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Nayeem MA, Geldenhuys WJ, Hanif A. Role of cytochrome P450-epoxygenase and soluble epoxide hydrolase in the regulation of vascular response. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 97:37-131. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Elbarbry F, Jones G, Ung A. Catechin Reduces Blood Pressure in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats through Modulation of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism. Molecules 2022; 27:8432. [PMID: 36500525 PMCID: PMC9735775 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: hypertension affects approximately half of the adults in the United States (roughly 116 million). The cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA) in the kidney has been found to play a major role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. This study examines the anti-hypertensive effect of the natural polyphenolic compound catechin (CAT) and investigates if it impacts the metabolism of AA in the kidney in comparison to captopril (CAP): a commonly used antihypertensive drug. (2) Methods: spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were randomly divided into five groups. The treatment groups were administered CAT in drinking water at doses of 10 and 50 mg/kg. A positive control group received CAP at a dose of 10 mg/kg in the drinking water, and one group received both CAP and CAT at doses of 10 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg, respectively. Blood pressure was monitored weekly for five weeks. The activity of the two major enzymes involved in AA metabolism in the kidney, namely CYP4A and soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), were analyzed. (3) Results: CAP monotherapy was found to reduce blood pressure compared to the control untreated rats but did not demonstrate any effect on AA metabolism. Low- and high-dose CAT resisted the rise in blood pressure observed in the untreated SHR and significantly lowered blood pressure compared to the control group, respectively. Only rats treated with high CAT doses demonstrated significant inhibition of CYP4A and sEH enzyme activities. The coadministration of CAP and a high dose of CAT resulted in more pronounced blood pressure-lowering effects, but no more significant effects on AA metabolism were found compared to a high dose of CAT alone. (4) Conclusion: the modulation of AA metabolism in the kidney contributes, at least partially, to the blood pressure-lowering effect of CAT in SHR rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawzy Elbarbry
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, OR 97123, USA
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Nayeem MA, Hanif A, Geldenhuys WJ, Agba S. Crosstalk between adenosine receptors and CYP450-derived oxylipins in the modulation of cardiovascular, including coronary reactive hyperemic response. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 240:108213. [PMID: 35597366 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine is a ubiquitous endogenous nucleoside or autacoid that affects the cardiovascular system through the activation of four G-protein coupled receptors: adenosine A1 receptor (A1AR), adenosine A2A receptor (A2AAR), adenosine A2B receptor (A2BAR), and adenosine A3 receptor (A3AR). With the rapid generation of this nucleoside from cellular metabolism and the widespread distribution of its four G-protein coupled receptors in almost all organs and tissues of the body, this autacoid induces multiple physiological as well as pathological effects, not only regulating the cardiovascular system but also the central nervous system, peripheral vascular system, and immune system. Mounting evidence shows the role of CYP450-enzymes in cardiovascular physiology and pathology, and the genetic polymorphisms in CYP450s can increase susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). One of the most important physiological roles of CYP450-epoxygenases (CYP450-2C & CYP2J2) is the metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA) and linoleic acid (LA) into epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and epoxyoctadecaenoic acid (EpOMEs) which generally involve in vasodilation. Like an increase in coronary reactive hyperemia (CRH), an increase in anti-inflammation, and cardioprotective effects. Moreover, the genetic polymorphisms in CYP450-epoxygenases will change the beneficial cardiovascular effects of metabolites or oxylipins into detrimental effects. The soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is another crucial enzyme ubiquitously expressed in all living organisms and almost all organs and tissues. However, in contrast to CYP450-epoxygenases, sEH converts EETs into dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (DHETs), EpOMEs into dihydroxyoctadecaenoic acid (DiHOMEs), and others and reverses the beneficial effects of epoxy-fatty acids leading to vasoconstriction, reducing CRH, increase in pro-inflammation, increase in pro-thrombotic and become less cardioprotective. Therefore, polymorphisms in the sEH gene (Ephx2) cause the enzyme to become overactive, making it more vulnerable to CVDs, including hypertension. Besides the sEH, ω-hydroxylases (CYP450-4A11 & CYP450-4F2) derived metabolites from AA, ω terminal-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (19-, 20-HETE), lipoxygenase-derived mid-chain hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (5-, 11-, 12-, 15-HETEs), and the cyclooxygenase-derived prostanoids (prostaglandins: PGD2, PGF2α; thromboxane: Txs, oxylipins) are involved in vasoconstriction, hypertension, reduction in CRH, pro-inflammation and cardiac toxicity. Interestingly, the interactions of adenosine receptors (A2AAR, A1AR) with CYP450-epoxygenases, ω-hydroxylases, sEH, and their derived metabolites or oxygenated polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs or oxylipins) is shown in the regulation of the cardiovascular functions. In addition, much evidence demonstrates polymorphisms in CYP450-epoxygenases, ω-hydroxylases, and sEH genes (Ephx2) and adenosine receptor genes (ADORA1 & ADORA2) in the human population with the susceptibility to CVDs, including hypertension. CVDs are the number one cause of death globally, coronary artery disease (CAD) was the leading cause of death in the US in 2019, and hypertension is one of the most potent causes of CVDs. This review summarizes the articles related to the crosstalk between adenosine receptors and CYP450-derived oxylipins in vascular, including the CRH response in regular salt-diet fed and high salt-diet fed mice with the correlation of heart perfusate/plasma oxylipins. By using A2AAR-/-, A1AR-/-, eNOS-/-, sEH-/- or Ephx2-/-, vascular sEH-overexpressed (Tie2-sEH Tr), vascular CYP2J2-overexpressed (Tie2-CYP2J2 Tr), and wild-type (WT) mice. This review article also summarizes the role of pro-and anti-inflammatory oxylipins in cardiovascular function/dysfunction in mice and humans. Therefore, more studies are needed better to understand the crosstalk between the adenosine receptors and eicosanoids to develop diagnostic and therapeutic tools by using plasma oxylipins profiles in CVDs, including hypertensive cases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Nayeem
- Faculties of the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
| | - Ahmad Hanif
- Faculties of the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Werner J Geldenhuys
- Faculties of the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Stephanie Agba
- Graduate student, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Gerges SH, El-Kadi AOS. Sex differences in eicosanoid formation and metabolism: A possible mediator of sex discrepancies in cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 234:108046. [PMID: 34808133 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid is metabolized by cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, and cytochrome P450 enzymes to produce prostaglandins, leukotrienes, epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs), along with other eicosanoids. Eicosanoids have important physiological and pathological roles in the body, including the cardiovascular system. Evidence from several experimental and clinical studies indicates differences in eicosanoid levels, as well as in the activity or expression levels of their synthesizing and metabolizing enzymes between males and females. In addition, there is a clear state of gender specificity in cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which tend to be more common in men compared to women, and their risk increases significantly in postmenopausal women compared to younger women. This could be largely attributed to sex hormones, as androgens exert detrimental effects on the heart and blood vessels, whereas estrogen exhibits cardioprotective effects. Many of androgen and estrogen effects on the cardiovascular system are mediated by eicosanoids. For example, androgens increase the levels of cardiotoxic eicosanoids like 20-HETE, while estrogens increase the levels of cardioprotective EETs. Thus, sex differences in eicosanoid levels in the cardiovascular system could be an important underlying mechanism for the different effects of sex hormones and the differences in CVD between males and females. Understanding the role of eicosanoids in these differences can help improve the management of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar H Gerges
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ayman O S El-Kadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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McClung JA, Levy L, Garcia V, Stec DE, Peterson SJ, Abraham NG. Heme-oxygenase and lipid mediators in obesity and associated cardiometabolic diseases: Therapeutic implications. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 231:107975. [PMID: 34499923 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity-mediated metabolic syndrome remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Among many potential targets for pharmacological intervention, a promising strategy involves the heme oxygenase (HO) system, specifically its inducible form, HO-1. This review collects and updates much of the current knowledge relevant to pharmacology and clinical medicine concerning HO-1 in metabolic diseases and its effect on lipid metabolism. HO-1 has pleotropic effects that collectively reduce inflammation, while increasing vasodilation and insulin and leptin sensitivity. Recent reports indicate that HO-1 with its antioxidants via the effect of bilirubin increases formation of biologically active lipid metabolites such as epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET), omega-3 and other polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Similarly, HO-1and bilirubin are potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of fat-induced liver diseases. HO-1-mediated upregulation of EET is capable not only of reversing endothelial dysfunction and hypertension, but also of reversing cardiac remodeling, a hallmark of the metabolic syndrome. This process involves browning of white fat tissue (i.e. formation of healthy adipocytes) and reduced lipotoxicity, which otherwise will be toxic to the heart. More importantly, this review examines the activity of EET in biological systems and a series of pathways that explain its mechanism of action and discusses how these might be exploited for potential therapeutic use. We also discuss the link between cardiac ectopic fat deposition and cardiac function in humans, which is similar to that described in obese mice and is regulated by HO-1-EET-PGC1α signaling, a potent negative regulator of the inflammatory adipokine NOV.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A McClung
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, United States of America
| | - Lior Levy
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, United States of America
| | - Victor Garcia
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, United States of America
| | - David E Stec
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Cardiorenal and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, United States of America.
| | - Stephen J Peterson
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States of America; New York Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, NY 11215, United States of America
| | - Nader G Abraham
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, United States of America; Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, United States of America.
