase C variants in the zebrafish. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:1097-1109. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marion F. Haug
- University of Zurich, Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Neuroscience Center Zurich and Center for Integrative Human Physiology; Zurich CH-8057 Switzerland
| | - Matthias Gesemann
- University of Zurich, Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Neuroscience Center Zurich and Center for Integrative Human Physiology; Zurich CH-8057 Switzerland
| | - Manuela Berger
- University of Zurich, Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Neuroscience Center Zurich and Center for Integrative Human Physiology; Zurich CH-8057 Switzerland
| | - Stephan C. F. Neuhauss
- University of Zurich, Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Neuroscience Center Zurich and Center for Integrative Human Physiology; Zurich CH-8057 Switzerland
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5
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Hu G, He M, Ko WKW, Wong AOL. TAC1 Gene Products Regulate Pituitary Hormone Secretion and Gene Expression in Prepubertal Grass Carp Pituitary Cells. Endocrinology 2017; 158:1776-1797. [PMID: 28323939 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Tachykinin-1 (TAC1) is known to have diverse functions in mammals, but similar information is scarce in fish species. Using grass carp as a model, the pituitary actions, receptor specificity and postreceptor signaling of TAC1 gene products, namely substance P (SP) and neurokinin A (NKA), were examined. TAC1 encoding SP and NKA as well as tachykinin receptors NK1R and NK2R were cloned in the carp pituitary. The newly cloned receptors were shown to be functional with properties similar to mammalian counterparts. In carp pituitary cells, SP and NKA could trigger luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PRL), and somatolactin α (SLα) secretion, with parallel rises in PRL and SLα transcripts. Short-term SP treatment (3 hours) induced LH release, whereas prolonged induction (24 hours) could attenuate LHβ messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. At pituitary cell level, LH, PRL, and SLα regulation by TAC1 gene products were mediated by NK1R, NK2R, and NK3R, respectively. Apparently, SP- and NKA-induced LH and SLα secretion and transcript expression were mediated by adenylyl cyclase/cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA), phospholiphase C (PLC)/inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate/protein kinase C (PKC), and Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM)/CaM-dependent protein kinase-II pathways. The signal transduction for PRL responses was similar, except for the absence of a PKC component. Regarding SP inhibition of LHβ mRNA expression, the cAMP/PKA- and PLC/PKC-dependent (but not Ca2+/CaM-dependent) cascades were involved. These results, as a whole, suggest that TAC1 gene products play a role in LH, PRL, and SLα regulation via overlapping postreceptor signaling coupled to different subtypes of tachykinin receptor expressed in the carp pituitary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangfu Hu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mulan He
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wendy K W Ko
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Anderson O L Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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6
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Golshan M, Hatef A, Zare A, Socha M, Milla S, Gosiewski G, Fontaine P, Sokołowska-Mikołajczyk M, Habibi HR, Alavi SMH. Alternations in neuroendocrine and endocrine regulation of reproduction in male goldfish (Carassius auratus) following an acute and chronic exposure to vinclozolin, in vivo. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 155:73-83. [PMID: 24995616 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The fungicide vinclozolin (VZ) is in use globally and known to disrupt reproductive function in male. The present study tested the hypothesis that VZ disrupts testicular function in goldfish (Carassius auratus) by affecting brain-pituitary-testis axis. Goldfish were exposed to 100, 400 and 800 μg/L VZ and 5 μg/L 17β-estradiol (E2) for comparison. In VZ treated goldfish, 11-ketotesteosterone (11-KT) secretion was changed depending on dose and duration period of treatment. Following 7 days of exposure, 11-KT was decreased in goldfish exposed to 800 μg/L VZ, while it was increased in goldfish exposed to 100 μg/L VZ after 30 days of exposure. Circulating E2 level was unchanged in VZ treated goldfish, however the E2/11-KT ratio was increased in a concentration-related manner. In E2 treated goldfish, circulatory 11-KT and E2 levels were decreased and increased, respectively, which resulted in an increase in the E2/11-KT ratio. Exposure to VZ at 100 μg/L caused a significant increase in the circulatory luteinizing hormone (LH) after 30 days. In E2 treated fish circulatory LH was decreased, significantly. Transcripts of genes encoding gonadotropin-releasing hormone and androgen receptor in the brain, and those of genes encoding LH and follicle-stimulating hormone receptors, StAR, CYP17, and 3β-HSD in the testis changed in VZ-treated goldfish depending on concentration and period of treatment. mRNA of genes encoding vitellogenin and estrogen receptor in the liver and cytochrome P450 aromatase in the brain were increased in E2-treated goldfish. The results suggest that VZ-induced changes in 11-KT were due to disruption in brain-pituitary-testis axis and provide integrated characterization of VZ-related reproductive disorders in male fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Golshan
- Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Azadeh Hatef
- Veterinary Biomedical Sciences Department, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada; Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Ava Zare
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Magdalena Socha
- Department of Ichthyobiology and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Kraków 30-199, Poland
| | - Sylvain Milla
- Research Unit Animal and Functionalities of Animal Products, INRA, University of Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy 54505, France
| | - Grzegorz Gosiewski
- Department of Ichthyobiology and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Kraków 30-199, Poland
| | - Pascal Fontaine
- Research Unit Animal and Functionalities of Animal Products, INRA, University of Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy 54505, France
| | | | - Hamid R Habibi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Sayyed Mohammad Hadi Alavi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 165 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic; Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic.
