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Kindlovits R, Sousa AC, Viana JL, Milheiro J, Marques F, Teixeira VH. Combined low-carbohydrate diet and long-term exercise in hypoxia in type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial protocol to assess glycemic control, cardiovascular risk factors and body composition. Nutr Health 2024; 30:5-13. [PMID: 37499218 PMCID: PMC10924702 DOI: 10.1177/02601060231190663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Background: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality associated with diabetes, which is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. Low-carbohydrate diet has gained popularity as an intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, acting to improve glycemic profile and serum lipids. In its turn, exercise in hypoxia induces specific adaptations, mostly modulated via hypoxia-induced transcription factor signaling cascade, which increases with exposure to altitude, and promotes angiogenesis, glycogen supply, glucose tolerance, and raises GLUT-4 expression. Aim: Given that hyperglycemia decreases HIF-1α and it is better controlled when following a low-carbohydrate diet, this study aims to examine the hypothesis that a combination of both low-carbohydrate diet and chronic exercise in hypoxia in type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with improved glycemic control and cardiovascular parameters, whose protocol is described. Methods: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (n = 48) will be recruited and randomized into one of the three groups: (a) Control group: Control diet (low-fat and moderate-carbohydrate diet) + exercise in normoxia; (2) exercise in hypoxia group: Control diet + exercise in hypoxia; (3) intervention group: Low-carbohydrate diet (low-carbohydrate and high-fat diet) + exercise in hypoxia. Before and after 8 weeks of interventions, cardiopulmonary tests (Bruce protocol), body composition and blood pressure will be evaluated. Blood samples will be collected to measure hypoxia-induced transcription factor, C-reactive protein, glycemic and lipid profiles. Summary: This will be the first trial to examine the isolated and combined effect of chronic exercise in hypoxia and low-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes mellitus. This trial will help to fill a significant research gap, guide future research and contribute to the combined nutrition and exercise approach to type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Kindlovits
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, FCNAUP, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana C Sousa
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Maia, Maia, Portugal
| | - João L Viana
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Maia, Maia, Portugal
| | | | - Franklim Marques
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, FFUP, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vitor H Teixeira
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, FCNAUP, Porto, Portugal
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, CIAFEL - Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, FADEUP, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, ITR, Porto, Portugal
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Cavalli NP, de Mello MB, Righi NC, Schuch FB, Signori LU, da Silva AMV. Effects of high-intensity interval training and its different protocols on lipid profile and glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis. J Sports Sci 2024; 42:333-349. [PMID: 38531052 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2330232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
This meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials aimed to compare the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and its different protocols versus moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and/or control on total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, HbA1c levels, and fasting glucose in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The search strategy was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL, EMBASE, Web of Science, Sport DISCUS, and PEDro, until January 2023. A total of 31 studies (1092 individuals) were included. When compared to control, HIIT decreased total cholesterol by -0.31 mmol/L (95% CI -0.49; -0.12), LDL by -0.31 mmol/L (95% CI -0.49; -0.12), triglycerides by -0.27 mmol/L (95% CI -0.33; -0.2), HbA1c by -0.75% (95% CI -0.97; -0.53), fasting glucose by -1.15 mmol/L (95% CI -1.44; -0.86), and increased HDL by 0.24 mmol/L (95% CI 0.06; 0.42). No difference was found in the comparison between HIIT versus MICT for any of the outcomes analysed, however subgroup analysis showed that a moderate-interval (>30s to < 2 min) and moderate-term (>4 to < 12 weeks) HIIT protocol reduced total cholesterol, when compared to MICT. HIIT is able to improve lipid profile and glycaemic control in T2DM individuals, and specific protocols can be recommended for improving total cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandiny Paula Cavalli
- Postgraduate Program in Movement Sciences and Rehabilitation, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Mariana Brondani de Mello
- Postgraduate Program in Functional Rehabilitation, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Natiele Camponogara Righi
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Felipe Barreto Schuch
- Department of Sport Methods and Techniques, Postgraduate Program in Movement Sciences and Rehabilitation, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Luis Ulisses Signori
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Postgraduate Program in Movement Sciences and Rehabilitation, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Antônio Marcos Vargas da Silva