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The Antihypertensive Effect of Quercetin in Young Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats; Role of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186554. [PMID: 32911626 PMCID: PMC7555394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension affects almost 50% of the adult American population. Metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA) in the kidney play an important role in blood pressure regulation. The present study investigates the blood pressure-lowering potential of quercetin (QR), a naturally occurring polyphenol, and examines its correlation to the modulation of AA metabolism. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were randomly divided into four groups. Treatment groups were administered QR in drinking water at concentrations of 10, 30, and 60 mg/L. Blood pressure was monitored at seven-day intervals. After a total of seven weeks of treatment, rats were killed and kidney tissues were collected to examine the activity of the two major enzymes involved in AA metabolism in the kidney, namely cytochrome P450 (CYP)4A and soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). Medium- and high-dose QR resisted the rise in blood pressure observed in the untreated SHR and significantly inhibited the activity of the CYP4A enzyme in renal cortical microsomes. The activity of the sEH enzyme in renal cortical cytosols was significantly inhibited only by the high QR dose. Our data not only demonstrate the antihypertensive effect of QR, but also provide a novel mechanism for its underlying cardioprotective properties.
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Kampschulte N, Alasmer A, Empl MT, Krohn M, Steinberg P, Schebb NH. Dietary Polyphenols Inhibit the Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase Branch of the Arachidonic Acid Cascade with Remarkable Structure-Dependent Selectivity and Potency. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:9235-9244. [PMID: 32786866 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The products of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP)-catalyzed oxidation of arachidonic acid (AA), that is, epoxy- and hydroxy-fatty acids, play a crucial role in the homeostasis of several physiological processes. In a liver microsome-based multienzyme assay using AA as natural substrate, we investigated how polyphenols inhibit different oxylipin-forming CYP in parallel but independently from each other. The ω-hydroxylating CYP4F2 and CYP4A11 were investigated, as well as the epoxidizing CYP2C-subfamily and CYP3A4 along with the (ω-n)-hydroxylating CYP1A1 and CYP2E1. The oxylipin formation was inhibited by several polyphenols with a remarkable selectivity and a potency comparable to known CYP inhibitors. The flavone apigenin inhibited the epoxidation, ω-hydroxylation, and (ω-n)-hydroxylation of AA with IC50 values of 4.4-9.8, 2.9-10, and 10-25 μM, respectively. Other flavones such as wogonin selectively inhibited CYP1A1-catalyzed (ω-n)-hydroxylation with an IC50 value of 0.10-0.22 μM, while the isoflavone genistein was a selective ω-hydroxylase inhibitor (IC50: 5.5-46 μM). Of note, the flavanone naringenin and the anthocyanidin perlargonidin did not inhibit CYPs of the AA cascade. Moderate permeability of apigenin as tested in the Caco-2 model of intestinal absorption (Papp: 4.5 ± 1 × 10-6 cm/s) and confirmation of the inhibition of 20-HETE formation by apigenin in the colorectal cancer-derived cell line HCT 116 (IC50: 1.5-8.8 μM) underline the possible in vivo relevance of these effects. Further research is needed to better understand how polyphenols impact human health by this newly described molecular mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Kampschulte
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaussstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ayah Alasmer
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaussstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Michael T Empl
- Institute for Food Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Krohn
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaussstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Pablo Steinberg
- Institute for Food Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nils Helge Schebb
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaussstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
- Institute for Food Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
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Abstract
20-HETE, the ω-hydroxylation product of arachidonic acid catalyzed by enzymes of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 4A and 4F gene families, is a bioactive lipid mediator with potent effects on the vasculature including stimulation of smooth muscle cell contractility, migration and proliferation as well as activation of endothelial cell dysfunction and inflammation. Clinical studies have shown elevated levels of plasma and urinary 20-HETE in human diseases and conditions such as hypertension, obesity and metabolic syndrome, myocardial infarction, stroke, and chronic kidney diseases. Studies of polymorphic associations also suggest an important role for 20-HETE in hypertension, stroke and myocardial infarction. Animal models of increased 20-HETE production are hypertensive and are more susceptible to cardiovascular injury. The current review summarizes recent findings that focus on the role of 20-HETE in the regulation of vascular and cardiac function and its contribution to the pathology of vascular and cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Rocic
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College School of Medicine, Valhalla, NY, United States
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β-adrenergic Receptor-stimulated Cardiac Myocyte Apoptosis: Role of Cytochrome P450 ω-hydroxylase. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2018; 70:94-101. [PMID: 28768289 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged or excessive β-adrenergic activation leads to cardiac myocyte loss and heart dysfunction; however, the underlying cellular mechanisms are still unclear. Therefore, we first confirmed the effect of isoproterenol (ISO), a β-adrenergic receptor agonist, on cardiac toxicity using TUNEL and caspase activity assays in cultured rat cardiomyocytes. ISO treatment significantly increased cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Persistent ISO stimulation of cardiomyocytes also increased the expression of CYP4A3, a major CYP450 ω-hydroxylase that produces 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) in a time-dependent manner. Next, we examined the effect of ISO and 20-HETE on cardiomyocyte apoptosis using annexin V and propidium iodide staining. Treatment with either 20-HETE or ISO significantly increased cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and inhibition of 20-HETE production using 17-ODYA, a CYP450 ω-hydroxylase inhibitor, dramatically attenuated ISO-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis. To determine the apoptotic pathway involved, the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) was measured by detecting the ratio of JC-1 green/red emission intensity. The results demonstrated that 17-ODYA significantly abolished ISO-induced disruption of ΔΨm and that 20-HETE alone induced a marked disruptive effect on ΔΨm in cardiomyocytes. In addition, 20-HETE-induced disruption of ΔΨm and apoptosis was significantly attenuated by KN93, a CaMKII inhibitor. Taken together, these results demonstrate that 20-HETE treatment induces significant apoptosis via mitochondrial-dependent pathways, and that inhibition of 20-HETE production using 17-ODYA attenuates ISO-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis.
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The role of 20-HETE in cardiovascular diseases and its risk factors. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2016; 125:108-17. [PMID: 27287720 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA) is metabolized in mammals by enzymes of the CYP4A and 4F families to 20-hydroxyeicosatetraeonic acid (20-HETE) which plays an important role in the regulation of renal function, vascular tone and arterial pressure. In the vasculature, 20-HETE is a potent vasoconstrictor, the up-regulation of which contributes to inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and an increase in peripheral vascular resistance in models of obesity, diabetes, ischemia/reperfusion, and vascular oxidative stress. Recent studies have established a role for 20-HETE in normal and pathological angiogenic conditions. We discuss in this review the synthesis of 20-HETE and how it and various autacoids, especially the renin-angiotensin system, interact to promote hypertension, vasoconstriction, and vascular dysfunction. In addition, we examine the molecular mechanisms through which 20-HETE induces these actions and the clinical implication of inhibiting 20-HETE production and activity.
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Dordea AC, Vandenwijngaert S, Garcia V, Tainsh RET, Nathan DI, Allen K, Raher MJ, Tainsh LT, Zhang F, Lieb WS, Mikelman S, Kirby A, Stevens C, Thoonen R, Hindle AG, Sips PY, Falck JR, Daly MJ, Brouckaert P, Bloch KD, Bloch DB, Malhotra R, Schwartzman ML, Buys ES. Androgen-sensitive hypertension associated with soluble guanylate cyclase-α1 deficiency is mediated by 20-HETE. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 310:H1790-800. [PMID: 27199131 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00877.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulated nitric oxide (NO) signaling contributes to the pathogenesis of hypertension, a prevalent and often sex-specific risk factor for cardiovascular disease. We previously reported that mice deficient in the α1-subunit of the NO receptor soluble guanylate cyclase (sGCα1 (-/-) mice) display sex- and strain-specific hypertension: male but not female sGCα1 (-/-) mice are hypertensive on an 129S6 (S6) but not a C57BL6/J (B6) background. We aimed to uncover the genetic and molecular basis of the observed sex- and strain-specific blood pressure phenotype. Via linkage analysis, we identified a suggestive quantitative trait locus associated with elevated blood pressure in male sGCα1 (-/-)S6 mice. This locus encompasses Cyp4a12a, encoding the predominant murine synthase of the vasoconstrictor 20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE). Renal expression of Cyp4a12a in mice was associated with genetic background, sex, and testosterone levels. In addition, 20-HETE levels were higher in renal preglomerular microvessels of male sGCα1 (-/-)S6 than of male sGCα1 (-/-)B6 mice. Furthermore, treating male sGCα1 (-/-)S6 mice with the 20-HETE antagonist 20-hydroxyeicosa-6(Z),15(Z)-dienoic acid (20-HEDE) lowered blood pressure. Finally, 20-HEDE rescued the genetic background- and testosterone-dependent impairment of acetylcholine-induced relaxation in renal interlobar arteries associated with sGCα1 deficiency. Elevated Cyp4a12a expression and 20-HETE levels render mice susceptible to hypertension and vascular dysfunction in a setting of sGCα1 deficiency. Our data identify Cyp4a12a as a candidate sex-specific blood pressure-modifying gene in the context of deficient NO-sGC signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Dordea
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sara Vandenwijngaert
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Victor Garcia
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Robert E T Tainsh
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel I Nathan
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kaitlin Allen
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael J Raher
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laurel T Tainsh
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Wolfgang S Lieb
