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Rivara MB, Himmelfarb J. From Home to Wearable Hemodialysis: Barriers, Progress, and Opportunities. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2024:01277230-990000000-00334. [PMID: 38190138 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.0000000000000424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Although the past two decades have seen substantial proportional growth of home hemodialysis in the United States, the absolute number of patients treated with home hemodialysis remains small. Currently available stationary hemodialysis devices for use in the home have inherent limitations that represent barriers for more widespread adoption by a larger proportion of individuals with kidney failure. These limitations include device weight and bulk, ergonomics considerations, technical complexity, vascular access challenges, and limited remote patient monitoring. Recent years have witnessed a resurgence in research and development of prototype wearable kidney replacement devices incorporating innovations in miniaturization, new biomaterials, and new methods for toxin clearance and dialysate regeneration. Recent work has built on five decades of incremental innovation in wearable dialysis concepts and prototypes, starting from the work by Kolff in the 1970s. Wearable dialysis devices that successfully overcome key persistent barriers to successful development and adoption of these technologies will radically reshape the landscape of kidney replacement therapies and have the potential to dramatically improve the lives of individuals living with kidney failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Rivara
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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2
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Ramada DL, de Vries J, Vollenbroek J, Noor N, Ter Beek O, Mihăilă SM, Wieringa F, Masereeuw R, Gerritsen K, Stamatialis D. Portable, wearable and implantable artificial kidney systems: needs, opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Nephrol 2023:10.1038/s41581-023-00726-9. [PMID: 37277461 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-023-00726-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Haemodialysis is life sustaining but expensive, provides limited removal of uraemic solutes, is associated with poor patient quality of life and has a large carbon footprint. Innovative dialysis technologies such as portable, wearable and implantable artificial kidney systems are being developed with the aim of addressing these issues and improving patient care. An important challenge for these technologies is the need for continuous regeneration of a small volume of dialysate. Dialysate recycling systems based on sorbents have great potential for such regeneration. Novel dialysis membranes composed of polymeric or inorganic materials are being developed to improve the removal of a broad range of uraemic toxins, with low levels of membrane fouling compared with currently available synthetic membranes. To achieve more complete therapy and provide important biological functions, these novel membranes could be combined with bioartificial kidneys, which consist of artificial membranes combined with kidney cells. Implementation of these systems will require robust cell sourcing; cell culture facilities annexed to dialysis centres; large-scale, low-cost production; and quality control measures. These challenges are not trivial, and global initiatives involving all relevant stakeholders, including academics, industrialists, medical professionals and patients with kidney disease, are required to achieve important technological breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Loureiro Ramada
- Advanced Organ bioengineering and Therapeutics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, P.O Box 217, 7500, AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Joost de Vries
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Vollenbroek
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA + Institute, University of Twente, Hallenweg 15, 7522, NH Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Nazia Noor
- Advanced Organ bioengineering and Therapeutics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, P.O Box 217, 7500, AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Odyl Ter Beek
- Advanced Organ bioengineering and Therapeutics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, P.O Box 217, 7500, AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia M Mihăilă
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Fokko Wieringa
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Autonomous Therapeutics, IMEC, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- European Kidney Health Alliance (EKHA), WG3 "Breakthrough Innovation", Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Karin Gerritsen
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dimitrios Stamatialis
- Advanced Organ bioengineering and Therapeutics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, P.O Box 217, 7500, AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
- European Kidney Health Alliance (EKHA), WG3 "Breakthrough Innovation", Brussels, Belgium.
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3
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Wu H, Zhang S, Liu L, Ren Y, Xue C, Wu W, Chen X, Jiang H. Controllable Fabrication of Molecularly Imprinted Microspheres with Nanoporous and Multilayered Structure for Dialysate Regeneration. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12030418. [PMID: 35159766 PMCID: PMC8840109 DOI: 10.3390/nano12030418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption of urea from dialysate is essential for wearable artificial kidneys (WRK). Molecularly imprinted microspheres with nanoporous and multilayered structures are prepared based on liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS), which can selectively adsorb urea. In addition, we combine the microspheres with a designed polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chip to propose an efficient urea adsorption platform. In this work, we propose a formulation of LLPS including Tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA), ethanol, and acrylic acid (30% v/v), to prepare urea molecularly imprinted microspheres in a simple and highly controllable method. These microspheres have urea molecular imprinting sites on the surface and inside, allowing selective adsorption of urea and preservation of other essential constituents. Previous static studies on urea adsorption have not considered the combination between urea adsorbent and WRK. Therefore, we design the platform embedded with urea molecular imprinted microspheres, which can disturb the fluid motion and improve the efficiency of urea adsorption. These advantages enable the urea absorption platform to be highly promising for dialysate regeneration in WRK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchi Wu
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin 150001, China; (L.L.); (C.X.)
