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Liu J, Chen Y. Cell-cell crosstalk between fat cells and immune cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2024; 327:E371-E383. [PMID: 39082899 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00024.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is a metabolic disorder with pandemic-like implications, lacking viable pharmaceutical treatments currently. Thermogenic adipose tissues, including brown and beige adipose tissues, play an essential role in regulating systemic energy homeostasis and have emerged as appealing therapeutic targets for the treatment of obesity and obesity-related diseases. The function of adipocytes is subject to complex regulation by a cellular network of immune signaling pathways in response to environmental signals. However, the specific regulatory roles of immune cells in thermogenesis and relevant involving mechanisms are still not well understood. Here, we concentrate on our present knowledge of the interaction between thermogenic adipocytes and immune cells and present an overview of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying immunometabolism in adipose tissues. We discuss cytokines, especially interleukins, which originate from widely variable sources, and their impacts on the development and function of thermogenic adipocytes. Moreover, we summarize the neuroimmune regulation in heat production and expand a new mode of intercellular communication mediated by mitochondrial transfer. The crosstalk between immune cells and adipocytes achieves adipose tissue homeostasis and systemic energy balance. A deep understanding of this intricate interaction would provide evidence for improving thermogenic efficiency by remodeling the immune microenvironment. Interventions based on these factors show a high potential to prevent adverse metabolic outcomes in patients with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadai Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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2
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Park MJ, Choi KM. Interplay of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue: sarcopenic obesity. Metabolism 2023; 144:155577. [PMID: 37127228 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenic obesity is becoming a global health concern, owing to the rising older population, causing cardiometabolic morbidity and mortality. Loss of muscle exceeding normal age-related changes has been revealed to be associated with obesity, aggravating each other through complex interactions. Physiological regeneration and proliferation of muscle tissue are achieved through harmonious processes of regulated inflammation, autophagy, muscle satellite cell proliferation, and signaling molecule function. Adipokines and myokines are signaling molecules from adipose tissue and muscle, respectively, that exert autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine effects on fat and muscle tissues. These signaling molecules interact with each other to regulate metabolic homeostasis. However, excessive adiposity creates pro-inflammatory conditions, leading to metabolic disorders and the disorganization of systemic homeostasis. Therefore, obesity impedes muscle tissue regeneration and induces the loss of muscle mass and function. Numerous studies have attempted to demonstrate the pathophysiological interaction between sarcopenia and obesity, but the interwoven matrix of the relationship between myokines and adipokines has made it difficult for researchers to understand them. This review briefly describes updated information about the crosstalk between muscle and adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jeong Park
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Mook Choi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Orsatti CL, Orsatti FL, Bezerra TG, Quevedo A, Nahas EAP. Interleukin-15 are associated with insulin resistance in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol 2022; 38:765-770. [PMID: 35921852 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2022.2105832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if higher levels of circulating interleukin (IL)-15 are positively associated with improvement in insulin resistance in postmenopausal women (PW) with metabolic syndrome (MS). METHODS According to the median value of IL-15 at baseline, PW older than or equal to 45 years were divided into two groups: higher (n = 43) and lower (n = 42) IL-15. There was a 9-month follow-up period with clinical assessments at baseline and at 9 months (criteria of metabolic syndrome, body fat, and insulin resistance). Insulin resistance (IR) was calculated according to the Homeostasis Model Assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). For IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IL-33, IL-15, and TNF-α was determined using immunoassay Magnetic Bead Panel. RESULTS There was an interaction between the time and group only for insulin (p = .008) and HOMA-IR (p = .024). After adjusting for confounding variables (clinical and ILs), the HOMA-IR (p = .006) and insulin (p = .003) were lower in the higher-IL-15 group [HOMA-IR: 2.2 (95% CI: 1.9-2.5) and insulin: 9.1 µIU/mL (95% CI: 7.9-10.3)] when compared to the lower-IL-15 group [HOMA-IR: 3.1 (95% CI: 2.6-3.6) and insulin: 12.9 (95% CI: 11.1-14.9)] after 9 months of follow-up. CONCLUSION Higher levels of circulating IL-15 are positively associated with improvements in IR in PW with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabio Lera Orsatti
- Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Exercise Research Group - PhyNEr, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro - UFTM, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Quevedo
- Department Health Science, Oeste Paulista University - UNOESTE, Jaú, SP, Brazil
| | - Eliana Aguiar Petri Nahas
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University-UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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4
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He Y, Bo Q, Mao Z, Yang J, Liu M, Wang H, Kastin AJ, Pan W, Wang C, Sun Z. Reduced Serum Levels of Soluble Interleukin-15 Receptor α in Schizophrenia and Its Relationship to the Excited Phenotype. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:842003. [PMID: 35356722 PMCID: PMC8959406 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.842003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies documented that interleukin-15 receptor α (IL-15Rα) knockout (KO) mice exhibited hyperactivity, memory impairment, and desperate behavior, which are core features of schizophrenia and depression. Due to the overlapping symptomology and pathogenesis observed for schizophrenia and depression, the present study attempted to determine whether IL-15Rα was associated with the risk of schizophrenia or depression. One hundred fifty-six participants, including 63 schizophrenia patients, 29 depressive patients, and 64 age-matched healthy controls, were enrolled in the study. We investigated the circulating levels of soluble IL-15Rα and analyzed potential links between the IL-15Rα levels and clinical symptoms present in schizophrenia or depressive patients. We observed reduced serum IL-15Rα levels in schizophrenia patients, but not depressive patients compared with controls. Moreover, a significant negative association was observed between the circulating IL-15Rα levels and excited phenotypes in the schizophrenia patients. The IL-15Rα KO mice displayed pronounced pre-pulse inhibition impairment, which was a typical symptom of schizophrenia. Interestingly, the IL-15Rα KO mice exhibited a remarkable elevation in the startle amplitude in the startle reflex test compared to wild type mice. These results demonstrated that serum levels of soluble IL-15Rα were reduced in schizophrenia and highlighted the relationship of IL-15Rα and the excited phenotype in schizophrenia patients and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qijing Bo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Mao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Abba J Kastin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Weihong Pan
