1
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Delisle SV, Labreche C, Lara-Márquez M, Abou-Hamad J, Garland B, Lamarche-Vane N, Sabourin LA. Expression of a kinase inactive SLK is embryonic lethal and impairs cell migration in fibroblasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119783. [PMID: 38871226 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Kinases are known to have kinase activity independent functions. To gain further insights into potential kinase-independent functions of SLK/STK2, we have developed a kinase-dead allele, SLKK63R using in vivo CRISPR/Cas technology. Our studies show that blastocysts homozygote for SLKK63R do not develop into viable mice. However, heterozygotes are viable and fertile with no overt phenotypes. Analyses of mouse embryonic fibroblasts show that expression of SLKK63R results in a 50% decrease in kinase activity in heterozygotes. In contrast to previous studies, our data show that SLK does not form homodimers and that the kinase defective allele does not act in a dominant negative fashion. Expression of SLKK63R leads to altered Rac1 and RhoA activity, increased stress fiber formation and delayed focal adhesion turnover. Our data support a previously observed role for SLK in cell migration and suggest that at least 50% kinase activity is sufficient for embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel V Delisle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Cedrik Labreche
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mónica Lara-Márquez
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - John Abou-Hamad
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Dept. of Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Brennan Garland
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Nathalie Lamarche-Vane
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Luc A Sabourin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Dept. of Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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2
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Dou Y, Liu Y, Yi X, Olsen LK, Zhu H, Gao Q, Zhou H, Zhang B. SEPepQuant enhances the detection of possible isoform regulations in shotgun proteomics. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5809. [PMID: 37726316 PMCID: PMC10509223 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41558-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Shotgun proteomics is essential for protein identification and quantification in biomedical research, but protein isoform characterization is challenging due to the extensive number of peptides shared across proteins, hindering our understanding of protein isoform regulation and their roles in normal and disease biology. We systematically assess the challenge and opportunities of shotgun proteomics-based protein isoform characterization using in silico and experimental data, and then present SEPepQuant, a graph theory-based approach to maximize isoform characterization. Using published data from one induced pluripotent stem cell study and two human hepatocellular carcinoma studies, we demonstrate the ability of SEPepQuant in addressing the key limitations of existing methods, providing more comprehensive isoform-level characterization, identifying hundreds of isoform-level regulation events, and facilitating streamlined cross-study comparisons. Our analysis provides solid evidence to support a widespread role of protein isoform regulation in normal and disease processes, and SEPepQuant has broad applications to biological and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchao Dou
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yuejia Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, 210023, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinpei Yi
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Lindsey K Olsen
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hongwen Zhu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, 180 Fenglin Road, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Hu Zhou
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, 210023, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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3
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Royero P, Quatraccioni A, Früngel R, Silva MH, Bast A, Ulas T, Beyer M, Opitz T, Schultze JL, Graham ME, Oberlaender M, Becker A, Schoch S, Beck H. Circuit-selective cell-autonomous regulation of inhibition in pyramidal neurons by Ste20-like kinase. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111757. [PMID: 36476865 PMCID: PMC9756112 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining an appropriate balance between excitation and inhibition is critical for neuronal information processing. Cortical neurons can cell-autonomously adjust the inhibition they receive to individual levels of excitatory input, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We describe that Ste20-like kinase (SLK) mediates cell-autonomous regulation of excitation-inhibition balance in the thalamocortical feedforward circuit, but not in the feedback circuit. This effect is due to regulation of inhibition originating from parvalbumin-expressing interneurons, while inhibition via somatostatin-expressing interneurons is unaffected. Computational modeling shows that this mechanism promotes stable excitatory-inhibitory ratios across pyramidal cells and ensures robust and sparse coding. Patch-clamp RNA sequencing yields genes differentially regulated by SLK knockdown, as well as genes associated with excitation-inhibition balance participating in transsynaptic communication and cytoskeletal dynamics. These data identify a mechanism for cell-autonomous regulation of a specific inhibitory circuit that is critical to ensure that a majority of cortical pyramidal cells participate in information coding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Royero