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah Mikelman
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew Kirby
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christine Stevens
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Techonology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Robrecht Thoonen
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Allyson G Hindle
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Patrick Y Sips
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John R Falck
- Departments of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Mark J Daly
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Techonology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Peter Brouckaert
- Department for Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; and
| | - Kenneth D Bloch
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Donald B Bloch
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rajeev Malhotra
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Emmanuel S Buys
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
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Toth P, Csiszar A, Sosnowska D, Tucsek Z, Cseplo P, Springo Z, Tarantini S, Sonntag WE, Ungvari Z, Koller A. Treatment with the cytochrome P450 ω-hydroxylase inhibitor HET0016 attenuates cerebrovascular inflammation, oxidative stress and improves vasomotor function in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Br J Pharmacol 2015. [PMID: 23194285 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hypertension increases cerebrovascular oxidative stress and inflammation and impairs vasomotor function. These pathological alterations lead to dysregulation of cerebral blood flow and exacerbate atherogenesis, increasing the morbidity of ischaemic cerebrovascular diseases and promoting vascular cognitive impairment. We aimed to test the hypothesis that increased production of the arachidonic acid metabolite 20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) contributes to hypertension-induced cerebrovascular alterations. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We treated male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with HET0016 (N-hydroxy-N'-(4-butyl-2-methylphenyl)-formamidine), an inhibitor of 20-HETE synthesis. In middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) of SHRs, we focused on vasomotor responses and end points that are highly relevant for cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, inflammatory cytokine expression and NF-κB activation. KEY RESULTS SHRs treated with HET0016 remained hypertensive (SHR + HET0016: 149 ± 8 mmHg, Wistar-Kyoto rat: 115 ± 4 mmHg; P < 0.05.), although their systolic blood pressure was decreased compared to untreated SHRs (191 ± 6 mmHg). In MCAs of SHRs, flow-induced constriction was increased, whereas ACh- and ATP-induced dilations were impaired. This functional impairment was reversed by treatment with HET0016. Treatment with HET0016 also significantly decreased oxidative stress in MCAs of SHRs (as shown by dihydroethidium staining and analysis of vascular 5-nitrotyrosine, 4-hydroxynonenal and carbonyl content) and inhibited cerebrovascular inflammation (shown by the reduced mRNA expression of TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6). Treatment of SHRs with HET0016 also attenuated vascular NF-κB activation. In vitro treatment with 20-HETE significantly increased vascular production of ROS and promoted NF-κB activation in cultured cerebromicrovascular endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Taken together, treatment with HET0016 confers anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects in the cerebral arteries of SHRs by disrupting 20-HETE-mediated autocrine/paracrine signalling pathways in the vascular wall. It is likely that HET0016-induced decreases in blood pressure also potentiate the cerebrovascular protective effects of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Toth
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Li DB, Xu HW, Yang GJ, Yang JM, Fang H, Tang JY. Effects of rosuvastatin correlated with the down-regulation of CYP4A1 in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Microvasc Res 2015; 98:88-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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14
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Abstract
20-Hydroxy-5, 8, 11, 14-eicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) is a cytochrome P450 (CYP)-derived omega-hydroxylation metabolite of arachidonic acid. 20-HETE has been shown to play a complex role in blood pressure regulation. In the kidney tubules, 20-HETE inhibits sodium reabsorption and promotes natriuresis, thus, contributing to antihypertensive mechanisms. In contrast, in the microvasculature, 20-HETE has been shown to play a pressor role by sensitizing smooth muscle cells to constrictor stimuli and increasing myogenic tone, and by acting on the endothelium to further promote endothelial dysfunction and endothelial activation. In addition, 20-HETE induces endothelial angiotensin-converting enzyme, thus, setting forth a potential feed forward prohypertensive mechanism by stimulating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. With the advancement of gene sequencing technology, numerous polymorphisms in the regulatory coding and noncoding regions of 20-HETE-producing enzymes, CYP4A11 and CYP4F2, have been associated with hypertension. This in-depth review article discusses the biosynthesis and function of 20-HETE in the cardiovascular system, the pharmacological agents that affect 20-HETE action, and polymorphisms of CYP enzymes that produce 20-HETE and are associated with systemic hypertension in humans.
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15
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Yu C, Yan Q, Fu C, Shi W, Wang H, Zeng C, Wang X. CYP4F2 genetic polymorphisms are associated with coronary heart disease in a Chinese population. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13:83. [PMID: 24886380 PMCID: PMC4052825 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-13-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To explore the relationship between CYP4F2 gene polymorphism and coronary heart disease (CHD) in a Chinese Han population. METHODS We selected 440 CHD patients and 440 control subjects to perform a case - control study. Four SNPs (rs2108622, rs3093100, rs3093105 and rs3093135) in CYP4F2 gene were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR - RFLP) methods. The genotype and haplotype distributions were compared between the case and the control group. RESULTS We found both rs2108622 and rs3093105 in CYP4F2 gene were associated with the risk for CHD (P <0.01). Haplotype analysis indicated that GGGT haplotype consisted by rs2108622-rs3093100-rs3093105-rs3093135 was associated with CHD risk (OR = 4.367, 95% CI: 2.241 ~ 8.510; P < 0.001), but GGTA haplotype was associated with decreased risk for CHD (OR = 0.450, 95% CI: 0.111 ~ 0.777; P <0.001). CONCLUSION CYP4F2 gene polymorphisms were associated with the risk of CHD in Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xukai Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, 10#Changjiangzhilu, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400042, People's Republic of China.
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16
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N-Palmitoylethanolamide protects the kidney from hypertensive injury in spontaneously hypertensive rats via inhibition of oxidative stress. Pharmacol Res 2013; 76:67-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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17
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Bubb KJ, Wen H, Panayiotou CM, Finsterbusch M, Khan FJ, Chan MV, Priestley JV, Baker MD, Ahluwalia A. Activation of neuronal transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 channel underlies 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid-induced vasoactivity: role for protein kinase A. Hypertension 2013; 62:426-33. [PMID: 23753406 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.00942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A rise in intraluminal pressure triggers vasoconstriction in resistance arteries, which is associated with local generation of the vasoconstrictor 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE). Importantly, dysregulation of 20-HETE synthesis and activity has been implicated in several cardiovascular disease states, including ischemic disease, hypertension, and stroke; however, the exact molecular pathways involved in mediating 20-HETE bioactivity are uncertain. We investigated whether 20-HETE activates the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and thereby regulates vascular function and blood pressure. We demonstrate that 20-HETE causes dose-dependent increases in blood pressure, coronary perfusion pressure (isolated Langendorff), and pressure-induced constriction of resistance arteries (perfusion myography) that is substantially attenuated in TRPV1 knockout mice and by treatment with the neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist RP67580. Furthermore, we show that both channel activation (via patch-clamping of dorsal root ganglion neurons) and vessel constriction are enhanced under inflammatory conditions, and our findings indicate a predominant role for protein kinase A-mediated sensitization of TRPV1 in these phenomena. Finally, we identify a prominence of these pathway in males compared with females, an effect we relate to reduced protein kinase A-induced phosphorylation of TRPV1. 20-HETE-induced activation of TRPV1, in part, mediates pressure-induced myogenic constriction and underlies 20-HETE-induced elevations in blood pressure and coronary resistance. Our findings identify a novel vasoconstrictor 20-HETE/TRPV1 pathway that may offer potential for therapeutic targeting in cardiovascular diseases associated with elevated 20-HETE implicated in dysregulated organ blood flow, such as stroke or hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen J Bubb
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Sq, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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18
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Wu CC, Mei S, Cheng J, Ding Y, Weidenhammer A, Garcia V, Zhang F, Gotlinger K, Manthati VL, Falck JR, Capdevila JH, Schwartzman ML. Androgen-sensitive hypertension associates with upregulated vascular CYP4A12-20-HETE synthase. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 24:1288-96. [PMID: 23641057 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2012070714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the mechanism underlying the effect of androgen on BP and cardiovascular disease is not well understood, recent studies suggest that 20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), a primary cytochrome P450 4 (Cyp4)-derived eicosanoid, may mediate androgen-induced hypertension. Here, treatment of normotensive mice with 5α-dihydrotestosterone increased BP and induced both Cyp4a12 expression and 20-HETE levels in preglomerular microvessels. Administration of a 20-HETE antagonist prevented and reversed the effects of dihydrotestosterone on BP. Cyp4a14(-/-) mice, which exhibit androgen-sensitive hypertension in the male mice, produced increased levels of vascular 20-HETE; furthermore, administration of a 20-HETE antagonist normalized BP. To examine whether androgen-independent increases in 20-HETE are sufficient to cause hypertension, we studied Cyp4a12-transgenic mice, which express the CYP4A12-20-HETE synthase under the control of a doxycycline-sensitive promoter. Administration of doxycycline increased BP by 40%, and administration of a 20-HETE antagonist prevented this increase. Levels of CYP4A12 and 20-HETE in preglomerular microvessels of doxycycline-treated transgenic mice approximately doubled, correlating with increased 20-HETE-dependent sensitivity to phenylephrine-mediated vasoconstriction and with decreased acetylcholine-mediated vasodilation in the renal microvasculature. We observed a similar contribution of 20-HETE to myogenic tone in the mesenteric microvasculature. Taken together, these results suggest that 20-HETE both mediates androgen-induced hypertension and can cause hypertension independent of androgen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chia Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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19