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (H.J.)
| | - Shanguo Zhang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, China; (S.Z.); (Y.R.); (W.W.)
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin 150001, China; (L.L.); (C.X.)
| | - Yukun Ren
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, China; (S.Z.); (Y.R.); (W.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Chun Xue
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin 150001, China; (L.L.); (C.X.)
| | - Wenlong Wu
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, China; (S.Z.); (Y.R.); (W.W.)
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China;
| | - Hongyuan Jiang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, China; (S.Z.); (Y.R.); (W.W.)
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (H.J.)
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4
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Janssen BGH, Zhang YM, Kosik I, Akbari A, McIntyre CW. Intravital microscopic observation of the microvasculature during hemodialysis in healthy rats. Sci Rep 2022; 12:191. [PMID: 34996931 PMCID: PMC8741960 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03681-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemodialysis (HD) provides life-saving treatment for kidney failure. Patient mortality is extremely high, with cardiovascular disease (CVD) being the leading cause of death. This results from both a high underlying burden of cardiovascular disease, as well as additional physiological stress from the HD procedure itself. Clinical observations indicate that HD is associated with microvascular dysfunction (MD), underlining the need for a fundamental pathophysiological assessment of the microcirculatory consequences of HD. We therefore successfully developed an experimental small animal model, that allows for a simultaneous real-time assessment of the microvasculature. Using in-house built ultra-low surface area dialyzers and miniaturized extracorporeal circuit, we successfully dialyzed male Wistar Kyoto rats and combined this with a simultaneous intravital microscopic observation of the EDL microvasculature. Our results show that even in healthy animals, a euvolemic HD procedure can induce a significant systemic hemodynamic disturbance and induce disruption of microvascular perfusion (as evidence by a reduction in the proportion of the observed microcirculation receiving blood flow). This study, using a new small animal hemodialysis model, has allowed direct demonstration that microvascular blood flow in tissue in skeletal muscle is acutely reduced during HD, potentially in concert with other microvascular beds. It shows that preclinical small animal models can be used to further investigate HD-induced ischemic organ injury and allow rapid throughput of putative interventions directed at reducing HD-induced multi-organ ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G H Janssen
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
- Kidney Clinical Research Unit, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.
- Kidney Clinical Research Unit (KCRU), London Health Sciences Centre, 800 Commissioners Rd. East, London, ON, N6C 6B5, Canada.
| | - Y M Zhang
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Kidney Clinical Research Unit, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Trauma Research Centre, Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
- Intensive Care Unit, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, 300100, People's Republic of China
| | - I Kosik
- Kidney Clinical Research Unit, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Imaging Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, ON, Canada
| | - A Akbari
- Kidney Clinical Research Unit, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - C W McIntyre
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Kidney Clinical Research Unit, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
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5
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Geremia I, A.W. Jong J, van Nostrum CF, Hennink WE, G.F. Gerritsen K, Stamatialis D. New mixed matrix membrane for the removal of urea from dialysate solution. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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6
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van Gelder MK, Vollenbroek JC, Lentferink BH, Hazenbrink DHM, Besseling PJ, Simonis F, Giovanella S, Ligabue G, Bajo Rubio MA, Cappelli G, Joles JA, Verhaar MC, Gerritsen KGF. Safety of electrooxidation for urea removal in a wearable artificial kidney is compromised by formation of glucose degradation products. Artif Organs 2021; 45:1422-1428. [PMID: 34251693 PMCID: PMC8597045 DOI: 10.1111/aor.14040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge for the development of a wearable artificial kidney (WAK) is the removal of urea from the spent dialysate, as urea is the waste solute with the highest daily molar production and is difficult to adsorb. Here we present results on glucose degradation products (GDPs) formed during electrooxidation (EO), a technique that applies a current to the dialysate to convert urea into nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen gas. Uremic plasma and peritoneal effluent were dialyzed for 8 hours with a WAK with and without EO‐based dialysate regeneration. Samples were taken regularly during treatment. GDPs (glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and 3‐deoxyglucosone) were measured in EO‐ and non‐EO‐treated fluids. Glyoxal and methylglyoxal concentrations increased 26‐ and 11‐fold, respectively, in uremic plasma (at [glucose] 7 mmol/L) and 209‐ and 353‐fold, respectively, in peritoneal effluent (at [glucose] 100 mmol/L) during treatment with EO, whereas no change was observed in GDP concentrations during dialysate regeneration without EO. EO for dialysate regeneration in a WAK is currently not safe due to the generation of GDPs which are not biocompatible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike K van Gelder
