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Kohan DE, Barratt J, Heerspink HJ, Campbell KN, Camargo M, Ogbaa I, Haile-Meskale R, Rizk DV, King A. Targeting the Endothelin A Receptor in IgA Nephropathy. Kidney Int Rep 2023; 8:2198-2210. [PMID: 38025243 PMCID: PMC10658204 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2023.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common primary glomerulonephritis worldwide and carries a substantial risk of kidney failure. New agency-approved therapies, either specifically for IgAN or for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in general, hold out hope for mitigating renal deterioration in patients with IgAN. The latest addition to this therapeutic armamentarium targets the endothelin-A receptor (ETAR). Activation of ETAR on multiple renal cell types elicits a host of pathophysiological effects, including vasoconstriction, cell proliferation, inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis. Blockade of ETAR is renoprotective in experimental models of IgAN and reduces proteinuria in patients with IgAN. This review discusses the evidence supporting the use of ETAR blockade in IgAN as well as addressing the potential role for this class of agents among the current and emerging therapies for treating this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald E. Kohan
- Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Jonathan Barratt
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Hiddo J.L. Heerspink
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Kirk N. Campbell
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Ike Ogbaa
- Chinook Therapeutics, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Dana V. Rizk
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Andrew King
- Chinook Therapeutics, Seattle, Washington, USA
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2
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Abstract
Several clinical and large population studies indicate that women are more salt-sensitive than men, yet the precise mechanisms by which the sexually dimorphic onset manifests remains incompletely understood. Here, we evaluate recent epidemiological data and highlight current knowledge from studies investigating sex-specific mechanisms of salt-sensitive blood pressure (SSBP). Emerging evidence indicates that women of all ethnicities are more salt-sensitive than men, at all ages both premenopausal and postmenopausal. However, menopause exacerbates severity and prevalence of SSBP, suggesting that female sex chromosomes predispose to and female sex hormones mitigate SSBP. Results from both human and rodent studies support the contribution of enhanced and inappropriate activation of the aldosterone-ECMR (endothelial cell mineralocorticoid receptor) axis promoting vascular dysfunction in females. Increases in adrenal response to angiotensin II, in association with higher ECMR expression and activation of endothelial ENaC (epithelial sodium channel) in females compared to males, are emerging as central players in the development of endothelial dysfunction and SSBP in females. Female sex increases the prevalence and susceptibility of SSBP and sex hormones and sex chromosome complement may exert antagonistic effects in the development of the female heightened SSBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candee T. Barris
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Jessica L. Faulkner
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Physiology Department, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Eric J. Belin de Chantemèle
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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3
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Chung EYM, Badve SV, Heerspink HJL, Wong MG. Endothelin receptor antagonists in kidney protection for diabetic kidney disease and beyond? Nephrology (Carlton) 2023; 28:97-108. [PMID: 36350038 PMCID: PMC10100079 DOI: 10.1111/nep.14130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The burden of chronic kidney disease is increasing worldwide, largely due to the increasing global prevalence of diabetes mellitus and hypertension. While renin angiotensin system inhibitors and sodium-glucose cotransporter two inhibitors are the management cornerstone for reducing kidney and cardiovascular complications in patients with diabetic and non-diabetic kidney disease (DKD), they are partially effective and further treatments are needed to prevent the progression to kidney failure. Endothelin receptor antagonism represent a potential additional therapeutic option due to its beneficial effect on pathophysiological processes involved in progressive kidney disease including proteinuria, which are independently associated with progression of kidney disease. This review discusses the biological mechanisms of endothelin receptor antagonists (ERA) in kidney protection, the efficacy and safety of ERA in randomised controlled trials reporting on kidney outcomes, and its potential future use in both diabetic and non-DKDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund Y M Chung
- Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sunil V Badve
- Renal and Metabolic Division, The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Renal Medicine, St George Hospital, Kogarah, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hiddo J L Heerspink
- Renal and Metabolic Division, The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pharmacoy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Muh Geot Wong
- Department of Renal Medicine, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, University of Sydney, Concord, New South Wales, Australia
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4
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Bądzyńska B, Vaneckova I, Sadowski J, Hojná S, Kompanowska-Jezierska E. Effects of systemic and renal intramedullary endothelin-1 receptor blockade on tissue NO and intrarenal hemodynamics in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 910:174445. [PMID: 34492284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Endothelin 1 (ET-1) seems essential in salt-dependent hypertension, and activation of ETA receptors causes renal vasoconstriction. However, the response in the renal medulla and the role of tissue NO availability has never been adequately explored in vivo. We examined effects of ETA and ETB receptor blockade (atrasentan and BQ788) on blood pressure (MAP), medullary blood flow (MBF) and medullary tissue NO. Effects of systemic and intramedullary blocker application were compared in anesthetized normotensive ET-1-pretreated Sprague-Dawley rats (S-D), in salt-dependent hypertension (HS/UNX) and in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Total renal blood flow (RBF) was measured using a Transonic renal artery probe, MBF as laser-Doppler flux, and tissue NO signal using selective electrodes. In normotensive rats ET-1 significantly increased MAP, decreased RBF (-20%) and renal medullary NO. In HS/UNX rats atrasentan decreased MAP and increased medullary NO, earlier and more profoundly with intravenous infusion. In SHR atrasentan decreased MAP, more effectively with intravenous infusion; the increase in tissue NO (∼10%) was similar with both routes; however, only intramedullary atrasentan increased MBF. No consistent responses to BQ788 were seen. We confirmed dominant role of ETA receptors in regulation of blood pressure and renal hemodynamics in normotensive and hypertensive rats and provided novel evidence for the role of ETA in control of intrarenal NO bioavailability in salt-dependent and spontaneous hypertension. Under conditions of activation of the endothelin system ETB stimulation preserved medullary perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bożena Bądzyńska
- Department of Renal and Body Fluid Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, A. Pawińskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ivana Vaneckova
- Laboratory of Experimental Hypertension, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic.
