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Kottmann JS, Berge GM, Kousoulaki K, Østbye TKK, Ytteborg E, Gjerde B, Lein I. Welfare and performance of ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta) reared at two different temperatures after a preparatory feeding trial with enhanced dietary eicosapentaenoic acid. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023; 103:906-923. [PMID: 37321978 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Concerns have long been raised about the welfare of ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta) used for the biological control of sea lice in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) aquaculture. This study assessed the effect of increased dietary eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) levels and initial condition factor (CF) on the subsequent performance and welfare of ballan wrasse farmed in high and low water temperatures. Fish were fed a diet with either commercial or high EPA levels for 3 months at 15°C. Subsequently, fish were tagged with a passive integrated transponder, measured for their CF and divided into two groups consisting of fish from both treatments and reared for 4.5 months at either 15 or 6°C fed a commercial diet. Each fish was categorized as high (≥2.7) or low CF (<2.7) fish based on the calculated average CF of the population. Dietary composition influenced the fatty acid (FA) profile of the stored lipids without affecting the growth or welfare of ballan wrasse. Fish reared at 15°C showed higher growth, more fat and energy reserves and less ash content. Fish reared at 6°C lost weight, using up their body lipids at the end of the temperature trial. Gene expression analyses showed upregulation of the positive growth marker (GHrα) and two genes involved in the synthesis and oxidation of FAs (elovl5, cpt1) and downregulation of the negative growth marker (mstn) in fish reared at 15°C compared to those reared at 6°C. Fish reared at 6°C showed upregulated levels of il-6 compared to those reared at 15°C, suggesting an enhanced immune reaction in response to low temperature. Fish with high CF showed better survival, growth and performance compared to those with low CF. External welfare scoring showed higher prevalence and severity in emaciation, scale loss and the sum index score (of all measured welfare parameters) in fish reared at 6°C compared to those reared at 15°C and better welfare in fish with high CF compared to those with low CF. Histological examination of the skin showed that fish reared at 6°C had decreased epidermal thickness, a lower overall number of mucous cells in the inner and outer epidermis and a different organization of mucous cells compared to fish reared at 15°C, indicating stress in fish reared at 6°C. Overall, low water temperatures had profound effects on the performance and external and internal welfare parameters of ballan wrasse and can be considered a stressor likely affecting the delousing efficacy. These findings support the seasonal use of different cleaner fish species. High CF, but not increased dietary EPA levels, appeared to help fish cope better with low water temperatures and should thus be assessed and considered before deploying them in salmon cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna S Kottmann
- Department of Aquaculture Production Technology, Nofima, Sunndalsøra, Norway
| | - Gerd M Berge
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Nofima, Sunndalsøra, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Bjarne Gjerde
- Department of Breeding and Genetics, Nofima, Ås, Norway
| | - Ingrid Lein
- Department of Aquaculture Production Technology, Nofima, Sunndalsøra, Norway
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Krebs N, Tebben J, Bock C, Mark FC, Lucassen M, Lannig G, Pörtner HO. Protein Synthesis Determined from Non-Radioactive Phenylalanine Incorporated by Antarctic Fish. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030338. [PMID: 36984778 PMCID: PMC10051348 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct measurements of temperature-dependent weight gains are experimentally challenging and time-consuming in long-lived/slow-growing organisms such as Antarctic fish. Here, we reassess methodology to quantify the in vivo protein synthesis rate from amino acids, as a key component of growth. We tested whether it is possible to avoid hazardous radioactive materials and whether the analytical pathway chosen is robust against analytical errors. In the eelpout, Pachycara brachycephalum, 13C9H1115N1O2 phenylalanine was injected intraperitoneally and muscle tissue was sampled before injection and at 1.5 h time intervals up to 6 h thereafter. The incorporation of 13C15N-labeled-phenylalanine into muscle was monitored by quantification of bound and free phenylalanine through liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. We found an increase in the pool of labeled, free phenylalanine in the cytosolic fraction that leveled off after 4.5 h. The labeled phenylalanine bound in the proteins increased linearly over time. The resulting protein synthesis rate (Ks) for P. brachycephalum was as low as 0.049 ± 0.021% day−1. This value and its variability were in good agreement with literature data obtained from studies using radioactive labels, indicating that this methodology is well suited for characterizing growth in polar fish under in situ conditions in remote areas or on research vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Krebs
- Department of Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
- Correspondence: (N.K.); (H.-O.P.)
| | - Jan Tebben
- Department of Ecological Chemistry, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Christian Bock
- Department of Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Felix C. Mark
- Department of Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Magnus Lucassen
- Department of Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Gisela Lannig
- Department of Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Hans-Otto Pörtner
- Department of Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
- Correspondence: (N.K.); (H.-O.P.)
