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Han X, Chen Y, Ha L, Yang J, Wang F, Chen H, Zhou Q, Long C, Qiu X, Chen Q. Effects of electroacupuncture on bladder dysfunction and the expression of PACAP38 in a diabetic rat model. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1008269. [PMID: 36699677 PMCID: PMC9868671 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1008269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To explore the effects and the possible mechanism of electroacupuncture (EA) on diabetic bladder dysfunction (DBD) in streptozotocin-high fat diet (STZ-HFD) induced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats. Methods: The experiment was divided into Control, diabetic bladder dysfunction, electroacupuncture, and Sham electroacupuncture group. After 8 weeks of electroacupuncture intervention, the body mass, 24 h urine volume, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT), and urodynamics were detected. After the wet weight of the bladder was detected, the hematoxylin-eosin (HE), Masson's trichrome, and TUNEL were used to analyze histological changes. The PACAP38 expressions in the bladder were detected by Real-time PCR and Western blot. Results: Compared to the Control group, the bladder wet weight, 24 h urine volume, blood glucose, maximum bladder capacity, bladder compliance, bladder wall thickness, the smooth muscle/collagen ratio, and apoptosis rate of the diabetic bladder dysfunction group were significantly increased. Moreover, the body mass and leak point pressure were significantly reduced. Compared with the Sham electroacupuncture group, the bladder wet weight, maximum bladder capacity, bladder compliance, bladder wall thickness, and apoptosis rate of the electroacupuncture group were significantly reduced. In contrast, the leak point pressure was increased. The PACAP38 mRNA and PACAP38 protein expression of the diabetic bladder dysfunction group were significantly lower than the Control group, while electroacupuncture treatment could upregulate PACAP38 mRNA levels and PACAP38 protein expression of diabetic bladder dysfunction model rats. Conclusion: electroacupuncture could ameliorate bladder dysfunction in the diabetic bladder dysfunction model rats by reversing bladder remodeling, which might be mainly mediated by regulating the PACAP38 level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuke Han
- College of Acupuncture and Massage, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China,Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiding Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lue Ha
- College of Acupuncture and Massage, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Jiao Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Fangzhou Wang
- College of Acupuncture and Massage, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Huizhen Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Cong Long
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianliang Qiu
- West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiu Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Qiu Chen,
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Powell CR, Kim A, Roth J, Byrd JP, Mohammad K, Alloosh M, Vittal R, Sturek M. Ossabaw Pig Demonstrates Detrusor Fibrosis and Detrusor Underactivity Associated with Oxidative Stress in Metabolic Syndrome. Comp Med 2020; 70:329-334. [PMID: 32972487 PMCID: PMC7574218 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-20-000004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) has detrimental effects on the bladder, including detrusor underactivity. The progression and mechanism of disease are poorly understood. A swine model for diabetic bladder dysfunction (DBD) was established because of the pig's human-sized bladder and its ability to develop MetS by dietary modification alone. The hypothesis of this study is that this swine model will demonstrate oxidative stress associated with MetS, which contributes to both bladder fibrosis and detrusor underactivity (DU). Ossabaw pigs underwent dietary modification consisting of a hypercaloric, atherogenic diet for 10 mo to induce MetS, and were compared with a group of control (lean) pigs. Urodynamic studies were performed in both groups to confirm DU. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) detected in the urine were used to measure oxidative stress activity in the urinary tract, and urinary IL17a was used to detect profibrotic activity. MetS was confirmed by assessing body weight, blood pressure, glucose tolerance, total cholesterol, and triglycerides. The MetS group exhibited an increase in the relative levels of urinary TBARS and IL17a. Bladder pressures at capacity were lower in the MetS group, suggesting DU. Histologic analysis of a cohort of control (lean) and MetS pigs revealed that as compared with the control pigs, the MetS pigs had significantly more collagen in the muscularis layer, but not in the submucosa or mucosa layer. In conclusion, the Ossabaw pig model for diet-induced MetS is associated with oxidative stress and profibrotic activity in the bladder, which results in DU. This has previously been shown in mice and rats, but never in pigs. This novel model will better represent human MetS and DBD because the mechanism and size of the pig bladder more closely resemble that of a human, resulting in a more valid model and facilitating further study into the signaling mechanisms responsible for this impairment.