- BioPotentials Consult, Sedona, AZ, United States
| | - Chuanyue Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zuoli Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Bergin SM, Xiao R, Huang W, Judd CRT, Liu X, Mansour AG, Queen N, Widstrom KJ, Caligiuri MA, Cao L. Environmental activation of a hypothalamic BDNF-adipocyte IL-15 axis regulates adipose-natural killer cells. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 95:477-488. [PMID: 33989745 PMCID: PMC8493653 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical and social environments influence immune homeostasis within adipose tissue, yet the mechanisms remain poorly defined. We report that an enriched environment (EE) housing modulates the immune cell population in white adipose tissue of mice including an increase in the abundance of natural killer (NK) cells. EE upregulates the expression of IL-15 and its receptor IL-15Rα specifically within mature adipocytes. Mechanistically, we show that hypothalamic brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) upregulates IL-15 production in adipocytes via sympathetic β-adrenergic signaling. Overexpressing BDNF mediated by recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector in the hypothalamus expands adipose NK cells. Conversely, inhibition of hypothalamic BDNF signaling via gene transfer of a dominant negative TrkB receptor suppresses adipose NK cells. In white adipose tissue, overexpression of IL-15 using an adipocyte-specific rAAV vector stimulates adipose NK cells and inhibits the progression of subcutaneous melanoma, whereas local IL-15 knockdown blocks the EE effect. These results suggest that bio-behavioral factors regulate adipose NK cells via a hypothalamic BDNF-sympathoneural-adipocyte IL-15 axis. Targeting this pathway may have therapeutic significance for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Bergin
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Medical Scientist Training Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Run Xiao
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Wei Huang
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - C Ryan T Judd
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Xianglan Liu
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Anthony G Mansour
- Department of Hematological Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 91010, United States
| | - Nicholas Queen
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Kyle J Widstrom
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Michael A Caligiuri
- Department of Hematological Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 91010, United States.
| | - Lei Cao
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
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6
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Li J, Li Y, Zhou X, Wei L, Zhang J, Zhu S, Zhang H, Gao X, Sharifu LM, Wang S, Xi L, Feng L. Upregulation of IL-15 in the placenta alters trophoblasts behavior contributing to gestational diabetes mellitus. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:33. [PMID: 33557944 PMCID: PMC7869487 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00533-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin-15 (IL-15), a member of the ‘four α-helix bundle’ cytokine family, has been associated with many inflammatory and metabolic diseases. Abnormal expression of IL-15 has been linked to the occurrence and development of obesity and diabetes. However, there is a paucity of research on the involvement of IL-15 in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM). This study aims at investigating the role of IL-15 in the pathogenesis of GDM. Results IL-15 was consistently expressed in the placenta throughout pregnancy and dynamically changed with pregnancy progress. Trophoblasts have been identified as the major source of IL-15 in the placenta. Expression of IL-15 was significantly increased in the placenta of GDM and in the trophoblasts cultured with high glucose (HG). In our study, expression of IL-15 in the placenta was positively correlated with blood glucose concentration of 75 g Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT), and was inversely correlated with weight of newborns. Further investigations in vitro showed that exogenous addition of IL-15 promoted trophoblasts proliferation, improved invasion and tube formation ability by activating the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, which be blocked by JAK inhibitors. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that IL-15 expression in the placenta was dynamically changing during pregnancy, and it was upregulated in the placenta of GDM patients. Furthermore, IL-15 altered the biological behavior of trophoblasts through JAK/STAT signaling pathway in vitro, and may contributed to the placental pathology of GDM. Our findings provide a new direction for studying the pathophysiological changes of placenta in GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Li
- National Clinical Research Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Anv, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Yuan Li
- National Clinical Research Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Anv, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Anv, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Lijie Wei
- National Clinical Research Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Anv, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Anv, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Shenglan Zhu
- National Clinical Research Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Anv, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Huiting Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Anv, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Xuan Gao
- National Clinical Research Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Anv, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Lali Mwamaka Sharifu
- National Clinical Research Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Anv, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Shaoshuai Wang
- National Clinical Research Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Anv, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Ling Xi
- National Clinical Research Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Anv, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Ling Feng
- National Clinical Research Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Anv, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