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Gerber L, MacSween CE, Staples JF, Gamperl AK. Cold-induced metabolic depression in cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus): A multifaceted cellular event. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271086. [PMID: 35917356 PMCID: PMC9345476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic depression and dormancy (i.e., stopping/greatly reducing activity and feeding) are strategies used by many animals to survive winter conditions characterized by food shortages and cold temperatures. However, controversy exists on whether the reduced metabolism of some fishes at cold temperatures is due to dormancy alone, or also involves active metabolic depression. Thus, we acclimated winter-dormant cunner [Tautogolabrus adspersus, a north temperate wrasse which in Newfoundland is at the northern limit of its distribution] and winter-active Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to winter (0°C; 8h light: 16h dark) and summer (10°C; 16h light: 8 h dark) conditions, and measured the thermal sensitivity of ATP-producing and O2-consuming processes in isolated liver mitochondria and hepatocytes when exposed in vitro to temperatures from 20 to 0°C and 10 to 0°C, respectively. We found that: 1) liver mitochondrial State 3 respiration and hepatocyte O2 consumption in cunner were only ~ one-third and two-thirds of that measured in salmon, respectively, at all measurement temperatures; 2) cunner mitochondria also have proton conductance and leak respiration (State 4) values that are only approximately one-third of those in salmon; 3) the mitochondria of cunner show a dramatic reduction in respiratory control ratio (from ~ 8 to 3), and a much greater drop in State 3 respiration, between 10 and 5°C (Q10 values in 10- and 0°C-acclimated fish of 14.5 and 141.2, respectively), as compared with salmon (3.9 and 9.6, respectively); and 4) lowering temperature from 5 to 0°C resulted in ~ 40 and 30% reductions in hepatocyte O2 consumption due to non-mitochondrial respiration and Na+-K+-ATPase activity, respectively, in cunner, but not in salmon. Collectively, these results highlight the intrinsic capacity for metabolic depression in hepatocytes and mitochondria of cunner, and clearly suggest that several cellular processes play a role in the reduced metabolic rates exhibited by some fishes at cold temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Gerber
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Courtney E. MacSween
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - James F. Staples
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - A. Kurt Gamperl
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John’s, NL, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Reeve C, Rowsey LE, Speers-Roesch B. Inactivity and the passive slowing effect of cold on resting metabolism as the primary drivers of energy savings in overwintering fishes. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:275086. [PMID: 35315489 PMCID: PMC9124485 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Winter dormancy is a seasonal survival strategy common among temperate ectotherms, characterized by inactivity, fasting, and low metabolic rates. Previous reports of metabolic rate depression (MRD) in winter-dormant ectotherms, including many fishes, may result from confounding influences of temperature-dependent variation in activity on metabolic rate measurements. We hypothesize that, as demonstrated recently in the winter-dormant cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus), inactivity and the passive physicochemical (Arrhenius) effect of cold on standard metabolic rate (SMR) are the common primary mechanisms underlying the low metabolic rates among winter-dormant fishes. Using automated video tracking, we investigated threshold temperatures for winter dormancy onset (major reductions in activity, increased sheltering, and fasting) in four phylogenetically-diverse teleost species reported to be winter dormant: cunner, pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus), American eel (Anguilla rostrata), and mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus). All species showed large activity and feeding reductions, but the magnitude of change and dormancy threshold temperature was species-specific. We propose that a continuum of overwintering responses exists among fishes from dormant to lethargic to active. The relationship between activity and metabolic rate was then measured using video-recorded automated respirometry during acute cooling and following cold acclimation in pumpkinseed, mummichog, and eel. In all species, activity and metabolic rate were strongly correlated at all temperatures, and cooling caused reduced activity and metabolic rate. When variation in activity was controlled for across temperatures spanning the dormancy thresholds, the thermal sensitivity of metabolic rate including SMR indicated the predominance of passive physicochemical influences (mean Q10<3.5), rather than active MRD. Activity reductions and physicochemical slowing of metabolism due to cold appear to be the primary energy saving mechanisms in overwintering fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Reeve