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Key Words
- du, detrusor underactivity
- luts, il17a, interleukin –17a
- lower urinary tract symptoms
- nhanes ii, national health and nutrition examination survey ii
- mets, metabolic syndrome
- mrna, messenger rna
- ros, reactive oxygen species
- sem, standard error of the mean
- tbars, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
- t2d, type 2 diabetes mellitus
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Powell
- Indiana University School of Medicine Department of Urology, Indianapolis, Indiana;,
| | - Albert Kim
- Temple University College of Engineering, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joshua Roth
- Indiana University School of Medicine Department of Urology, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - James P Byrd
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Khalid Mohammad
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology Division, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Mouhamad Alloosh
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ragini Vittal
- University of Michigan, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Michael Sturek
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indianapolis, Indiana; Purdue Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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Thein W, Po WW, Kim DM, Sohn UD. The Altered Signaling on EFS-Induced Colon Contractility in Diabetic Rats. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2020; 28:328-336. [PMID: 32126734 PMCID: PMC7327146 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2019.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus affects the colonic motility developing gastrointestinal symptoms, such as constipation. The aim of the study was to examine the role of intracellular signaling pathways contributing to colonic dysmotility in diabetes mellitus. To generate diabetes mellitus, the rats were injected by a single high dose of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. The proximal colons from both normal and diabetic rats were contracted by applying an electrical field stimulation with pulse voltage of 40 V in amplitude and pulse duration of 1 ms at frequencies of 1, 2, 4, and 6 Hz. The muscle strips from both normal rats and rats with diabetes mellitus were pretreated with different antagonists and inhibitors. Rats with diabetes mellitus had lower motility than the control group. There were significant differences in the percentage of inhibition of contraction between normal rats and rats with diabetes mellitus after the incubation of tetrodotoxin (neuronal blocker), atropine (muscarinic receptor antagonist), prazosin (α1 adrenergic receptor antagonist), DPCPX (adenosine A1 receptor antagonist), verapamil (L-type Ca2+ channel blocker), U73122 (PLC inhibitor), ML-9 (MLCK inhibitor), udenafil (PDE5 inhibitor), and methylene blue (guanylate cyclase inhibitor). The protein expression of p-MLC and PDE5 were decreased in the diabetic group compared to the normal group. These results showed that the reduced colonic contractility resulted from the impaired neuronal conduction and decreased muscarinic receptor sensitivity, which resulted in decreased phosphorylation of MLC via MLCK, and cGMP activity through PDE5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wynn Thein
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Wah Wah Po
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Min Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Uy Dong Sohn
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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Kaya-Sezginer E, Yilmaz-Oral D, Gur S. Administration of human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells restores bladder dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Low Urin Tract Symptoms 2019; 11:232-240. [PMID: 31207098 DOI: 10.1111/luts.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the effect of human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells (HUCB-MNCs) on bladder dysfunction in streptozotocin (STZ; 35 mg/kg, i.v.)-induced diabetic rats. METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 30) were equally divided into three groups: control group, STZ-diabetic group, and HUCB-MNC-treated group (1 × 106 cells). HUCB-MNCs were isolated by density gradient centrifugation from eight healthy donors and injected into the corpus cavenosum in STZ-diabetic rats 4 weeks after the induction of diabetes. Studies were performed 4 weeks after HUCB-MNC or vehicle injection. In vitro organ bath studies were performed on bladder strips, whereas protein expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) in the bladder and the ratio of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) to collagen were determined using western blotting and Masson trichrome staining. RESULTS Neurogenic contractions of detrusor smooth muscle strips were 55% smaller in the diabetic group than control group (P < 0.05); these contractions were normalized by HUCB-MNC treatment. In addition, HUCB-MNC treatment restored the impaired maximal carbachol-induced contractile response in detrusor strips in the diabetic group (29%; P < 0.05). HUCB-MNC treatment improved the KCl-induced contractile response in the diabetic bladder (68%; P < 0.05), but had no effect on ATP-induced contractile responses. Increased expression of HIF-1α and VEGF protein and decreased expression of α-SMA protein and the SMC/collagen ratio in diabetic rats were reversed by HUCB-MNC. CONCLUSION Administration of HUCB-MNCs facilitates bladder function recovery, which is likely related to downregulation of HIF-1α expression and attenuation of fibrosis in STZ-diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ecem Kaya-Sezginer
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Didem Yilmaz-Oral
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Serap Gur
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Klee NS, Moreland RS, Kendig DM. Detrusor contractility to parasympathetic mediators is differentially altered in the compensated and decompensated states of diabetic bladder dysfunction. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F388-F398. [PMID: 31141399 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00178.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic bladder dysfunction (DBD) affects up to 50% of all patients with diabetes, characterized by symptoms of both overactive and underactive bladder. Although most diabetic bladder dysfunction studies have been performed using models with type 1 diabetes, few have been performed in models of type 2 diabetes, which accounts for ~90% of all diabetic cases. In a type 2 rat model using a high-fat diet (HFD) and two low doses of streptozotocin (STZ), we examined voiding measurements and functional experiments in urothelium-denuded bladder strips to establish a timeline of disease progression. We hypothesized that overactive bladder symptoms (compensated state) would develop and progress into symptoms characterized by underactive bladder (decompensated state). Our results indicated that this model developed the compensated state at 1 wk after STZ and the decompensated state at 4 mo after STZ administration. Diabetic bladders were hypertrophied compared with control bladders. Increased volume per void and detrusor muscle contractility to exogenous addition of carbachol and ATP confirmed the development of the compensated state. This enhanced contractility to carbachol was not due to increased levels of M3 receptor expression. Decompensation was characterized by increased volume per void, number of voids, and contractility to ATP but not carbachol. Thus, progression from the compensated to decompensated state may involve decreased contractility to muscarinic stimulation. These data suggest that the compensated state of DBD progresses temporally into the decompensated state in the male HFD/STZ model of diabetes; therefore, this male HFD/STZ model can be used to study the progression of DBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S Klee