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7
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Hu G, He M, Ko WKW, Lin C, Wong AOL. Novel pituitary actions of TAC3 gene products in fish model: receptor specificity and signal transduction for prolactin and somatolactin α regulation by neurokinin B (NKB) and NKB-related peptide in carp pituitary cells. Endocrinology 2014; 155:3582-96. [PMID: 24971612 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TAC3 is a member of tachykinins, and its gene product neurokinin B (NKB) has recently emerged as a key regulator for LH through modulation of kisspeptin/GnRH system within the hypothalamus. In fish models, TAC3 not only encodes NKB but also a novel tachykinin-like peptide called NKB-related peptide (NKBRP), and the pituitary actions of these TAC3 gene products are still unknown. Using grass carp as a model, the direct effects and postreceptor signaling for the 2 TAC3 products were examined at the pituitary level. Grass carp TAC3 was cloned and confirmed to encode NKB and NKBRP similar to that of other fish species. In carp pituitary cells, NKB and NKBRP treatment did not affect LH release and gene expression but up-regulated prolactin (PRL) and somatolactin (SL)α secretion, protein production, and transcript expression. The stimulation by these 2 TAC3 gene products on PRL and SLα release and mRNA levels were mediated by pituitary NK2 and NK3 receptors, respectively. Apparently, NKB- and NKBRP-induced SLα secretion and transcript expression were caused by adenylate cyclase/cAMP/protein kinase A, phospholipase C/inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate/protein kinase C and Ca(2+)/calmodulin/Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II activation. The signal transduction for the corresponding responses on PRL release and mRNA expression were also similar, except that the protein kinase C component was not involved. These findings suggest that the 2 TAC3 gene products do not play a role in LH regulation at the pituitary level in carp species but may serve as novel stimulators for PRL and SLα synthesis and secretion via overlapping postreceptor signaling mechanisms coupled to NK2 and NK3 receptors, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangfu Hu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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8
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Jiang Q, Wong AOL. Somatostatin-28 inhibitory action on somatolactin-α and -β gene expression in goldfish. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 307:R755-68. [PMID: 25009216 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00193.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Somatostain (SS) is known to inhibit growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) secretion. Somatolactin (SL) is a member of the GH/PRL family, but its regulation by goldfish brain somatostatin-28 (gbSS-28) has not been examined. To this end, the structural identity of goldfish SLα was established by 5'/3'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends. As revealed by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical staining, the expression of SL isoforms was detected in pituitary cells located in the neurointermediate lobe (NIL). The transcripts of goldfish SS receptor 5a (Sst5a) but not Sst1b, Sst2, or Sst3a were detected in the goldfish NIL cells by RT-PCR. In goldfish pituitary cells, gbSS-28 not only had an inhibitory effect on basal SLα and SLβ mRNA levels but also could abolish insulin-like growth factor-stimulated SL gene expression. In primary cultures of goldfish NIL cells, gbSS-28 reduced forskolin-stimulated total cAMP production. With the use of a pharmacological approach, the adenylate cyclase (AC)/cAMP and phospholipase C (PLC)/inositol trisphosphate (IP3)/protein kinase C (PKC) cascades were shown to be involved in gbSS-28-inhibited SLα mRNA expression. Similar postreceptor signaling cascades were also observed for gbSS-28-reduced SLβ mRNA expression, except that PKC coupling to PLC was not involved. These results provide evidence that gbSS-28 can inhibit SLα and SLβ gene expression at the goldfish pituitary level via Sst5 through differential coupling of AC/cAMP and PLC/IP3/PKC cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Peoples Republic of China; and
| | - Anderson O L Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Andersson E, Schulz RW, Male R, Bogerd J, Patiña D, Benedet S, Norberg B, Taranger GL. Pituitary gonadotropin and ovarian gonadotropin receptor transcript levels: seasonal and photoperiod-induced changes in the reproductive physiology of female Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 191:247-58. [PMID: 23856539 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In female Atlantic salmon kept at normal light conditions, pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone beta (fshb) transcript levels were transiently elevated one year before spawning, re-increased in February, and remained high during spawning in November and in post-ovulatory fish in December. The first increase in plasma 17b-estradiol (E2), testosterone (T) and gonadosomatic index (GSI) was recorded in January; E2 rose up to one month prior to ovulation, while T and GSI kept increasing until ovulation. Pituitary