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Postgraduate Program in Movement Sciences and Rehabilitation, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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McDermott A, Nevin A, Gildea N, Rocha J, O'Shea D, Egaña M. Muscle deoxygenation during ramp incremental cycle exercise in older adults with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:561-571. [PMID: 37638974 PMCID: PMC10858067 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05297-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore profiles of fractional O2 extraction (using near-infrared spectroscopy) during ramp incremental cycling in older individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS Twelve individuals with T2D (mean ± SD, age: 63 ± 3 years) and 12 healthy controls (mean age: 65 ± 3 years) completed a ramp cycling exercise. Rates of muscle deoxygenation (i.e., deoxygenated haemoglobin and myoglobin, Δ[HHb + Mb]) profiles of the vastus lateralis muscle were normalised to 100% of the response, plotted against absolute (W) and relative (%peak) power output (PO) and fitted with a double linear regression model. RESULTS Peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak) was significantly (P < 0.01) reduced in T2D (23.0 ± 4.2 ml.kg-1.min-1) compared with controls (28.3 ± 5.3 ml.kg-1.min-1). The slope of the first linear segment of the model was greater (median (interquartile range)) in T2D (1.06 (1.50)) than controls (0.79 (1.06)) when Δ%[HHb + Mb] was plotted as a function of PO. In addition, the onset of the second linear segment of the Δ%[HHb + Mb]/PO model occurred at a lower exercise intensity in T2D (101 ± 35 W) than controls (140 ± 34 W) and it displayed a near-plateau response in both groups. When the relationship of the Δ%[HHb + Mb] profile was expressed as a function of %PO no differences were observed in any parameters of the double linear model. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that older individuals with uncomplicated T2D demonstrate greater fractional oxygen extraction for a given absolute PO compared with older controls. Thus, the reductions in V̇O2peak in older people with T2D are likely influenced by impairments in microvascular O2 delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam McDermott
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Aaron Nevin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Norita Gildea
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | - Donal O'Shea
- Endocrinology, St Columcille's and St Vincent's Hospitals, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mikel Egaña
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Santos A, Braaten K, MacPherson M, Vasconcellos D, Vis-Dunbar M, Lonsdale C, Lubans D, Jung ME. Rates of compliance and adherence to high-intensity interval training: a systematic review and Meta-analyses. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2023; 20:134. [PMID: 37990239 PMCID: PMC10664287 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-023-01535-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine rates of compliance (i.e., supervised intervention attendance) and adherence (i.e., unsupervised physical activity completion) to high-intensity interval training (HIIT) among insufficiently active adults and adults with a medical condition, and determine whether compliance and adherence rates were different between HIIT and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). METHODS Articles on adults in a HIIT intervention and who were either insufficiently active or had a medical condition were included. MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, and Web of Science were searched. Article screening and data extraction were completed by two independent reviewers. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2.0 or ROBINS-I. Meta-analyses were conducted to discern differences in compliance and adherence between HIIT vs. MICT. Sensitivity analyses, publication bias, sub-group analyses, and quality appraisal were conducted for each meta-analysis. RESULTS One hundred eighty-eight unique studies were included (n = 8928 participants). Compliance to HIIT interventions averaged 89.4% (SD:11.8%), while adherence to HIIT averaged 63% (SD: 21.1%). Compliance and adherence to MICT averaged 92.5% (SD:10.6%) and 68.2% (SD:16.2%), respectively. Based on 65 studies included in the meta-analysis, compliance rates were not different between supervised HIIT and MICT interventions [Hedge's g = 0.015 (95%CI: - 0.088-0.118), p = .78]. Results were robust and low risk of publication bias was detected. No differences were detected based on sub-group analyses comparing medical conditions or risk of bias of studies. Quality of the evidence was rated as moderate over concerns in the directness of the evidence. Based on 10 studies, adherence rates were not different between unsupervised HIIT and MICT interventions [Hedge's g = - 0.313 (95%CI: - 0.681-0.056), p = .096]. Sub-group analysis points to differences in adherence rates dependent on the method of outcome measurement. Adherence results should be interpreted with caution due to very low quality of evidence. CONCLUSIONS Compliance to HIIT and MICT was high among insufficiently active adults and adults with a medical condition. Adherence to HIIT and MICT was relatively moderate, although there was high heterogeneity and very low quality of evidence. Further research should take into consideration exercise protocols employed, methods of outcome measurement, and measurement timepoints. REGISTRATION This review was registered in the PROSPERO database and given the identifier CRD42019103313.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Santos
- Faculty of Health and Social Development, University of British Columbia - Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kyra Braaten
- Faculty of Health and Social Development, University of British Columbia - Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Megan MacPherson
- Faculty of Health and Social Development, University of British Columbia - Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Diego Vasconcellos
- Institute for Positive Psychology & Education, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mathew Vis-Dunbar
- Library, University of British Columbia - Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chris Lonsdale
- Institute for Positive Psychology & Education, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Lubans
- School of Education, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Mary E Jung
- Faculty of Health and Social Development, University of British Columbia - Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada.