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn, University of Bonn Medical Center, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53105 Bonn, Germany,International Max Planck Research School for Brain and Behavior, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anne Quatraccioni
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Bonn, Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, 53127 Bonn, Germany,International Max Planck Research School for Brain and Behavior, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rieke Früngel
- In Silico Brain Sciences Group, Max-Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior – Caesar, Bonn, Germany,International Max Planck Research School for Brain and Behavior, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mariella Hurtado Silva
- Synapse Proteomics, Children’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Arco Bast
- In Silico Brain Sciences Group, Max-Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior – Caesar, Bonn, Germany,International Max Planck Research School for Brain and Behavior, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Ulas
- Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) e.V., Bonn, Germany,PRECISE Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) e.V. and University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Genomics & Immunoregulation, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc Beyer
- PRECISE Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) e.V. and University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Immunogenomics & Neurodegeneration, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e.V., Bonn, Germany
| | - Thoralf Opitz
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn, University of Bonn Medical Center, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Joachim L. Schultze
- Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) e.V., Bonn, Germany,PRECISE Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) e.V. and University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Genomics & Immunoregulation, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mark E. Graham
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn, University of Bonn Medical Center, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcel Oberlaender
- In Silico Brain Sciences Group, Max-Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior – Caesar, Bonn, Germany
| | - Albert Becker
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Bonn, Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Susanne Schoch
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Bonn, Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Heinz Beck
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn, University of Bonn Medical Center, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53105 Bonn, Germany,Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e.V., Bonn, Germany,Corresponding author
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4
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Holland DO, Gotea V, Fedkenheuer K, Jaiswal SK, Baugher C, Tan H, Fedkenheuer M, Elnitski L. Characterization and clustering of kinase isoform expression in metastatic melanoma. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010065. [PMID: 35560144 PMCID: PMC9132324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations to the human kinome are known to play causal roles in cancer. The kinome regulates numerous cell processes including growth, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. In addition to aberrant expression, aberrant alternative splicing of cancer-driver genes is receiving increased attention as it could lead to loss or gain of functional domains, altering a kinase's downstream impact. The present study quantifies changes in gene expression and isoform ratios in the kinome of metastatic melanoma cells relative to primary tumors. We contrast 538 total kinases and 3,040 known kinase isoforms between 103 primary tumor and 367 metastatic samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We find strong evidence of differential expression (DE) at the gene level in 123 kinases (23%). Additionally, of the 468 kinases with alternative isoforms, 60 (13%) had significant difference in isoform ratios (DIR). Notably, DE and DIR have little correlation; for instance, although DE highlights enrichment in receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), DIR identifies altered splicing in non-receptor tyrosine kinases (nRTKs). Using exon junction mapping, we identify five examples of splicing events favored in metastatic samples. We demonstrate differential apoptosis and protein localization between SLK isoforms in metastatic melanoma. We cluster isoform expression data and identify subgroups that correlate with genomic subtypes and anatomic tumor locations. Notably, distinct DE and DIR patterns separate samples with BRAF hotspot mutations and (N/K/H)RAS hotspot mutations, the latter of which lacks effective kinase inhibitor treatments. DE in RAS mutants concentrates in CMGC kinases (a group including cell cycle and splicing regulators) rather than RTKs as in BRAF mutants. Furthermore, isoforms in the RAS kinase subgroup show enrichment for cancer-related processes such as angiogenesis and cell migration. Our results reveal a new approach to therapeutic target identification and demonstrate how different mutational subtypes may respond differently to treatments highlighting possible new driver events in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O. Holland