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Capra V, Bäck M, Barbieri SS, Camera M, Tremoli E, Rovati GE. Eicosanoids and Their Drugs in Cardiovascular Diseases: Focus on Atherosclerosis and Stroke. Med Res Rev 2012; 33:364-438. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Capra
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences; University of Milan; Via Balzaretti 9 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Magnus Bäck
- Department of Cardiology and Center for Molecular Medicine; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | | | - Marina Camera
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences; University of Milan; Via Balzaretti 9 20133 Milan Italy
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino; I.R.C.C.S Milan Italy
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences; University of Milan; Via Balzaretti 9 20133 Milan Italy
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino; I.R.C.C.S Milan Italy
| | - G. Enrico Rovati
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences; University of Milan; Via Balzaretti 9 20133 Milan Italy
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20
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Wen H, Östman J, Bubb KJ, Panayiotou C, Priestley JV, Baker MD, Ahluwalia A. 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) is a novel activator of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:13868-76. [PMID: 22389490 PMCID: PMC3340178 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.334896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
TRPV1 is a member of the transient receptor potential ion channel family and is gated by capsaicin, the pungent component of chili pepper. It is expressed predominantly in small diameter peripheral nerve fibers and is activated by noxious temperatures >42 °C. 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) is a cytochrome P-450 4A/4F-derived metabolite of the membrane phospholipid arachidonic acid. It is a powerful vasoconstrictor and has structural similarities with other TRPV1 agonists, e.g. the hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid 12-HPETE, and we hypothesized that it may be an endogenous ligand for TRPV1 in sensory neurons innervating the vasculature. Here, we demonstrate that 20-HETE both activates and sensitizes mouse and human TRPV1, in a kinase-dependent manner, involving the residue Ser(502) in heterologously expressed hTRPV1, at physiologically relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairuo Wen
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
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21
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Wu CC, Schwartzman ML. The role of 20-HETE in androgen-mediated hypertension. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2011; 96:45-53. [PMID: 21722750 PMCID: PMC3248593 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Androgen plays an important role in blood pressure regulation. Epidemiological studies have shown that men have a higher prevalence for developing hypertension than aged-matched, premenopausal women. Interestingly, postmenopausal women and women with polycystic ovary syndrome, both of which have increased endogenous androgen production, have elevated risks for hypertension suggesting that androgen may contribute to its development. Studies from our laboratory and others have provided substantial evidence that 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) mediates the hypertension seen in rodents treated with androgen. 20-HETE is the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-derived ω-hydroxylated metabolite of arachidonic acid. 20-HETE plays a complex role in blood pressure regulation. In the kidney tubules, 20-HETE decreases blood pressure by promoting natriuresis, while in the microvasculature it has a pressor effect. In the microcirculation, 20-HETE participates in the regulation of vascular tone by sensitizing the smooth muscle cells to constrictor stimuli and contributes to myogenic, mitogenic and angiogenic responses. In addition, 20-HETE acts on the endothelium to promote endothelial dysfunction and endothelial activation. Recently, we have demonstrated that 20-HETE induces endothelial ACE thus setting forth a potential feed forward mechanism through activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. In this review, we will discuss the pro-hypertensive effects of 20-HETE and its role in androgen-induced vascular dysfunction and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chia Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA. chengchia
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22
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Koeners MP, Wesseling S, Ulu A, Sepúlveda RL, Morisseau C, Braam B, Hammock BD, Joles JA. Soluble epoxide hydrolase in the generation and maintenance of high blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 300:E691-8. [PMID: 21266668 PMCID: PMC3074945 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00710.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that perinatal inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase (SEH), which metabolizes epoxyeicosatrienoic acids in the arachidonic acid (AA) cascade, with an orally active SEH inhibitor, 12-(3-adamantan-1-yl-ureido)-dodecanoic acid (AUDA), would persistently reduce blood pressure (BP) in adult SHR despite discontinuation of AUDA at 4 wk of age. Renal cytoplasmic epoxide hydrolase-2 (Ephx2) gene expression was enhanced in SHR vs. WKY from 2 days to 24 wk. Effects of perinatal treatment with AUDA, supplied to SHR dams until 4 wk after birth, on BP in female and male offspring and renal oxylipin metabolome in female offspring were observed and contrasted to female SHR for direct effects of AUDA (8-12 wk). Briefly, inhibition of SEH was effective in persistently reducing BP in female SHR when applied during the perinatal phase. This was accompanied by marked increases in major renal AA epoxides and decreases in renal lipoxygenase products of AA. Early inhibition of SEH induced a delayed increase in renal 5-HETE at 24 wk, in contrast to a decrease at 2 wk. Inhibition of SEH in female SHR from 8 to 12 wk did not reduce BP but caused profound decreases in renal 15(S)-HETrE, LTB4, TBX2, 5-HETE, and 20-HETE and increases in TriHOMEs. In male SHR, BP reduction after perinatal AUDA was transient. Thus, Ephx2 transcription and SEH activity in early life may initiate mechanisms that eventually contribute to high BP in adult female SHR. However, programmed BP-lowering effects of perinatal SEH inhibition in female SHR cannot be simply explained by persistent reduction in renal SEH activity but rather by more complex and temporally dynamic interactions between the renal SEH, lipoxygenase, and cyclooxygenase pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten P Koeners
- Dept. of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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23
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Abstract
Arachidonic acid is metabolized by enzymes of the CYP4A and 4F families to 20-hydroxyeicosatetraeonic acid (20-HETE), which plays an important role in the regulation of renal function, vascular tone, and the long-term control of arterial pressure. In the vasculature, 20-HETE is a potent vasoconstrictor, and upregulation of the production of this compound contributes to the elevation in oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction and the increase in peripheral vascular resistance associated with some forms of hypertension. In kidney, 20-HETE inhibits Na transport in the proximal tubule and thick ascending loop of Henle, and deficiencies in the renal formation of 20-HETE contributes to sodium retention and development of some salt-sensitive forms of hypertension. 20-HETE also has renoprotective actions and opposes the effects of transforming growth factor β to promote proteinuria and renal end organ damage in hypertension. Several new inhibitors of the synthesis of 20-HETE and 20-HETE agonists and antagonists have recently been developed. These compounds along with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α agonists that induce the renal formation of 20-HETE seem to have promise as antihypertensive agents. This review summarizes the rationale for the development of drugs that target the 20-HETE pathway for the treatment of hypertension and associated cardiovascular complications.
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Raffai G, Wang J, Roman RJ, Anjaiah S, Weinberg B, Falck JR, Lombard JH. Modulation by cytochrome P450-4A ω-hydroxylase enzymes of adrenergic vasoconstriction and response to reduced PO₂ in mesenteric resistance arteries of Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Microcirculation 2011; 17:525-35. [PMID: 21040118 DOI: 10.1111/j.1549-8719.2010.00053.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the contribution of the 20-HETE/cytochrome P450-4A ω-hydroxylase (CYP4A) system to the early development of salt-induced vascular changes in Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats. METHODS CYP4A expression and 20-HETE production were evaluated and responses to norepinephrine, endothelin, and reduced PO₂ were determined by video microscopy in isolated mesenteric resistance arteries from SS rats fed high salt (HS; 4% NaCl) diet for three days vs. low salt (LS; 0.4% NaCl) controls. RESULTS CYP4A enzyme inhibition with dibromododecenyl methylsulfimide (DDMS) selectively reduced norepinephrine sensitivity and restored impaired vasodilation in response to reduced PO₂ in SS rats fed HS diet. In the presence of DDMS, vasodilatation to reduced PO₂ was eliminated by indomethacin and unaffected by l-NAME in rats fed LS diet, and eliminated by l-NAME and unaffected by indomethacin in rats fed HS diet. The 20-HETE agonist WIT003 restored norepinephrine sensitivity in DDMS-treated arteries of HS-fed rats. HS diet increased vascular 20-HETE production and CYP4A protein levels by ∼24% and ∼31%, respectively, although these differences were not significant. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the hypothesis that the 20-HETE/CYP4A system modulates vessel responses to norepinephrine and vascular relaxation to reduced PO₂ in mesenteric resistance arteries of SS rats fed HS diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Raffai