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He Y, Yu Y, Li Y, Duan W, Sun Z, Yang J, Kastin AJ, Pan W, Zhang Y, Wang K. Phenotypic Resemblance to Neuropsychiatric Disorder and Altered mRNA Profiles in Cortex and Hippocampus Underlying IL15Rα Knockout. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:582279. [PMID: 33613171 PMCID: PMC7887313 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.582279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies of the functions of IL15Rα have been limited to immune activities and skeletal muscle development. Immunological factors have been identified as one of the multiple causes of psychosis, and neurological symptoms have been described in IL15Rα knockout (KO) mice. Seeking to explore possible mechanisms for this in the IL15Rα-/- mouse brain, we analyzed gene expression patterns in the cortex and hippocampus using the RNA-seq technique. Methods IL15Rα KO mice were generated and littermate wildtype (WT) mice were used as a control group. A Y-maze was used to assess behavior differences between the two groups. The cortex and hippocampus of 3-month-old male mice were prepared and RNA-seq and transcriptome analysis were performed by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Results Compared with the WT group, IL15Rα KO animals showed higher speed in the novel arm and more entrance frequency in the old arm in the Y-maze experiment. GSEA indicated that 18 pathways were downregulated and 13 pathways upregulated in both cortex and hippocampus from the GO, KEGG, and Hallmark gene sets. The downregulated pathways formed three clusters: respiratory chain and electron transport, regulation of steroid process, and skeletal muscle development. Conclusion IL15Rα KO mice exhibit altered expression of multiple pathways, which could affect many functions of the brain. Lipid biosynthesis and metabolism in the central nervous system (CNS) should be investigated to provide insights into the effect of IL15Rα on psychosis in this murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi He
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weicheng Duan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zuoli Sun
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Yang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Abba J Kastin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Weihong Pan
- BioPotentials Consult, Sedona, AZ, United States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kang Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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8
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Lehallier B, Shokhirev MN, Wyss‐Coray T, Johnson AA. Data mining of human plasma proteins generates a multitude of highly predictive aging clocks that reflect different aspects of aging. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13256. [PMID: 33031577 PMCID: PMC7681068 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified 529 proteins that had been reported by multiple different studies to change their expression level with age in human plasma. In the present study, we measured the q-value and age coefficient of these proteins in a plasma proteomic dataset derived from 4263 individuals. A bioinformatics enrichment analysis of proteins that significantly trend toward increased expression with age strongly implicated diverse inflammatory processes. A literature search revealed that at least 64 of these 529 proteins are capable of regulating life span in an animal model. Nine of these proteins (AKT2, GDF11, GDF15, GHR, NAMPT, PAPPA, PLAU, PTEN, and SHC1) significantly extend life span when manipulated in mice or fish. By performing machine-learning modeling in a plasma proteomic dataset derived from 3301 individuals, we discover an ultra-predictive aging clock comprised of 491 protein entries. The Pearson correlation for this clock was 0.98 in the learning set and 0.96 in the test set while the median absolute error was 1.84 years in the learning set and 2.44 years in the test set. Using this clock, we demonstrate that aerobic-exercised trained individuals have a younger predicted age than physically sedentary subjects. By testing clocks associated with 1565 different Reactome pathways, we also show that proteins associated with signal transduction or the immune system are especially capable of predicting human age. We additionally generate a multitude of age predictors that reflect different aspects of aging. For example, a clock comprised of proteins that regulate life span in animal models accurately predicts age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Lehallier
- Department of Neurology and Neurological SciencesStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences InstituteStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of AgingStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Maxim N. Shokhirev
- Razavi Newman Integrative Genomics and Bioinformatics CoreThe Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Tony Wyss‐Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological SciencesStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences InstituteStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of AgingStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Veterans AffairsVA Palo Alto Health Care SystemPalo AltoCaliforniaUSA
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9
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Aguiar AS, Speck AE, Canas PM, Cunha RA. Neuronal adenosine A 2A receptors signal ergogenic effects of caffeine. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13414. [PMID: 32770138 PMCID: PMC7415152 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69660-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is one of the most used ergogenic aid for physical exercise and sports. However, its mechanism of action is still controversial. The adenosinergic hypothesis is promising due to the pharmacology of caffeine, a nonselective antagonist of adenosine A1 and A2A receptors. We now investigated A2AR as a possible ergogenic mechanism through pharmacological and genetic inactivation. Forty-two adult females (20.0 ± 0.2 g) and 40 male mice (23.9 ± 0.4 g) from a global and forebrain A2AR knockout (KO) colony ran an incremental exercise test with indirect calorimetry (V̇O2 and RER). We administered caffeine (15 mg/kg, i.p., nonselective) and SCH 58261 (1 mg/kg, i.p., selective A2AR antagonist) 15 min before the open field and exercise tests. We also evaluated the estrous cycle and infrared temperature immediately at the end of the exercise test. Caffeine and SCH 58621 were psychostimulant. Moreover, Caffeine and SCH 58621 were ergogenic, that is, they increased V̇O2max, running power, and critical power, showing that A2AR antagonism is ergogenic. Furthermore, the ergogenic effects of caffeine were abrogated in global and forebrain A2AR KO mice, showing that the antagonism of A2AR in forebrain neurons is responsible for the ergogenic action of caffeine. Furthermore, caffeine modified the exercising metabolism in an A2AR-dependent manner, and A2AR was paramount for exercise thermoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aderbal S Aguiar
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Biology of Exercise Lab, Department of Health Sciences, UFSC-Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá, SC, 88905-120, Brazil.