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Valer Gotea
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kevin Fedkenheuer
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sushil K. Jaiswal
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Catherine Baugher
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hua Tan
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael Fedkenheuer
- Lymphocyte Nuclear Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Laura Elnitski
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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5
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Serafim RAM, Sorrell FJ, Berger BT, Collins RJ, Vasconcelos SNS, Massirer KB, Knapp S, Bennett J, Fedorov O, Patel H, Zuercher WJ, Elkins JM. Discovery of a Potent Dual SLK/STK10 Inhibitor Based on a Maleimide Scaffold. J Med Chem 2021; 64:13259-13278. [PMID: 34463505 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
SLK (STE20-like kinase) and STK10 (serine/threonine kinase 10) are closely related kinases whose enzymatic activity is linked to the regulation of ezrin, radixin, and moesin function and to the regulation of lymphocyte migration and the cell cycle. We identified a series of 3-anilino-4-arylmaleimides as dual inhibitors of SLK and STK10 with good kinome-wide selectivity. Optimization of this series led to multiple SLK/STK10 inhibitors with nanomolar potency. Crystal structures of exemplar inhibitors bound to SLK and STK10 demonstrated the binding mode of the inhibitors and rationalized their selectivity. Cellular target engagement assays demonstrated the binding of the inhibitors to SLK and STK10 in cells. Further selectivity analyses, including analysis of activity of the reported inhibitors against off-targets in cells, identified compound 31 as the most potent and selective inhibitor of SLK and STK10 yet reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A M Serafim
- Center for Medicinal Chemistry (CQMED), Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP 13083-875, Brazil.,Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Av. Dr. André Tosello, 550, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, SP 13083-886, Brazil
| | - Fiona J Sorrell
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Benedict-Tilman Berger
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, DE, Germany.,Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, DE, Germany
| | - Ross J Collins
- Medicines Discovery Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Stanley N S Vasconcelos
- Center for Medicinal Chemistry (CQMED), Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP 13083-875, Brazil.,Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Av. Dr. André Tosello, 550, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, SP 13083-886, Brazil
| | - Katlin B Massirer
- Center for Medicinal Chemistry (CQMED), Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP 13083-875, Brazil.,Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Av. Dr. André Tosello, 550, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, SP 13083-886, Brazil
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, DE, Germany.,Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, DE, Germany
| | - James Bennett
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Oleg Fedorov
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Hitesh Patel
- Medicines Discovery Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - William J Zuercher
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jonathan M Elkins
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Av. Dr. André Tosello, 550, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, SP 13083-886, Brazil.,Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
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6
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Garland B, Delisle S, Al-Zahrani KN, Pryce BR, Sabourin LA. The Ste20-like kinase - a Jack of all trades? J Cell Sci 2021; 134:261804. [PMID: 33961052 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, the Ste20-like kinase (SLK; also known as STK2) has emerged as a central regulator of cytoskeletal dynamics. Reorganization of the cytoskeleton is necessary for a plethora of biological processes including apoptosis, proliferation, migration, tissue repair and signaling. Several studies have also uncovered a role for SLK in disease progression and cancer. Here, we review the recent findings in the SLK field and summarize the various roles of SLK in different animal models and discuss the biochemical mechanisms regulating SLK activity. Together, these studies have revealed multiple roles for SLK in coupling cytoskeletal dynamics to cell growth, in muscle repair and in negative-feedback loops critical for cancer progression. Furthermore, the ability of SLK to regulate some systems appears to be kinase activity independent, suggesting that it may be an important scaffold for signal transduction pathways. These various findings reveal highly complex functions and regulation patterns of SLK in development and disease, making it a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennan Garland