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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Fidelis P, Wilson L, Thomas K, Villalobos M, Oyekan AO. Renal function and vasomotor activity in mice lacking the Cyp4a14 gene. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2010; 235:1365-74. [PMID: 20943934 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2010.009233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) in the kidney is thought to be involved in the control of renal vascular tone and tubular sodium and chloride reabsorption. Cytochrome (Cyp) P-450 enzymes of the Cyp4a family in the mouse, namely 4a10, -12 and 14, are involved in 20-HETE synthesis. Recent advances in the molecular genetics of the mouse have produced mice in which Cyp4a isoforms have been disrupted and the consequence of such an approach is examined. This study evaluated the effect of deletion of the Cyp4a14 gene on blood pressure, renal vascular responses and tubular function. When compared with the wild-type (WT) litter mates, systolic blood pressure was greater in Cyp4a14 null (KO) mice as were renal vascular responses to angiotensin II or phenyephrine, G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists, but not KCl, a non-GPCR agonist. Renal vascular responses to guanosine 5'-O-(gamma-thio)triphosphate, a non-hydrolyzable GTP analog, or NaF(4), an activator of G-proteins, were also enhanced. However, vasodilation to bradykinin or apocynin but not sodium nitroprusside was blunted in Cyp4a14 null (KO) kidneys. These changes in KO mice were accompanied by increased 20-HETE synthesis, reduced renal production of nitric oxide (NO), increased lipid hydroperoxides and increased apocynin-inhibitable vascular NADPH oxidase activity that was prevented by administration of NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor, suggesting endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) uncoupling. Cyp4a14 KO mice also exhibited a diminished capacity to excrete an acute sodium load (0.9% NaCl, 2.5 mL/kg). These data suggest that deletion of the Cyp4a gene conferred a prohypertensive status via mechanisms involving increased 20-HETE synthesis and eNOS uncoupling leading to increased oxidative stress, enhanced vasoconstriction but diminished vasodilation as well as a defect in the renal excretory capacity in Cyp4a14 KO mice. These mechanisms suggest that the Cyp4a14-deficient mouse may be a useful model for evaluation of NO/20-HETE interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Fidelis
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
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Sodhi K, Wu CC, Cheng J, Gotlinger K, Inoue K, Goli M, Falck JR, Abraham NG, Schwartzman ML. CYP4A2-induced hypertension is 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid- and angiotensin II-dependent. Hypertension 2010; 56:871-8. [PMID: 20837888 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.110.154559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We have shown previously that increased vascular endothelial expression of CYP4A2 leads to 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic (20-HETE)-dependent hypertension. The renin-angiotensin system is a key regulator of blood pressure. In this study, we examined possible interactions between 20-HETE and the renin-angiotensin system. In normotensive (110±3 mm Hg) Sprague-Dawley rats transduced with a lentivirus expressing the CYP4A2 cDNA under the control of an endothelial-specific promoter (VECAD-4A2), systolic blood pressure increased rapidly, reaching 139±1, 145±3, and 150±2 mm Hg at 3, 5, and 10 days after transduction; blood pressure remained elevated, thereafter, with maximum levels of 163±3 mm Hg. Treatment with lisinopril, losartan, or the 20-HETE antagonist 20-hydroxyeicosa-6(Z), 15(Z)-dienoic acid decreased blood pressure to control values, but blood pressure returned to its high levels after cessation of treatment. Endothelial-specific overexpression of CYP4A2 resulted in increased expression of vascular angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin II type 1 receptor and increased levels of plasma and tissue angiotensin II; all were attenuated by treatment with HET0016, an inhibitor of 20-HETE synthesis, or with 20-hydroxyeicosa-6(Z), 15(Z)-dienoic acid. In cultured endothelial cells, 20-HETE specifically and potently induced ACE expression without altering the expression of ACE2, angiotensinogen, or angiotensin II receptors. This is the first study to demonstrate that 20-HETE, a key constrictor eicosanoid in the microcirculation, induces ACE and angiotensin II type 1 receptor expression and increases angiotensin II levels, suggesting that the mechanisms by which 20-HETE promotes hypertension include activation of the renin-angiotensin system that is likely initiated at the level of ACE induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Sodhi
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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Zordoky BNM, El-Kadi AOS. Effect of cytochrome P450 polymorphism on arachidonic acid metabolism and their impact on cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 125:446-63. [PMID: 20093140 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of death in the developed countries. Taking into account the mounting evidence about the role of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in cardiovascular physiology, CYP polymorphisms can be considered one of the major determinants of individual susceptibility to CVDs. One of the important physiological roles of CYP enzymes is the metabolism of arachidonic acid. CYP epoxygenases such as CYP1A2, CYP2C, and CYP2J2 metabolize arachidonic acid to epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) which generally possess vasodilating, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-thrombotic, natriuretic, and cardioprotective effects. Therefore, genetic polymorphisms causing lower activity of these enzymes are generally associated with an increased risk of several CVDs such as hypertension and coronary artery disease. EETs are further metabolized by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) to the less biologically active dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs). Therefore, sEH polymorphism has also been shown to affect arachidonic acid metabolism and to be associated with CVDs. On the other hand, CYP omega-hydroxylases such as CYP4A11 and CYP4F2 metabolize arachidonic acid to 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) which has both vasoconstricting and natriuretic effects. Genetic polymorphisms causing lower activity of these enzymes are generally associated with higher risk of hypertension. Nevertheless, some studies have denied the association between polymorphisms in the arachidonic acid pathway and CVDs. Therefore, more research is needed to confirm this association and to better understand the pathophysiologic mechanisms behind it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beshay N M Zordoky
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2N8
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Inoue K, Sodhi K, Puri N, Gotlinger KH, Cao J, Rezzani R, Falck JR, Abraham NG, Laniado-Schwartzman M. Endothelial-specific CYP4A2 overexpression leads to renal injury and hypertension via increased production of 20-HETE. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 297:F875-84. [PMID: 19675180 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00364.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that adenoviral-mediated delivery of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 4A2, which catalyzes the synthesis of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), results in endothelial dysfunction and hypertension in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (Wang JS, Singh H, Zhang F, Ishizuka T, Deng H, Kemp R, Wolin MS, Hintze TH, Abraham NG, Nasjletti A, Laniado-Schwartzman M. Circ Res 98: 962-969, 2006). In this study, we targeted the vascular endothelium by using a lentivirus construct expressing CYP4A2 under the control of the endothelium-specific promoter VE-cadherin (VECAD-4A2) and examined the effect of long-term CYP4A2 overexpression on blood pressure and kidney function in SD rats. A bolus injection of VECAD-4A2 increased blood pressure (P < 0.001) by 26, 36, and 30 mmHg 10, 20, and 30 days postinjection, respectively. Arteries from VECAD-4A2-transduced rats produced increased levels of 20-HETE (P < 0.01), expressed lower levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and phosphorylated eNOS (p-eNOS) (P < 0.05), generated higher levels of superoxide anion, and displayed decreased relaxing responsiveness to acetylcholine (P < 0.05). Proteinuria increased by twofold in VECAD-4A2-transduced rats compared with controls. Treatment of VECAD-4A2-transduced rats with HET0016, an inhibitor of 20-HETE biosynthesis, not only attenuated the increase in blood pressure (P < 0.05) but also improved vascular function (acetylcholine-induced relaxations) and reduced plasma creatinine and proteinuria. HET0016 treatment decreased oxidative stress and increased the phosphorylated state of key proteins that regulate endothelial function, including eNOS, AKT, and AMPK. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that augmentation of vascular endothelial 20-HETE levels results in hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, and renal injury, which is offset by HET0016 through a reduction in vascular 20-HETE coupled with a lessening of oxidative stress and the amplification of pAKT, pAMPK, and p-eNOS levels leading to normalization of endothelial responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Inoue
- Dept. of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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Wang J, Schmidt JR, Roman RJ, Anjaiah S, Falck JR, Lombard JH. Modulation of vascular O2 responses by cytochrome 450-4A omega-hydroxylase metabolites in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Microcirculation 2009; 16:345-54. [PMID: 19225982 DOI: 10.1080/10739680802698007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the role of the 20-HETE/cytochrome P450-4A omega-hydroxylase (CYP450-4A) system in microvascular regulation in the skeletal muscle circulation following short-term (three-day) exposure to a high-salt (HS) diet in Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats. METHODS The effects of inhibiting CYP450-4A on resting diameter, O(2)-induced constriction, and vasodilator responses to acetylcholine (ACh) and the nitric oxide (NO) donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), were evaluated in cremasteric arterioles of SS rats fed a low- (LS; 0.4% NaCl) or high-salt (HS; 4% NaCl) diet for three days. RESULTS The HS diet upregulated CYP450-4A mRNA expression and led to an enhanced constriction of arterioles in response to elevated PO(2) in SS rats, which could be blocked by inhibiting CYP450-4A enzymes with dibromododecenyl methylsulfimide (DDMS). DDMS also inhibited resting tone significantly in SS rats fed the HS, but not the LS, diet, despite similar resting diameters and active tone in the two groups. Arteriolar dilations in response to ACh and SNP were similar in SS rats fed the LS vs. the HS diet and were unaffected by DDMS. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that CYP450-4A enzymes contribute to resting tone and to an enhanced response to elevated PO(2) in arterioles of Dahl-SS rats fed the HS diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingli Wang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226 USA
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Vascular control in humans: focus on the coronary microcirculation. Basic Res Cardiol 2009; 104:211-27. [PMID: 19190954 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-009-0775-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial perfusion is regulated by a variety of factors that influence arteriolar vasomotor tone. An understanding of the physiological and pathophysiological factors that modulate coronary blood flow provides the basis for the judicious use of medications for the treatment of patients with coronary artery disease. Vasomotor properties of the coronary circulation vary among species. This review highlights the results of recent studies that examine the mechanisms by which the human coronary microcirculation is regulated in normal and disease states, focusing on diabetes. Multiple pathways responsible for myogenic constriction and flow-mediated dilation in human coronary arterioles are addressed. The important role of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors, their interactions in mediating dilation, as well as speculation regarding the clinical significance are emphasized. Unique properties of coronary arterioles in human vs. other species are discussed.
