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Granat FA, Trumel C, Braun JPD, Bourgès-Abella NH. Quality of hematology and clinical chemistry results in laboratory and zoo nonhuman primates: Effects of the preanalytical phase. A review. J Med Primatol 2023; 52:414-427. [PMID: 37612808 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Most errors in clinical pathology originate in the preanalytical phase, which includes all steps from the preparation of animals and equipment to the collection of the specimen and its management until analyzed. Blood is the most common specimen collected in nonhuman primates. Other specimens collected include urine, saliva, feces, and hair. The primary concern is the variability of blood hematology and biochemistry results due to sampling conditions with the effects of capture, restraint, and/or anesthesia. Housing and diet have fewer effects, with the exception of food restriction to reduce obesity. There has been less investigation regarding the impact of sampling conditions of nonblood specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny A Granat
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Inserm U1037, CNRS U5077, Toulouse, France
- Laboratoire central de biologie médicale, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Catherine Trumel
- Laboratoire central de biologie médicale, ENVT, Toulouse, France
- CREFRE, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
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Sandel AA, Negrey JD, Arponen M, Clark IR, Clift JB, Reddy RB, Ivaska KK. The evolution of the adolescent growth spurt: Urinary biomarkers of bone turnover in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). J Hum Evol 2023; 177:103341. [PMID: 36905703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Life history theory addresses how organisms balance development and reproduction. Mammals usually invest considerable energy into growth in infancy, and they do so incrementally less until reaching adult body size, when they shift energy to reproduction. Humans are unusual in having a long adolescence when energy is invested in both reproduction and growth, including rapid skeletal growth around puberty. Although many primates, especially in captivity, experience accelerated growth in mass around puberty, it remains unclear whether this represents skeletal growth. Without data on skeletal growth in nonhuman primates, anthropologists have often assumed the adolescent growth spurt is uniquely human, and hypotheses for its evolution have focused on other uniquely human traits. The lack of data is largely due to methodological difficulties of assessing skeletal growth in wild primates. Here, we use two urinary markers of bone turnover-osteocalcin and collagen-to study skeletal growth in a large, cross-sectional sample of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda. For both bone turnover markers, we found a nonlinear effect of age, which was largely driven by males. For male chimpanzees, values for osteocalcin and collagen peaked at age 9.4 years and 10.8 years, respectively, which corresponds to early and middle adolescence. Notably, collagen values increased from 4.5 to 9 years, suggesting faster growth during early adolescence compared to late infancy. Biomarker levels plateaued at 20 years in both sexes, suggesting skeletal growth continues until then. Additional data, notably on females and infants of both sexes, are needed, as are longitudinal samples. However, our cross-sectional analysis suggests an adolescent growth spurt in the skeleton of chimpanzees, especially for males. Biologists should avoid claiming that the adolescent growth spurt is uniquely human, and hypotheses for the patterns of human growth should consider variation in our primate relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A Sandel
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, WCP 4.102, 2201 Speedway Stop C3200, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Primate Ethology and Endocrinology Lab, University of Texas at Austin, 2201 Speedway Stop C3200, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Jacob D Negrey
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, 900 S. Cady Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; Department of Pathology/Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Milja Arponen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Isabelle R Clark
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, WCP 4.102, 2201 Speedway Stop C3200, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Primate Ethology and Endocrinology Lab, University of Texas at Austin, 2201 Speedway Stop C3200, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jeremy B Clift
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, 216 Memorial Hall, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Rachna B Reddy
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland St, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, 104 Biological Sciences, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Kaisa K Ivaska
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