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H8L1, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H8L6, Canada
| | - Samuel Delisle
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H8L1, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H8L6, Canada
| | - Khalid N Al-Zahrani
- Center for Molecular and Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5G1X5, Canada
| | - Benjamin R Pryce
- Department of Pediatrics, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina,Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Luc A Sabourin
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H8L1, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H8L6, Canada
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7
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Woychyshyn B, Papillon J, Guillemette J, Navarro-Betancourt JR, Cybulsky AV. Genetic ablation of SLK exacerbates glomerular injury in adriamycin nephrosis in mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 318:F1377-F1390. [PMID: 32308020 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00028.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ste20-like kinase SLK is critical for embryonic development and may play an important role in wound healing, muscle homeostasis, cell migration, and tumor growth. Mice with podocyte-specific deletion of SLK show albuminuria and damage to podocytes as they age. The present study addressed the role of SLK in glomerular injury. We induced adriamycin nephrosis in 3- to 4-mo-old control and podocyte SLK knockout (KO) mice. Compared with control, SLK deletion exacerbated albuminuria and loss of podocytes, synaptopodin, and podocalyxin. Glomeruli of adriamycin-treated SLK KO mice showed diffuse increases in the matrix and sclerosis as well as collapse of the actin cytoskeleton. SLK can phosphorylate ezrin. The complex of phospho-ezrin, Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factor 2, and podocalyxin in the apical domain of the podocyte is a key determinant of normal podocyte architecture. Deletion of SLK reduced glomerular ezrin and ezrin phosphorylation in adriamycin nephrosis. Also, deletion of SLK reduced the colocalization of ezrin and podocalyxin in the glomerulus. Cultured glomerular epithelial cells with KO of SLK showed reduced ezrin phosphorylation and podocalyxin expression as well as reduced F-actin. Thus, SLK deletion leads to podocyte injury as mice age and exacerbates injury in adriamycin nephrosis. The mechanism may at least in part involve ezrin phosphorylation as well as disruption of the cytoskeleton and podocyte apical membrane structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyan Woychyshyn
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joan Papillon
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julie Guillemette
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - José R Navarro-Betancourt
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrey V Cybulsky
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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8
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Asquith CRM, Laitinen T, Bennett JM, Wells CI, Elkins JM, Zuercher WJ, Tizzard GJ, Poso A. Design and Analysis of the 4-Anilinoquin(az)oline Kinase Inhibition Profiles of GAK/SLK/STK10 Using Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships. ChemMedChem 2019; 15:26-49. [PMID: 31675459 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The 4-anilinoquinoline and 4-anilinoquinazoline ring systems have been the focus of significant efforts in prior kinase drug discovery programs, which have led to approved medicines. Broad kinome profiles of these compounds have now been assessed with the advent of advanced screening technologies. These ring systems, while originally designed for specific targets including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), but actually display a number of potent collateral kinase targets, some of which have been associated with negative clinical outcomes. We have designed and synthesized a series of 4-anilinoquin(az)olines in order to better understand the structure-activity relationships of three main collateral kinase targets of quin(az)oline-based kinase inhibitors: cyclin G associated kinase (GAK), STE20-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (SLK) and serine/threonine-protein kinase 10 (STK10). This was achieved through a series of quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis, water mapping of the kinase ATP binding sites and extensive small-molecule X-ray structural analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R M Asquith
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Tuomo Laitinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - James M Bennett
- Structural Genomics Consortium and Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Carrow I Wells