| | - Janusz Sadowski
- Department of Renal and Body Fluid Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, A. Pawińskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Silvie Hojná
- Laboratory of Experimental Hypertension, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic.
| | - Elżbieta Kompanowska-Jezierska
- Department of Renal and Body Fluid Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, A. Pawińskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
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5
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Identification of genetic loci associated with nocturnal enuresis: a genome-wide association study. THE LANCET CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2021; 5:201-209. [DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(20)30350-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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6
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Kim S, Jo CH, Kim GH. Effects of empagliflozin on nondiabetic salt-sensitive hypertension in uninephrectomized rats. Hypertens Res 2019; 42:1905-1915. [PMID: 31537914 PMCID: PMC8075936 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-019-0326-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Impaired pressure natriuresis (PN) underlies salt-sensitive hypertension, and renal inflammation and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) have been implicated in the modulation of systemic hypertension. Although sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors were reported to lower blood pressure (BP) in type 2 diabetes mellitus, whether they have a role in nondiabetic hypertensive kidney diseases is unclear. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether nondiabetic salt-sensitive hypertension and accompanying renal inflammation are ameliorated by SGLT2 inhibition. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham controls (SCs), uninephrectomized controls (UCs), and empagliflozin-treated rats (ETs). All rats were fed a rodent diet with 8% NaCl throughout the study period. Empagliflozin was orally administered for 3 weeks after uninephrectomy. Systolic blood pressure was recorded weekly, and kidneys were harvested for immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative PCR analysis at the end of the animal experiment. Systolic BP was significantly decreased in ETs that were orally given empagliflozin for 3 weeks after uninephrectomy. Although ETs did not show any increase in weekly measured urine sodium, the right-shifted PN relationship in UCs was improved by empagliflozin treatment. The expression of HIF-1α was increased in the renal outer medulla of ETs. Consistent with this, HIF prolyl-hydroxylase-2 protein and mRNA were decreased in ETs. The abundance of CD3 and ED-1 immunostaining in UCs was reduced by empagliflozin treatment. The increased IL-1ß, gp91phox, and NOX4 mRNA levels in UCs were also reversed. Empagliflozin restored impaired PN in nondiabetic hypertensive kidney disease in association with increased renal medullary expression of HIF-1α and amelioration of renal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sua Kim
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chor Ho Jo
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gheun-Ho Kim
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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7
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Vaněčková I, Hojná S, Kadlecová M, Vernerová Z, Kopkan L, Červenka L, Zicha J. Renoprotective effects of ET(A) receptor antagonists therapy in experimental non-diabetic chronic kidney disease: Is there still hope for the future? Physiol Res 2018; 67:S55-S67. [PMID: 29947528 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a life-threatening disease arising as a frequent complication of diabetes, obesity and hypertension. Since it is typically undetected for long periods, it often progresses to end-stage renal disease. CKD is characterized by the development of progressive glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy along with a decreased glomerular filtration rate. This is associated with podocyte injury and a progressive rise in proteinuria. As endothelin-1 (ET-1) through the activation of endothelin receptor type A (ET(A)) promotes renal cell injury, inflammation, and fibrosis which finally lead to proteinuria, it is not surprising that ET(A) receptors antagonists have been proven to have beneficial renoprotective effects in both experimental and clinical studies in diabetic and non-diabetic CKD. Unfortunately, fluid retention encountered in large clinical trials in diabetic CKD led to the termination of these studies. Therefore, several advances, including the synthesis of new antagonists with enhanced pharmacological activity, the use of lower doses of ET antagonists, the addition of diuretics, plus simply searching for distinct pathological states to be treated, are promising targets for future experimental studies. In support of these approaches, our group demonstrated in adult subtotally nephrectomized Ren-2 transgenic rats that the addition of a diuretic on top of renin-angiotensin and ET(A) blockade led to a further decrease of proteinuria. This effect was independent of blood pressure which was normalized in all treated groups. Recent data in non-diabetic CKD, therefore, indicate a new potential for ET(A) antagonists, at least under certain pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Vaněčková
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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8
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Kittikulsuth W, Hyndman KA, Pollock JS, Pollock DM. Natriuretic response to renal medullary endothelin B receptor activation is impaired in Dahl-salt sensitive rats on a high-fat diet. Physiol Res 2018; 67:S149-S154. [PMID: 29947535 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal medullary endothelin B receptors (ET(B)) mediate sodium excretion and blood pressure (BP) control. Several animal models of hypertension have impaired renal medullary ET(B) function. We found that 4-week high-caloric diet elevated systolic BP in Dahl salt-sensitive (Dahl S) rats (126+/-2 vs. 143+/-3 mm Hg, p<0.05). We hypothesized that renal medullary ET(B) function is dysfunctional in DS rats fed a high-caloric diet. We compared the diuretic and natriuretic response to intramedullary infusion of ET(B) agonist sarafotoxin 6c (S6c) in DS rats fed either a normal or high-caloric diet for 4 weeks. Urine was collected during intramedullary infusion of saline for baseline collection followed by intramedullary infusion of either saline or S6c. We first examined the ET(B) function in DS rats fed a normal diet. S6c increased urine flow (2.7+/-0.3 microl/min during baseline vs. 5.1+/-0.6 microl/min after S6c; p<0.05; n=5) and sodium excretion (0.28+/-0.05 vs. 0.81+/-0.17 micromol/min; p<0.05), suggesting that DS rats have renal medullary ET(B) function. However, DS rats fed a high-caloric diet displayed a significant increase in urine flow (2.7+/-0.4 vs. 4.2+/-0.4 microl/min, baseline vs. S6c infusion, respectively; p<0.05, n=6), but no significant change in sodium excretion in response to S6c (0.32+/-0.06 vs. 0.45+/-0.10 micromol/min). These data demonstrate that renal medullary ET(B) function is impaired in DS rats fed a high-caloric diet, which may be contributed to the elevation of blood pressure during high-caloric feeding in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Kittikulsuth