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Tsai IJ, Croft KD, Mori TA, Falck JR, Beilin LJ, Puddey IB, Barden AE. 20-HETE and F2-isoprostanes in the metabolic syndrome: the effect of weight reduction. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 46:263-70. [PMID: 19013235 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) is a cytochrome P450 metabolite of arachidonic acid that regulates vascular function and sodium homeostasis. Studies showing an association between 20-HETE excretion, raised BMI, and oxidative stress suggest that 20-HETE may be important in the development of cardiovascular disease in the metabolic syndrome (MetS). We investigated whether 20-HETE and F(2)-isoprostanes (markers of oxidative stress) were altered in the MetS before and after weight reduction. A case-controlled comparison of 30 participants with the MetS and matched controls showed that plasma and urinary 20-HETE and F(2)-isoprostanes were significantly elevated in the MetS group. There was a significant gender x group interaction such that women with the MetS had higher urinary 20-HETE and F(2)-isoprostanes compared to controls (p<0.0001). In a randomized controlled trial, 42 participants with the MetS were assigned to 16 weeks of weight maintenance or a 12-week weight-loss program followed by 4 weeks weight stabilization. Relative to the weight-maintenance group, a 4-kg loss in weight resulted in a 2-mm Hg fall in blood pressure (BP) but did not alter urinary or plasma 20-HETE or F(2)-isoprostanes. 20-HETE and oxidative stress may be important mediators of cardiovascular disease risk in the MetS. Although a 4% reduction in body weight reduced BP, there were no changes in plasma or urinary 20-HETE or F(2)-isoprostanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Jung Tsai
- University of Western Australia School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
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Dhanasekaran A, Bodiga S, Gruenloh S, Gao Y, Dunn L, Falck JR, Buonaccorsi JN, Medhora M, Jacobs ER. 20-HETE increases survival and decreases apoptosis in pulmonary arteries and pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 296:H777-86. [PMID: 19136601 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01087.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) is an endogenous cytochrome P-450 product present in vascular smooth muscle and uniquely located in the vascular endothelium of pulmonary arteries (PAs). 20-HETE enhances reactive oxygen species (ROS) production of bovine PA endothelial cells (BPAECs) in an NADPH oxidase-dependent manner and is postulated to promote angiogenesis via activation of this pathway in systemic vascular beds. We tested the capacity of 20-HETE or a stable analog of this compound, 20-hydroxy-eicosa-5(Z),14(Z)-dienoic acid, to enhance survival and protect against apoptosis in BPAECs stressed with serum starvation. 20-HETE produced a concentration-dependent increase in numbers of starved BPAECs and increased 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation. Caspase-3 activity, nuclear fragmentation studies, and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays supported protection from apoptosis and enhanced survival of starved BPAECs treated with a single application of 20-HETE. Protection from apoptosis depended on intact NADPH oxidase, phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI3)-kinase, and ROS production. 20-HETE-stimulated ROS generation by BPAECs was blocked by inhibition of PI3-kinase or Akt activity. These data suggest 20-HETE-associated protection from apoptosis in BPAECs required activation of PI3-kinase and Akt and generation of ROS. 20-HETE also protected against apoptosis in BPAECs stressed by lipopolysaccharide, and in mouse PAs exposed to hypoxia reoxygenation ex vivo. In summary, 20-HETE may afford a survival advantage to BPAECs through activation of prosurvival PI3-kinase and Akt pathways, NADPH oxidase activation, and NADPH oxidase-derived superoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Dhanasekaran
- Dept. of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 W. Wisconsin Ave., Milwaukee WI 53226, USA
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Sugimoto K, Akasaka H, Katsuya T, Node K, Fujisawa T, Shimaoka I, Yasuda O, Ohishi M, Ogihara T, Shimamoto K, Rakugi H. A Polymorphism Regulates CYP4A11 Transcriptional Activity and Is Associated With Hypertension in a Japanese Population. Hypertension 2008; 52:1142-8. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.108.114082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CYP4A11 oxidizes arachidonic acid to 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, a metabolite with renovascular and tubular function in humans. A previous study demonstrated a significant association between the CYP4A11 gene polymorphism and hypertension; however, the precise mechanism of the association has not been clarified. To assess the involvement of
CYP4A11
in the pathogenesis of hypertension, we sought to identify a functional polymorphism of
CYP4A11
and examined its impact on predisposition to hypertension in the Tanno-Sobetsu Study. The −845A/G polymorphism was identified in the promoter region of
CYP4A11
by direct sequencing. Luciferase expression driven by the promoter of
CYP4A11
containing the wild-type −845GG genotype was 30% lower than expression with the variant −845AA genotype. Gel mobility shift assays with nuclear protein extracts showed specific binding to probes containing the variant −845GG. To assess the effect of
CYP4A11
polymorphisms on hypertension, we also carried out a case-control study using 4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (−845A/G, −366C/T, 7119C/T, and 8590T/C) in the Tanno-Sobetsu Study. The odds ratio for hypertension in participants with the AG+GG genotype of −845A/G was 1.42 (
P
=0.008), and the odds ratio for hypertension of the TT genotype of 7119C/T was 1.37 (
P
=0.037) after adjusting for confounding factors. The haplotype-based case-control analysis using 4 single nucleotide polymorphisms revealed a significant haplotype (G-C-T-T) that was significantly associated with hypertension, with an odds ratio of 1.44 (
P
=0.006) after adjusting for confounding factors. We have identified a functional variant (−845A/G) of
CYP4A11
that is significantly associated with hypertension and that appears to be a novel candidate for a predisposing factor for hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Sugimoto
- From the Department of Geriatric Medicine (K.S., T.K., T.F., I.S., O.Y., M.O., H.R.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Second Department of Internal Medicine (H.A., K.S.), Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan; Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine (K.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan; and Osaka General Medical Center (T.O.), Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Akasaka
- From the Department of Geriatric Medicine (K.S., T.K., T.F., I.S., O.Y., M.O., H.R.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Second Department of Internal Medicine (H.A., K.S.), Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan; Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine (K.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan; and Osaka General Medical Center (T.O.), Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Katsuya
- From the Department of Geriatric Medicine (K.S., T.K., T.F., I.S., O.Y., M.O., H.R.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Second Department of Internal Medicine (H.A., K.S.), Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan; Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine (K.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan; and Osaka General Medical Center (T.O.), Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichi Node
- From the Department of Geriatric Medicine (K.S., T.K., T.F., I.S., O.Y., M.O., H.R.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Second Department of Internal Medicine (H.A., K.S.), Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan; Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine (K.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan; and Osaka General Medical Center (T.O.), Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomomi Fujisawa
- From the Department of Geriatric Medicine (K.S., T.K., T.F., I.S., O.Y., M.O., H.R.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Second Department of Internal Medicine (H.A., K.S.), Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan; Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine (K.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan; and Osaka General Medical Center (T.O.), Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Osaka, Japan
| | - Izumi Shimaoka
- From the Department of Geriatric Medicine (K.S., T.K., T.F., I.S., O.Y., M.O., H.R.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Second Department of Internal Medicine (H.A., K.S.), Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan; Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine (K.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan; and Osaka General Medical Center (T.O.), Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Osaka, Japan
| | - Osamu Yasuda
- From the Department of Geriatric Medicine (K.S., T.K., T.F., I.S., O.Y., M.O., H.R.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Second Department of Internal Medicine (H.A., K.S.), Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan; Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine (K.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan; and Osaka General Medical Center (T.O.), Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Ohishi
- From the Department of Geriatric Medicine (K.S., T.K., T.F., I.S., O.Y., M.O., H.R.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Second Department of Internal Medicine (H.A., K.S.), Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan; Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine (K.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan; and Osaka General Medical Center (T.O.), Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshio Ogihara
- From the Department of Geriatric Medicine (K.S., T.K., T.F., I.S., O.Y., M.O., H.R.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Second Department of Internal Medicine (H.A., K.S.), Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan; Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine (K.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan; and Osaka General Medical Center (T.O.), Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Shimamoto
- From the Department of Geriatric Medicine (K.S., T.K., T.F., I.S., O.Y., M.O., H.R.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Second Department of Internal Medicine (H.A., K.S.), Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan; Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine (K.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan; and Osaka General Medical Center (T.O.), Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiromi Rakugi
- From the Department of Geriatric Medicine (K.S., T.K., T.F., I.S., O.Y., M.O., H.R.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Second Department of Internal Medicine (H.A., K.S.), Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan; Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine (K.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan; and Osaka General Medical Center (T.O.), Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Osaka, Japan
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Dunn KM, Renic M, Flasch AK, Harder DR, Falck J, Roman RJ. Elevated production of 20-HETE in the cerebral vasculature contributes to severity of ischemic stroke and oxidative stress in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 295:H2455-65. [PMID: 18952718 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00512.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a major risk factor for stroke, but the factors that contribute to the increased incidence and severity of ischemic stroke in hypertension remain to be determined. 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) has been reported to be a potent constrictor of cerebral arteries, and inhibitors of 20-HETE formation reduce infarct size following cerebral ischemia. The present study examined whether elevated production of 20-HETE in the cerebral vasculature could contribute to the larger infarct size previously reported after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in hypertensive strains of rat [spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rat (SHRSP)]. The synthesis of 20-HETE in the cerebral vasculature of SHRSP measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was about twice that seen in Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. This was associated with the elevated expression of cytochrome P-450 (CYP)4A protein and CYP4A1 and CYP4A8 mRNA. Infarct volume after transient MCAO was greater in SHRSP (36+/-4% of hemisphere volume) than in SHR (19+/-5%) or WKY rats (5+/-2%). This was associated with a significantly greater reduction in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in SHR and SHRSP than in WKY rats during the ischemic period (78% vs. 62%). In WKY rats, rCBF returned to 75% of control following reperfusion. In contrast, SHR and SHRSP exhibited a large (166+/-18% of baseline) and sustained (1 h) postischemic hyperperfusion. Acute blockade of the synthesis of 20-HETE with N-hydroxy-N'-(4-butyl-2-methylphenyl)-formamidine (HET0016; 1 mg/kg) reduced infarct size by 59% in SHR and 87% in SHRSP. HET0016 had no effect on the fall in rCBF during MCAO but eliminated the hyperemic response. HET0016 also attenuated vascular O2*- formation and restored endothelium-dependent dilation in cerebral arteries of SHRSP. These results indicate the production of 20-HETE is elevated in the cerebral vasculature of SHRSP and contributes to oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and the enhanced sensitivity to ischemic stroke in this hypertensive model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Dunn
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Aging increases cytochrome P450 4A modulation of alpha1-adrenergic vasoconstriction in mesenteric arteries. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2008; 51:327-30. [PMID: 18356699 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e318160b415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with peripheral vascular dysfunction. In vascular smooth muscle, cytochrome P450 4A (CYP4A) enzymes form the vasoconstrictor 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE). 20-HETE acts as an intracellular messenger to modulate vasoconstriction induced by various agonists, including the alpha1-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine (PE) and endothelin-1 (ET-1). Eicosanoids produced by CYP4A contribute to the elevated vascular tone in hypertension, but the effects of advanced age on CYP4A modulation of vasoconstriction are unknown. Mesenteric arteries were isolated from young (3 to 4 months) and aged (17 to 18 months) Sprague-Dawley rats. Vasoconstriction was induced with PE or ET-1 in the absence or presence of the CYP4A inhibitor DDMS and/or the ETA inhibitor BQ123. CYP4A inhibition with DDMS significantly reduced PE sensitivity in aged rats, but it had no effect in young. Furthermore, in aged rats only, ETA inhibition reduced PE sensitivity while combined inhibition of CYP4A and ETA had no additional effect, suggesting that the pathways work in concert in aging. Exogenous ET-1 constriction was not altered by DDMS in young or aged rats. Overall, our data indicate that aging increases the contribution of CYP4A to alpha1-adrenergic vasoconstriction in systemic arteries. Understanding aging-related changes in vascular function is important for development of novel targets for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.