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Gildea N, McDermott A, Rocha J, Crognale D, Nevin A, O'Shea D, Green S, Egaña M. Low-volume HIIT and MICT speed V̇O 2 kinetics during high-intensity "work-to-work" cycling with a similar time-course in type 2 diabetes. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:273-287. [PMID: 35678744 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00148.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed the rates of adjustment in oxygen uptake (V̇O2) and muscle deoxygenation (i.e., deoxygenated haemoglobin and myoglobin, [HHb+Mb]) during the on-transition to high-intensity cycling initiated from an elevated baseline (work-to-work) before training and at weeks 3, 6, 9 and 12 of low-volume high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Participants were randomly assigned to MICT (n=11, 50 min of moderate-intensity cycling), HIIT (n =8, 10x1 min of high-intensity cycling separated by 1-min of light cycling) or non-exercising control (n=9) groups. Exercising groups trained 3 times per week. Participants completed two work-to-work transitions at each time point consisting of sequential step increments to moderate- and high-intensity work-rates. [HHb+Mb] kinetics were measured by near-infrared spectroscopy at the vastus lateralis muscle. The pretraining time constant of the primary phase of V̇O2 (V̇O2τp) and the amplitude of the V̇O2 slow component (V̇O2As) of the high-intensity w-to-w bout decreased (P<0.05) by a similar magnitude at wk 3 of training in both MICT (from, 56±9 to 43±6s, and from 0.17±0.07 to 0.09±0.05 L.min-1, respectively) and HIIT (from, 56±8 to 42±6s, and from 0.18±0.05 to 0.09±0.08 L.min-1, respectively) with no further changes thereafter. No changes were reported in controls. The parameter estimates of Δ[HHb+Mb] remained unchanged in all groups. MICT and HIIT elicited comparable improvements in V̇O2 kinetics without changes in muscle deoxygenation kinetics during high-intensity exercise initiated from an elevated baseline in T2D despite training volume and time commitment being ~50% lower in the HIIT group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norita Gildea
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Adam McDermott
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Joel Rocha
- Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Domenico Crognale
- Institute for Sport and Health, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aaron Nevin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Donal O'Shea
- Department of Endocrinology, St. Columcille's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Simon Green
- Schools of Health Sciences and Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mikel Egaña
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Lu YJ, Chen SY, Lai YC, Chaiyawat P, Chao YH, Chuang LM, Shih TTF, Wang HK. Muscle Microcirculatory Responses to Incremental Exercises Are Correlated with Peak Oxygen Uptake in Individuals With and Without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2022; 20:405-413. [PMID: 35594301 DOI: 10.1089/met.2021.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The role of impaired oxygen extraction on peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak) has been extensively studied using noninvasive and indirect methods in both diabetic patients and healthy participants. Methods: A total of 22 participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus [T2DM; median (range) age: 60 (47-70) years] and 22 controls [58 (52-69) years] with no history of diabetes were recruited (reference no. 201812135RINB). Subjects performed an exhaustive incremental exercise and were evaluated using a gas analyzer and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to determine V̇O2peak and changes in muscle oxygenation (SmO2) in the vastus lateralis, respectively. Measurements were taken at rest, warm-up, a period during exercise when SmO2 reached a minimum saturation plateau, and recovery. The microcirculatory responses of the vastus lateralis muscle during incremental exercise in patients with T2DM were compared with those in control individuals, and the correlation between changes in SmO2 and V̇O2peak was estimated. Results: The diabetic group demonstrated lower V̇O2peak, peak workload, peak heart rate, peak minute ventilation (all P < 0.05), and lower SmO2 during the rest, warm-up, and recovery phases (all P < 0.05) compared with the control group. A correlation was observed between the change in SmO2 between the warm-up and plateau value and the V̇O2peak (r = 0.608, P = 0.006). Conclusions: The results obtained in this study using NIRS support the feasibility of directly measuring changes in muscle SmO2 magnitudes to estimate the contributions of peripheral active muscle to systemic O2 uptake (V̇O2) during incremental exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jhen Lu
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center of Physical Therapy, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ssu-Yuan Chen
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chuen Lai
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Yuan-Hung Chao
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center of Physical Therapy, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Ming Chuang
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tiffany Ting-Fang Shih
- Department of Medical Image and Radiology, Medical College and Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Kuo Wang
