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Ferrario CM, Ahmad S, Speth R, Dell’Italia LJ. Is chymase 1 a therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:645-656. [PMID: 37565266 PMCID: PMC10529260 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2247561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-angiotensin converting enzyme mechanisms of angiotensin II production remain underappreciated in part due to the success of current therapies to ameliorate the impact of primary hypertension and atherosclerotic diseases of the heart and the blood vessels. This review scrutinize the current literature to highlight chymase role as a critical participant in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and heart failure. AREAS COVERED We review the contemporaneous understanding of circulating and tissue biotransformation mechanisms of the angiotensins focusing on the role of chymase as an alternate tissue generating pathway for angiotensin II pathological mechanisms of action. EXPERT OPINION While robust literature documents the singularity of chymase as an angiotensin II-forming enzyme, particularly when angiotensin converting enzyme is inhibited, this knowledge has not been fully recognized to clinical medicine. This review discusses the limitations of clinical trials' that explored the benefits of chymase inhibition in accounting for the failure to duplicate in humans what has been demonstrated in experimental animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Ferrario
- Laboratory of Translational Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmad
- Laboratory of Translational Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157
| | - Robert Speth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33314
| | - Louis J Dell’Italia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham AL 35294
- Birmingham Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Birmingham AL 35233
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2
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Mengstie MA, Abebe EC, Teklemariam AB, Mulu AT, Teshome AA, Zewde EA, Muche ZT, Azezew MT. Molecular and cellular mechanisms in diabetic heart failure: Potential therapeutic targets. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:947294. [PMID: 36120460 PMCID: PMC9478122 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.947294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a worldwide health issue that can lead to a variety of complications. DM is a serious metabolic disorder that causes long-term microvascular and macro-vascular complications, as well as the failure of various organ systems. Diabetes-related cardiovascular diseases (CVD) including heart failure cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Concurrent hypertensive heart disease and/or coronary artery disease have been thought to be the causes of diabetic heart failure in DM patients. However, heart failure is extremely common in DM patients even in the absence of other risk factors such as coronary artery disease and hypertension. The occurrence of diabetes-induced heart failure has recently received a lot of attention. Understanding how diabetes increases the risk of heart failure and how it mediates major cellular and molecular alteration will aid in the development of therapeutics to prevent these changes. Hence, this review aimed to summarize the current knowledge and most recent findings in cellular and molecular mechanisms of diabetes-induced heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misganaw Asmamaw Mengstie
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Endeshaw Chekol Abebe
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Awgichew Behaile Teklemariam
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Anemut Tilahun Mulu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Assefa Agegnehu Teshome
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Edgeit Abebe Zewde
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Zelalem Tilahun Muche
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Muluken Teshome Azezew
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
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3
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Ferrario CM, Groban L, Wang H, Cheng CP, VonCannon JL, Wright KN, Sun X, Ahmad S. The Angiotensin-(1-12)/Chymase axis as an alternate component of the tissue renin angiotensin system. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 529:111119. [PMID: 33309638 PMCID: PMC8127338 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The identification of an alternate extended form of angiotensin I composed of the first twelve amino acids at the N-terminal of angiotensinogen has generated new knowledge of the importance of noncanonical mechanisms for renin independent generation of angiotensins. The human sequence of the dodecapeptide angiotensin-(1-12) [N-Asp1-Arg2-Val3-Tyr4-Ile5-His6-Pro7-Phe8-His9-Leu10-Val1-Ile12-COOH] is an endogenous substrate that in the rat has been documented to be present in multiple organs including the heart, brain, kidney, gut, adrenal gland, and the bone marrow. Newer studies have confirmed the existence of Ang-(1-12) as an Ang II-forming substrate in the blood and heart of normal and diseased patients. Studies to-date document that angiotensin II generation from angiotensin-(1-12) does not require renin participation while chymase rather than angiotensin converting enzyme shows high catalytic activity in converting this tissue substrate into angiotensin II directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Ferrario
- Department of Surgery and Physiology-Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA.
| | - Leanne Groban
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Che Ping Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jessica L VonCannon
- Department of Surgery and Physiology-Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Kendra N Wright
- Department of Surgery and Physiology-Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Xuming Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmad
- Department of Surgery and Physiology-Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
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Vibhushan S, Bratti M, Montero-Hernández JE, El Ghoneimi A, Benhamou M, Charles N, Daugas E, Blank U. Mast Cell Chymase and Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E302. [PMID: 33396702 PMCID: PMC7795820 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A sizable part (~2%) of the human genome encodes for proteases. They are involved in many physiological processes, such as development, reproduction and inflammation, but also play a role in pathology. Mast cells (MC) contain a variety of MC specific proteases, the expression of which may differ between various MC subtypes. Amongst these proteases, chymase represents up to 25% of the total proteins in the MC and is released from cytoplasmic granules upon activation. Once secreted, it cleaves the targets in the local tissue environment, but may also act in lymph nodes infiltrated by MC, or systemically, when reaching the circulation during an inflammatory response. MC have been recognized as important components in the development of kidney disease. Based on this observation, MC chymase has gained interest following the discovery that it contributes to the angiotensin-converting enzyme's independent generation of angiotensin II, an important inflammatory mediator in the development of kidney disease. Hence, progress regarding its role has been made based on studies using inhibitors but also on mice deficient in MC protease 4 (mMCP-4), the functional murine counterpart of human chymase. In this review, we discuss the role and actions of chymase in kidney disease. While initially believed to contribute to pathogenesis, the accumulated data favor a more subtle view, indicating that chymase may also have beneficial actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamila Vibhushan
- Centre de Recherche sur l’inflammation, CNRS ERL8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, Université de Paris, Inserm UMR1149, 16 rue Henri Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (S.V.); (M.B.); (J.E.M.-H.); (A.E.G.); (M.B.); (N.C.); (E.D.)