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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9
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Transcriptomes of major renal collecting duct cell types in mouse identified by single-cell RNA-seq. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E9989-E9998. [PMID: 29089413 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1710964114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) studies have identified complete transcriptomes for most renal epithelial cell types. The exceptions are the cell types that make up the renal collecting duct, namely intercalated cells (ICs) and principal cells (PCs), which account for only a small fraction of the kidney mass, but play critical physiological roles in the regulation of blood pressure, extracellular fluid volume, and extracellular fluid composition. To enrich these cell types, we used FACS that employed well-established lectin cell surface markers for PCs and type B ICs, as well as a newly identified cell surface marker for type A ICs, c-Kit. Single-cell RNA-seq using the IC- and PC-enriched populations as input enabled identification of complete transcriptomes of A-ICs, B-ICs, and PCs. The data were used to create a freely accessible online gene-expression database for collecting duct cells. This database allowed identification of genes that are selectively expressed in each cell type, including cell-surface receptors, transcription factors, transporters, and secreted proteins. The analysis also identified a small fraction of hybrid cells expressing aquaporin-2 and anion exchanger 1 or pendrin transcripts. In many cases, mRNAs for receptors and their ligands were identified in different cells (e.g., Notch2 chiefly in PCs vs. Jag1 chiefly in ICs), suggesting signaling cross-talk among the three cell types. The identified patterns of gene expression among the three types of collecting duct cells provide a foundation for understanding physiological regulation and pathophysiology in the renal collecting duct.
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10
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Rebholz CM, Harman JL, Grams ME, Correa A, Shimbo D, Coresh J, Young BA. Association between Endothelin-1 Levels and Kidney Disease among Blacks. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 28:3337-3344. [PMID: 28698270 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016111236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelin-1, a marker of endothelial dysfunction, is a potent vasoconstrictor released by endothelial cells and an important regulator of renal physiology. It is not known whether elevated serum levels of endothelin-1 indicate future risk of kidney disease in the general population. In participants in the Jackson Heart Study, a community-based observational study of cardiovascular risk in black adults, we measured serum endothelin-1 level at baseline (2000-2004; n=3538). We defined incident CKD as eGFR<60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 and ≥30% eGFR decline at the third visit (2009-2013) relative to baseline among those participants with baseline eGFR ≥60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 At baseline, mean age was 55 years old, 37% of participants were men, and mean eGFR was 94 ml/min per 1.73 m2 Over a median follow-up of 8 years, 228 (6.4%) cases of incident CKD occurred in participants. Participants with baseline endothelin-1 levels in higher quartiles had a greater incidence of CKD in the fully adjusted model (odds ratio for fourth versus first quartile, 1.81; 95% confidence interval, 1.11 to 2.96; Ptrend=0.04). Endothelin-1 positively associated with all-cause mortality (hazard ratio for fourth versus first quartile, 1.64; 95% confidence interval, 1.24 to 2.16; Ptrend<0.001). In conclusion, higher baseline serum endothelin-1 levels associated with incident CKD and all-cause mortality during follow-up in this general population sample of blacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey M Rebholz
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; .,Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jane L Harman
- Program in Prevention and Population Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Morgan E Grams
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Baltimore, Maryland.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Adolfo Correa
- Departments of Pediatrics and.,Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Daichi Shimbo
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Josef Coresh
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bessie A Young
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and the University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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11
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Inflammatory Cytokines as Uremic Toxins: "Ni Son Todos Los Que Estan, Ni Estan Todos Los Que Son". Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9040114. [PMID: 28333114 PMCID: PMC5408188 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9040114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is among the fastest growing causes of death worldwide. An increased risk of all-cause and cardiovascular death is thought to depend on the accumulation of uremic toxins when glomerular filtration rate falls. In addition, the circulating levels of several markers of inflammation predict mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease. Indeed, a number of cytokines are listed in databases of uremic toxins and uremic retention solutes. They include inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6, TNFα), chemokines (IL-8), and adipokines (adiponectin, leptin and resistin), as well as anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10). We now critically review the cytokines that may be considered uremic toxins. We discuss the rationale to consider them uremic toxins (mechanisms underlying the increased serum levels and evidence supporting their contribution to CKD manifestations), identify gaps in knowledge, discuss potential therapeutic implications to be tested in clinical trials in order to make this knowledge useful for the practicing physician, and identify additional cytokines, cytokine receptors and chemokines that may fulfill the criteria to be considered uremic toxins, such as sIL-6R, sTNFR1, sTNFR2, IL-2, CXCL12, CX3CL1 and others. In addition, we suggest that IL-10, leptin, adiponectin and resistin should not be considered uremic toxins toxins based on insufficient or contradictory evidence of an association with adverse outcomes in humans or preclinical data not consistent with a causal association.
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12