luteinizing hormone beta (lhb) transcript levels peaked at the time of ovulation. Except for transient changes before and after ovulation, ovarian follicle stimulating hormone receptor (fshr) transcript amounts were relatively stable at a high level. By contrast, luteinizing hormone receptor (lhcgr) transcript levels started out low and increased in parallel to GSI and plasma E2 levels. Exposure to continuous light (LL) induced a bimodal response where maturation was accelerated or arrested. The LL-arrested females showed previtellogenic oil droplet stage follicles or primary yolk follicles only, and fshb and E2 plasma levels collapsed while fshr increased. The LL-accelerated females showed elevated lhb transcript levels and slightly elevated E2 levels during early vitellogenesis, and significantly elevated lhcgr E2 and GSI levels in late vitellogenesis. We conclude that Fsh-dependent signaling stimulates recruitment into and the sustained development through vitellogenesis. Up-regulation of lhcgr gene expression during vitellogenesis may reflect an estrogenic effect, while elevated fshr gene expression following ovulation or during LL-induced arrestment may be associated with ovarian tissue remodeling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Andersson
- Institute of Marine Research, Research Group Reproduction and Growth in Fish, PO Box 1870 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway.
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10
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Chen JY, Chiou MJ. Molecular cloning and functional analysis of the zebrafish luteinizing hormone beta subunit (LH<beta>) promoter. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2010; 36:1253-1262. [PMID: 20526672 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-010-9405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The luteinizing hormone (LH) plays important roles in vertebrate reproduction. In the present study, we cloned and characterized the zebrafish (Danio rerio) LH<beta> subunit gene structure and promoter region. Analysis of 3.0 kb (LH3.4K~5'UTR) of the LH<beta> subunit proximal promoter region displayed maximal promoter activity in a tilapia ovary cell line (TO2 cells) after treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Transient expression experiments with a 5'-deletion revealed at least 10 regulatory regions in the zebrafish LH<beta> subunit gene. Compared to the molecular mechanisms of other vertebrates, GnRH treatment led to the activation of zebrafish LH<beta> subunit gene transcription in ovary cells. We demonstrated that LH<beta> subunit gene transcription increased with 6 h of treatment with GnRH but was repressed by protein kinase C, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and calcium in the TO2 cell line. To study promoter-specific expression, we constructed an LH<beta> subunit (LH3.4k~5'UTR) promoter region-driven green fluorescent protein (GFP), and the results indicated that LH<beta> promoter-driven GFP transcripts appeared in the pituitary gland. For the gene knockdown study, we targeted knockdown of the LH<beta> subunit gene by two antisense morpholino oligonucleotides that resulted in serious abnormalities and death during zebrafish embryogenesis. These results suggest that the LH plays important roles in reproduction and general embryonic development in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyh-Yih Chen
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 23-10 Dahuen Rd., Jiaushi, Ilan, 262, Taiwan.
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11
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Chang JP, Johnson JD, Sawisky GR, Grey CL, Mitchell G, Booth M, Volk MM, Parks SK, Thompson E, Goss GG, Klausen C, Habibi HR. Signal transduction in multifactorial neuroendocrine control of gonadotropin secretion and synthesis in teleosts-studies on the goldfish model. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2009; 161:42-52. [PMID: 18838074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2008.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Revised: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In teleosts, gonadotropin (GTH) secretion and synthesis is controlled by multiple neuroendocrine factors from the hypothalamus, pituitary and peripheral sources. Pituitary gonadotropes must be able to differentiate and integrate information from these regulators at the cellular and intracellular level. In this article, the intracellular signal transduction mechanisms mediating the actions of some of these regulators, including GTH-releasing hormones, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, dopamine, ghrelin, sex steroids, activin, and follistatin from experiments with goldfish are reviewed and discussed in relation with recent findings. Information from other teleost models is briefly compared. Goldfish gonadotropes possess multiple pharmacologically distinct intracellular Ca2+ stores that together with voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels, Na+/H+ exchangers, protein kinase C, arachidonic acid, NO, protein kinase A, ERK/MAPK, and Smads allows for integrated control by different neuroendocrine factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW405 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9.