| | - Ana Elisa Speck
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
- Biology of Exercise Lab, Department of Health Sciences, UFSC-Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá, SC, 88905-120, Brazil
| | - Paula M Canas
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo A Cunha
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
- FMUC - Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
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10
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Loro E, Jang C, Quinn WJ, Baur JA, Arany ZP, Khurana TS. Effect of Interleukin-15 Receptor Alpha Ablation on the Metabolic Responses to Moderate Exercise Simulated by in vivo Isometric Muscle Contractions. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1439. [PMID: 31849697 PMCID: PMC6901992 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lack of interleukin 15 receptor alpha (IL15RA) increases spontaneous activity, exercise capacity and protects from diet-induced obesity by enhancing muscle energy metabolism, suggesting a role as exercise mimetic for IL15RA antagonists. Using controlled in vivo muscle stimulation mimicking moderate exercise in normal and Il15ra-/- mice, we mapped and contrasted the metabolic pathways activated upon stimulation or deletion of IL15RA. Stimulation caused the differential regulation of 123 out of the 321 detected metabolites (FDR ≤ 0.05 and fold change ≥ ±1.5). The main energy pathways activated were fatty acid oxidation, nucleotide metabolism, and anaplerotic reactions. Notably, resting Il15ra-/- muscles were primed in a semi-exercised state, characterized by higher pool sizes of fatty acids oxidized to support muscle activity. These studies identify the role of IL15RA in the system-wide metabolic response to exercise and should enable translational studies to harness the potential of IL15RA blockade as a novel exercise mimetic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Loro
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Cholsoon Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - William J Quinn
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Joseph A Baur
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Zoltan P Arany
- Department of Medicine, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Tejvir S Khurana
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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11
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Nadeau L, Aguer C. Interleukin-15 as a myokine: mechanistic insight into its effect on skeletal muscle metabolism. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:229-238. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-15 is a cytokine with important immunological functions. It is highly expressed in skeletal muscle and is believed to be a myokine, a hypothesis supported by the rapid increase in circulating levels of IL-15 in response to exercise. Treatment with high doses of IL-15 results in metabolic adaptations such as improved insulin sensitivity and whole-body fatty acid oxidation and protection from high-fat-diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. IL-15 secreted by contracting muscle may therefore act as an endocrine factor to improve adiposity and energy metabolism in different tissues. Most studies have used supraphysiological doses of IL-15 that do not represent circulating IL-15 in response to exercise. However, evidence shows that IL-15 levels are higher in muscle interstitium and that IL-15 might improve muscle glucose homeostasis and oxidative metabolism in an autocrine/paracrine manner. Nevertheless, how IL-15 signals in skeletal muscle to improve muscle energy metabolism is not understood completely, especially because the absence of the α subunit of the IL-15 receptor (IL-15Rα) results in a phenotype similar to that of overexpressing/oversecreting IL-15 in mice. In this article, we review the literature to propose a model for the regulation of IL-15 by the soluble form of IL-15Rα to explain why some findings in the literature seem, at first glance, to be contradictory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucien Nadeau
- Institut du Savoir Montfort – Recherche, 713 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON K1K 0T2, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Céline Aguer
- Institut du Savoir Montfort – Recherche, 713 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON K1K 0T2, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
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12
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Pérez-López A, Calbet JAL. Discussion of "Interleukin-15 as a myokine: mechanistic insight into its effect on skeletal muscle metabolism" - Interleukin-15 and interleukin-15Rα-dependent/-independent functions in human skeletal muscle are largely unknown. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:336-337. [PMID: 30789310 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Pérez-López
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid 28871, Spain
| | - Jose A L Calbet
- b Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,c Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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13
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Lavorato M, Loro E, Debattisti V, Khurana TS, Franzini-Armstrong C. Elongated mitochondrial constrictions and fission in muscle fatigue. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs221028. [PMID: 30404834 PMCID: PMC6288074 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.221028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria respond to stress and undergo fusion and fission at variable rates, depending on cell status. To understand mitochondrial behavior during muscle fatigue, we investigated mitochondrial ultrastructure and expression levels of a fission- and stress-related protein in fast-twitch muscle fibers of mice subjected to fatigue testing. Mice were subjected to running at increasing speed until exhaustion at 45 min-1 h. In further experiments, high-intensity muscle stimulation through the sciatic nerve simulated the forced treadmill exercise. We detected a rare phenotype characterized by elongated mitochondrial constrictions (EMCs) connecting two separate segments of the original organelles. EMCs are rare in resting muscles and their frequency increases, albeit still at low levels, in stimulated muscles. The constrictions are accompanied by elevated phosphorylation of Drp1 (Dnm1l) at Ser 616, indicating an increased translocation of Drp1 to the mitochondrial membrane. This is indicative of a mitochondrial stress response, perhaps leading to or facilitating a long-lasting fission event. A close apposition of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) to the constricted areas, detected using both transmission and scanning electron microscopy, is highly suggestive of SR involvement in inducing mitochondrial constrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Lavorato
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Emanuele Loro
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Valentina Debattisti
- MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Tejvir S Khurana
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Clara Franzini-Armstrong
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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14