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jonathan M Elkins
- Structural Genomics Consortium and Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.,Structural Genomics Consortium, Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-886 (Brazil)
| | - William J Zuercher
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Graham J Tizzard
- UK National Crystallography Service, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Antti Poso
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.,University Hospital Tübingen, Deparment of Internal Medicine VIII, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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9
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Cybulsky AV, Papillon J, Guillemette J, Belkina N, Patino-Lopez G, Torban E. Ste20-like kinase, SLK, a novel mediator of podocyte integrity. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 315:F186-F198. [PMID: 29187370 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00238.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
SLK is essential for embryonic development and may play a key role in wound healing, tumor growth, and metastasis. Expression and activation of SLK are increased in kidney development and during recovery from ischemic acute kidney injury. Overexpression of SLK in glomerular epithelial cells/podocytes in vivo induces injury and proteinuria. Conversely, reduced SLK expression leads to abnormalities in cell adhesion, spreading, and motility. Tight regulation of SLK expression thus may be critical for normal renal structure and function. We produced podocyte-specific SLK-knockout mice to address the functional role of SLK in podocytes. Mice with podocyte-specific deletion of SLK showed reduced glomerular SLK expression and activity compared with control. Podocyte-specific deletion of SLK resulted in albuminuria at 4-5 mo of age in male mice and 8-9 mo in female mice, which persisted for up to 13 mo. At 11-12 mo, knockout mice showed ultrastructural changes, including focal foot process effacement and microvillous transformation of podocyte plasma membranes. Mean foot process width was approximately twofold greater in knockout mice compared with control. Podocyte number was reduced by 35% in knockout mice compared with control, and expression of nephrin, synaptopodin, and podocalyxin was reduced in knockout mice by 20-30%. In summary, podocyte-specific deletion of SLK leads to albuminuria, loss of podocytes, and morphological evidence of podocyte injury. Thus, SLK is essential to the maintenance of podocyte integrity as mice age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Cybulsky
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec , Canada
| | - Joan Papillon
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec , Canada
| | - Julie Guillemette
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec , Canada
| | - Natalya Belkina
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Genaro Patino-Lopez
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Elena Torban
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec , Canada
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10
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Transforming growth factor β-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition requires the Ste20-like kinase SLK independently of its catalytic activity. Oncotarget 2017; 8:98745-98756. [PMID: 29228724 PMCID: PMC5716764 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasion can be stimulated in vitro using the soluble ligand transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) to induce a process called epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) characterized by cell-cell junction breakdown and an invasive phenotype. We have previously demonstrated a role for Ste20-like kinase SLK cell migration and invasion. Here we show that SLK depletion in NMuMG mammary epithelial cells significantly impairs their TGFβ-induced migration and invasion. Immunofluorescence studies show that a fraction of SLK localizes to E-cadherin-positive adherens junction and that SLK impairs the breakdown of cell-cell contacts. We find that SLK-depleted cultures express significantly lower levels of vimentin protein as well as Snai1 and E-cadherin mRNA levels following TGF-β treatment. Surprisingly, our data show that SLK depletion does not affect the activation and nuclear translocation of Smad3. Furthermore, we show that expression of a dominant negative kinase does not impair tight junction breakdown and rescues Snai1 mRNA expression levels. Together these data suggest that SLK plays a novel role in TGFβ-induced EMT, independent of Smads, in a kinase activity-independent manner.
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11