- Laboratoire d’Excellence Inflamex, Université de Paris, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Manuela Bratti
- Centre de Recherche sur l’inflammation, CNRS ERL8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, Université de Paris, Inserm UMR1149, 16 rue Henri Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (S.V.); (M.B.); (J.E.M.-H.); (A.E.G.); (M.B.); (N.C.); (E.D.)
- Laboratoire d’Excellence Inflamex, Université de Paris, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Juan Eduardo Montero-Hernández
- Centre de Recherche sur l’inflammation, CNRS ERL8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, Université de Paris, Inserm UMR1149, 16 rue Henri Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (S.V.); (M.B.); (J.E.M.-H.); (A.E.G.); (M.B.); (N.C.); (E.D.)
- Laboratoire d’Excellence Inflamex, Université de Paris, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Alaa El Ghoneimi
- Centre de Recherche sur l’inflammation, CNRS ERL8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, Université de Paris, Inserm UMR1149, 16 rue Henri Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (S.V.); (M.B.); (J.E.M.-H.); (A.E.G.); (M.B.); (N.C.); (E.D.)
- Laboratoire d’Excellence Inflamex, Université de Paris, F-75018 Paris, France
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Urology, Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debré, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Marc Benhamou
- Centre de Recherche sur l’inflammation, CNRS ERL8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, Université de Paris, Inserm UMR1149, 16 rue Henri Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (S.V.); (M.B.); (J.E.M.-H.); (A.E.G.); (M.B.); (N.C.); (E.D.)
- Laboratoire d’Excellence Inflamex, Université de Paris, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Charles
- Centre de Recherche sur l’inflammation, CNRS ERL8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, Université de Paris, Inserm UMR1149, 16 rue Henri Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (S.V.); (M.B.); (J.E.M.-H.); (A.E.G.); (M.B.); (N.C.); (E.D.)
- Laboratoire d’Excellence Inflamex, Université de Paris, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Eric Daugas
- Centre de Recherche sur l’inflammation, CNRS ERL8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, Université de Paris, Inserm UMR1149, 16 rue Henri Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (S.V.); (M.B.); (J.E.M.-H.); (A.E.G.); (M.B.); (N.C.); (E.D.)
- Laboratoire d’Excellence Inflamex, Université de Paris, F-75018 Paris, France
- Service de Néphrologie, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Ulrich Blank
- Centre de Recherche sur l’inflammation, CNRS ERL8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, Université de Paris, Inserm UMR1149, 16 rue Henri Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (S.V.); (M.B.); (J.E.M.-H.); (A.E.G.); (M.B.); (N.C.); (E.D.)
- Laboratoire d’Excellence Inflamex, Université de Paris, F-75018 Paris, France
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Rossing P, Strand J, Avogaro A, Becka M, Kanefendt F, Otto C. Effects of the chymase inhibitor fulacimstat in diabetic kidney disease—results from the CADA DIA trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2020; 36:2263-2273. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfaa299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The protease chymase generates multiple factors involved in tissue remodelling including angiotensin II (Ang II) and has been implicated in the pathophysiology of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). This study investigated the effects of the chymase inhibitor fulacimstat on albuminuria in patients with Type II diabetes mellitus and a clinical diagnosis of DKD.
Methods
In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, patients were on the maximum tolerated dose of either an Ang II receptor blocker or an Ang-converting enzyme inhibitor since at least 3 months before the screening visit. Eligible patients were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to treatment with either 25 mg fulacimstat (n = 99) or placebo (n = 48) twice daily on top of standard of care.
Results
The randomized patients had a mean urine albumin–creatinine ratio (UACR) of 131 mg/g (range: 29–2429 mg) and a mean (standard deviation) estimated glomerular filtration rate of 60.8 ± 16.9 mL/min/1.73 m2 before treatment start. Fulacimstat was safe and well tolerated, and achieved mean total trough concentrations that were ∼9-fold higher than those predicted to be required for minimal therapeutic activity. UACR increased by 27.4% [coefficient of variation (CV) 86%] and 3% (CV 88.9%) after 24 weeks of treatment with placebo or fulacimstat, respectively. Analysis of covariance revealed a least square mean UACR ratio (fulacimstat/placebo) of 0.804 (90% CI 0.627–1.030, P = 0.1477), indicating a statistically non-significant UACR reduction of 19.6% after fulacimstat treatment compared with placebo.