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert S Moreland
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Derek M Kendig
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
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Klee NS, McCarthy CG, Lewis S, McKenzie JL, Vincent JE, Webb RC. Urothelial Senescence in the Pathophysiology of Diabetic Bladder Dysfunction-A Novel Hypothesis. Front Surg 2018; 5:72. [PMID: 30564582 PMCID: PMC6288180 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2018.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic bladder dysfunction (DBD) is a well-recognized and common symptom affecting up to 50% of all diabetic patients. DBD has a broad range of clinical presentations ranging from overactive to underactive bladder symptoms that develops in middle-aged to elderly patients with long standing and poorly controlled diabetes. Low efficacy of current therapeutics and lifestyle interventions combined with high national healthcare costs highlight the need for more research into bladder dysfunction pathophysiology and novel treatment options. Cellular senescence is an age-related physiologic process in which cells undergo irreversible growth arrest induced by replicative exhaustion and damaging insults. While controlled senescence negatively regulates cell proliferation and promotes tissue regeneration, uncontrolled senescence is known to result in tissue dysfunction through enhanced secretion of inflammatory factors. This review presents previous scientific findings and current hypotheses that characterize diabetic bladder dysfunction. Further, we propose the novel hypothesis that cellular senescence within the urothelial layer of the bladder contributes to the pro-inflammatory/pro-oxidant environment and symptoms of diabetic bladder dysfunction. Our results show increased cellular senescence in the urothelial layer of the bladder; however, whether this phenomenon is the cause or effect of DBD is unknown. The urothelial layer of the bladder is made up of transitional epithelia specialized to contract and expand with demand and plays an active role in transmission by modulating afferent activity. Transition from normal functioning urothelial cells to secretory senescence cells would not only disrupt the barrier function of this layer but may result in altered signaling and sensation of bladder fullness; dysfunction of this layer is known to result in symptoms of frequency and urgency. Future DBD therapeutics may benefit from targeting and preventing early transition of urothelial cells to senescent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S Klee
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Cameron G McCarthy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Steven Lewis
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Jaine L McKenzie
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,Department of Surgery, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Julie E Vincent
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - R Clinton Webb
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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Seydewitz R, Menzel R, Siebert T, Böl M. Three-dimensional mechano-electrochemical model for smooth muscle contraction of the urinary bladder. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 75:128-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kendig DM, Ets HK, Moreland RS. Effect of type II diabetes on male rat bladder contractility. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 310:F909-22. [PMID: 26823284 PMCID: PMC4867315 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00511.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Type II diabetes is the most prevalent form of diabetes. One of the primary complications of diabetes that significantly affects quality of life is bladder dysfunction. Many studies on diabetic bladder dysfunction have been performed in models of type I diabetes; however, few have been performed in animal models of type II diabetes. Using the Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rat model of type II diabetes, we examined the contractility and sensitivity of bladder smooth muscle in response to mediators of depolarization-induced contraction, muscarinic receptor-mediated contraction, ATP-induced contraction, and neurogenic contraction. Studies were performed at 16 and 27 wk of age to monitor the progression of diabetic bladder dysfunction. Voiding behavior was also quantified. The entire bladder walls of diabetic rats were hypertrophied compared with that of control rats. Contractility and sensitivity to carbachol and ATP were increased at 27 wk in bladder smooth muscle strips from diabetic rats, suggesting a compensated state of diabetic bladder dysfunction. Purinergic signaling was increased in response to exogenous ATP in bladders from diabetic animals; however, the purinergic component of neurogenic contractions was decreased. The purinergic component of neurogenic contraction was reduced by P2X receptor desensitization, but was unchanged by P2X receptor inhibition in diabetic rats. Residual and tetrodotoxin-resistant components of neurogenic contraction were increased in bladder strips from diabetic animals. Overall, our results suggest that in the male ZDF rat model, the bladder reaches the compensated stage of function by 27 wk and has increased responsiveness to ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek M Kendig
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Hillevi K Ets
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Robert S Moreland
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvnia
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Dong X, Song Q, Zhu J, Zhao J, Liu Q, Zhang T, Long Z, Li J, Wu C, Wang Q, Hu X, Damaser M, Li L. Interaction of Caveolin-3 and HCN is involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic cystopathy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24844. [PMID: 27122250 PMCID: PMC4848475 DOI: 10.1038/srep24844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of research suggests that impaired bladder Cajal-like interstitial cells (ICCs) are a important component in the pathogenesis of diabetes-induced bladder dysfunction, although the molecular mechanisms have not been illustrated completely. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels in ICCs-DM were responsible for the detrusor weak contractility of Diabetic cystopathy (DCP) and to study the possible mechanism of regulating the expression and function of HCN channels. HCN channels expression were decreased at the mRNA and protein levels. Forskolin (FSK), which can elevate intracellular cAMP levels, increased the density of the hyperpolarization-activated current and intracellular calcium concentration in both normal control (NC) rats and DCP rats, but the sensitivity of FSK on HCN channels was clearly down-regulated in DCP rats. The loss of caveolae and caveolin was in accordance with the decrease in HCN channels. Caveolin-3 co-localizes with and affects the expression and function of HCN. Taken together, these results indicate that the loss of caveolae and HCN channels in ICCs-DM is important in the pathogenesis of DCP. Increasing the number of caveolae to enhance the function of HCN channels may represent a viable target for the pharmacological treatment of DCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyou Dong