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Berezan DJ, Xu Y, Falck JR, Kundu AP, Davidge ST. Ovariectomy, but not estrogen deficiency, increases CYP4A modulation of alpha(1)-adrenergic vasoconstriction in aging female rats. Am J Hypertens 2008; 21:685-90. [PMID: 18437124 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2008.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postmenopausal women are more likely to develop cardiovascular disease (CVD) than premenopausal women. Increased vasoconstriction in the peripheral vasculature may underlie this risk. In vascular smooth muscle, cytochrome P450 4A (CYP4A) enzymes form the vasoconstrictor 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE). CYP4A modulation of alpha(1)-adrenergic vasoconstriction is increased in aging male rats; however, this pathway has not been investigated in aging females. To generate an appropriate model of menopause, we ovariectomized aged Sprague-Dawley rats to create an aged, ovarian-depleted phenotype. Because estrogen has profound effects on the peripheral vasculature, we also determined the effect of estrogen replacement on CYP4A modulation of vasoconstriction. METHODS Aged (15-16 months) rats were assigned to be intact or ovariectomized. Ovariectomized rats received either placebo (OVX) or 17beta-estradiol (OVX-E) subcutaneously for 4 weeks. Mesenteric arteries were isolated and constricted with the alpha(1)-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine or intraluminal pressure in the absence or presence of the CYP4A inhibitor, DDMS. RESULTS Ovariectomy increased CYP4A modulation of alpha(1)-adrenergic vasoconstriction. This was unaffected by estrogen replacement. Arteries from OVX-E animals exhibited increased phenylephrine sensitivity and forced dilation relative to arteries from intact and OVX animals. Myogenic tone was increased in both OVX and OVX-E animals relative to intact rats; however, CYP4A inhibition had no effect on myogenic tone in any group. CONCLUSIONS In aged female rats, ovariectomy caused an increase in CYP4A modulation of alpha(1)-adrenergic vasoconstriction that was not prevented by estrogen replacement. Future study of these pathways may provide important targets for the prevention of CVD in aging women.
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Wang Z, Tang X, Li Y, Leu C, Guo L, Zheng X, Zhu D. 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid inhibits the apoptotic responses in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 588:9-17. [PMID: 18455723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2007] [Revised: 03/09/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), a omega-hydroxylation product of arachidonic acid catalyzed by cytochrome P450 4A (CYP4A), plays a role in vascular smooth muscle remodeling. Although its effects on angiogenic responses are known, it remains unclear whether 20-HETE acts on apoptosis of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMC), an important step in PASMC remodeling, and what pathways are involved in the process. Here we show evidence for the missing information. The effect of 20-HETE on PASMC apoptosis and the apoptosis-associated signaling pathways were determined with cell viability assay, Annexin V and propidium idodide binding, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL), mitochondrial potentials assay, caspase activity assay and Western blots. We found that exogenous 20-HETE suppressed the serum deprivation-induced loss of bovine PASMCs and prevented Annexin V binding, DNA nick end labeling and chromatin condensation. The effect was worsened by 17-octadecynoic acid (17-ODYA), which inhibited the production of endogenous 20-HETE. Furthermore, 20-HETE induced the expression of bcl-2, maintained the stability of mitochondria membrane, and relieved the activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. Such effects were reversed in the presence of 17-ODYA. Thus, these findings indicate that 20-HETE protects PASMCs against apoptosis by acting on, at least in part, the intrinsic apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Wang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, PR China
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Ward NC, Tsai IJ, Barden A, van Bockxmeer FM, Puddey IB, Hodgson JM, Croft KD. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the CYP4F2 but not CYP4A11 gene is associated with increased 20-HETE excretion and blood pressure. Hypertension 2008; 51:1393-8. [PMID: 18391101 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.107.104463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid is a major fatty acid that can be metabolized by the cytochrome P450 enzyme to a number of bioactive eicosanoids. A major metabolite of this oxidation is 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, which acts as a potent vasoconstrictor. However, in the kidney, its vasoconstrictor actions can be offset by its natriuretic properties. A guanine-to-adenine polymorphism in the CYP4F2 gene was associated with a reduction in 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid production in vitro. A thymidine-to-cytosine polymorphism in the CYP4A11 gene reduced catalytic activity by >50% in vitro and was associated with hypertension. The aim was to determine whether these 2 mutations are associated with urinary 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid excretion and blood pressure in humans. For the CYP4F2, 51% were homozygous for the G allele, 40% were carriers, and 9% were homozygous for the A allele. For CYP4A11, 72% were homozygous for the T allele, 25% were carriers, and 3% were homozygous for the C allele. The CYP4F2 GA/AA genotype was significantly associated with an increase in both 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid excretion and systolic blood pressure. The CYP4A11 CC/TC genotype was significantly associated with a reduction in 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid excretion but was not associated with blood pressure. We have demonstrated for the first time in humans that polymorphisms of the CYP4F2 and CYP4A11 genes have opposite effects on 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid excretion. The positive association between the CYP4F2 GA/AA genotype and both systolic blood pressure and 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid excretion strengthens a role for 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid in the modulation of blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie C Ward
- Schools of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
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Cheng J, Ou JS, Singh H, Falck JR, Narsimhaswamy D, Pritchard KA, Schwartzman ML. 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid causes endothelial dysfunction via eNOS uncoupling. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 294:H1018-26. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01172.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), generated from l-arginine by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), is a key endothelial-derived factor whose bioavailability is essential to the normal function of the endothelium. Endothelium dysfunction is characterized by loss of NO bioavailability because of either reduced formation or accelerated degradation of NO. We have recently reported that overexpression of vascular cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 4A in rats caused hypertension and endothelial dysfunction driven by increased production of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), a major vasoconstrictor eicosanoid in the microcirculation. To further explore cellular mechanisms underlying CYP4A-20-HETE-driven endothelial dysfunction, the interactions between 20-HETE and the eNOS-NO system were examined in vitro. Addition of 20-HETE to endothelial cells at concentrations as low as 1 nM reduced calcium ionophore-stimulated NO release by 50%. This reduction was associated with a significant increase in superoxide production. The increase in superoxide in response to 20-HETE was prevented by NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, suggesting that uncoupled eNOS is a source of this superoxide. The response to 20-HETE was specific in that 19-HETE did not affect NO or superoxide production, and, in fact, the response to 20-HETE could be competitively antagonized by 19(R)-HETE. 20-HETE had no effect on phosphorylation of eNOS protein at serine-1179 or threonine-497 following addition of calcium ionophore; however, 20-HETE inhibited association of eNOS with 90-kDa heat shock protein (HSP90). In vivo, impaired acetylcholine-induced relaxation in arteries overexpressing CYP4A was associated with a marked reduction in the levels of phosphorylated vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein, an indicator of bioactive NO, that was reversed by inhibition of 20-HETE synthesis or action. Because association of HSP90 with eNOS is critical for eNOS activation and coupled enzyme activity, inhibition of this association by 20-HETE may underlie the mechanism, at least in part, by which increased CYP4A expression and activity cause endothelial dysfunction.
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Fleming I. Biology of Nitric Oxide Synthases. Microcirculation 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374530-9.00003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Roman RJ, Lombard JH. Does 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid Contribute to Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Risk by Increasing Oxidative Stress? Hypertension 2007; 50:37-8. [PMID: 17548717 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.107.090803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Singh H, Cheng J, Deng H, Kemp R, Ishizuka T, Nasjletti A, Schwartzman ML. Vascular cytochrome P450 4A expression and 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid synthesis contribute to endothelial dysfunction in androgen-induced hypertension. Hypertension 2007; 50:123-9. [PMID: 17548721 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.107.089599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence suggests a role for sex-dependent mechanisms in the pathophysiology of hypertension. It has been shown that 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) administration (56 mg/kg of body weight per day IP for 14 days) increases blood pressure, cytochrome P450 4A expression, and 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid synthesis in rats. We examined whether increased vascular 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid synthesis underlies endothelial dysfunction and hypertension in DHT-treated male Sprague-Dawley rats by using HET0016, a selective cytochrome P450 4A inhibitor. Coadministration of HET0016 (10 mg/kg per day IP for 14 days) to DHT-treated rats markedly reduced DHT-induced interlobar arterial production of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (14.3+/-1.5 versus 1.5+/-0.5 ng/mg of protein per hour; P<0.05), superoxide anion (246+/-47 versus 31+/-8 cpm/microg of protein), and the levels of gp91-phox, p47-phox, and 3-nitrosylated proteins. Moreover, the maximal relaxing response to acetylcholine in phenylephrine-preconstricted renal interlobar arteries from DHT-treated rats (42.8+/-4.8%) significantly (P<0.05) increased in the presence of HET0016 (81.5+/-10.8%). Importantly, the administration of HET0016 negated DHT-induced hypertension; systolic blood pressure was reduced from 146+/-2 mm Hg in DHT-treated rats to 130+/-1 mm Hg (P<0.05). The results strongly implicate vascular cytochrome P450 4A-derived 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid in the development of androgen-induced endothelial dysfunction and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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Stec DE, Roman RJ, Flasch A, Rieder MJ. Functional polymorphism in human CYP4F2 decreases 20-HETE production. Physiol Genomics 2007; 30:74-81. [PMID: 17341693 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00003.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) plays an important role in the regulation of renal tubular and vascular function and a deficiency in the renal formation of 20-HETE has been linked to the development of hypertension. The cytochrome P450 4F2 ( CYP4F2) gene encodes for the major CYP enzyme responsible for the synthesis of 20-HETE in the human kidney. We screened two human sampling panels (African and European Americans: n = 24 and 23 individuals, respectively) using PCR and DNA resequencing to identify informative SNPs in the coding region of the CYP4F2 gene. Two nonsynonymous SNPs that lead to amino acid changes at position 12 (W12G) and 433 (V433M), were identified. Both of these variants were found to be frequent in both African and European American sampling panels (9–21% minor allele frequency), and the W12G polymorphism exhibited extensive linkage disequilibrium with surrounding SNPs. To determine the functional significance of these mutations on the ability of the CYP4F2 enzyme to metabolize arachidonic acid and leukotriene B4(LTB4), recombinant baculoviruses containing four different human CYP4F2 variants (i.e., W12/V433, W12/M433, G12/V433, G12/M433) were generated and the proteins were expressed in Sf9 insect cells. The presence of the M433 allele, W12/M433, or G12/M433 decreased 20-HETE production to 56–66% of control. In contrast these variants had no effect on the ω-hydroxylation of LTB4. These findings are the first to identify a functional variant in the human CYP4F2 gene that alters the production of 20-HETE.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Stec
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216-4505, USA.