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12
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Klausen C, Booth M, Habibi HR, Chang JP. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase mediates gonadotropin subunit gene expression and LH release responses to endogenous gonadotropin-releasing hormones in goldfish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2008; 158:36-46. [PMID: 18558406 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2008.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Revised: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 05/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The possible involvement of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in mediating the stimulatory actions of two endogenous goldfish gonadotropin-releasing hormones (salmon (s)GnRH and chicken (c)GnRH-II) on gonadotropin synthesis and secretion was examined. Western blot analysis revealed the presence of ERK and phosphorylated (p)ERK in goldfish brain, pituitary, liver, ovary, testis and muscle tissue extracts, as well as extracts of dispersed goldfish pituitary cells and HeLa cells. Interestingly, a third ERK-like immunoreactive band of higher molecular mass was detected in goldfish tissue and pituitary cell extracts in addition to the ERK1-p44- and ERK2-p42-like immunoreactive bands. Incubation of primary cultures of goldfish pituitary cells with either a PKC-activating 4beta-phorbol ester (TPA) or a synthetic diacylglycerol, but not a 4alpha-phorbol ester, elevated the ratio of pERK/total (t)ERK for all three ERK isoforms. The stimulatory effects of TPA were attenuated by the PKC inhibitor GF109203X and the MEK inhibitor PD98059. sGnRH and cGnRH-II also elevated the ratio of pERK/tERK for all three ERK isoforms, in a time-, dose- and PD98059-dependent manner. In addition, treatment with PD98059 reduced the sGnRH-, cGnRH-II- and TPA-induced increases in gonadotropin subunit mRNA levels in Northern blot studies and sGnRH- and cGnRH-II-elicited LH release in cell column perifusion studies with goldfish pituitary cells. These results indicate that GnRH and PKC can activate ERK through MEK in goldfish pituitary cells. More importantly, the present study suggests that GnRH-induced gonadotropin subunit gene expression and LH release involve MEK/ERK signaling in goldfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Klausen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, N.W., Calgary, Alta., Canada T2N 1N4
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Jiang Q, He M, Wang X, Wong AOL. Grass carp somatolactin: II. Pharmacological study on postreceptor signaling mechanisms for PACAP-induced somatolactin-alpha and -beta gene expression. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 295:E477-90. [PMID: 18523121 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90386.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Somatolactin (SL), the latest member of the growth hormone/prolactin family, is a novel pituitary hormone with diverse functions. However, the signal transduction mechanisms responsible for SL expression are still largely unknown. Using grass carp as an animal model, we examined the direct effects of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) on SL gene expression at the pituitary level. In primary cultures of grass carp pituitary cells, SLalpha and SLbeta mRNA levels could be elevated by PACAP via activation of PAC-I receptors. With the use of a pharmacological approach, the AC/cAMP/PKA and PLC/inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3))/PKC pathways and subsequent activation of the Ca(2+)/calmodulin (CaM)/CaMK-II cascades were shown to be involved in PACAP-induced SLalpha mRNA expression. Apparently, the downstream Ca(2+)/CaM-dependent cascades were triggered by extracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](e)) entry via L-type voltage-sensitive Ca(2+) channels (VSCC) and Ca(2+) release from IP(3)-sensitive intracellular Ca(2+) stores. In addition, the VSCC component could be activated by cAMP/PKA- and PLC/PKC-dependent mechanisms. Similar postreceptor signaling cascades were also observed for PACAP-induced SLbeta mRNA expression, except that [Ca(2+)](e) entry through VSCC, PKC coupling to PLC, and subsequent activation of CaMK-II were not involved. These findings, taken together, provide evidence for the first time that PACAP can induce SLalpha and SLbeta gene expression in fish model via PAC-I receptors through differential coupling to overlapping and yet distinct signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Jiang
- Endocrinology Division, School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
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