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Haruhara K, Tsuboi N, Koike K, Kanzaki G, Okabayashi Y, Sasaki T, Fukui A, Miyazaki Y, Kawamura T, Ogura M, Yokoo T. Circadian blood pressure abnormalities in patients with primary nephrotic syndrome. Clin Exp Hypertens 2017; 39:155-159. [PMID: 28287879 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2016.1235179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Only a few studies have evaluated the abnormalities of ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) in patients with nephrotic syndrome (NS). METHODS The 24-h ABPs were measured in primary NS patients with acute onset of disease and analyzed in relation to the clinical variables. RESULTS Our subjects comprised 21 patients: 17 with minimal change disease and 4 with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Of these patients, 8 (38%) had daytime hypertension, 13 (62%) had nighttime hypertension, and 13 (62%) were non-dippers (nighttime-to-daytime ratio of ABP: NDR > 0.9). The serum sodium level was correlated with the average 24-h ABP and NDR, after adjustment for other clinical variables, such as the increase in body weight, serum albumin level, and urinary protein excretion. The data from repeated ABP measurements, before and after the achievement of remission, showed a marked decrease in the average 24-h ABP after remission. Furthermore, change in the serum sodium level was significantly correlated with the change in NDR. CONCLUSION These results suggest that alteration in renal handling of sodium and water, which might be reflected in serum sodium level, is involved in the abnormality of circadian blood pressure in primary NS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Haruhara
- a Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine , The Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Nobuo Tsuboi
- a Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine , The Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Kentaro Koike
- a Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine , The Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Go Kanzaki
- a Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine , The Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yusuke Okabayashi
- a Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine , The Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Takaya Sasaki
- a Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine , The Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Akira Fukui
- a Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine , The Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yoichi Miyazaki
- a Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine , The Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kawamura
- a Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine , The Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Makoto Ogura
- a Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine , The Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Takashi Yokoo
- a Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine , The Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
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13
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Kim DG, Bae GS, Jo IJ, Choi SB, Kim MJ, Jeong JH, Kang DG, Lee HS, Song HJ, Park SJ. Guggulsterone Attenuated Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Mouse Inner Medullary Collecting Duct-3 Cells. Inflammation 2016; 39:87-95. [PMID: 26260258 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-015-0226-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Guggulsterone (GS) is a phytosterol that has been used to treat inflammatory diseases such as colitis, obesity, and thrombosis. Although many previous studies have examined activities of GS, the effect of GS on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in mouse inner medullary collecting duct-3 (mIMCD-3) cells have not been examined. Therefore, here, we investigated the anti-inflammatory action of GS on mIMCD-3 cells exposed to LPS. LPS treatment on mIMCD-3 cells produced pro-inflammatory molecules such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) significantly; however, GS treatment significantly inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory molecules. In addition, GS inhibited the degradation of Iκ-Bα and translocation of NF-κB on mIMCD-3 cells. These results suggest that GS could inhibit inflammatory responses in collecting duct cells which could contribute to kidney injury during systemic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Goo Kim
- BK21 Plus Team, Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 540-749, South Korea.,Department of Herbology, School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 540-749, South Korea
| | - Gi-Sang Bae
- Department of Herbology, School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 540-749, South Korea.,Hanbang Body Fluid Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 540-749, South Korea
| | - Il-Joo Jo
- Department of Herbology, School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 540-749, South Korea.,Hanbang Body Fluid Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 540-749, South Korea
| | - Sun-Bok Choi
- BK21 Plus Team, Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 540-749, South Korea
| | - Myoung-Jin Kim
- BK21 Plus Team, Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 540-749, South Korea.,Department of Herbology, School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 540-749, South Korea
| | - Jun-Hyeok Jeong
- BK21 Plus Team, Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 540-749, South Korea.,Department of Herbology, School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 540-749, South Korea
| | - Dae-Gil Kang
- BK21 Plus Team, Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 540-749, South Korea.,Hanbang Body Fluid Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 540-749, South Korea.,Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine and College of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Shinyong-dong, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, South Korea
| | - Ho-Sub Lee
- BK21 Plus Team, Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 540-749, South Korea.,Hanbang Body Fluid Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 540-749, South Korea.,Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine and College of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Shinyong-dong, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, South Korea
| | - Ho-Joon Song
- BK21 Plus Team, Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 540-749, South Korea.,Department of Herbology, School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 540-749, South Korea
| | - Sung-Joo Park
- BK21 Plus Team, Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 540-749, South Korea. .,Department of Herbology, School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 540-749, South Korea. .,Hanbang Body Fluid Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 540-749, South Korea.