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Nadeau L, Patten DA, Caron A, Garneau L, Pinault-Masson E, Foretz M, Haddad P, Anderson BG, Quinn LS, Jardine K, McBurney MW, Pistilli EE, Harper ME, Aguer C. IL-15 improves skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism and glucose uptake in association with increased respiratory chain supercomplex formation and AMPK pathway activation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1863:395-407. [PMID: 30448294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-15 is believed to play a role in the beneficial impact of exercise on muscle energy metabolism. However, previous studies have generally used supraphysiological levels of IL-15 that do not represent contraction-induced IL-15 secretion. METHODS L6 myotubes were treated acutely (3 h) and chronically (48 h) with concentrations of IL-15 mimicking circulating (1-10 pg/ml) and muscle interstitial (100 pg/ml -20 ng/ml) IL-15 levels with the aim to better understand its autocrine/paracrine role on muscle glucose uptake and mitochondrial function. RESULTS Acute exposure to IL-15 levels representing muscle interstitial IL-15 increased basal glucose uptake without affecting insulin sensitivity. This was accompanied by increased mitochondrial oxidative functions in association with increased AMPK pathway and formation of complex III-containing supercomplexes. Conversely, chronic IL-15 exposure resulted in a biphasic effect on mitochondrial oxidative functions and ETC supercomplex formation was increased with low IL-15 levels but decreased with higher IL-15 concentrations. The AMPK pathway was activated only by high levels of chronic IL-15 treatment. Similar results were obtained in skeletal muscle from muscle-specific IL-15 overexpressing mice that show very high circulating IL-15 levels. CONCLUSIONS Acute IL-15 treatment that mimics local IL-15 concentrations enhances muscle glucose uptake and mitochondrial oxidative functions. That mitochondria respond differently to different levels of IL-15 during chronic treatments indicates that IL-15 might activate two different pathways in muscle depending on IL-15 concentrations. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our results suggest that IL-15 may act in an autocrine/paracrine fashion and be, at least in part, involved in the positive effect of exercise on muscle energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Nadeau
- Institut du Savoir Montfort - Recherche, Ottawa, ON, Canada; University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - D A Patten
- University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - A Caron
- Institut du Savoir Montfort - Recherche, Ottawa, ON, Canada; University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - L Garneau
- Institut du Savoir Montfort - Recherche, Ottawa, ON, Canada; University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - E Pinault-Masson
- Institut du Savoir Montfort - Recherche, Ottawa, ON, Canada; University of Ottawa, Faculty of Science, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - M Foretz
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris 75014, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris 75014, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
| | - P Haddad
- Institut du Savoir Montfort - Recherche, Ottawa, ON, Canada; University of Ottawa, Faculty of Science, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - B G Anderson
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - L S Quinn
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - K Jardine
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - M W McBurney
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - E E Pistilli
- West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - M E Harper
- University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - C Aguer
- Institut du Savoir Montfort - Recherche, Ottawa, ON, Canada; University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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15
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Loro E, Bisetto S, Khurana TS. Mitochondrial ultrastructural adaptations in fast muscles of mice lacking IL15RA. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.218313. [PMID: 30301784 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.218313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-15 (IL15) and its receptor α (IL15RA) participate in the regulation of musculoskeletal function and metabolism. Deletion of the Il15ra gene in mice increases spontaneous activity, improves fatigue resistance in the glycolytic extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and protects from diet-induced obesity. In humans, IL15RA single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been linked to muscle strength, metabolism and performance in elite endurance athletes. Taken together, these features suggest a possible role for IL15RA in muscle mitochondrial structure and function. Here, we have investigated the consequences of loss of IL15RA on skeletal muscle fiber-type properties and mitochondrial ultrastructure. Immunostaining of the EDL for myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms revealed no significant changes in fiber type. Electron microscopy (EM) analysis of the EDL indicated an overall higher mitochondria content, and increased cristae density in subsarcolemmal and A-band mitochondrial subpopulations. The higher cristae density in Il15ra -/- mitochondria was associated with higher OPA1 and cardiolipin levels. Overall, these data extend our understanding of the role of IL15RA signaling in muscle oxidative metabolism and adaptation to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Loro
- Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sara Bisetto
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Tejvir S Khurana
- Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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16
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García MDC, Pazos P, Lima L, Diéguez C. Regulation of Energy Expenditure and Brown/Beige Thermogenic Activity by Interleukins: New Roles for Old Actors. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2569. [PMID: 30158466 PMCID: PMC6164446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity rates and the burden of metabolic associated diseases are escalating worldwide Energy burning brown and inducible beige adipocytes in human adipose tissues (ATs) have attracted considerable attention due to their therapeutic potential to counteract the deleterious metabolic effects of nutritional overload and overweight. Recent research has highlighted the relevance of resident and recruited ATs immune cell populations and their signalling mediators, cytokines, as modulators of the thermogenic activity of brown and beige ATs. In this review, we first provide an overview of the developmental, cellular and functional heterogeneity of the AT organ, as well as reported molecular switches of its heat-producing machinery. We also discuss the key contribution of various interleukins signalling pathways to energy and metabolic homeostasis and their roles in the biogenesis and function of brown and beige adipocytes. Besides local actions, attention is also drawn to their influence in the central nervous system (CNS) networks governing energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Carmen García
- Department of Physiology/Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Patricia Pazos
- Department of Physiology/Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis Lima
- Department of Physiology/Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Department of Physiology/Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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17