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Lauren E Rowsey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Ben Speers-Roesch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, E2L 4L5, Canada
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Fraser KPP, Peck LS, Clark MS, Clarke A, Hill SL. Life in the freezer: protein metabolism in Antarctic fish. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211272. [PMID: 35291327 PMCID: PMC8905173 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Whole-animal, in vivo protein metabolism rates have been reported in temperate and tropical, but not Antarctic fish. Growth in Antarctic species is generally slower than lower latitude species. Protein metabolism data for Antarctic invertebrates show low rates of protein synthesis and unusually high rates of protein degradation. Additionally, in Antarctic fish, increasing evidence suggests a lower frequency of successful folding of nascent proteins and reduced protein stability. This study reports the first whole-animal protein metabolism data for an Antarctic fish. Groups of Antarctic, Harpagifer antarcticus, and temperate, Lipophrys pholis, fish were acclimatized to a range of overlapping water temperatures and food consumption, whole-animal growth and protein metabolism measured. The rates of protein synthesis and growth in Antarctic, but not temperate fish, were relatively insensitive to temperature and were significantly lower in H. antarcticus at 3°C than in L. pholis. Protein degradation was independent of temperature in H. antarcticus and not significantly different to L. pholis at 3°C, while protein synthesis retention efficiency was significantly higher in L. pholis than H. antarcticus at 3°C. These results suggest Antarctic fish degrade a significantly larger proportion of synthesized protein than temperate fish, with fundamental energetic implications for growth at low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiron P. P. Fraser
- Marine Station, University of Plymouth, Artillery Place, Coxside, Plymouth PL4 OLU, UK
| | - Lloyd S. Peck
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 OET, UK
| | - Melody S. Clark
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 OET, UK
| | - Andrew Clarke
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 OET, UK
| | - Simeon L. Hill
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 OET, UK
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6
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Moran CJ, Neubauer DL, Rzucidlo CL, Gerry SP. Temperature constrains locomotion and muscle function in two temperate labrids. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2018; 227:172-178. [PMID: 30347246 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Winter quiescence in fishes is not uncommon, however understanding the mechanisms that cause dormancy are poorly understood. This study highlights the physiological stress temperature places on locomotor musculature and its consequences on whole organism locomotion. Cunner and tautog experience temperatures ranging from 0 to 25 °C and enter dormancy at ~10 °C. We aimed to address the question: how do winter temperatures affect steady swimming and muscle contraction kinetics in cunner? Fishes were collected and housed at 5, 10, 15, or 20 °C. Gait transition speed and fin beat frequency were measured at each acclimation temperature. Twitch and tetanus kinetics were recorded from the aerobic locomotor muscle, which is responsible for the power stroke during swimming. Fish acclimated to colder temperatures (5, 10 °C) demonstrated lower gait transition speeds than the warm temperature treatments. Similarly, twitch kinetics were slower in muscle acclimated at ≤10 °C. Locomotor muscle from tautog was significantly slower to contract and relax than cunner when tested at 5 and 10 °C. These results suggest that muscle acclimation differs in these closely related labrids from the same habitat. Additionally, these results suggest that cunner locomotor musculature can maintain greater performance at a wider range of temperatures. Cunner occupy more northern latitudes which likely allows for greater performance shifts in response to temperature. However, when temperatures get cold enough muscle function is reduced, perhaps contributing to their overwintering ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton J Moran
- Department of Biology, Fairfield University, 1073 N. Benson Rd, Fairfield, CT 06824, USA; Department of Biology, The Citadel, 171 Moultrie St. Charleston, SC 29409, USA.
| | - David L Neubauer
- Department of Biology, Fairfield University, 1073 N. Benson Rd, Fairfield, CT 06824, USA
| | - Caroline L Rzucidlo
- Department of Biology, Fairfield University, 1073 N. Benson Rd, Fairfield, CT 06824, USA
| | - Shannon P Gerry
- Department of Biology, Fairfield University, 1073 N. Benson Rd, Fairfield, CT 06824, USA.