Conclusions
Fulacimstat was safe and well tolerated but did not reduce albuminuria in patients with DKD. These findings do not support a therapeutic role for chymase inhibition in DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Rossing
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Angelo Avogaro
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Michael Becka
- Research and Clinical Sciences Statistics, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | - Christiane Otto
- Experimental Medicine Cardiovascular, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
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Pejler G. Novel Insight into the in vivo Function of Mast Cell Chymase: Lessons from Knockouts and Inhibitors. J Innate Immun 2020; 12:357-372. [PMID: 32498069 DOI: 10.1159/000506985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are now recognized as key players in diverse pathologies, but the mechanisms by which they contribute in such settings are only partially understood. Mast cells are packed with secretory granules, and when they undergo degranulation in response to activation the contents of the granules are expelled to the extracellular milieu. Chymases, neutral serine proteases, are the major constituents of the mast cell granules and are hence released in large amounts upon mast cell activation. Following their release, chymases can cleave one or several of a myriad of potential substrates, and the cleavage of many of these could potentially have a profound impact on the respective pathology. Indeed, chymases have recently been implicated in several pathological contexts, in particular through studies using chymase inhibitors and by the use of chymase-deficient animals. In many cases, chymase has been shown to account for mast cell-dependent detrimental effects in the respective conditions and is therefore emerging as a promising drug target. On the other hand, chymase has been shown to have protective roles in other pathological settings. More unexpectedly, chymase has also been shown to control certain homeostatic processes. Here, these findings are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, .,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden,
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7
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Yamashita T, Ahmad S, Wright KN, Roberts DJ, VonCannon JL, Wang H, Groban L, Dell’Italia LJ, Ferrario CM. Noncanonical Mechanisms for Direct Bone Marrow Generating Ang II (Angiotensin II) Predominate in CD68 Positive Myeloid Lineage Cells. Hypertension 2020; 75:500-509. [PMID: 31813348 PMCID: PMC6949383 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.13754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow (BM) Ang II (angiotensin II) is a major participant in the regulation of hematopoiesis and immunity. The novel tissue substrate Ang-(1-12) [angiotensin-(1-12)] and its cleaving enzyme chymase are an essential source of Ang II production in cardiac tissue. We hypothesized this noncanonical chymase-mediated Ang II-producing mechanism exists in the BM tissue. Immunohistostaining and flow cytometry confirmed the presence of Ang-(1-12) immunoreaction in the BM of SD (Sprague Dawley) rats. Chymase-mediated Ang II-producing activity in BM was ≈1000-fold higher than ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme)-mediated Ang II-producing activity (4531±137 and 4.2±0.3 fmol/min per mg, respectively; n=6; P<0.001) and 280-fold higher than chymase activity in the left ventricle of 16.3±1.7 fmol/min per mg (P<0.001). Adding a selective chymase inhibitor, TEI-F00806, eliminated almost all 125I-Ang II production. Flow cytometry demonstrated that delta median fluorescence intensity of chymase in cluster of differentiation 68 positive cells was significantly higher than that in cluster of differentiation 68 negative cells (1546±157 and 222±48 arbitrary units, respectively; P=0.0021). Cluster of differentiation 68 positive and side scatter low subsets, considered to be myeloid progenitors, express the highest chymase fluorescence intensity in rat BM. Chymase activity and cellular expression was similar in both male and female rats. In conclusion, myeloid lineage cells, especially myeloid progenitors, have an extraordinary Ang II-producing activity by chymase in the BM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology
- Department of Internal Medicine-Molecular Medicine
| | - Leanne Groban
- Department of Anesthesiology
- Department of Internal Medicine-Molecular Medicine
| | - Louis J. Dell’Italia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL
| | - Carlos M. Ferrario
- Department of Surgery
- Department of Physiology-Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
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Dell'Italia LJ, Collawn JF, Ferrario CM. Multifunctional Role of Chymase in Acute and Chronic Tissue Injury and Remodeling. Circ Res 2019; 122:319-336. [PMID: 29348253 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.310978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chymase is the most efficient Ang II (angiotensin II)-forming enzyme in the human body and has been implicated in a wide variety of human diseases that also implicate its many other protease actions. Largely thought to be the product of mast cells, the identification of other cellular sources including cardiac fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells demonstrates a more widely dispersed production and distribution system in various tissues. Furthermore, newly emerging evidence for its intracellular presence in cardiomyocytes and smooth muscle cells opens an entirely new compartment of chymase-mediated actions that were previously thought to be limited to the extracellular space. This review illustrates how these multiple chymase-mediated mechanisms of action can explain the residual risk in clinical trials of cardiovascular disease using conventional renin-angiotensin system blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis J Dell'Italia
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Birmingham Veteran Affairs Medical Center (L.J.D.), Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine (L.J.D.), and Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology (J.F.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; and Division of Surgical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (C.M.F.).
| | - James F Collawn
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Birmingham Veteran Affairs Medical Center (L.J.D.), Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine (L.J.D.), and Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology (J.F.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; and Division of Surgical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (C.M.F.)
| | - Carlos M Ferrario
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Birmingham Veteran Affairs Medical Center (L.J.D.), Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine (L.J.D.), and Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology (J.F.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; and Division of Surgical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (C.M.F.)