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qixiang Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Jingzhen Zhu
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiang Zhao
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Teng Zhang
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhou Long
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Hu
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Margot Damaser
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Longkun Li
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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The association between urodynamic findings and micro-vascular complications in type 2 diabetic patients with or without voiding symptoms. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-015-0446-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Canda AE, Dogan H, Kandemir O, Atmaca AF, Akbulut Z, Balbay MD. Does diabetes affect the distribution and number of interstitial cells and neuronal tissue in the ureter, bladder, prostate, and urethra of humans? Cent European J Urol 2014; 67:366-74. [PMID: 25667756 PMCID: PMC4310884 DOI: 10.5173/ceju.2014.04.art10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the distribution and number of interstitial cells (ICs) and neuronal tissue in the ureter, bladder, prostate, and urethra of human patients with and without diabetes. MATERIAL AND METHODS Human tissue was obtained from patients who had undergone radical cystectomy for bladder cancer (10 diabetic and 11 non-diabetic males). Interstitial cells were stained immunohistochemically with anti-human CD117 (c-kit) rabbit polyclonal antibody, Vimentin, and Connexin-43. Neural tissue was stained with synaptophysin. The number of ICs and neurons was evaluated and compared between the groups (diabetic versus non-diabetic). RESULTS The mean number of c-kit (+) ICs in bladder lamina propria was significantly decreased in diabetics (32.40 ±12.96 versus 57.18 ±25.37, p = 0.036). The mean number of ICs in the detrusor muscle was significantly decreased in diabetics (40.50 ±16.79 versus 64.55 ±22.08, p = 0.013). Between the groups, no significant differences were detected regarding the number of ICs at the level of the ureter, urethra, and prostate. No significant differences were detected regarding the number of nerves in the ureter, bladder, prostate, and urethra of both groups. CONCLUSIONS The number of ICs may be decreased in the lamina propria and detrusor muscle of the human bladder in diabetes. This can be an underlying cause of lower urinary tract (LUT) dysfunction in diabetics. Research into the development of drugs targeting or stimulating IC function in order to prevent diabetic LUT dysfunction is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Erdem Canda
- Yildirim Beyazit University, School of Medicine, Ankara Ataturk Training & Research Hospital, Department of Urology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hayriye Dogan
- Ankara Ataturk Training & Research Hospital, Department of Pathology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Olcay Kandemir
- Ankara Oncology Training & Research Hospital, Department of Pathology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ali Fuat Atmaca
- Yildirim Beyazit University, School of Medicine, Ankara Ataturk Training & Research Hospital, Department of Urology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ziya Akbulut
- Yildirim Beyazit University, School of Medicine, Ankara Ataturk Training & Research Hospital, Department of Urology, Ankara, Turkey
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Marx JO, Basha ME, Mohanan S, Hypolite JA, Chang S, Wein AJ, Zderic SA, Laping NJ, Chacko S. Effects of Rho-kinase inhibition on myosin light chain phosphorylation and obstruction-induced detrusor overactivity. Int J Urol 2013; 21:319-24. [PMID: 24033563 DOI: 10.1111/iju.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the relationship between myosin light chain phosphorylation of the detrusor muscle and spontaneous smooth muscle contractions in a rabbit model of partial outlet obstruction. METHODS New Zealand white rabbit urinary bladders were partially obstructed for 2 weeks. Rabbits were euthanized, detrusor muscle strips were hung on a force transducer and spontaneous activity was measured at varying concentrations (0-0.03 μM/L) of the Rho-kinase inhibitors GSK 576371 or 0.01 μM/L Y27632. Basal myosin light chain phosphorylation was measured by 2-D gel electrophoresis in control and GSK 576371-treated strips. RESULTS Both drugs suppressed the force of spontaneous contractions, whereas GSK 576371 had a more profound effect on the frequency of the contractions. The IC₅₀ values for the inhibition of frequency and force of spontaneous contractions were 0.17 μM/L and 0.023 μM/L for GSK 576371, respectively. The compound significantly decreased the basal myosin light chain phosphorylation from 28.0 ± 3.9% to 13.5 ± 1.9% (P < 0.05). At 0.01 μM/L, GSK 576371 inhibited spontaneous bladder overactivity by 50%, but inhibited carbachol-elicited contractions force by just 25%. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that Rho-kinase regulation of myosin light chain phosphorylation contributes to the spontaneous detrusor activity induced by obstruction. This finding could have therapeutic implications by providing another therapeutic option for myogenic, overactive bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- James O Marx
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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Myosin light chain kinase is involved in the mechanism of gastrointestinal dysfunction in diabetic rats. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57:1197-202. [PMID: 22302242 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well established that smooth muscle contractility is regulated by an elevation of cytosolic Ca(2+) via myosin light chain phosphorylation, which is activated by myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). Recently, MLCK has been demonstrated to play an important role in smooth muscle contraction and normal gastrointestinal motility. AIMS The aim of our study is to investigate whether MLCK is involved in the mechanism of gastrointestinal dysfunction and the ameliorating effects of insulin on gastrointestinal dysfunction in diabetic rats. METHODS A diabetic rat model was established by an intravenous injection with streptozotocin. Rats were randomized into three groups: control group, diabetic group, and insulin-treated group. The gastrointestinal functions were assessed in terms of gastric emptying and intestinal transit. The expression of MLCK in the pylorus and ileum of the three groups was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot methods. RESULTS The diabetic group exhibited a significant delay in gastric emptying and intestinal transit than the control group. Insulin treatment significantly ameliorated the gastric emptying and intestinal transit in diabetic rats. The expression levels of MLCK in the pylorus and ileum of the diabetic group were both significantly decreased compared with the control group, and the changes of MLCK expression in these tissues of diabetic rats were partially reversed after treatment with insulin. CONCLUSIONS Decreased expression of MLCK in gastrointestinal tissues could be a possible cause for gastrointestinal dysfunction. Insulin may partly ameliorate gastrointestinal dysfunction by restoring the expression of MLCK.