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7
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Speers-Roesch B, Norin T, Driedzic WR. The benefit of being still: energy savings during winter dormancy in fish come from inactivity and the cold, not from metabolic rate depression. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:20181593. [PMID: 30185640 PMCID: PMC6158517 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Winter dormancy is used by many animals to survive the cold and food-poor high-latitude winter. Metabolic rate depression, an active downregulation of resting cellular energy turnover and thus standard (resting) metabolic rate (SMR), is a unifying strategy underlying the persistence of organisms in such energy-limited environments, including hibernating endotherms. However, controversy exists about its involvement in winter-dormant aquatic ectotherms. To address this debate, we conducted simultaneous, multi-day measurements of whole-animal oxygen consumption rate (a proxy of metabolic rate) and spontaneous movement in a model winter-dormant marine fish, the cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus). Winter dormancy in cunner involved a dampened diel rhythm of metabolic rate, such that a low and stable metabolic rate persisted throughout the 24 h day. Based on the thermal sensitivity (Q10) of SMR as well as correlations of metabolic rate and movement, the reductions in metabolic rate were not attributable to metabolic rate depression, but rather to reduced activity under the cold and darkness typical of the winter refuge among substrate. Previous reports of metabolic rate depression in cunner, and possibly other fish species, during winter dormancy were probably confounded by variation in activity. Unlike hibernating endotherms, and excepting the few fish species that overwinter in anoxic waters, winter dormancy in fishes, as exemplified by cunner, need not involve metabolic rate depression. Rather, energy savings come from inactivity combined with passive physico-chemical effects of the cold on SMR, demonstrating that thermal effects on activity can greatly influence temperature-metabolism relationships, and illustrating the benefit of simply being still in energy-limited environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Speers-Roesch
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada A1C 5S7
| | - Tommy Norin
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - William R Driedzic
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada A1C 5S7
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Rivera-Ingraham GA, Lignot JH. Osmoregulation, bioenergetics and oxidative stress in coastal marine invertebrates: raising the questions for future research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 220:1749-1760. [PMID: 28515169 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.135624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Osmoregulation is by no means an energetically cheap process, and its costs have been extensively quantified in terms of respiration and aerobic metabolism. Common products of mitochondrial activity are reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which may cause oxidative stress by degrading key cell components, while playing essential roles in cell homeostasis. Given the delicate equilibrium between pro- and antioxidants in fueling acclimation responses, the need for a thorough understanding of the relationship between salinity-induced oxidative stress and osmoregulation arises as an important issue, especially in the context of global changes and anthropogenic impacts on coastal habitats. This is especially urgent for intertidal/estuarine organisms, which may be subject to drastic salinity and habitat changes, leading to redox imbalance. How do osmoregulation strategies determine energy expenditure, and how do these processes affect organisms in terms of oxidative stress? What mechanisms are used to cope with salinity-induced oxidative stress? This Commentary aims to highlight the main gaps in our knowledge, covering all levels of organization. From an energy-redox perspective, we discuss the link between environmental salinity changes and physiological responses at different levels of biological organization. Future studies should seek to provide a detailed understanding of the relationship between osmoregulatory strategies and redox metabolism, thereby informing conservation physiologists and allowing them to tackle the new challenges imposed by global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jehan-Hervé Lignot
- UMR 9190 MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier 34095, France
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O'Brien KM. New Lessons from an Old Fish: What Antarctic Icefishes May Reveal about the Functions of Oxygen-Binding Proteins. Integr Comp Biol 2016; 56:531-41. [PMID: 27252192 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icw062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss of expression of the oxygen-binding protein hemoglobin (Hb) in the family Channichthyidae (suborder Notothenioidei) of Antarctic fishes is considered a disaptation that has persisted because of the unusual conditions prevailing in the Southern Ocean during the evolution of the family. The loss of expression of the intracellular oxygen-binding protein myoglobin (Mb) in heart ventricles is more of a conundrum because it occurred at four points during the radiation of the family, suggesting weakened selective pressure maintaining expression of the protein. Yet, studies have shown that when present, Mb enhances function. Here, I discuss potential reasons for weakened selective pressure maintaining Mb expression in light of the multiple functions proposed for Mb. Additionally, I discuss results from recent studies exploring the possibility that the loss of Hb and Mb may be advantageous because it reduces the production of reactive oxygen species, levels of oxidized proteins, and the energetic costs associated with replacing oxidatively damaged proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M O'Brien
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, Institute of Arctic Biology, Department of Biology and Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
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10