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14
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Just A. Salt control. Focus on “High salt induces autocrine actions of ET-1 on inner medullary collecting duct NO production via upregulated ET B receptor expression”. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 311:R374-6. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00329.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Armin Just
- Physiologisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, Germany
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Hall
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson.
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16
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Czopek A, Moorhouse R, Webb DJ, Dhaun N. Therapeutic potential of endothelin receptor antagonism in kidney disease. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 310:R388-97. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00478.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Our growing understanding of the role of the endothelin (ET) system in renal physiology and pathophysiology is from emerging studies of renal disease in animal models and humans. ET receptor antagonists reduce blood pressure and proteinuria in chronic kidney disease and cause regression of renal injury in animals. However, the therapeutic potential of ET receptor antagonism has not been fully explored and clinical studies have been largely limited to patients with diabetic nephropathy. There remains a need for more work in nondiabetic chronic kidney disease, end-stage renal disease (patients requiring maintenance dialysis and those with a functioning kidney transplant), ischemia reperfusion injury, and sickle cell disease. The current review summarizes the most recent advances in both preclinical and clinical studies of ET receptor antagonists in the field of kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Czopek
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Edinburgh; and The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh; and
| | - Rebecca Moorhouse
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Edinburgh; and The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh; and
| | - David J. Webb
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Edinburgh; and The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh; and
| | - Neeraj Dhaun
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Edinburgh; and The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh; and
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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17
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Franzén S, Palm F. Endothelin type A receptor inhibition normalises intrarenal hypoxia in rats used as a model of type 1 diabetes by improving oxygen delivery. Diabetologia 2015; 58:2435-42. [PMID: 26173672 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3690-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Intrarenal tissue hypoxia, secondary to increased oxygen consumption, has been suggested as a unifying mechanism for the development of diabetic nephropathy. Increased endothelin-1 signalling via the endothelin type A receptor (ETA-R) has been shown to contribute to the development of chronic kidney disease, but its role in kidney oxygen homeostasis is presently unknown. METHODS The effects of acute ETA-R inhibition (8 nmol/l BQ-123 for 30-40 min directly into the left renal artery) on kidney function and oxygen metabolism were investigated in normoglycaemic control and insulinopenic male Sprague Dawley rats (55 mg/kg streptozotocin intravenously 2 weeks before the main experiment) used as a model of type 1 diabetes. RESULTS Local inhibition of ETA-R in the left kidney did not affect BP in either the control or the diabetic rats. As previously reported, diabetic rats displayed increased kidney oxygen consumption resulting in tissue hypoxia in both the kidney cortex and medulla. The inhibition of ETA-Rs restored normal kidney tissue oxygen availability in the diabetic kidney by increasing renal blood flow, but did not affect oxygen consumption. Furthermore, ETA-R inhibition reduced the diabetes-induced glomerular hyperfiltration and increased the urinary sodium excretion. Kidney function in normoglycaemic control rats was largely unaffected by BQ-123 treatment, although it also increased renal blood flow and urinary sodium excretion in these animals. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Acutely reduced intrarenal ETA-R signalling results in significantly improved oxygen availability in the diabetic kidney secondary to elevated renal perfusion. Thus, the beneficial effects of ETA-R inhibition on kidney function in diabetes may be due to improved intrarenal oxygen homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Franzén
- Experimental Renal Medicine, Division of Drug Research, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, 58185, Linköping, Sweden.