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9
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Ansary TM, Urushihara M, Fujisawa Y, Nagata S, Urata H, Nakano D, Hirofumi H, Kitamura K, Kagami S, Nishiyama A. Effects of the selective chymase inhibitor TEI-F00806 on the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system in salt-treated angiotensin I-infused hypertensive mice. Exp Physiol 2018; 103:1524-1531. [PMID: 30137655 DOI: 10.1113/ep087209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Can chymase inhibition prevent angiotensin I-induced hypertension through inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the kidney? What is the main finding and its importance? Treatment with TEI-F00806 decreased angiotensin II content of the kidney, renal cortical angiotensinogen protein levels and chymase mRNA expression, and attenuated the development of hypertension. ABSTRACT The effects of the selective chymase inhibitor TEI-F00806 were examined on angiotensin I (Ang I)-induced hypertension and intrarenal angiotensin II (Ang II) production in salt-treated mice. Twelve-week-old C57BL male mice were given a high-salt diet (4% NaCl + saline (0.9% NaCl)), and divided into three groups: (1) sham + vehicle (5% acetic acid in saline), (2) Ang I (1 μg kg-1 min-1 , s.c.) + vehicle, and (3) Ang I + TEI-F00806 (100 mg kg-1 day-1 , p.o.) (n = 8-10 per group). Systolic blood pressure was measured weekly using a tail-cuff method. Kidney Ang II content was measured by radioimmunoassay. Chronic infusion of Ang I resulted in the development of hypertension (P < 0.001), and augmented intrarenal chymase gene expression (P < 0.05), angiotensinogen protein level (P < 0.001) and Ang II content (P < 0.01) in salt-treated mice. Treatment with TEI-F00806 attenuated the development of hypertension (P < 0.001) and decreased Ang II content of the kidney (P < 0.05), which was associated with reductions in renal cortical angiotensinogen protein levels (P < 0.001) and chymase mRNA expression (P < 0.05). These data suggest that a chymase inhibitor decreases intrarenal renin-angiotensin activity, thereby reducing salt-dependent hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba M Ansary
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Maki Urushihara
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Fujisawa
- Life Science Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Sayaka Nagata
- Circulatory and Body Fluid Regulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hidenori Urata
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nakano
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Hitomi Hirofumi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kitamura
- Circulatory and Body Fluid Regulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Shoji Kagami
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
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10
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Qiu M, Li S, Jin L, Feng P, Kong Y, Zhao X, Lin Y, Xu Y, Li C, Wang W. Combination of Chymostatin and Aliskiren attenuates ER stress induced by lipid overload in kidney tubular cells. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:183. [PMID: 30064425 PMCID: PMC6069859 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0818-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lipotoxicity plays an important role in the pathogenesis of kidney injury. Our previous study demonstrated that activation of local renin-angiotensin system (RAS) was involved in saturated free fatty acids palmitic acid (PA)-induced tubular cell injuries. The current study aims to investigate whether suppression of RAS by combination of direct renin inhibitor aliskiren and noncanonical RAS pathway chymase inhibitor chymostatin attenuates PA or cholesterol induced-endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) and apopotosis in cultured human proximal tubular HK2 cells. Methods HK2 cells were treated with saturated fatty acid PA (0.6 mM) for 24 h or cholesterol (10 μg/ml) for 6d with or without chymostatin and/or aliskiren. Expressions of the ER stress associated proteins and apoptosis markers were detected by western blotting. The mRNA levels of RAS components were measured by real-time qPCR. Results Combination treatment of chymostatin and aliskiren markedly suppressed PA or cholesterol-induced ER stress, as reflected by increased BiP, IRE1α, phosphorylated-eIF2α and ATF4 as well as proapoptotic transcription factor CHOP. The ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and cleaved caspase-3, two markers of apoptosis were upregulated by PA or cholesterol treatment. PA treatment was also associated with increased levels of angiotensinogen and angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) mRNA expression. Combination treatment of chymostatin and aliskiren markedly suppressed PA or cholesterol-induced ER stress and apoptosis. The protective effect of two inhibitors was also observed in primary cultured cortical tubular cells treated with PA. In contrast, chymostatin and/or aliskiren failed to prevent ER stress induced by tunicamycin. Conclusions These results suggested that combination treatment of chymostatin and aliskiren attenuates lipid-induced renal tubular cell injury, likely through suppressing activation of intracellular RAS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12944-018-0818-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaojuan Qiu
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74# Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Suchun Li
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74# Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Lizi Jin
- Department of Cardiology, The 5th Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Pinning Feng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yonglun Kong
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74# Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiaoduo Zhao
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74# Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yu Lin
- Department of Pathology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Yunyun Xu
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74# Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Chunling Li
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74# Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Weidong Wang
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74# Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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11
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Alicic RZ, Johnson EJ, Tuttle KR. Inflammatory Mechanisms as New Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets for Diabetic Kidney Disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2018; 25:181-191. [PMID: 29580582 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of CKD and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) worldwide. Approximately 30-40% of people with diabetes develop this microvascular complication, placing them at high risk of losing kidney function as well as of cardiovascular events, infections, and death. Current therapies are ineffective for arresting kidney disease progression and mitigating risks of comorbidities and death among patients with DKD. As the global count of people with diabetes will soon exceed 400 million, the need for effective and safe treatment options for complications such as DKD becomes ever more urgent. Recently, the understanding of DKD pathogenesis has evolved to recognize inflammation as a major underlying mechanism of kidney damage. In turn, inflammatory mediators have emerged as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for DKD. Phase 2 clinical trials testing inhibitors of monocyte-chemotactic protein-1 chemokine C-C motif-ligand 2 and the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway, in particular, have produced promising results.