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Mazur DJ, Helfand BT, McVary KT. Influences of Neuroregulatory Factors on the Development of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms/Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Erectile Dysfunction in Aging Men. Urol Clin North Am 2012; 39:77-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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15
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Short-term stromal alterations in the rat ventral prostate following alloxan-induced diabetes and the influence of insulin replacement. Micron 2011; 43:326-33. [PMID: 22014851 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The stromal microenvironment is pivotal to prostate physiology and malign transformation. Diabetes leads to testosterone withdrawal and affects the prostate stromal compartment and smooth muscle cells in a similar way to that observed after castration. However the response of these cells and their involvement in extracellular matrix remodeling is not satisfactorily understood. We investigated the changes caused in the short term (one week) by alloxan-induced diabetes in the stromal components of the rat ventral prostate (VP) with an emphasis on morphological alterations of stromal cells, their conversion to a myofibroblast phenotype and the remodeling of extracellular matrix and the influence of insulin therapy. Adult male Wistar rats were assigned into untreated diabetic (n=12), insulin-treated (n=8) diabetic and control (n=10) groups. Diabetes was induced by means of the injection of alloxan (40 mg/kg b.w.), while the control animals received saline solution only. Insulin (5 UI) was administered daily for one week after diabetes diagnosis. Testosterone and estrogen plasma levels were determined. VP was analyzed using transmission electron microscopy. The main stromal cells were identified by means of light microscopy, using immunocytochemistry for specific markers - vimentin for fibroblasts, α-actin for smooth muscle cells (smc) and vimentin/calponin for myofibroblasts, following the estimation of their relative frequency and absolute volume by means of stereology. After one week diabetes led to a marked decrease in testosterone levels and an atrophy of about 35% in the VP. The relative frequency of smc and collagen fibers increased in the VP of diabetic rats but their absolute weight remained unchanged. Experimental diabetes promptly altered smc morphology which assumed at the ultrastructural level a shrunken appearance with the approximation of cytoplasmic dense bodies and also exhibited a decreased immunoreactivity to calponin. The conversion of stromal cells to a myofibroblast phenotype did not occur in alloxan-induced diabetes, as evaluated by double immunoreaction to calponin and vimentin. Insulin treatment maintained testosterone levels and preserved at least partly the cell morphology and collagen fiber organization of the prostate stroma in short-term diabetes. The apparent collagen increase observed by means of microscopic analysis in the stromal prostate compartment in the short term after diabetes is mainly associated with gland atrophy and does not involve the formation of new collagen fibers, the generation of myofibroblast-like cells or the acquisition of a secretory phenotype by stromal cells.
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Leiria LOS, Mónica FZT, Carvalho FDGF, Claudino MA, Franco-Penteado CF, Schenka A, Grant AD, De Nucci G, Antunes E. Functional, morphological and molecular characterization of bladder dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice: evidence of a role for L-type voltage-operated Ca2+ channels. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 163:1276-88. [PMID: 21391978 PMCID: PMC3144540 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01311.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Diabetic cystopathy is one of the most common and incapacitating complications of diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to evaluate the functional, structural and molecular alterations of detrusor smooth muscle (DSM) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, focusing on the contribution of Ca(2+) influx through L-type voltage-operated Ca(2+) channels (L-VOCC). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Male C57BL/6 mice were injected with streptozotocin (125 mg·kg(-1) ). Four weeks later, contractile responses to carbachol, α,β-methylene ATP, KCl, extracellular Ca(2+) and electrical-field stimulation were measured in urothelium-intact DSM strips. Cystometry and histomorphometry were performed, and mRNA expression for muscarinic M(2) /M(3) receptors, purine P2X1 receptors and L-VOCC in the bladder was determined. KEY RESULTS Diabetic mice exhibited higher bladder capacity, frequency, non-void contractions and post-void pressure. Increased bladder weight, wall thickness, bladder volume and neural tissue were observed in diabetic bladders. Carbachol, α,β-methylene ATP, KCl, extracellular Ca(2+) and electrical-field stimulation all produced greater DSM contractions in diabetic mice. The L-VOCC blocker nifedipine almost completely reversed the enhanced DSM contractions in bladders from diabetic animals. The Rho-kinase inhibitor Y27632 had no effect on the enhanced carbachol contractions in the diabetic group. Expression of mRNA for muscarinic M(3) receptors and L-VOCC were greater in the bladders of diabetic mice, whereas levels of M(2) and P2X1 receptors remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Diabetic mice exhibit features of urinary bladder dysfunction, as characterized by overactive DSM and decreased voiding efficiency. Functional and molecular data suggest that overactive DSM in diabetes is the result of enhanced extracellular Ca(2+) influx through L-VOCC.