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Fredrik Palm
- Experimental Renal Medicine, Division of Drug Research, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, 58185, Linköping, Sweden
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Division of Integrative Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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18
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Lynch IJ, Welch AK, Gumz ML, Kohan DE, Cain BD, Wingo CS. Effect of mineralocorticoid treatment in mice with collecting duct-specific knockout of endothelin-1. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 309:F1026-34. [PMID: 26400543 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00220.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldosterone increases blood pressure (BP) by stimulating sodium (Na) reabsorption within the distal nephron and collecting duct (CD). Aldosterone also stimulates endothelin-1 (ET-1) production that acts within the CD to inhibit Na reabsorption via a negative feedback mechanism. We tested the hypothesis that this renal aldosterone-endothelin feedback system regulates electrolyte balance and BP by comparing the effect of a high-salt (NaCl) diet and mineralocorticoid stimulation in control and CD-specific ET-1 knockout (CD ET-1 KO) mice. Metabolic balance and radiotelemetric BP were measured before and after treatment with desoxycorticosterone pivalate (DOCP) in mice fed a high-salt diet with saline to drink. CD ET-1 KO mice consumed more high-salt diet and saline and had greater urine output than controls. CD ET-1 KO mice exhibited increased BP and greater fluid retention and body weight than controls on a high-salt diet. DOCP with high-salt feeding further increased BP in CD ET-1 KO mice, and by the end of the study the CD ET-1 KO mice were substantially hypernatremic. Unlike controls, CD ET-1 KO mice failed to respond acutely or escape from DOCP treatment. We conclude that local ET-1 production in the CD is required for the appropriate renal response to Na loading and that lack of local ET-1 results in abnormal fluid and electrolyte handling when challenged with a high-salt diet and with DOCP treatment. Additionally, local ET-1 production is necessary, under these experimental conditions, for renal compensation to and escape from the chronic effects of mineralocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Jeanette Lynch
- Research Service, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Amanda K Welch
- Research Service, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Michelle L Gumz
- Research Service, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and
| | - Donald E Kohan
- Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Salt Lake City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Brian D Cain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and
| | - Charles S Wingo
- Research Service, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida;
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19
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Haruhara K, Tsuboi N, Koike K, Kanzaki G, Okabayashi Y, Miyazaki Y, Kawamura T, Ogura M, Yokoo T. Ambulatory blood pressure and tubulointerstitial injury in patients with IgA nephropathy. Clin Kidney J 2015; 8:716-21. [PMID: 26613030 PMCID: PMC4655792 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfv083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Few studies have been conducted to assess the ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) in IgA nephropathy (IgAN) patients. This study aimed to determine the relationships between ABP and renal histopathological findings assessed using the Oxford classification (OC) and the Japanese classification (JC), which have recently established histopathological criteria for IgAN. Methods This cross-sectional study included biopsy-diagnosed IgAN patients, in whom both a renal biopsy and ABP measurement were performed. The histopathological findings were assessed using the OC and the JC and were analyzed in relation to the ABP. Results A total of 111 IgAN patients were included. The score of interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (T score) using the OC was a significantly associated factor with both the daytime and nighttime ABP values. In contrast, the other histopathological scores, including mesangial hypercellularity, endocapillary hypercellularity and segmental glomerulosclerosis, did not show significant associations with the ABP. The histological grade (H-grade) using the JC, which was based on the sum of injured glomeruli, was associated with the daytime ABP, but not with the nighttime ABP. The associations between the T score using the OC (%) and the daytime and nighttime ABP values were independent of age, gender, renal function, proteinuria and the use of antihypertensive medications, whereas the H-grade using the JC (%) did not show significant associations after adjusting for these clinical parameters. Conclusions These results suggest that the T score using the OC is the most relevant renal histopathological parameter associated with abnormalities of circadian blood pressure in IgAN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Haruhara
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine , Jikei University School of Medicine , Minato-Ku , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Nobuo Tsuboi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine , Jikei University School of Medicine , Minato-Ku , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Kentaro Koike
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine , Jikei University School of Medicine , Minato-Ku , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Go Kanzaki
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine , Jikei University School of Medicine , Minato-Ku , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yusuke Okabayashi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine , Jikei University School of Medicine , Minato-Ku , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yoichi Miyazaki
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine , Jikei University School of Medicine , Minato-Ku , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kawamura
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine , Jikei University School of Medicine , Minato-Ku , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Makoto Ogura
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine , Jikei University School of Medicine , Minato-Ku , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Takashi Yokoo
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine , Jikei University School of Medicine , Minato-Ku , Tokyo , Japan
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20
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Natarajan AR, Eisner GM, Armando I, Browning S, Pezzullo JC, Rhee L, Dajani M, Carey RM, Jose PA. The Renin-Angiotensin and Renal Dopaminergic Systems Interact in Normotensive Humans. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:265-79. [PMID: 25977313 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014100958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS) and renal dopaminergic systems interact to maintain sodium balance. High NaCl intake increases renal synthesis of dopamine and dopaminergic receptor activity, decreasing epithelial sodium transport, whereas sodium deficit activates the RAAS, increasing epithelial sodium transport. We tested the hypothesis that attenuation of the natriuretic effect of dopamine D1-like receptors during salt restriction results in part from increased RAAS activity in seven salt-resistant normotensive adults using a double-blind placebo-controlled balanced crossover design. All subjects attained sodium balance on low (50 mmol Na(+)/day) and high (300 mmol Na(+)/day) NaCl diets, administered 4 weeks apart. Sodium, potassium, lithium, para-aminohippurate, and creatinine clearances were measured before, during, and after a 3-hour infusion of fenoldopam, a D1-like receptor agonist, with and without pretreatment with enalapril, an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor. On the high NaCl diet, fenoldopam-induced natriuresis was associated with the inhibition of renal proximal and distal tubule sodium transport. On the low NaCl diet, fenoldopam decreased renal distal tubule sodium transport but did not cause natriuresis. The addition of enalapril to fenoldopam restored the natriuretic effect of fenoldopam and its inhibitory effect on proximal tubule sodium transport. Thus, on a high NaCl diet fenoldopam causes natriuresis by inhibiting renal proximal and distal tubule transport, but on a low NaCl diet the increased RAAS activity prevents the D1-like receptor from inhibiting renal proximal tubule sodium transport, neutralizing the natriuretic effect of fenoldopam. These results demonstrate an interaction between the renin-angiotensin and renal dopaminergic systems in humans and highlight the influence of dietary NaCl on these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gilbert M Eisner