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12
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Pichler R, Afkarian M, Dieter BP, Tuttle KR. Immunity and inflammation in diabetic kidney disease: translating mechanisms to biomarkers and treatment targets. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 312:F716-F731. [PMID: 27558558 PMCID: PMC6109808 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00314.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing incidences of obesity and diabetes have made diabetic kidney disease (DKD) the leading cause of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease worldwide. Despite current pharmacological treatments, including strategies for optimizing glycemic control and inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system, DKD still makes up almost one-half of all cases of end-stage renal disease in the United States. Compelling and mounting evidence has clearly demonstrated that immunity and inflammation play a paramount role in the pathogenesis of DKD. This article reviews the involvement of the immune system in DKD and identifies important roles of key immune and inflammatory mediators. One of the most recently identified biomarkers is serum amyloid A, which appears to be relatively specific for DKD. Novel and evolving treatment approaches target protein kinases, transcription factors, chemokines, adhesion molecules, growth factors, advanced glycation end-products, and other inflammatory molecules. This is the beginning of a new era in the understanding and treatment of DKD, and we may have finally reached a tipping point in our fight against the growing burden of DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimund Pichler
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington;
| | - Maryam Afkarian
- Division of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and
| | - Brad P Dieter
- Division of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and
- Providence Health Care, Spokane, Washington
| | - Katherine R Tuttle
- Division of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and
- Providence Health Care, Spokane, Washington
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13
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Role of NADPH Oxidase in Metabolic Disease-Related Renal Injury: An Update. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:7813072. [PMID: 27597884 PMCID: PMC5002489 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7813072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome has been linked to an increased risk of chronic kidney disease. The underlying pathogenesis of metabolic disease-related renal injury remains obscure. Accumulating evidence has shown that NADPH oxidase is a major source of intrarenal oxidative stress and is upregulated by metabolic factors leading to overproduction of ROS in podocytes, endothelial cells, and mesangial cells in glomeruli, which is closely associated with the initiation and progression of glomerular diseases. This review focuses on the role of NADPH oxidase-induced oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of metabolic disease-related renal injury. Understanding of the mechanism may help find potential therapeutic strategies.
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14
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Zhang M, Huang W, Bai J, Nie X, Wang W. Chymase inhibition protects diabetic rats from renal lesions. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:121-8. [PMID: 27176496 PMCID: PMC4918600 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of a chymase inhibitor on renal injury in diabetic rats. A total of 24 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the following groups: The control group (n=7), the diabetes group (DM group; n=7), and the DM + chymase inhibitor group (DM + Chy-I group; n=10). Diabetes was induced via an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg). Rats in the DM + Chy-I group were administered 1 mg/kg chymase inhibitor [Suc-Val-Pro-PheP-(OPh)2] daily for 12 weeks by intraperitoneal injection. Subsequently, kidney weight, various biochemical parameters and blood pressure were measured. In addition, the expression levels of fibronectin (FN), type IV collagen (ColIV), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were determined by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Compared with in the DM group, the levels of serum cholesterol and urinary albumin/creatinine were decreased in the DM + Chy-I group (P<0.05). Furthermore, chymase inhibition reduced the overexpression of FN, ColIV, TGF-β1 and VEGF (P<0.05) in the renal tissue of diabetic rats. These results indicated that chymase inhibition may reduce the excretion of urinary albumin and the deposition of extracellular matrix components in the kidney of diabetic rats. These effects may be mediated by altered expression of the VEGF and TGF-β1 pathways. In conclusion, chymase inhibition may be considered a potential method for the treatment of renal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Wen Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Jing Bai
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Nie
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
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15
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Yamato M, Kawano K, Yamanaka Y, Saiga M, Yamada KI. TEMPOL increases NAD(+) and improves redox imbalance in obese mice. Redox Biol 2016; 8:316-22. [PMID: 26942863 PMCID: PMC4781928 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous energy conversion is controlled by reduction–oxidation (redox) processes. NAD+ and NADH represent an important redox couple in energy metabolism. 4-Hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPOL) is a redox-cycling nitroxide that promotes the scavenging of several reactive oxygen species (ROS) and is reduced to hydroxylamine by NADH. TEMPOL is also involved in NAD+ production in the ascorbic acid–glutathione redox cycle. We utilized the chemical properties of TEMPOL to investigate the effects of antioxidants and NAD+/NADH modulators on the metabolic imbalance in obese mice. Increases in the NAD+/NADH ratio by TEMPOL ameliorated the metabolic imbalance when combined with a dietary intervention, changing from a high-fat diet to a normal diet. Plasma levels of the superoxide marker dihydroethidium were higher in mice receiving the dietary intervention compared with a control diet, but were normalized with TEMPOL consumption. These findings provide novel insights into redox regulation in obesity. Redox imbalance: ROS generation and NADH accumulation, occurs in obesity. TEMPOL can normalize redox imbalance in various tissues. Whole body metabolism was activated by TEMPOL and dietary intervention. Redox regulation might be useful approaches for treating obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Yamato
- Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Kimika Kawano
- Department of Bio-functional Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamanaka
- Department of Bio-functional Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Misako Saiga
- Department of Bio-functional Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yamada
- Department of Bio-functional Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
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16
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Wang R, Chen J, Zhang Z, Cen Y. Role of chymase in the local renin-angiotensin system in keloids: inhibition of chymase may be an effective therapeutic approach to treat keloids. Drug Des Devel Ther 2015; 9:4979-88. [PMID: 26357464 PMCID: PMC4560513 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s87842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Histologically, keloids contain excess fibroblasts and an overabundance of dermal collagen. Recently, it was reported that chymase induced a profibrotic response via transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)/Smad activation in keloid fibroblasts (KFs). However, the role of chymase in the local renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in keloids has not been elucidated. This study aims to determine whether chymase plays an important role in the local RAS in keloids. Methods We compared the expression and activity of chymase in keloids and normal skin tissues using Western blotting and radioimmunoassay, and studied the expression of TGF-β1, interleukin-1β, collagen I, hydroxyproline, and angiotensin II in KFs after chymase and inhibitors’ treatment. Results The results revealed an increased activity of chymase in keloid tissues, and that chymase enhanced the expression of angiotensin II, collagen I, TGF-β1, and interleukin-1β in KFs. Blockade of the chymase pathway involved in the local RAS lowered the expression of these signaling factors. Conclusion This research suggests that inhibition of chymase might be an effective therapeutic approach to improve the clinical treatment of keloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Wang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Cen
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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17
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Gorin Y, Wauquier F. Upstream regulators and downstream effectors of NADPH oxidases as novel therapeutic targets for diabetic kidney disease. Mol Cells 2015; 38:285-96. [PMID: 25824546 PMCID: PMC4400302 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2015.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been linked to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, the complication of diabetes in the kidney. NADPH oxidases of the Nox family, and in particular the homologue Nox4, are a major source of reactive oxygen species in the diabetic kidney and are critical mediators of redox signaling in glomerular and tubulointerstitial cells exposed to the diabetic milieu. Here, we present an overview of the current knowledge related to the understanding of the role of Nox enzymes in the processes that control mesangial cell, podocyte and tubulointerstitial cell injury induced by hyperglycemia and other predominant factors enhanced in the diabetic milieu, including the renin-angiotensin system and transforming growth factor-β. The nature of the upstream modulators of Nox enzymes as well as the downstream targets of the Nox NADPH oxidases implicated in the propagation of the redox processes that alter renal biology in diabetes will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Gorin
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas,
USA
| | - Fabien Wauquier
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas,
USA
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18
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Maeda Y, Inoguchi T, Takei R, Hendarto H, Ide M, Inoue T, Kobayashi K, Urata H, Nishiyama A, Takayanagi R. Chymase inhibition prevents myocardial fibrosis through the attenuation of NOX4-associated oxidative stress in diabetic hamsters. J Diabetes Investig 2014; 3:354-61. [PMID: 24843590 PMCID: PMC4019255 DOI: 10.1111/j.2040-1124.2012.00202.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Aims/Introduction: Diabetic cardiomyopathy entails the cardiac injury induced by diabetes, independent of vascular disease or hypertension. Despite numerous experimental studies and clinical trials, the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy remains elusive. Here, we report that chymase, an immediate angiotensin II (AngII)-forming enzyme in humans and hamsters, and NOX4-induced oxidative stress have pathogenic roles in myocardial fibrosis in diabetic hamsters. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expression of chymase was evaluated in the hearts of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic hamsters. The impact of chymase-specific inhibitors, TEI-E00548 and TEI-F00806, on myocardial fibrosis, and increased levels of intracardiac AngII, accumulation of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (an oxidative stress marker in urine and heart tissue) and expression of heart NOX4 in diabetic hamsters were investigated. RESULTS Myocardial chymase expression was markedly upregulated in STZ hamsters in a glucose-dependent manner. A total of 8 weeks after STZ administration, the diabetic hamsters showed enhanced oxidative stress and NOX4 expression in the heart, in parallel with increased myocardial AngII production. Oral administration of chymase-specific inhibitors, TEI-F00806 and TEI-E00548, normalized heart AngII levels, and completely reversed NOX4-induced oxidative stress and myocardial fibrosis in STZ-induced diabetic hamsters, although they did not affect the activity of the systemic renin-angiotensin system or systolic blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS Chymase inhibition might prevent oxidative stress and diabetic cardiomyopathy at an early stage by reducing local AngII production. (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040-1124.2012.00202.x, 2012).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutaka Maeda