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MESH Headings
- Amides/pharmacology
- Animals
- Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology
- Calcium Channels, L-Type/metabolism
- Calcium Chloride/pharmacology
- Carbachol/pharmacology
- Cholinergic Agonists/pharmacology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Nifedipine/pharmacology
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Muscarinic M2/genetics
- Receptor, Muscarinic M2/metabolism
- Receptor, Muscarinic M3/genetics
- Receptor, Muscarinic M3/metabolism
- Receptors, Purinergic P2X1/genetics
- Receptors, Purinergic P2X1/metabolism
- Urinary Bladder Diseases/etiology
- Urinary Bladder Diseases/pathology
- rho-Associated Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- L O S Leiria
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Canda AE, Gok B, Balbay MD. Re: Temporal morphological and functional impact of complete urinary diversion on the bladder: a model of bladder disuse in rats. G. Liu, Y. H. Lin, M. Li, N. Xiao and F. Daneshgari. J Urol 2010;184:2179-2185. J Urol 2011; 185:2433-4; author reply 2434. [PMID: 21513956 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2011.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Schneider T, Fetscher C, Michel MC. Human Urinary Bladder Strip Relaxation by the β-Adrenoceptor Agonist Isoprenaline: Methodological Considerations and Effects of Gender and Age. Front Pharmacol 2011; 2:11. [PMID: 21687506 PMCID: PMC3108483 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2011.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was primarily designed to explore various methodological aspects related to organ bath experiments evaluating human detrusor relaxation by the β-adrenoceptor agonist isoprenaline. Data are based upon a series of 30 consecutive patients, and this cohort was also used to explore possible effects of gender and age. KCl-induced contraction was related to strip length but not weight or cross-sectional area, indicating that the former is most suitable for data normalization. Storage of detrusor strips in cold buffer for up to 2 days did not affect contractile responses to KCl or efficacy of isoprenaline to cause relaxation but significantly affected the isoprenaline potency. No such alterations were observed with up to 1 day of cold storage. The type (KCl vs. passive tension) or strength of contractile stimulus had only minor effects on isoprenaline responses although these differences reached statistical significance in some cases. Similarly, gender and age had only minor if any effects on KCl-induced contraction or isoprenaline-induced relaxation, but the current data are too limited for robust conclusions. In summary we have evaluated experimental conditions for the testing of human detrusor strip contraction and relaxation which should be useful for future larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Schneider
- Departments of Urology and Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen Essen, Germany
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19
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Abstract
Normal urinary bladder function is based on the proper contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle (SM), which constitutes the majority of the bladder wall. The contraction and relaxation of all SM involves a phosphorylation-dephosphorylation pathway involving the enzymes smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase (SMMLCK) and smooth muscle myosin light chain phosphatase (SMMLCP), respectively. Although originally thought to function just as a passive opposition to SMMLCK-driven SM contraction, it is now clear that SMMLCP activity is under an extremely complex molecular regulation via which SMMLCP inhibition can induce "calcium sensitization." This review provides a thorough summary of the literature regarding the molecular regulation of the SMMLCP with a focus on one of its major inhibitory pathways that is RhoA/Rho-kinase (ROK) including its activation pathways, effector molecules, and its roles in various pathological conditions associated with bladder dysfunction. Newly emerging roles of ROK outside of SM contractility are also discussed. It is concluded that the RhoA/ROK pathway is critical for the maintenance of basal SM tone of the urinary bladder and serves as a common final pathway of various contractile stimuli in rabbits, rats, mice, and pigs as well as humans. In addition, this pathway is upregulated in response to a number of pathological conditions associated with bladder SM dysfunction. Similarly, RhoA/Rho-kinase signaling is essential for normal ureteral function and development and is upregulated in response to ureteral outlet obstruction. In addition to its critical role in bladder SM function, a role of ROK in the urothelium is also beginning to emerge as well as roles for ROK in bladder infection and invasion and metastasis of bladder cancer.
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Canda AE. Re: Is type 2 diabetes mellitus a predictive factor for incontinence after laparoscopic radical prostatectomy? A matched pair and multivariate analysis. D. Teber, M. Sofikerim, M. Ates, A. S. Gözen, O. Güven, O. Sanli and J. Rassweiler J Urol 2010; 183: 1087-1091. J Urol 2010; 184:1231-2; author reply 1232. [PMID: 20656303 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2010.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Daneshgari F, Liu G, Birder L, Hanna-Mitchell AT, Chacko S. Diabetic bladder dysfunction: current translational knowledge. J Urol 2010; 182:S18-26. [PMID: 19846137 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2009.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disorder caused by an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin, is a debilitating and costly disease with multiple serious complications. Lower urinary tract complications are among the most common complications of diabetes mellitus. The most common, bothersome lower urinary tract complication of diabetes mellitus is diabetic cystopathy or diabetic bladder dysfunction. We reviewed the current translational knowledge of diabetic bladder dysfunction. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a search of the English literature through PubMed. The key words used were diabetes and bladder dysfunction or cystopathy. Our data and perspective are provided for consideration of the future direction of research. RESULTS Despite traditional recognition of diabetic bladder dysfunction as a voiding problem characterized by poor emptying and overflow incontinence, recent clinical and experimental evidence indicate storage problems such as urgency and urge incontinence in diabetes mellitus cases. Recent experimental evidence from studies of diabetic bladder dysfunction in small animal models of diabetes mellitus show a temporal effect on diabetic bladder dysfunction. Early phase diabetes mellitus causes compensated bladder function and the late phase causes decompensated bladder function. The temporal theory could plausibly provide the scientific road map to correlate clinical and experimental findings, and identify the role of mechanisms such as polyuria, hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, autonomic neuropathy and decompensation of the bladder contractile apparatus in the creation of clinical and experimental manifestations of diabetic bladder dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS Diabetic bladder dysfunction includes time dependent manifestations of storage and emptying problems. Identifying mechanistic pathways would lead to the identification of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firouz Daneshgari