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen C Vollenbroek
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Babette H Lentferink
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Diënty H M Hazenbrink
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J Besseling
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Silvia Giovanella
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Ligabue
- Surgical, Medical and Dental Department of Morphological Sciences, Section of Nephrology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Maria A Bajo Rubio
- Nephrology Service, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital and IRSIN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gianni Cappelli
- Surgical, Medical and Dental Department of Morphological Sciences, Section of Nephrology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Jaap A Joles
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne C Verhaar
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Karin G F Gerritsen
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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7
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A Uremic Goat Model Created by Subtotal Renal Artery Embolization and Gentamicin. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10040292. [PMID: 33916709 PMCID: PMC8066079 DOI: 10.3390/biology10040292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A large animal model of (end-stage) kidney disease (ESKD) is needed for the preclinical testing of novel renal replacement therapies. This study aimed to create stable uremia via subtotal renal artery embolization in goats and induce a temporary further decline in kidney function by administration of gentamicin. Renal artery embolization was performed in five Dutch white goats by infusing polyvinyl alcohol particles in branches of the renal artery, aiming for the embolization of ~80% of one kidney and complete embolization of the contralateral kidney. Gentamicin was administered to temporarily further increase the plasma concentrations of uremic toxins. After initial acute kidney injury, urea and creatinine plasma concentrations stabilized 1.5 ± 0.7 months post-embolization and remained elevated (12 ± 1.4 vs. 5.6 ± 0.8 mmol/L and 174 ± 45 vs. 65 ± 5.6 µmol/L, resp.) during follow-up (16 ± 6 months). Gentamicin induced temporary acute-on-chronic kidney injury with a variable increase in plasma concentrations of small solutes (urea 29 ± 15 mmol/L, creatinine 841 ± 584 µmol/L, phosphate 2.2 ± 0.3 mmol/L and potassium 5.0 ± 0.6 mmol/L) and protein-bound uremic toxins representative of patients with ESKD. A uremic goat model characterized by stable moderate uremia was established via subtotal renal artery embolization with the induction of temporary severe acute-on-chronic kidney injury by the administration of gentamicin, allowing preclinical in vivo validation of novel renal replacement technologies.
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8
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Jong JW, Guo Y, Veenhoven C, Moret ME, van der Zwan J, Lucini Paioni A, Baldus M, Scheiner KC, Dalebout R, van Steenbergen MJ, Verhaar MC, Smakman R, Hennink WE, Gerritsen KGF, van Nostrum CF. Phenylglyoxaldehyde-Functionalized Polymeric Sorbents for Urea Removal from Aqueous Solutions. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2020; 2:515-527. [PMID: 32090201 PMCID: PMC7027168 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.9b00948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
For realization of a wearable artificial kidney based on regeneration of a small volume of dialysate, efficient urea removal from dialysate is a major challenge. Here a potentially suitable polymeric sorbent based on phenylglyoxaldehyde (PGA), able to covalently bind urea under physiological conditions, is described. Sorbent beads containing PGA groups were obtained by suspension polymerization of either styrene or vinylphenylethan-1-one (VPE), followed by modification of the aromatic groups of poly(styrene) and poly(VPE) into PGA. It was found that PGA-functionalized sorbent beads had maximum urea binding capacities of 1.4-2.2 mmol/g and removed ∼0.6 mmol urea/g in 8 h at 37 °C under static conditions from urea-enriched phosphate-buffered saline, conditions representative of dialysate regeneration. This means that the daily urea production of a dialysis patient can be removed with a few hundred grams of this sorbent which, is an important step forward in the development of a wearable artificial kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacobus
A. W. Jong
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department
of Nephrology and Hypertension, University
Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yong Guo
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cas Veenhoven
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc-Etienne Moret
- Organic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan van der Zwan
- NMR
Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584
CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandra Lucini Paioni
- NMR
Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584
CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Baldus
- NMR
Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584
CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Karina C. Scheiner
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Remco Dalebout
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mies J. van Steenbergen
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne C. Verhaar
- Department
of Nephrology and Hypertension, University
Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Smakman
- Innovista, Raadhuisstraat 1, 1393 NW Nigtevecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim E. Hennink
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Karin G. F. Gerritsen
- Department
of Nephrology and Hypertension, University
Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelus F. van Nostrum