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Lin X, Meng T, Yang T, Xu X, Zhao Y, Wu X. Circadian zinc feeding regime in laying hens related to laying performance, oxidation status, and interaction of zinc and calcium. Poult Sci 2020; 99:6783-6796. [PMID: 33248594 PMCID: PMC7704742 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated that circadian zinc (Zn) feeding regime affected laying performance, Zn and calcium (Ca) status, antioxidant capacity and gene expression of circadian clock, and Ca and Zn transporter in laying hens. In total, 162 of 21-wk Hyline Sophie laying hens were assigned randomly into 3 groups including CON group (Control Zn, basal diets supplemented 60 mg/kg Zn), HL group (high-low Zn, basal diets supplemented 120 mg/kg Zn—basal diets), and LH group (low-high Zn, basal diets—basal diets supplemented 120 mg/kg Zn), which were fed at 0,530 h and 1,530 h, respectively. Blood, tibia, duodenum, and eggshell gland samples were collected at 8 h intervals with starting at 0,000 h in 1 d after 10 wk of experiment. Compared with CON group: 1) Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of LH and HL group decreased significantly (P < 0.05); 2) in serum, total antioxidant capacity and CuZn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) at 0,000 h increased significantly, as well as Ca and Zn concentration of tibia at 0,800 h in LH group (P < 0.05); 3) in duodenum, mRNA expression of calbindin-d28k (CaBP) and NCX1 at 1,600 h in HL group upregulated significantly, as well as Per2 and Per3 at 0,000 h, CLOCK, Cry2, Per2, and Per3 at 1,600 h (P < 0.05). But, Zn5 at 0,800 h in HL group downregulated significantly (P < 0.05). 4) In eggshell gland, the mRNA expression of CaBP at 0,000 h and Zn5 at 1,600 h in HL group downregulated significantly (P < 0.05). However, SOD at 1,600 h in HL group upregulated significantly, as well as Cry1 and Per3 at 0,800 h in HL group upregulated significantly (P < 0.05). In conclusion, circadian Zn feeding diet regime was beneficial to improvement of FCR. The regulation of laying hens' circadian rhythms affected Zn and Ca transporter and interrelationship between Ca and Zn metabolism, also altered antioxidant capacity in present study. Therefore, circadian Zn feeding regime can be considered as a new method to improve laying performance in laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Lin
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Safety Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Tiantian Meng
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Safety Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Safety Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xiang Xu
- Guangzhou Tanke Bio-tech Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong 510528, China
| | - Yurong Zhao
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Safety Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Xin Wu
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Safety Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China.
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King GL, Sandgren DJ, Mitchell JM, Bolduc DL, Blakely WF. System for Scoring Severity of Acute Radiation Syndrome Response in Rhesus Macaques ( Macaca mulatta). Comp Med 2018; 68:474-488. [PMID: 30305197 PMCID: PMC6310201 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-17-000106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We developed a clinical assessment tool for use in an NHP radiation model to 1) quantify severity responses for subsyndromes of the acute radiation syndrome (ARS; that is, hematopoietic and others) and 2) identify animals that required enhanced monitoring. Our assessment tool was based primarily on the MEdical TREatment ProtocOLs for Radiation Accident Victims (METREPOL) scoring system but was adapted for NHP to include additional indices (for example, behaviors) for use in NHP studies involving limited medical intervention. Male (n = 16) and female (n = 12) rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta; 5 groups: sham and 1.0, 3.5, 6.5, and 8.5 Gy; n = 6 per group) received sham- or bilateral 60Co γ-irradiation at approximately 0.6 Gy/mn. Clinical signs of ARS and blood analysis were obtained before and serially for clinical assessment during the period of 6 h to 60 d after sham or 60Co irradiation. Minimal supportive care (that is, supplemental nutrition, subcutaneous fluid, loperamide, acetaminophen, and topical antibiotic ointment) was prescribed based on clinical observations. Results from clinical signs and assays for assessment of relevant organ systems in individual animals were stratified into ARS severity scores of normal (0), mild (1), moderate (2), and severe (3 or 4). Individual NHP were scored for maximal subsyndrome ARS severity in multiple organ systems by using the proposed ARS scoring system to obtain an overall ARS response category. One NHP died unexpectedly. The multiple-parameter ARS severity scoring tool aided in the identification of animals in the high-dose (6.5 and 8.5 Gy) groups that required enhanced monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L King
- Departments of Scientific Research, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David J Sandgren
- Departments of Scientific Research, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer M Mitchell
- Departments of Veterinary Sciences, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - David L Bolduc
- Departments of Scientific Research, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - William F Blakely
- Departments of Scientific Research, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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