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Pérez-López A, Valadés D, Vázquez Martínez C, de Cos Blanco AI, Bujan J, García-Honduvilla N. Serum IL-15 and IL-15Rα levels are decreased in lean and obese physically active humans. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 28:1113-1120. [PMID: 28940555 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Circulating IL-15 presence is required to stimulate anti-adipogenic effects of the IL-15/IL-15Rα axis in adipose tissue. Although exercise increases blood IL-15 expression post-exercise, it remains inconclusive whether physical activity can alter the baseline concentrations of this cytokine. The aim of this study was to determine whether physical activity regulates circulating IL-15 and IL-15Rα in lean and obese individuals. Two hundred and seventy-six participants were divided into five groups according to physical activity (PA), body mass and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) diagnosis: (a) lean PA (N = 25); (b) lean non-PA (N = 28); (c) obese PA (N = 64); (d) obese non-PA (N = 79); and (e) obese non-PA with T2DM (N = 80). Serum IL-15 and IL-15Rα, blood glucose/lipid profile and body composition were measured. Serum IL-15 and IL-15Rα decreased in PA participants compared to non-PA (P < .05), while IL-15 and IL-15Rα increased in obese with T2DM compared to obese without T2DM (P < .05). No differences were observed between lean non-PA and obese PA. Serum IL-15Rα was associated with fasting glucose (R2 = .063), insulin (R2 = .082), HbA1c (R2 = .108), and HOMA (R2 = .057) in obese participants. Circulating IL-15 and IL-15Rα are reduced in lean and obese participants who perform physical activity regularly (≥180 min/week), suggesting a regulative role of physical activity on the circulating concentrations of IL-15 and IL-15Rα at baseline. Moreover, the relationship observed between IL-15Rα and glucose profile may indicate a role of the alpha receptor in glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pérez-López
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Area of Sport and Physical Education, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - D Valadés
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Area of Sport and Physical Education, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Vázquez Martínez
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - J Bujan
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - N García-Honduvilla
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
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18
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Loro E, Ramaswamy G, Chandra A, Tseng WJ, Mishra MK, Shore EM, Khurana TS. IL15RA is required for osteoblast function and bone mineralization. Bone 2017; 103:20-30. [PMID: 28602725 PMCID: PMC5598756 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-15 receptor alpha (IL15RA) is an important component of interleukin-15 (IL15) pro-inflammatory signaling. In addition, IL15 and IL15RA are present in the circulation and are detected in a variety of tissues where they influence physiological functions such as muscle contractility and overall metabolism. In the skeletal system, IL15RA was previously shown to be important for osteoclastogenesis. Little is known, however, about its role in osteoblast function and bone mineralization. In this study, we evaluated bone structural and mechanical properties of an Il15ra whole-body knockout mouse (Il15ra-/-) and used in vitro and bioinformatic analyses to understand the role IL15/IL15RA signaling on osteoblast function. We show that lack of IL15RA decreased bone mineralization in vivo and in isolated primary osteogenic cultures, suggesting a cell-autonomous effect. Il15ra-/- osteogenic cultures also had reduced Rankl/Opg mRNA ratio, indicating defective osteoblast/osteoclast coupling. We analyzed the transcriptome of primary pre-osteoblasts from normal and Il15ra-/- mice and identified 1150 genes that were differentially expressed at a FDR of 5%. Of these, 844 transcripts were upregulated and 306 were downregulated in Il15ra-/- cells. The largest functional clusters, highlighted using DAVID analysis, were related to metabolism, immune response, bone mineralization and morphogenesis. The transcriptome analysis was validated by qPCR of some of the most significant hits. Using bioinformatic approaches, we identified candidate genes, including Cd200 and Enpp1, that could contribute to the reduced mineralization. Silencing Il15ra using shRNA in the calvarial osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cell line decreased ENPP1 activity. Taken together, these data support that IL15RA plays a cell-autonomous role in osteoblast function and bone mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Loro
- Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Girish Ramaswamy
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Abhishek Chandra
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Wei-Ju Tseng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Manoj K Mishra
- Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eileen M Shore
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Tejvir S Khurana
- Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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19
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Pérez-López A, McKendry J, Martin-Rincon M, Morales-Alamo D, Pérez-Köhler B, Valadés D, Buján J, Calbet JAL, Breen L. Skeletal muscle IL-15/IL-15Rα and myofibrillar protein synthesis after resistance exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 28:116-125. [PMID: 28449327 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In vitro and in vivo studies described the myokine IL-15 and its receptor IL-15Rα as anabolic/anti-atrophy agents, however, the protein expression of IL-15Rα has not been measured in human skeletal muscle and data regarding IL-15 expression remain inconclusive. The purpose of the study was to determine serum and skeletal muscle IL-15 and IL-15Rα responses to resistance exercise session and to analyze their association with myofibrillar protein synthesis (MPS). Fourteen participants performed a bilateral leg resistance exercise composed of four sets of leg press and four sets of knee extension at 75% 1RM to task failure. Muscle biopsies were obtained at rest, 0, 4 and 24 hours post-exercise and blood samples at rest, mid-exercise, 0, 0.3, 1, 2, 4 and 24 hours post-exercise. Serum IL-15 was increased by ~5.3-fold immediately post-exercise, while serum IL-15Rα decreased ~75% over 1 hour post-exercise (P<.001). Skeletal muscle IL-15Rα mRNA and protein expression were increased at 4 hours post-exercise by ~2-fold (P<.001) and ~1.3-fold above rest (P=.020), respectively. At 24 hours post-exercise, IL-15 (P=.003) and IL-15Rα mRNAs increased by ~2-fold (P=.002). Myofibrillar fractional synthetic rate between 0-4 hours was associated with IL-15Rα mRNA at rest (r=.662, P=.019), 4 hours (r=.612, P=.029), and 24 hours post-exercise (r=.627, P=.029). Finally, the muscle IL-15Rα protein up-regulation was related to Leg press 1RM (r=.688, P=.003) and total weight lifted (r=.628, P=.009). In conclusion, IL-15/IL-15Rα signaling pathway is activated in skeletal muscle in response to a session of resistance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pérez-López
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain.,School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - J McKendry
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - M Martin-Rincon
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - D Morales-Alamo
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - B Pérez-Köhler
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - D Valadés
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Buján