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Abstract
Many environmental conditions can constrain the ability of animals to obtain sufficient food energy, or transform that food energy into useful chemical forms. To survive extended periods under such conditions animals must suppress metabolic rate to conserve energy, water, or oxygen. Amongst small endotherms, this metabolic suppression is accompanied by and, in some cases, facilitated by a decrease in core body temperature-hibernation or daily torpor-though significant metabolic suppression can be achieved even with only modest cooling. Within some ectotherms, winter metabolic suppression exceeds the passive effects of cooling. During dry seasons, estivating ectotherms can reduce metabolism without changes in body temperature, conserving energy reserves, and reducing gas exchange and its inevitable loss of water vapor. This overview explores the similarities and differences of metabolic suppression among these states within adult animals (excluding developmental diapause), and integrates levels of organization from the whole animal to the genome, where possible. Several similarities among these states are highlighted, including patterns and regulation of metabolic balance, fuel use, and mitochondrial metabolism. Differences among models are also apparent, particularly in whether the metabolic suppression is intrinsic to the tissue or depends on the whole-animal response. While in these hypometabolic states, tissues from many animals are tolerant of hypoxia/anoxia, ischemia/reperfusion, and disuse. These natural models may, therefore, serve as valuable and instructive models for biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Staples
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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11
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McCarthy ID, Brown J. Assessing the reproducibility of fractional rates of protein synthesis in muscle tissue measured using the flooding dose technique. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 197:9-15. [PMID: 26970581 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The flooding dose technique of Garlick et al. (1980) has become the main method for measuring tissue and whole-animal rates of protein synthesis in ectotherms. However, single tissue samples are used to determine rates of protein synthesis and no studies have examined the pattern of flooding in large tissues such as the white muscle in fishes, which can comprise up to 55% of the wet body mass of a fish and which is poorly perfused. The present study has examined, for the first time, the patterns of flooding and measured rates of protein synthesis in five different regions of the white muscle in the Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus ranging in size from 25g to 1.6kg following a flooding dose injection of L-[(3)H]-phenylalanine. The results indicate that the degree of flooding (i.e. free pool specific radioactivity relative to that of the injection solution) and elevation in free phenylalanine concentrations can vary between regions but the calculated fractional rates of protein synthesis were similar in four of the five regions studied. The variability in rates of protein synthesis increased with body size with greater variability observed between regions for fish >1kg in body mass. For consistency between studies, it is recommended that samples are taken from the epaxial muscle in the region below the dorsal fin when measuring fractional rates of white muscle synthesis in fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D McCarthy
- School of Ocean Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Askew Street, Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5AB, UK; Laboratorio de Manejo, Ecologia e Conservação Marinha, Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico 191, Cidade Universitária, 05508-120 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - James Brown
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
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Penney CM, Patton RL, Whiteley NM, Driedzic WR, McGaw IJ. Physiological responses to digestion in low salinity in the crabs Carcinus maenas and Cancer irroratus. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 191:127-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Lewis JM, Grove TJ, O'Brien KM. Energetic costs of protein synthesis do not differ between red- and white-blooded Antarctic notothenioid fishes. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 187:177-83. [PMID: 26051614 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Antarctic icefishes (Family Channichthyidae) within the suborder Notothenioidei lack the oxygen-binding protein hemoglobin (Hb), and six of the 16 species of icefishes lack myoglobin (Mb) in heart ventricle. As iron-centered proteins, Hb and Mb can promote the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that damage biological macromolecules. Consistent with this, our previous studies have shown that icefishes have lower levels of oxidized proteins and lipids in oxidative muscle compared to red-blooded notothenioids. Because oxidized proteins are usually degraded by the 20S proteasome and must be resynthesized, we hypothesized that rates of protein synthesis would be lower in icefishes compared to red-blooded notothenioids, thereby reducing the energetic costs of protein synthesis and conferring a benefit to the loss of Hb and Mb. Rates of protein synthesis were quantified in hearts, and the fraction of oxygen consumption devoted to protein synthesis was measured in isolated hepatocytes and cardiomyocytes of notothenioids differing in the expression of Hb and cardiac Mb. Neither rates of protein synthesis nor the energetic costs of protein synthesis differed among species, suggesting that red-blooded species do not degrade and replace oxidatively modified proteins at a higher rate compared to icefishes but rather, persist with higher levels of oxidized proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanne M Lewis
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30458, United States
| | - Theresa J Grove
- Department of Biology, Valdosta State University, Valdosta, GA 31698, United States
| | - Kristin M O'Brien
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, United States.