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Puddu GM, Cravero E, Ferrari E, Muscari A, Puddu P. Gene-based therapy for hypertension--do preclinical data suggest a promising future? Cardiology 2006; 108:40-7. [PMID: 16968989 DOI: 10.1159/000095688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2006] [Accepted: 06/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Many experimental studies have obtained a prolonged control of blood pressure through gene treatment. This consists in the administration of genes coding for vasodilator proteins (the 'sense' approach), or of nucleotide sequences that are complementary to the mRNA of vasoconstrictor proteins, which are consequently synthesized in smaller amounts (the 'antisense' approach). Examples of the sense approach include the genes encoding endothelial nitric oxide synthase and kallikrein. Examples of the second type of approach are the antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to angiotensin-converting enzyme and endothelin-1. Also, RNA molecules, such as ribozymes and small interfering RNAs, are capable to inhibit RNA function. Whole sense genes are usually administered through viral vectors, while antisense oligonucleotides may be administered with plasmids or liposomes. Both viral and non-viral vectors have advantages and disadvantages. Despite the still persisting limitations, the possibility exists that in the future some forms of genetic treatment will be extended to the clinical setting, allowing a prolonged control of essential hypertension and its end-organ sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Maria Puddu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Aging, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Abstract
Arachidonic acid metabolites are vital for the proper control of renal haemodynamics and, when not properly controlled, can contribute to renal vascular injury and end-stage renal disease. Three major enzymatic pathways, COX (cyclo-oxygenase), CYP450 (cytochrome P450) and LOX (lipoxygenase), are responsible for the metabolism of arachidonic acid metabolites to bioactive eicosanoids. These eicosanoids can dilate or constrict the renal vasculature and maintain vascular resistance in the face of changing vasoactive hormones. Renal vascular generation of eicosanoids is altered in pathophysiological conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and acute renal failure. Experimental evidence supports the concept that altered eicosanoid metabolism contributes to renal haemodynamic alterations and the development and progression of nephropathy. The possible beneficial renal vascular actions of enzymatic inhibitors, eicosanoid analogues and receptor antagonists have been examined in hypertension, diabetes and metabolic syndrome. This review highlights the roles of renal vascular eicosanoids in the pathogenesis of nephropathy and therapeutic targets for renal disease related to hypertension, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and acute renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Imig
- Vascular Biology Center, Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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47
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Wang JS, Singh H, Zhang F, Ishizuka T, Deng H, Kemp R, Wolin MS, Hintze TH, Abraham NG, Nasjletti A, Laniado-Schwartzman M. Endothelial Dysfunction and Hypertension in Rats Transduced With CYP4A2 Adenovirus. Circ Res 2006; 98:962-9. [PMID: 16543501 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000217283.98806.a6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vascular cytochrome P450 (CYP) 4A enzymes catalyze the synthesis of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), an eicosanoid which participates in the regulation of vascular tone by sensitizing the smooth muscle cells to constrictor and myogenic stimuli. This study was undertaken to investigate the consequences of CYP4A overexpression on blood pressure and endothelial function in rats treated with adenoviral vectors carrying the CYP4A2 construct. Intravenous injection of Adv-CYP4A2 increased blood pressure (from 114+/-1 to 133+/-1 mm Hg, P<0.001), and interlobar renal arteries from these rats displayed decreased relaxing responsiveness to acetylcholine, which was offset by treatment with an inhibitor of CYP4A. Relative to data in control rats, arteries from Adv-CYP4A2-transduced rats produced more 20-HETE (129+/-10 versus 97+/-7 pmol/mg protein, P<0.01) and less nitric oxide (NO; 4.2+/-1.6 versus 8.4+/-1 nmol nitrite+nitrate/mg; P<0.05). They also displayed higher levels of oxidative stress as measured by increased generation of superoxide anion and increased expression of nitrotyrosine and gp91phox. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that augmentation in vascular 20-HETE promotes the development of hypertension and causes endothelial dysfunction, a condition characterized by decreased NO synthesis and/or bioavailability, imbalance in the relative contribution of endothelium-derived relaxing and contracting factors, and enhanced endothelial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Shi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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Zhang F, Chen CL, Qian JQ, Yan JT, Cianflone K, Xiao X, Wang DW. Long-term modifications of blood pressure in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats by gene delivery of rAAV-mediated cytochrome P450 arachidonic acid hydroxylase. Cell Res 2006; 15:717-24. [PMID: 16212878 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cr.7290341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Arachidonic acid cytochrome P-450 (CYP) hydroxylase 4A isoforms, including 4A1, 4A2, 4A3 and 4A8 in the rat kidney, catalyze arachidonic acid to produce 19/20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (20-HETE), a biologically active metabolite, which plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure. However, controversial results have been reported regarding the exact role of 20-HETE on blood pressure. In the present study, we used recombinant adeno-associated viral vector (rAAV) to deliver CYP 4A1 cDNA and antisense 4A1 cDNA into Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), respectively, to investigate the effects of long-term modifications of blood pressure and the potential for gene therapy of hypertension. The mean systolic pressure increased by 14.2+/-2.5 mm Hg in rAAV.4A1-treated SD rats and decreased by 13.7+/-2.2 mm Hg in rAAV.anti4A1-treated SHR rats 5 weeks after the injection compared with controls and these changes in blood pressure were maintained until the experiments ended at 24 weeks. In 4A1 treated animals CYP4A was overexpressed in various tissues, but preferentially in the kidney at both mRNA and protein levels. In anti-4A1-treated SHR, CYP4A mRNA in various tissues was probed, especially in kidneys, but 4A1 protein expression was almost completely inhibited. These results suggest that arachidonic acid CYP hydroxylases contribute not only to the maintenance of normal blood pressure but also to the development of hypertension. rAAV-mediated anti4A administration strategy has the potential to be used as targeted gene therapy in human hypertension by blocking expression of CYP 4A in kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Kroetz DL, Xu F. Regulation and inhibition of arachidonic acid omega-hydroxylases and 20-HETE formation. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2005; 45:413-38. [PMID: 15822183 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.100045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450-catalyzed metabolism of arachidonic acid is an important pathway for the formation of paracrine and autocrine mediators of numerous biological effects. The omega-hydroxylation of arachidonic acid generates significant levels of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) in numerous tissues, particularly the vasculature and kidney tubules. Members of the cytochrome P450 4A and 4F families are the major omega-hydroxylases, and the substrate selectivity and regulation of these enzymes has been the subject of numerous studies. Altered expression and function of arachidonic acid omega-hydroxylases in models of hypertension, diabetes, inflammation, and pregnancy suggest that 20-HETE may be involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Our understanding of the biological significance of 20-HETE has been greatly aided by the development and characterization of selective and potent inhibitors of the arachidonic acid omega-hydroxylases. This review discusses the substrate selectivity and expression of arachidonic acid omega-hydroxylases, regulation of these enzymes during disease, and the application of enzyme inhibitors to study 20-HETE function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna L Kroetz
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-2911, USA.
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50
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Vera T, Taylor M, Bohman Q, Flasch A, Roman RJ, Stec DE. Fenofibrate prevents the development of angiotensin II-dependent hypertension in mice. Hypertension 2005; 45:730-5. [PMID: 15699464 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000153317.06072.2e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that the production of 20-hydroxyecisatatraenoic acid (20-HETE) is similar in the liver of C57/B6 mice and rats, but the renal production of 20-HETE is very low in this strain of mice. The present study examined the effects of induction of the renal production of 20-HETE with fenofibrate (FF) on the development of angiotensin II (Ang II)-dependent hypertension in C57BL/6J mice. The mice were divided into 4 groups and treated with vehicle (control), FF (90 mg/kg per day, IP), Ang II (1000 ng/kg per minute, SC), and Ang II plus FF. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) averaged 109+/-4 and 106+/-2 mm Hg in control and FF-treated mice (n=7). MAP was significantly increased in the Ang II-treated mice to 144+/-4 mm Hg (n=7). However, FF treatment prevented the development of Ang II-dependent hypertension, with MAP averaging 115+/-5 mm Hg in mice treated with both Ang II plus FF (n=7). Renal production of 20-HETE was very low in control (n=7) and Ang II-treated (n=7) mice and was increased by >2-fold in FF-treated (n=7) and Ang II plus FF-treated (n=7) mice. The levels of Cyp4A proteins were markedly increased in the kidneys of mice treated with FF and Ang II plus FF but not in the renal vasculature. These results suggest that upregulation of the production of 20-HETE in renal tubules may contribute to the blood pressure-lowering effects of FF treatment in Ang II-dependent hypertension in C57BL/6J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinity Vera
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, for Excellence in Cardiovascular-Renal Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA
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