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - J A L Calbet
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - L Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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20
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Sarcopenic obesity or obese sarcopenia: A cross talk between age-associated adipose tissue and skeletal muscle inflammation as a main mechanism of the pathogenesis. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 35:200-221. [PMID: 27702700 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenia, an age-associated decline in skeletal muscle mass coupled with functional deterioration, may be exacerbated by obesity leading to higher disability, frailty, morbidity and mortality rates. In the combination of sarcopenia and obesity, the state called sarcopenic obesity (SOB), some key age- and obesity-mediated factors and pathways may aggravate sarcopenia. This review will analyze the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of SOB. In obese adipose tissue (AT), adipocytes undergo hypertrophy, hyperplasia and activation resulted in accumulation of pro-inflammatory macrophages and other immune cells as well as dysregulated production of various adipokines that together with senescent cells and the immune cell-released cytokines and chemokines create a local pro-inflammatory status. In addition, obese AT is characterized by excessive production and disturbed capacity to store lipids, which accumulate ectopically in skeletal muscle. These intramuscular lipids and their derivatives induce mitochondrial dysfunction characterized by impaired β-oxidation capacity and increased reactive oxygen species formation providing lipotoxic environment and insulin resistance as well as enhanced secretion of some pro-inflammatory myokines capable of inducing muscle dysfunction by auto/paracrine manner. In turn, by endocrine manner, these myokines may exacerbate AT inflammation and also support chronic low grade systemic inflammation (inflammaging), overall establishing a detrimental vicious circle maintaining AT and skeletal muscle inflammation, thus triggering and supporting SOB development. Under these circumstances, we believe that AT inflammation dominates over skeletal muscle inflammation. Thus, in essence, it redirects the vector of processes from "sarcopenia→obesity" to "obesity→sarcopenia". We therefore propose that this condition be defined as "obese sarcopenia", to reflect the direction of the pathological pathway.
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Boa BCS, Yudkin JS, van Hinsbergh VWM, Bouskela E, Eringa EC. Exercise effects on perivascular adipose tissue: endocrine and paracrine determinants of vascular function. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3466-3481. [PMID: 28147449 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global epidemic, accompanied by increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Adipose tissue hypertrophy is associated with adipose tissue inflammation, which alters the secretion of adipose tissue-derived bioactive products, known as adipokines. Adipokines determine vessel wall properties such as smooth muscle tone and vessel wall inflammation. Exercise is a mainstay of prevention of chronic, non-communicable diseases, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in particular. Aside from reducing adipose tissue mass, exercise has been shown to reduce inflammatory activity in this tissue. Mechanistically, contracting muscles release bioactive molecules known as myokines, which alter the metabolic phenotype of adipose tissue. In adipose tissue, myokines induce browning, enhance fatty acid oxidation and improve insulin sensitivity. In the past years, the perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) which surrounds the vasculature, has been shown to control vascular tone and inflammation through local release of adipokines. In obesity, an increase in mass and inflammation of PVAT culminate in dysregulation of adipokine secretion, which contributes to vascular dysfunction. This review describes our current understanding of the mechanisms by which active muscles interact with adipose tissue and improve vascular function. Aside from the exercise-dependent regulation of canonical adipose tissue function, we will focus on the interactions between skeletal muscle and PVAT and the role of novel myokines, such as IL-15, FGF21 and irisin, in these interactions. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Perivascular Adipose Tissue - Potential Pharmacological Targets? To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.20/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C S Boa
- Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Research on Vascular Biology (BioVasc), Biomedical Center, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - J S Yudkin
- Department of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - V W M van Hinsbergh
- Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Bouskela
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Research on Vascular Biology (BioVasc), Biomedical Center, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - E C Eringa
- Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Hong S, Zhou W, Fang B, Lu W, Loro E, Damle M, Ding G, Jager J, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Feng D, Chu Q, Dill BD, Molina H, Khurana TS, Rabinowitz JD, Lazar MA, Sun Z. Dissociation of muscle insulin sensitivity from exercise endurance in mice by HDAC3 depletion. Nat Med 2017; 23:223-234. [PMID: 27991918 PMCID: PMC5540654 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance are associated with reduced glucose utilization in the muscle and poor exercise performance. Here we find that depletion of the epigenome modifier histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) specifically in skeletal muscle causes severe systemic insulin resistance in mice but markedly enhances endurance and resistance to muscle fatigue, despite reducing muscle force. This seemingly paradoxical phenotype is due to lower glucose utilization and greater lipid oxidation in HDAC3-depleted muscles, a fuel switch caused by the activation of anaplerotic reactions driven by AMP deaminase 3 (Ampd3) and catabolism of branched-chain amino acids. These findings highlight the pivotal role of amino acid catabolism in muscle fatigue and type 2 diabetes pathogenesis. Further, as genome occupancy of HDAC3 in skeletal muscle is controlled by the circadian clock, these results delineate an epigenomic regulatory mechanism through which the circadian clock governs skeletal muscle bioenergetics. These findings suggest that physical exercise at certain times of the day or pharmacological targeting of HDAC3 could potentially be harnessed to alter systemic fuel metabolism and exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungguan Hong
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Wenjun Zhou
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Bin Fang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine; the Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Wenyun Lu
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics; Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Emanuele Loro
- Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Manashree Damle
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine; the Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Guolian Ding
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jennifer Jager
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine; the Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Sisi Zhang