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Cybulsky AV, Guillemette J, Papillon J, Abouelazm NT. Regulation of Ste20-like kinase, SLK, activity: Dimerization and activation segment phosphorylation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177226. [PMID: 28475647 PMCID: PMC5419656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ste20-like kinase, SLK, has diverse cellular functions. SLK mediates organ development, cell cycle progression, cytoskeletal remodeling, cytokinesis, and cell survival. Expression and activity of SLK are enhanced in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, and overexpression of SLK was shown to induce apoptosis in cultured glomerular epithelial cells (GECs) and renal tubular cells, as well as GEC/podocyte injury in vivo. The SLK protein consists of a N-terminal catalytic domain and an extensive C-terminal domain, which contains coiled-coils. The present study addresses the regulation of SLK activity. Controlled dimerization of the SLK catalytic domain enhanced autophosphorylation of SLK at T183 and S189, which are located in the activation segment. The full-length ectopically- and endogenously-expressed SLK was also autophosphorylated at T183 and S189. Using ezrin as a model SLK substrate (to address exogenous kinase activity), we demonstrate that dimerized SLK 1–373 or full-length SLK can effectively induce activation-specific phosphorylation of ezrin. Mutations in SLK, including T183A, S189A or T193A reduced T183 or S189 autophosphorylation, and showed a greater reduction in ezrin phosphorylation. Mutations in the coiled-coil region of full-length SLK that impair dimerization, in particular I848G, significantly reduced ezrin phosphorylation and tended to reduce autophosphorylation of SLK at T183. In experimental membranous nephropathy in rats, proteinuria and GEC/podocyte injury were associated with increased glomerular SLK activity and ezrin phosphorylation. In conclusion, dimerization via coiled-coils and phosphorylation of T183, S189 and T193 play key roles in the activation and signaling of SLK, and provide targets for novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V. Cybulsky
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Julie Guillemette
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joan Papillon
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nihad T. Abouelazm
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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12
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Pelaseyed T, Viswanatha R, Sauvanet C, Filter JJ, Goldberg ML, Bretscher A. Ezrin activation by LOK phosphorylation involves a PIP 2-dependent wedge mechanism. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28430576 PMCID: PMC5400502 DOI: 10.7554/elife.22759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
How cells specify morphologically distinct plasma membrane domains is poorly understood. Prior work has shown that restriction of microvilli to the apical aspect of epithelial cells requires the localized activation of the membrane-F-actin linking protein ezrin. Using an in vitro system, we now define a multi-step process whereby the kinase LOK specifically phosphorylates ezrin to activate it. Binding of PIP2 to ezrin induces a conformational change permitting the insertion of the LOK C-terminal domain to wedge apart the membrane and F-actin-binding domains of ezrin. The N-terminal LOK kinase domain can then access a site 40 residues distal from the consensus sequence that collectively direct phosphorylation of the appropriate threonine residue. We suggest that this elaborate mechanism ensures that ezrin is only phosphorylated at the plasma membrane, and with high specificity by the apically localized kinase LOK. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.22759.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaher Pelaseyed
- Weill Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Raghuvir Viswanatha
- Weill Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Cécile Sauvanet
- Weill Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Joshua J Filter
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Michael L Goldberg
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Anthony Bretscher
- Weill Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
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13
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Cybulsky AV, Guillemette J, Papillon J. Ste20-like kinase, SLK, activates the heat shock factor 1 - Hsp70 pathway. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1863:2147-55. [PMID: 27216364 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Expression and activation of SLK increases during renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. When highly expressed, SLK signals via c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 to induce apoptosis, and it exacerbates apoptosis induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury. Overexpression of SLK in glomerular epithelial cells (GECs)/podocytes in vivo induces injury and proteinuria. In response to various stresses, cells enhance expression of chaperones or heat shock proteins (e.g. Hsp70), which are involved in the folding and maturation of newly synthesized proteins, and can refold denatured or misfolded proteins. We address the interaction of SLK with the heat shock factor 1 (HSF1)-Hsp70 pathway. Increased expression of SLK in GECs (following transfection) induced HSF1 transcriptional activity. Moreover, HSF1 transcriptional activity was increased by in vitro ischemia-reperfusion injury (chemical anoxia/recovery) and heat shock, and in both instances was amplified further by SLK overexpression. HSF1 binds to promoters of target genes, such as Hsp70 and induces their transcription. By analogy to HSF1, SLK stimulated Hsp70 expression. Hsp70 was also enhanced by anoxia/recovery and was further amplified by SLK overexpression. Induction of HSF1 and Hsp70 was dependent on the kinase activity of SLK, and was mediated via polo-like kinase-1. Transfection of constitutively active HSF1 enhanced Hsp70 expression and inhibited SLK-induced apoptosis. Conversely, the proapoptotic action of SLK was augmented by HSF1 shRNA, or the Hsp70 inhibitor, pifithrin-μ. In conclusion, increased expression/activity of SLK activates the HSF1-Hsp70 pathway. Hsp70 attenuates the primary proapoptotic effect of SLK. Modulation of chaperone expression may potentially be harnessed as cytoprotective therapy in renal cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Cybulsky