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Toyoshi Inoguchi
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences ; Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka
| | - Ryoko Takei
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Hari Hendarto
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Makoto Ide
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Tomoaki Inoue
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Kunihisa Kobayashi
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Hidenori Urata
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fukuoka University, Chikushi Hospital, Chikushino
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Takayanagi
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences
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19
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Zheng J, Wei CC, Hase N, Shi K, Killingsworth CR, Litovsky SH, Powell PC, Kobayashi T, Ferrario CM, Rab A, Aban I, Collawn JF, Dell'Italia LJ. Chymase mediates injury and mitochondrial damage in cardiomyocytes during acute ischemia/reperfusion in the dog. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94732. [PMID: 24733352 PMCID: PMC3986229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury occurs because the acute increase in oxidative/inflammatory stress during reperfusion culminates in the death of cardiomyocytes. Currently, there is no drug utilized clinically that attenuates I/R injury in patients. Previous studies have demonstrated degranulation of mast cell contents into the interstitium after I/R. Using a dog model of I/R, we tested the role of chymase, a mast cell protease, in cardiomyocyte injury using a specific oral chymase inhibitor (CI). 15 adult mongrel dogs had left anterior descending artery occlusion for 60 min and reperfusion for 100 minutes. 9 dogs received vehicle and 6 were pretreated with a specific CI. In vivo cardiac microdialysis demonstrated a 3-fold increase in interstitial fluid chymase activity in I/R region that was significantly decreased by CI. CI pretreatment significantly attenuated loss of laminin, focal adhesion complex disruption, and release of troponin I into the circulation. Microarray analysis identified an I/R induced 17-fold increase in nuclear receptor subfamily 4A1 (NR4A1) and significantly decreased by CI. NR4A1 normally resides in the nucleus but can induce cell death on migration to the cytoplasm. I/R caused significant increase in NR4A1 protein expression and cytoplasmic translocation, and mitochondrial degradation, which were decreased by CI. Immunohistochemistry also revealed a high concentration of chymase within cardiomyocytes after I/R. In vitro, chymase added to culture HL-1 cardiomyocytes entered the cytoplasm and nucleus in a dynamin-dependent fashion, and promoted cytoplasmic translocation of NR4A1 protein. shRNA knockdown of NR4A1 on pre-treatment of HL-1 cells with CI significantly decreased chymase-induced cell death and mitochondrial damage. These results suggest that the beneficial effects of an orally active CI during I/R are mediated in the cardiac interstitium as well as within the cardiomyocyte due to a heretofore-unrecognized chymase entry into cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junying Zheng
- Birmingham Veteran Affairs Medical Center and Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Chih-Chang Wei
- Birmingham Veteran Affairs Medical Center and Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Naoki Hase
- Teijin Institute for Bio-Medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ke Shi
- Birmingham Veteran Affairs Medical Center and Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Cheryl R. Killingsworth
- Birmingham Veteran Affairs Medical Center and Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Silvio H. Litovsky
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Pamela C. Powell
- Birmingham Veteran Affairs Medical Center and Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | | | - Carlos M. Ferrario
- Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andras Rab
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Inmaculada Aban
- Department of Biostatistics University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - James F. Collawn
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Louis J. Dell'Italia
- Birmingham Veteran Affairs Medical Center and Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Liu YH, Lu M, Xie ZZ, Hua F, Xie L, Gao JH, Koh YH, Bian JS. Hydrogen sulfide prevents heart failure development via inhibition of renin release from mast cells in isoproterenol-treated rats. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:759-69. [PMID: 23581627 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Cardiac local renin-angiotensin system plays an important role in the development of heart failure and left ventricular (LV) remodeling. We previously reported that hydrogen sulfide (H2S), an endogenous gaseous mediator, regulates renin synthesis and release in juxtaglomerular cells. The present study was designed to investigate whether H2S can protect against isoproterenol (ISO)-induced heart failure via inhibition of local renin activity in rat hearts. RESULTS In the present study, we found that an injection of ISO (150 mg/kg) significantly increased plasma lactate dehydrogenase level and hypertrophy index and impaired LV end diastolic pressure. Treatment with NaHS (an H2S donor, 0.056 mg/kg, daily) 3 days before and 2 weeks after the ISO injection attenuated the development of heart failure. Histological staining showed that NaHS decreased ISO-induced collagen deposition. Moreover, NaHS treatment reversed ISO-induced renin elevation in both plasma and LVs. Immunostaining analysis indicated that renin expression co-localized with mast cells in the ventricular tissues. Mast cell counts showed that NaHS treatment decreased the number of degranulated mast cells in cardiac tissue due to down-regulation of leukotriene A4 hydrolase protein expression and leukotriene B4 level. In addition, NaHS treatment also inhibited forskolin-induced renin degranulation from HMC-1.1 mast cells by lowering intracellular cAMP level. INNOVATION This study provides evidence for a new pathway in H2S-induced cardioprotection against heart failure development. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, we demonstrated that H2S might protect heart during heart failure by suppression of local renin level through inhibition of both mast cell infiltration and renin degranulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hong Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore