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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22
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Does diabetes affect the intensity of staining of interstitial cells and neuronal tissue in the bladder, prostate and urethra of rabbits? Open Med (Wars) 2010. [DOI: 10.2478/s11536-009-0064-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractWe compared the intensity of staining of interstitial cells (ICs) and neural tissue in the lower urinary tract of rabbits with diabetes with the intensity in normal subjects. Diabetes was induced by injecting alloxane (65mg/kg) in adult male rabbits. After 3 days, rabbits with a blood glucose level >300 mg/dL were considered to have diabetes. After 8 weeks, the rabbits were killed, and tissue specimens from the bladder, prostate and urethra were obtained. ICs were stained with anti-human CD117 (c-kit) rabbit polyclonal antibody, and neural tissue was stained with synaptophysin. The streptavidin-biotin method was used for immunohistochemical staining. The intensity of c-kit and synaptophysin staining were scored as negative (0), weak (+), moderate (++), and strong (+++). Staining intensity of ICs and neural tissue was assessed and compared in tissues obtained from rabbits with diabetes (n=8) and from control subjects (n=7). Although staining intensity of both ICs and neural tissue was found to be significantly decreased in the bladder tissue of rabbits with diabetes compared to that in the control group (p=0.0001 [ICs] and p=0.021 [neural tissue]), no significant differences in staining intensity of ICs and neural tissue in the urethra and in the prostate was found when rabbits with diabetes were compared to the control group. Diabetes may cause dysfunction of the lower urinary tract, particularly in the urinary bladder, as shown by the staining intensity of ICs and neural tissue.
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Clements RT, Sodha NR, Feng J, Boodhwani M, Liu Y, Mieno S, Khabbaz KR, Bianchi C, Sellke FW. Impaired coronary microvascular dilation correlates with enhanced vascular smooth muscle MLC phosphorylation in diabetes. Microcirculation 2009; 16:193-206. [PMID: 19152178 DOI: 10.1080/10739680802461950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Impaired endothelium-independent vasodilation is a known consequence of types 1 and 2 diabetes, and the mechanism of impaired vasodilation is not well understood. The following study investigated the effects of types 1 and 2 diabetes in endothelial-independent vasodilation associated with coronary vascular smooth muscle (VSM) relaxation and contractile signaling mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Type 1 diabetes was induced in Yucatan miniswine via alloxan injection and treated with or without insulin (DM and IDM). Nondiabetic swine served as controls (ND). Expression and/or phosphorylation of determinants of VSM relaxation and contraction signaling were examined in coronary arteries and microvessels. Coronary microvessel relaxation was assessed by using sodium nitroprusside (SNP). In addition, SNP-induced vasodilation and myosin light-chain (MLC) phosphorylation was determined in coronary microvessels isolated from ND and type 2 diabetic human atrial appendage. RESULTS Diabetic impairment in SNP-induced relaxation was completely normalized by insulin. Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) VSM expression decreased in both DM and IDM groups and did not correlate with vasorelaxation. Phosphorylation of MLC and myosin phosphatase increased in the DM group and MLC phosphorylation strongly correlated with impaired VSM relaxation (r=0.670, P<0.01). Coronary microvessels from type 2 diabetic human patients exhibited similarly impaired vasodilation and enhanced VSM MLC phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS Impaired vasodilation in type 1 diabetes correlates with enhanced VSM MLC phosphorylation. In addition, enhanced VSM MLC phosphorylation is associated with impaired vasodilation in type 2 diabetes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Clements
- Cardiothoracic Research Lab, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Nobe K, Yamazaki T, Kumai T, Okazaki M, Iwai S, Hashimoto T, Kobayashi S, Oguchi K, Honda K. Alterations of Glucose-Dependent and -Independent Bladder Smooth Muscle Contraction in Spontaneously Hypertensive and Hyperlipidemic Rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 324:631-42. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.131334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are commonly divided into storage, voiding, and postmicturition symptoms, and may occur in both men and women. Male LUTS have historically been linked to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), but are not necessarily prostate related. The focus of treatment for LUTS has thus shifted from the prostate to the bladder and other extraprostatic sites. LUTS include symptoms of the overactive bladder (OAB), which are often associated with detrusor overactivity. Treatment for LUTS suggestive of BPH has traditionally involved the use of alpha(1)-adrenoceptor (AR) antagonists; 5alpha-reductase inhibitors; and phytotherapy-however, several new therapeutic principles have shown promise. Selective beta(3)-adrenoceptor agonists and antimuscarinics are potentially useful agents for treating LUTS, particularly for storage symptoms secondary to outflow obstruction. Other agents of potential or actual importance are antagonists of P2X(3) receptors, botulinum toxin type A, endothelin (ET)-converting enzyme inhibitors, and drugs acting at vanilloid, angiotensin, and vitamin D(3) receptor sites. Drugs interfering with the nitric oxide/cGMP-cAMP pathway, Rho-kinase and COX inhibitors, as well as drugs targeting receptors and mechanisms within the CNS, are also of interest and deserving of further study for the treatment of LUTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-E Andersson
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA.