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Julie Guillemette
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joan Papillon
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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14
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Jaberi A, Hooker E, Guillemette J, Papillon J, Kristof AS, Cybulsky AV. Identification of Tpr and α-actinin-4 as two novel SLK-interacting proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:2539-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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15
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Baron KD, Al-Zahrani K, Conway J, Labrèche C, Storbeck CJ, Visvader JE, Sabourin LA. Recruitment and activation of SLK at the leading edge of migrating cells requires Src family kinase activity and the LIM-only protein 4. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:1683-92. [PMID: 25882817 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Ste20-like kinase SLK plays a pivotal role in cell migration and focal adhesion turnover and is regulated by the LIM domain-binding proteins Ldb1 and Ldb2. These adapter proteins have been demonstrated to interact with LMO4 in the organization of transcriptional complexes. Therefore, we have assessed the ability of LMO4 to also interact and regulate SLK activity. Our data show that LMO4 can directly bind to SLK and activate its kinase activity in vitro and in vivo. LMO4 can be co-precipitated with SLK following the induction of cell migration by scratch wounding and Cre-mediated deletion of LMO4 in conditional LMO4(fl/fl) fibroblasts inhibits cell migration and SLK activation. Deletion of LMO4 impairs Ldb1 and SLK recruitment to the leading edge of migrating cells. Supporting this, Src/Yes/Fyn-deficient cells (SYF) expressing very low levels of LMO4 do not recruit SLK to the leading edge. Re-expression of wildtype Myc-LMO4 in SYF cells, but not a mutant version, restores SLK localization and kinase activity. Overall, our data suggest that activation of SLK by haptotactic signals requires its recruitment to the leading edge by LMO4 in a Src-dependent manner. Furthermore, this establishes a novel cytosolic role for the transcriptional co-activator LMO4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla D Baron
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Khalid Al-Zahrani
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jillian Conway
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cédrik Labrèche
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher J Storbeck
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jane E Visvader
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute Biotechnology Centre, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Luc A Sabourin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Identification and characterization of a Ste20-like kinase in Artemia and its role in the developmental regulation and resistance to environmental stress. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92234. [PMID: 24637947 PMCID: PMC3956927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To adapt to extreme environments, the crustacean Artemia has evolved two alternative reproductive pathways. During ovoviviparous (direct) development, nauplius larvae are produced. In contrast, Artemia females release encysted diapause embryos (cysts) via the oviparous pathway. To date, the cellular mechanisms that regulate stress resistance of Artemia remain largely unknown. Ste20-like kinase (SLK) participates in multiple biological processes, including stress responses, apoptosis, and cell cycle progression. Principal Finding We isolated and characterized a member of the SLK superfamily termed ArSLK from Artemia parthenogenetica. The ArSLK gene is transcribed throughout both ovoviviparous and oviparous development; however, the protein is located mainly in the nuclei of stress-resistant diapause cysts, unlike the nauplii and nauplius-destined embryos where it is cytoplasmic. Interestingly, exposure of nauplii to heat shock, acidic pH, and UV irradiation induced the translocation of ArSLK from cytoplasm to nucleus. This translocation was reversed following stress removal. Moreover, under physiologically-stressful conditions, the nauplius larvae produced by adults after gene knockdown of endogenous ArSLK by RNAi, lost the ability of free-swimming much earlier than those of control larvae from females injected with GFP dsRNA. Conclusions/Significance Taken together, this study demonstrated that trafficking of ArSLK between the cytoplasm and the nucleus participates in regulating the stress resistance of Artemia. Our findings may provide significant insight into the functions of members of the SLK superfamily.