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Kelly NI, Alzaid A, Nash GW, Gamperl AK. Metabolic depression in cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus) is influenced by ontogeny, and enhances thermal tolerance. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114765. [PMID: 25514755 PMCID: PMC4267729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the effect of ontogeny on metabolic depression in the cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus), and to understand how ontogeny and the ability to metabolically depress influence this species' upper thermal tolerance: 1) the metabolic rate of 9°C-acclimated cunner of three size classes [0.2-0.5 g, young of the year (YOY); 3-6 g, small; and 80-120 g, large (adult)] was measured during a 2°C per day decrease in temperature; and 2) the metabolic response of the same three size classes of cunner to an acute thermal challenge [2°C h(-1) from 10°C until Critical Thermal Maximum, CTMax] was examined, and compared to that of the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). The onset-temperature for metabolic depression in cunner increased with body size, i.e. from 5°C in YOY cunner to 7°C in adults. In contrast, the extent of metabolic depression was ∼80% (Q10 = ∼15) for YOY fish, ∼65% (Q10 = ∼8) for small fish and ∼55% (Q10 = ∼5) for adults, and this resulted in the metabolic scaling exponent (b) gradually increasing from 0.84 to 0.92 between 9°C to 1°C. All size classes of cunner had significantly (approximately 60%) lower routine metabolic rates at 10°C than Atlantic cod. However, there was no species' difference in the temperature-induced maximum metabolic rate, and this resulted in factorial metabolic scope values that were more than two-fold greater for cunner, and CTMax values that were 6-9°C higher (∼21 vs. 28°C). These results: 1) show that ontogeny influences the temperature of initiation and the extent of metabolic depression in cunner, but not O2 consumption when in a hypometabolic state; and 2) suggest that the evolution of cold-induced metabolic depression in this northern wrasse species has not resulted in a trade-off with upper thermal tolerance, but instead, an enhancement of this species' metabolic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick I. Kelly
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Abdullah Alzaid
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Gordon W. Nash
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - A. Kurt Gamperl
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
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Babichuk NA, Volkoff H. Changes in expression of appetite-regulating hormones in the cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus) during short-term fasting and winter torpor. Physiol Behav 2013; 120:54-63. [PMID: 23831740 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Feeding in vertebrates is controlled by a number of appetite stimulating (orexigenic, e.g., orexin and neuropeptide Y, NPY) and appetite suppressing (anorexigenic, e.g., cholecystokinin, CCK and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript, CART) hormones. Cunners (Tautogolabrus adspersus) survive the winter in shallow coastal waters by entering a torpor-like state, during which they forgo feeding. In order to better understand the mechanisms regulating appetite/fasting in these fish, quantitative real-time PCR was used to measure transcript expression levels of four appetite-regulating hormones: NPY, CART, orexin and CCK in the forebrain (hypothalamus and telencephalon) and CCK in the gut of fed, short-term summer fasted, and natural winter torpor cunners. Summer fasting induced a decrease in hypothalamic orexin levels and telencephalon NPY, CART and CCK mRNA levels. All brain hormone mRNA levels decreased during natural torpor as compared to fed summer fish. In the gut, CCK expression levels decreased during summer fasting. These results indicate that, in cunner, orexin, NPY, CART and CCK may play a role in appetite regulation and might mediate different physiological responses to short-term summer fasting and torpor-induced long-term fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Babichuk
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada
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16
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Epithelial dominant expression of antifreeze proteins in cunner suggests recent entry into a high freeze-risk ecozone. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2012; 164:111-8. [PMID: 23085291 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Most marine teleost fishes residing in a high freeze-risk ecozone, such as the coastal waters of Newfoundland during winter, avoid freezing by secreting high concentrations of antifreeze proteins (AFP) into their blood plasma where they can bind to and prevent the growth of ice that enter the fish. Cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus), which overwinter in such shallow waters are the only known exception. Although this species does produce type I AFP, the plasma levels are too low to be of value as a freeze protectant. Southern and Northern blot analyses carried out in this study establish that the cunner AFP genes belong to a multigene family that is predominantly expressed in external epithelia (skin and gill filaments). These results support the hypothesis that the survival of cunner in icy waters is attributable in part to epithelial AFP that help block ice propagation into their interior milieu. In contrast to the cunner, heterospecifics occupying the same habitat have greater freeze protection because they produce AFP in the liver for export to the plasma as well as in external epithelia. Since the external epithelia would be the first tissue to come into contact with ice it is possible that one of the earliest steps involved in the evolution of freeze resistant fish could have been the expression of AFP in tissues such as the skin. We suggest that this epithelial-dominant AFP expression represents a primitive stage in AFP evolution and propose that cunner began to inhabit "freeze-risk ecozones" more recently than heterospecifics.