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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9
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Hill K, Walker SN, Salminen A, Chung HL, Li X, Ezzat B, Miller JJ, DesOrmeaux JPS, Zhang J, Hayden A, Burgin T, Piraino L, May MN, Gaborski TR, Roussie JA, Taylor J, DiVincenti L, Shestopalov AA, McGrath JL, Johnson DG. Second Generation Nanoporous Silicon Nitride Membranes for High Toxin Clearance and Small Format Hemodialysis. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1900750. [PMID: 31943849 PMCID: PMC7041421 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Conventional hemodialysis (HD) uses floor-standing instruments and bulky dialysis cartridges containing ≈2 m2 of 10 micrometer thick, tortuous-path membranes. Portable and wearable HD systems can improve outcomes for patients with end-stage renal disease by facilitating more frequent, longer dialysis at home, providing more physiological toxin clearance. Developing devices with these benefits requires highly efficient membranes to clear clinically relevant toxins in small formats. Here, the ability of ultrathin (<100 nm) silicon-nitride-based membranes to reduce the membrane area required to clear toxins by orders of magnitude is shown. Advanced fabrication methods are introduced that produce nanoporous silicon nitride membranes (NPN-O) that are two times stronger than the original nanoporous nitride materials (NPN) and feature pore sizes appropriate for middle-weight serum toxin removal. Single-pass benchtop studies with NPN-O (1.4 mm2 ) demonstrate the extraordinary clearance potential of these membranes (105 mL min-1 m-2 ), and their intrinsic hemocompatibility. Results of benchtop studies with nanomembranes, and 4 h dialysis of uremic rats, indicate that NPN-O can reduce the membrane area required for hemodialysis by two orders of magnitude, suggesting the performance and robustness needed to enable small-format hemodialysis, a milestone in the development of small-format hemodialysis systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayli Hill
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Samuel N Walker
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Alec Salminen
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Hung L Chung
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Xunzhi Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Bahie Ezzat
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Joshua J Miller
- SiMPore, Inc., 150 Lucius Gordon Drive, Suite 110, West Henrietta, Henrietta, NY, 14586, USA
| | - Jon-Paul S DesOrmeaux
- SiMPore, Inc., 150 Lucius Gordon Drive, Suite 110, West Henrietta, Henrietta, NY, 14586, USA
| | - Jingkai Zhang
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Andrew Hayden
- SiMPore, Inc., 150 Lucius Gordon Drive, Suite 110, West Henrietta, Henrietta, NY, 14586, USA
| | - Tucker Burgin
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Lindsay Piraino
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Marina N May
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Thomas R Gaborski
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - James A Roussie
- SiMPore, Inc., 150 Lucius Gordon Drive, Suite 110, West Henrietta, Henrietta, NY, 14586, USA
| | - Jeremy Taylor
- Department of Nephrology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Louis DiVincenti
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | | | - James L McGrath
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Dean G Johnson
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
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10
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van Gelder MK, Jong JAW, Folkertsma L, Guo Y, Blüchel C, Verhaar MC, Odijk M, Van Nostrum CF, Hennink WE, Gerritsen KGF. Urea removal strategies for dialysate regeneration in a wearable artificial kidney. Biomaterials 2020; 234:119735. [PMID: 31958714 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The availability of a wearable artificial kidney (WAK) that provides dialysis outside the hospital would be an important advancement for dialysis patients. The concept of a WAK is based on regeneration of a small volume of dialysate in a closed-loop. Removal of urea, the primary waste product of nitrogen metabolism, is the major challenge for the realization of a WAK since it is a molecule with low reactivity that is difficult to adsorb while it is the waste solute with the highest daily molar production. Currently, no efficient urea removal technology is available that allows for miniaturization of the WAK to a size and weight that is acceptable for patients to carry. Several urea removal strategies have been explored, including enzymatic hydrolysis by urease, electro-oxidation and sorbent systems. However, thus far, these methods have toxic side effects, limited removal capacity or slow removal kinetics. This review discusses different urea removal strategies for application in a wearable dialysis device, from both a chemical and a medical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike K van Gelder
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jacobus A W Jong
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Laura Folkertsma
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, the Netherlands; BIOS-Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, Technical Medical Center, Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, 7522 NH, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Yong Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Marianne C Verhaar
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Odijk
- BIOS-Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, Technical Medical Center, Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, 7522 NH, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelus F Van Nostrum
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wim E Hennink
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Karin G F Gerritsen
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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