- Internal Medicine, MedStar-Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC
| | - Ines Armando
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, and
| | - Shaunagh Browning
- Clinical Research Unit, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; and
| | - John C Pezzullo
- Clinical Research Unit, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; and
| | - Lauren Rhee
- Clinical Research Unit, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; and
| | | | - Robert M Carey
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Pedro A Jose
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, and Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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21
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Endothelin receptors, renal effects and blood pressure. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2015; 21:25-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
The amiloride-sensitive epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC) is a key player in the regulation of Na(+) homeostasis. Its functional activity is under continuous control by a variety of signaling molecules, including bioactive peptides of endothelin family. Since ENaC dysfunction is causative for disturbances in total body Na(+) levels associated with the abnormal regulation of blood volume, blood pressure, and lung fluid balance, uncovering the molecular mechanisms of inhibitory modulation or inappropriate activation of ENaC is crucial for the successful treatment of a variety of human diseases including hypertension. The precise regulation of ENaC is particularly important for normal Na(+) and fluid homeostasis in organs where endothelins are known to act: the kidneys, lung, and colon. Inhibition of ENaC by endothelin-1 (ET-1) has been established in renal cells, and several molecular mechanisms of inhibition of ENaC by ET-1 are proposed and will be reviewed in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Sorokin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
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23
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Haruhara K, Tsuboi N, Koike K, Fukui A, Miyazaki Y, Kawamura T, Ogura M, Yokoo T. Renal histopathological findings in relation to ambulatory blood pressure in chronic kidney disease patients. Hypertens Res 2014; 38:116-22. [PMID: 25231252 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2014.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that ambulatory blood pressure monitoring is useful for predicting the long-term renal prognosis and future cardiovascular events in chronic kidney disease patients. Currently, however, information is limited regarding the relationships between individual renal histopathological findings and abnormalities in ambulatory blood pressure. This retrospective cross-sectional study included a total of 138 patients, in whom both renal biopsies and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring were performed during the same admission period. Renal histopathological findings, including global glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy and the presence of arterial lesions and arteriole lesions, were scored and analyzed in relation to the ambulatory blood pressure values. Among these histopathological characteristics, only the severity of interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy exhibited a significant association with an increased mean value of daytime and nighttime blood pressure. However, the remaining histopathological features showed only trends or weak relationships with these values. In addition, a moderately advanced grade of interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy was found to be significantly associated with both daytime and nighttime hypertension, independent of the kidney function, overt proteinuria and the use of antihypertensive medications, according to multivariate analyses. Furthermore, the night-to-day ratio of the mean blood pressure displayed a significant increasing trend according to the grade of interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy. These results suggest that interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy is the most relevant renal histopathological parameter associated with abnormalities in ambulatory blood pressure, including nocturnal hypertension, in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Haruhara
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuo Tsuboi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Koike
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Fukui
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichi Miyazaki
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kawamura
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Ogura
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Yokoo
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Activation of the endothelin system mediates pathological angiogenesis during ischemic retinopathy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:3040-51. [PMID: 25203536 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Retinopathy of prematurity adversely affects premature infants because of oxygen-induced damage of the immature retinal vasculature, resulting in pathological neovascularization (NV). Our pilot studies using the mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) showed marked increases in angiogenic mediators, including endothelins and endothelin receptor (EDNR) A. We hypothesized that activation of the endothelin system via EDNRA plays a causal role in pathological angiogenesis and up-regulation of angiogenic mediators, including vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) in OIR. Mice were exposed to 75% oxygen from post-natal day P7 to P12, treated with either vehicle or EDNRA antagonist BQ-123 or EDNRB antagonist BQ-788 on P12, and kept at room air from P12 to P17 (ischemic phase). RT-PCR analysis revealed increased levels of EDN2 and EDNRA mRNA, and Western blot analysis revealed increased EDN2 expression during the ischemic phase. EDNRA inhibition significantly increased vessel sprouting, resulting in enhanced physiological angiogenesis and decreased pathological NV, whereas EDNRB inhibition modestly improved vascular repair. OIR triggered significant increases in VEGFA protein and mRNA for delta-like ligand 4, apelin, angiopoietin-2, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. BQ-123 treatment significantly reduced these alterations. EDN2 expression was localized to retinal glia and pathological NV tufts of the OIR retinas. EDN2 also induced VEGFA protein expression in cultured astrocytes. In conclusion, inhibition of the EDNRA during OIR suppresses pathological NV and promotes physiological angiogenesis.