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Lamarre SG, Ditlecadet D, McKenzie DJ, Bonnaud L, Driedzic WR. Mechanisms of protein degradation in mantle muscle and proposed gill remodeling in starved Sepia officinalis. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2012; 303:R427-37. [PMID: 22647292 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00077.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cephalopods have relatively high rates of protein synthesis compared to rates of protein degradation, along with minimal carbohydrate and lipid reserves. During food deprivation on board protein is catabolized as a metabolic fuel. The aim of the current study was to assess whether biochemical indices of protein synthesis and proteolytic mechanisms were altered in cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis, starved for 7 days. In mantle muscle, food deprivation is associated with a decrease in protein synthesis, as indicated by a decrease in the total RNA level and dephosphorylation of key signaling molecules, such as the eukaryote binding protein, 4E-BP1 (regulator of translation) and Akt. The ubiquitination-proteasome system (UPS) is activated as shown by an increase in the levels of proteasome β-subunit mRNA, polyubiquitinated protein, and polyubiquitin mRNA. As well, cathepsin activity levels are increased, suggesting increased proteolysis through the lysosomal pathway. Together, these mechanisms could supply amino acids as metabolic fuels. In gill, the situation is quite different. It appears that during the first stages of starvation, both protein synthesis and protein degradation are enhanced in gill. This is based upon increased phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 and enhanced levels of UPS indicators, especially 20S proteasome activity and polyubiquitin mRNA. It is proposed that an increased protein turnover is related to gill remodeling perhaps to retain essential hemolymph-borne compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon G Lamarre
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada
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Hobbs RS, Shears MA, Graham LA, Davies PL, Fletcher GL. Isolation and characterization of type I antifreeze proteins from cunner, Tautogolabrus adspersus, order Perciformes. FEBS J 2011; 278:3699-710. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08288.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lewis JM, Driedzic WR. Protein synthesis is defended in the mitochondrial fraction of gill but not heart in cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus) exposed to acute hypoxia and hypothermia. J Comp Physiol B 2009; 180:179-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-009-0396-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Revised: 07/19/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lamarre SG, Le François NR, Driedzic WR, Blier PU. Protein synthesis is lowered while 20S proteasome activity is maintained following acclimation to low temperature in juvenile spotted wolffish(Anarhichas minor Olafsen). J Exp Biol 2009; 212:1294-301. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.028290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
The effects of temperature on protein metabolism have been studied mostly with respect to protein synthesis. Temperature generally has a parabolic effect on protein synthesis with a maximum rate being observed at optimal growth temperature. The effect of temperature on protein degradation is poorly understood. The 20S proteasome is mainly responsible for the degradation of short-lived and oxidatively modified proteins and has been recently identified as a potentially good proxy for protein degradation in fish. The aim of this experiment was to examine the relationships between the rate of protein synthesis, activity of the 20S proteasome, oxidative stress markers and antioxidant capacity in white muscle of juvenile spotted wolffish(Anarhichas minor) acclimated at three temperatures (4, 8 and 12°C). The rate of protein synthesis was lower at 4°C than at 8°C while it was intermediate at 12°C. Despite the decrease of protein synthesis at low temperature, the activity of 20S proteasome activity was maintained high in fish acclimated at lower temperature (4°C), reaching levels 130% of that of fish acclimated at 8°C when measured at a common temperature. The oxidative stress markers TBARS and protein-carbonyl content did not change among temperature groups, but reduced glutathione concentration was higher in cold-acclimated fish, suggesting a higher antioxidant capacity in this group. Our data suggest that lower growth rate in cold temperature results from both high 20S proteasome activity and a reduced rate of protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon G. Lamarre
- Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's,Newfoundland, Canada A1C 5S7
| | - Nathalie R. Le François
- Biodôme de Montréal, 4777 Ave Pierre-De Coubertin,Montréal, Québec, Canada H1V 1B3
- Département de Biologie, Université du Québec àRimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada G5L 3A1
| | - William R. Driedzic
- Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's,Newfoundland, Canada A1C 5S7
| | - Pierre U. Blier
- Département de Biologie, Université du Québec àRimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada G5L 3A1
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