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Moreland RB. In vitro models: research in physiology and pharmacology of the lower urinary tract. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 147 Suppl 2:S56-61. [PMID: 16465184 PMCID: PMC1751497 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiology and pharmacology of the lower urinary tract has advanced based, in part, due to the in vitro assays that have facilitated this exploration. Such assays have led to the development of novel and selective molecules that have been used to characterize different receptor and enzyme systems in the larger context of in vivo pharmacology. These assays can be classified by sites of action of drugs into the following categories: receptors, effector enzymes and enzymes that terminate the responses. In this review, representative assays are presented based on our experience in male erectile dysfunction.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding, Competitive
- Cells, Cultured
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Erectile Dysfunction/drug therapy
- Erectile Dysfunction/metabolism
- Erectile Dysfunction/physiopathology
- Humans
- Ion Channels/metabolism
- Ligands
- Male
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Penis/blood supply
- Penis/drug effects
- Penis/metabolism
- Radioimmunoassay
- Radioligand Assay
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Moreland
- Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Discovery, Department R4PM, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064-6123, USA.
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Peters SLM, Schmidt M, Michel MC. Rho kinase: a target for treating urinary bladder dysfunction? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2006; 27:492-7. [PMID: 16870270 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2006.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2006] [Revised: 06/01/2006] [Accepted: 07/13/2006] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Urinary incontinence and other urinary storage symptoms are frequent in the general population but available treatments have limited efficacy and tolerability. Rho kinase (ROCK) has a central role in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction, including that of the urinary bladder. Recent experimental evidence indicates that this role could be deregulated and exacerbated in local and systemic pathological conditions that affect the bladder. In vitro studies with prototypical ROCK inhibitors such as Y27632 and in vivo data from animal models indicate that such drugs have potential as future treatments for bladder dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan L M Peters
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105AZ, The Netherlands
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Chang S, Hypolite JA, DiSanto ME, Changolkar A, Wein AJ, Chacko S. Increased basal phosphorylation of detrusor smooth muscle myosin in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbit is mediated by upregulation of Rho-kinase β and CPI-17. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006; 290:F650-6. [PMID: 16204412 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00235.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary bladder dysfunction caused by the alteration of detrusor smooth muscle (DSM) is one of the complications of diabetes. It is well established that smooth muscle contractility is regulated by an elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ via myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation. However, recent studies have shown the modulation of MLC phosphorylation without a rise in Ca2+ in smooth muscle and that two key molecules (Rho-kinase and CPI-17) are involved in the regulation of calcium sensitization. This study investigates the effect of diabetes on DSM calcium sensitization. Diabetes was induced by alloxan in New Zealand White rabbits, and age-matched rabbits given 5% sucrose in the drinking water served as control for diuresis. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis showed that basal MLC phosphorylation level was significantly higher in diabetic animals than normal or diuretic controls, and Rho-kinase-specific inhibitor, Y-27632, decreased MLC phosphorylation level. Adding Y-27632 to bethanechol-precontracted DSM strips can induce muscle relaxation, but it occurred much more slowly in diabetic samples compared with controls. RT-PCR, Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry revealed the overexpression of Rho-kinase β and CPI-17 at both mRNA and protein levels in response to diabetes. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that Rho-kinase contributes to DSM MLC phosphorylation and there is a higher basal MLC phosphorylation level in diabetic DSM. Our results also suggest that this high basal MLC phosphorylation may be due to the upregulation of Rho-kinase and CPI-17. Thus Rho-kinase- and CPI-17-mediated Ca2+ sensitization might play a role in diabetes-induced alteration of the detrusor contractility and bladder dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Chang
- Division of Urology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Mannikarottu AS, Changolkar AK, Disanto ME, Wein AJ, Chacko S. Over expression of smooth muscle thin filament associated proteins in the bladder wall of diabetics. J Urol 2005; 174:360-4. [PMID: 15947690 DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000161602.18671.c7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The thin filament associated proteins caldesmon, tropomyosin and calponin have been shown to modulate actin-myosin interaction, actomyosin adenosine triphosphatase and contraction in smooth muscle. This study was performed to determine whether the expression of these proteins is altered in diabetes induced decrease in the contractility of bladder wall smooth muscle. MATERIALS AND METHODS Detrusor samples were obtained from New Zealand White male rabbits with alloxan induced diabetes, and from age and sex matched control rabbits. In addition, a bladder myocyte cell line, which continues to express smooth muscle phenotype, was exposed to either normal (5 mM) or high (50 mM) concentrations of glucose. The levels of expression of the thin filament associated proteins were determined at the mRNA and protein levels by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, respectively. RESULTS Detrusor smooth muscle tissue from rabbits with alloxan induced diabetes showed over expression of thin filament associated proteins, calponin, tropomyosin and caldesmon when compared with that of the control. Similar up-regulation was seen also in bladder myocytes in cultures treated with 50 mM glucose, indicating that the high glucose induced the changes. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the increased expression of thin filament proteins, calponin, tropomyosin and caldesmon in diabetic rabbits might alter the contractile and cytoskeletal structure in bladder myocytes. The over expression of these thin filament associated proteins, which suppresses actin-myosin interaction and actomyosin adenosine triphosphatase, and the enhancement of this suppression by tropomyosin are likely to have an effect on the relationship between force and myosin light chain phosphorylation, requiring higher levels of phosphorylation in diabetic detrusor compared with that of control. The downstream effects of high glucose (eg oxidative stress) appear to modulate the transcriptional regulation of thin filament mediated regulatory proteins in bladder smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita S Mannikarottu
- Division of Urology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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