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Storbeck CJ, Al-Zahrani KN, Sriram R, Kawesa S, O'Reilly P, Daniel K, McKay M, Kothary R, Tsilfidis C, Sabourin LA. Distinct roles for Ste20-like kinase SLK in muscle function and regeneration. Skelet Muscle 2013; 3:16. [PMID: 23815977 PMCID: PMC3733878 DOI: 10.1186/2044-5040-3-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell growth and terminal differentiation are controlled by complex signaling systems that regulate the tissue-specific expression of genes controlling cell fate and morphogenesis. We have previously reported that the Ste20-like kinase SLK is expressed in muscle tissue and is required for cell motility. However, the specific function of SLK in muscle tissue is still poorly understood. METHODS To gain further insights into the role of SLK in differentiated muscles, we expressed a kinase-inactive SLK from the human skeletal muscle actin promoter. Transgenic muscles were surveyed for potential defects. Standard histological procedures and cardiotoxin-induced regeneration assays we used to investigate the role of SLK in myogenesis and muscle repair. RESULTS High levels of kinase-inactive SLK in muscle tissue produced an overall decrease in SLK activity in muscle tissue, resulting in altered muscle organization, reduced litter sizes, and reduced breeding capacity. The transgenic mice did not show any differences in fiber-type distribution but displayed enhanced regeneration capacity in vivo and more robust differentiation in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that SLK activity is required for optimal muscle development in the embryo and muscle physiology in the adult. However, reduced kinase activity during muscle repair enhances regeneration and differentiation. Together, these results suggest complex and distinct roles for SLK in muscle development and function.
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18
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Al-Zahrani KN, Baron KD, Sabourin LA. Ste20-like kinase SLK, at the crossroads: a matter of life and death. Cell Adh Migr 2012; 7:1-10. [PMID: 23154402 DOI: 10.4161/cam.22495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reorganization of the cytoskeleton is necessary for apoptosis, proliferation, migration, development and tissue repair. However, it is well established that mutations or overexpression of key regulators contribute to the phenotype and progression of several pathologies such as cancer. For instance, c-src mutations and the overexpression of FAK have been implicated in the invasive and metastatic process, suggesting that components of the motility system may represent a new class of therapeutic targets. Over the last several years, we and others have established distinct roles for the Ste20-like kinase SLK, encompassing apoptosis, growth, motility and development. Here, we review the SLK field from its initial cloning to the most recent findings from our laboratory. We summarize the various roles of SLK and the biochemical mechanisms that regulate its activity. These various findings reveal very complex functions and pattern of regulation for SLK in development and cancer, making it a potential therapeutic target.
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19
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Luhovy AY, Jaberi A, Papillon J, Guillemette J, Cybulsky AV. Regulation of the Ste20-like kinase, SLK: involvement of activation segment phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:5446-58. [PMID: 22203681 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.302018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression and activation of the Ste20-like kinase, SLK, is increased during kidney development and recovery from ischemic acute kidney injury. SLK promotes apoptosis, and it may regulate cell survival during injury or repair. This study addresses the role of phosphorylation in the regulation of kinase activity. We mutated serine and threonine residues in the putative activation segment of the SLK catalytic domain and expressed wild type (WT) and mutant proteins in COS-1 or glomerular epithelial cells. Compared with SLK WT, the T183A, S189A, and T183A/S189A mutants showed reduced in vitro kinase activity. SLK WT, but not mutants, increased activation-specific phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 kinase. Similarly, SLK WT stimulated activator protein-1 reporter activity, but activation of activator protein-1 by the three SLK mutants was ineffective. To test if homodimerization of SLK affects phosphorylation, the cDNA encoding SLK amino acids 1-373 (which include the catalytic domain) was fused with a cDNA for a modified FK506-binding protein, Fv (Fv-SLK 1-373). After transfection, the addition of AP20187 (an FK506 analog) induced regulated dimerization of Fv-SLK 1-373. AP20187-stimulated dimerization enhanced the kinase activity of Fv-SLK 1-373 WT. In contrast, kinase activity of Fv-SLK 1-373 T183A/S189A was weak and was not enhanced after dimerization. Finally, apoptosis was increased after expression of Fv-SLK 1-373 WT but not T183A/S189A. Thus, phosphorylation of Thr-183 and Ser-189 plays a key role in the activation and signaling of SLK and could represent a target for novel therapeutic approaches to renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Y Luhovy
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada
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