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25
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Rosenberger C, Fähling M. Selective endothelin inhibition in diabetic nephropathy: is it the icing on the cake? Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 212:1-4. [PMID: 24947550 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Rosenberger
- Institute of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation; Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - M. Fähling
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology; Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
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26
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Kamiyama J, Jesmin S, Sakuramoto H, Shimojo N, Islam MM, Khatun T, Oki M, Kawano S, Mizutani T. Assessment of circulatory and pulmonary endothelin-1 levels in a lavage-induced surfactant-depleted lung injury rabbit model with repeated open endotracheal suctioning and hyperinflation. Life Sci 2014; 118:370-8. [PMID: 24735960 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a mediator of various physiological and pathological processes, including vascular inflammation, cell proliferation and vasoconstriction. Attenuation of ET action using ET-1 antagonists reduces pulmonary vascular leakage and inflammation in several models of lung injuries and experimental acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Based on these earlier reports, the current study investigates the patterns of ET-1 levels in circulation and pulmonary tissues in an experimental model of lavage-induced surfactant-depleted lung injury. Additionally, we also test the effects of open endotracheal suctioning (OES) and hyperinflation (HI) as recruitment maneuver following OES on ET-1 levels. MAIN METHODS Briefly, 24 Japanese white rabbits were anesthetized and intubated. Normal saline was instilled into the lung and washed mildly. After instillation, rabbits were ventilated at definite settings at a total duration of 3 hours. OES and HI were performed every 15 minutes from the beginning of the protocol. KEY FINDINGS Here, we show that both circulatory and pulmonary ET-1 levels increased in models with lung injury induced by saline lavage compared to healthy control group. No further aggravation in expression of pulmonary ET-1 was seen after OES and HI, although OES and HI worsened arterial hypoxygenation and severity of lung injury. In contrast, circulatory ET-1 levels significantly decreased after OES and HI but were not associated with blood pressure changes. SIGNIFICANCE We conclude that in a saline lavage-induced lung injury model, both circulatory and pulmonary ET-1 levels increased. Further, OES and HI exerted differential effects on ET-1 expression at both circulatory and pulmonary levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Kamiyama
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Subrina Jesmin
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hideaki Sakuramoto
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nobutake Shimojo
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Md Majedul Islam
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tanzila Khatun
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masami Oki
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Satoru Kawano
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Taro Mizutani
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Richards J, Welch AK, Barilovits SJ, All S, Cheng KY, Wingo CS, Cain BD, Gumz ML. Tissue-specific and time-dependent regulation of the endothelin axis by the circadian clock protein Per1. Life Sci 2014; 118:255-62. [PMID: 24721511 PMCID: PMC4387882 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The present study is designed to consider a role for the circadian clock protein Per1 in the regulation of the endothelin axis in mouse kidney, lung, liver and heart. Renal endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a regulator of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and blood pressure (BP), via activation of both endothelin receptors, ETA and ETB. However, ET-1 mediates many complex events in other tissues. MAIN METHODS Tissues were collected in the middle of murine rest and active phases, at noon and midnight, respectively. ET-1, ETA and ETB mRNA expressions were measured in the lung, heart, liver, renal inner medulla and renal cortex of wild type and Per1 heterozygous mice using real-time quantitative RT-PCR. KEY FINDINGS The effect of reduced Per1 expression on levels of mRNAs and the time-dependent regulation of expression of the endothelin axis genes appeared to be tissue-specific. In the renal inner medulla and the liver, ETA and ETB exhibited peaks of expression in opposite circadian phases. In contrast, expressions of ET-1, ETA and ETB in the lung did not appear to vary with time, but ET-1 expression was dramatically decreased in this tissue in Per1 heterozygous mice. Interestingly, ET-1 and ETA, but not ETB, were expressed in a time-dependent manner in the heart. SIGNIFICANCE Per1 appears to regulate expression of the endothelin axis genes in a tissue-specific and time-dependent manner. These observations have important implications for our understanding of the best time of day to deliver endothelin receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Richards
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, USA
| | - Amanda K Welch
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, USA; North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sarah J Barilovits
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, USA
| | - Sean All
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, USA
| | | | - Charles S Wingo
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, USA; North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Brian D Cain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, USA
| | - Michelle L Gumz
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, USA.
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Cernaro V, Trifirò G, Lorenzano G, Lucisano S, Buemi M, Santoro D. New therapeutic strategies under development to halt the progression of renal failure. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 23:693-709. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.899352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Rossier BC. Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and the control of blood pressure. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2014; 15:33-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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