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics; Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Yuxiang Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine; the Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Dan Feng
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine; the Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Qingwei Chu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine; the Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Brian D Dill
- Proteomics Resource Center, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Henrik Molina
- Proteomics Resource Center, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Tejvir S Khurana
- Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Joshua D Rabinowitz
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics; Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Mitchell A Lazar
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine; the Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Zheng Sun
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
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23
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Lacraz G, Rakotoarivelo V, Labbé SM, Vernier M, Noll C, Mayhue M, Stankova J, Schwertani A, Grenier G, Carpentier A, Richard D, Ferbeyre G, Fradette J, Rola-Pleszczynski M, Menendez A, Langlois MF, Ilangumaran S, Ramanathan S. Deficiency of Interleukin-15 Confers Resistance to Obesity by Diminishing Inflammation and Enhancing the Thermogenic Function of Adipose Tissues. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162995. [PMID: 27684068 PMCID: PMC5042499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE IL-15 is an inflammatory cytokine secreted by many cell types. IL-15 is also produced during physical exercise by skeletal muscle and has been reported to reduce weight gain in mice. Contrarily, our findings on IL-15 knockout (KO) mice indicate that IL-15 promotes obesity. The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanisms underlying the pro-obesity role of IL-15 in adipose tissues. METHODS Control and IL-15 KO mice were maintained on high fat diet (HFD) or normal control diet. After 16 weeks, body weight, adipose tissue and skeletal mass, serum lipid levels and gene/protein expression in the adipose tissues were evaluated. The effect of IL-15 on thermogenesis and oxygen consumption was also studied in primary cultures of adipocytes differentiated from mouse preadipocyte and human stem cells. RESULTS Our results show that IL-15 deficiency prevents diet-induced weight gain and accumulation of lipids in visceral and subcutaneous white and brown adipose tissues. Gene expression analysis also revealed elevated expression of genes associated with adaptive thermogenesis in the brown and subcutaneous adipose tissues of IL-15 KO mice. Accordingly, oxygen consumption was increased in the brown adipocytes from IL-15 KO mice. In addition, IL-15 KO mice showed decreased expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in their adipose tissues. CONCLUSIONS Absence of IL-15 results in decreased accumulation of fat in the white adipose tissues and increased lipid utilization via adaptive thermogenesis. IL-15 also promotes inflammation in adipose tissues that could sustain chronic inflammation leading to obesity-associated metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Lacraz
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, CRCHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Volatiana Rakotoarivelo
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, CRCHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Sebastien M. Labbé
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Mathieu Vernier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Christophe Noll
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, CRCHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Marian Mayhue
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, CRCHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Jana Stankova
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, CRCHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Adel Schwertani
- Department of Cardiology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Guillaume Grenier
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, CRCHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - André Carpentier
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, CRCHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Denis Richard
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Gerardo Ferbeyre
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Julie Fradette
- Department of Surgery, Laval University, CRCHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Marek Rola-Pleszczynski
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, CRCHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Alfredo Menendez
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, CRCHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-France Langlois
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, CRCHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Subburaj Ilangumaran
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, CRCHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Sheela Ramanathan
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, CRCHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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24
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O'Connell GC, Nichols C, Guo G, Croston TL, Thapa D, Hollander JM, Pistilli EE. IL-15Rα deficiency in skeletal muscle alters respiratory function and the proteome of mitochondrial subpopulations independent of changes to the mitochondrial genome. Mitochondrion 2015; 25:87-97. [PMID: 26458787 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-15 receptor alpha knockout (IL15RαKO) mice exhibit a greater skeletal muscle mitochondrial density with an altered mitochondrial morphology. However, the mechanism and functional impact of these changes have not been determined. In this study, we characterized the functional, proteomic, and genomic alterations in mitochondrial subpopulations isolated from the skeletal muscles of IL15RαKO mice and B6129 background control mice. State 3 respiration was greater in interfibrillar mitochondria and whole muscle ATP levels were greater in IL15RαKO mice supporting the increases in respiration rate. However, the state 3/state 4 ratio was lower, suggesting some degree of respiratory uncoupling. Proteomic analyses identified several markers independently in mitochondrial subpopulations that are associated with these functional alterations. Next Generation Sequencing of mtDNA revealed a high degree of similarity between the mitochondrial genomes of IL15RαKO mice and controls in terms of copy number, consensus coding and the presence of minor alleles, suggesting that the functional and proteomic alterations we observed occurred independent of alterations to the mitochondrial genome. These data provide additional evidence to implicate IL-15Rα as a regulator of skeletal muscle phenotypes through effects on the mitochondrion, and suggest these effects are driven by alterations to the mitochondrial proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ge Guo
- Division of Exercise Physiology, United States
| | | | | | - John M Hollander
- Division of Exercise Physiology, United States; Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, United States
| | - Emidio E Pistilli
- Division of Exercise Physiology, United States; Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, United States; Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States.
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