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center of Physical Therapy, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Green S, Kiely C, O'Connor E, Gildea N, O'Shea D, Egaña M. Differential effects of sex on adaptive responses of skeletal muscle vasodilation to exercise training in type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications 2022; 36:108098. [PMID: 34887186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2021.108098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We tested the hypotheses that exercise training improves the peak and dynamic responses of leg vascular conductance (LVC) in males and females with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). METHODS Forty-one males and females with T2DM were assigned to two training groups and two control groups. Twelve weeks of aerobic/resistance training was performed three times per week, 60-90 min per session. Responses of calf muscle blood flow and systemic arterial pressure during incremental and constant-load (30% maximal voluntary contraction) intermittent plantar-flexion protocols in the supine position were recorded. RESULTS Training significantly increased peak LVC in males (4.86 ± 1.88 to 6.06 ± 2.06 ml·min-1·mm Hg-1) and females (3.91 ± 1.13 to 5.40 ± 1.38 ml·min-1·mm Hg-1) with no changes in control groups. For dynamic responses, training significantly increased the amplitude of the fast growth phase of LVC (1.81 ± 1.12 to 2.68 ± 1.01 ml·min-1·mm Hg-1) and decreased the time constant of the slow growth phase (43.6 ± 46.4 s to 16.1 14.0 s) in females, but no improvements were observed in control females or in any of the two male groups. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that training increases the peak vasodilatory response in males and females, whereas the speed of the dynamic response of vasodilation is improved in females but not males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Green
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia; School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Catherine Kiely
- School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Eamonn O'Connor
- School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Norita Gildea
- School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Donal O'Shea
- Department of Endocrinology, St. Columcille's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mikel Egaña
- School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Gildea N, McDermott A, Rocha J, O'Shea D, Green S, Egaña M. Time-course of V̇o 2 kinetics responses during moderate-intensity exercise subsequent to HIIT versus moderate-intensity continuous training in type 2 diabetes. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:1646-1659. [PMID: 33792400 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00952.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed the time-course of changes in oxygen uptake (V̇o2) and muscle deoxygenation (i.e., deoxygenated hemoglobin and myoglobin, [HHb + Mb]) kinetics during transitions to moderate-intensity cycling following 12 wk of low-volume high-intensity interval training (HIIT) vs. moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Participants were randomly assigned to MICT (n = 10, 50 min of moderate-intensity cycling), HIIT (n = 9, 10 × 1 min at ∼90% maximal heart rate), or nonexercising control (n = 9) groups. Exercising groups trained three times per week, and measurements were taken every 3 wk. [HHb + Mb] kinetics were measured by near-infrared spectroscopy at the vastus lateralis muscle. The local matching of O2 delivery to O2 utilization was assessed by the Δ[HHb + Mb]/ΔV̇o2 ratio. The pretraining time constant of the primary phase of V̇o2 (τV̇o2p) decreased (P < 0.05) at wk 3 of training in both MICT (from 44 ± 12 to 32 ± 5 s) and HIIT (from 42 ± 8 to 32 ± 4 s) with no further changes thereafter, whereas no changes were reported in controls. The pretraining overall dynamic response of muscle deoxygenation (τ'[HHb + Mb]) was faster than τV̇o2p in all groups, resulting in Δ[HHb + Mb]/V̇o2p showing a transient "overshoot" relative to the subsequent steady-state level. After 3 wk, the Δ[HHb + Mb]/V̇o2p overshoot was eliminated only in the training groups, so that τ'[HHb + Mb] was not different to τV̇o2p in MICT and HIIT. The enhanced V̇o2 kinetics response consequent to both MICT and HIIT in T2D was likely attributed to a training-induced improvement in matching of O2 delivery to utilization.NEW & NOTEWORTHY High-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training elicited faster pulmonary oxygen uptake (V̇o2) kinetics during moderate-intensity cycling within 3 wk of training with no further changes thereafter in individuals with type 2 diabetes. These adaptations were accompanied by unaltered near-infrared spectroscopy-derived muscle deoxygenation (i.e. deoxygenated hemoglobin and myoglobin concentration, [HHb+Mb]) kinetics and transiently reduced Δ[HHb+Mb]-to-ΔV̇o2 ratio, suggesting an enhanced blood flow distribution within the active muscles subsequent to both training interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norita Gildea
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Adam McDermott
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joel Rocha
- Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Donal O'Shea
- Department of Endocrinology, St. Columcille's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Simon Green
- Schools of Health Sciences and Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mikel Egaña
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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