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21
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Gorin Y, Block K. Nox4 and diabetic nephropathy: with a friend like this, who needs enemies? Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 61:130-42. [PMID: 23528476 PMCID: PMC3716866 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been linked to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, a complication of diabetes in the kidney. NADPH oxidases of the Nox family are a major source of reactive oxygen species in the diabetic kidney and are critical mediators of redox signaling in glomerular and tubulointerstitial cells exposed to the diabetic milieu. Here, we present an overview of the current understanding of the roles of Nox catalytic and regulatory subunits in the processes that control mesangial cell, podocyte, and tubulointerstitial cell injury induced by hyperglycemia and other predominant factors enhanced in the diabetic milieu, including the renin-angiotensin system and transforming growth factor-β. The role of the Nox isoform Nox4 in the redox processes that alter renal biology in diabetes is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Gorin
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
| | - Karen Block
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA; Audie L. Murphy Memorial Hospital Division, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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22
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He A, Shi GP. Mast cell chymase and tryptase as targets for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2013; 19:1114-25. [PMID: 23016684 DOI: 10.2174/1381612811319060012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells are critical effectors in inflammatory diseases, including cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and their associated complications. These cells exert their physiological and pathological activities by releasing granules containing histamine, cytokines, chemokines, and proteases, including mast cell-specific chymases and tryptases. Several recent human and animal studies have shown direct or indirect participation of mast cell-specific proteases in atherosclerosis, abdominal aortic aneurysms, obesity, diabetes, and their complications. Animal studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of highly selective and potent chymase and tryptase inhibitors in several experimental cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. In this review, we summarize recent discoveries from in vitro cell-based studies to experimental animal disease models, from protease knockout mice to treatments with recently developed selective and potent protease inhibitors, and from patients with preclinical disorders to those affected by complications. We hypothesize that inhibition of chymases and tryptases would benefit patients suffering from cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina He
- Department of Oncology, The Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200233, China
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23
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Abstract
Oxidative stress has been linked to the pathogenesis of the major complications of diabetes in the kidney, the heart, the eye or the vasculature. NADPH oxidases of the Nox family are a major source of ROS (reactive oxygen species) and are critical mediators of redox signalling in cells from different organs afflicted by the diabetic milieu. In the present review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge related to the understanding of the role of Nox in the processes that control cell injury induced by hyperglycaemia and other predominant factors enhanced in diabetes, including the renin–angiotensin system, TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β) and AGEs (advanced glycation end-products). These observations support a critical role for Nox homologues in diabetic complications and indicate that NADPH oxidases are an important therapeutic target. Therefore the design and development of small-molecule inhibitors that selectively block Nox oxidases appears to be a reasonable approach to prevent or retard the complications of diabetes in target organs. The bioefficacy of these agents in experimental animal models is also discussed in the present review.
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Ahmad S, Wei CC, Tallaj J, Dell'Italia LJ, Moniwa N, Varagic J, Ferrario CM. Chymase mediates angiotensin-(1-12) metabolism in normal human hearts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 7:128-36. [PMID: 23312967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Identification of angiotensin-(1-12) [Ang-(1-12)] in forming angiotensin II (Ang II) by a non-renin dependent mechanism has increased knowledge on the paracrine/autocrine mechanisms regulating cardiac expression of Ang peptides. This study now describes in humans the identity of the enzyme accounting for Ang-(1-12) metabolism in the left ventricular (LV) tissue of normal subjects. Reverse phase HPLC characterized the products of (125)I-Ang-(1-12) metabolism in plasma membranes (PMs) from human LV in the absence and presence of inhibitors for chymase (chymostatin), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 1 (lisinopril) and 2 (MLN-4760), and neprilysin (SHC39370). In the presence of the inhibitor cocktail, ≥ 98% ± 2% of cardiac (125)I-Ang-(1-12) remained intact, whereas exclusion of chymostatin from the inhibitor cocktail led to significant conversion of Ang-(1-12) into Ang II. In addition, chymase-mediated hydrolysis of (125)I-Ang I was higher compared with Ang-(1-12). Negligible Ang-(1-12) hydrolysis occurred by ACE, ACE2, and neprilysin. A high chymase activity was detected for both (125)I-Ang-(1-12) and (125)I-Ang I substrates. Chymase accounts for the conversion of Ang-(1-12) and Ang I to Ang II in normal human LV. These novel findings expand knowledge of the alternate mechanism by which Ang-(1-12) contributes to the production of cardiac angiotensin peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarfaraz Ahmad
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Park S, Bivona BJ, Ford SM, Xu S, Kobori H, de Garavilla L, Harrison-Bernard LM. Direct evidence for intrarenal chymase-dependent angiotensin II formation on the diabetic renal microvasculature. Hypertension 2012; 61:465-71. [PMID: 23213190 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.202424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Our previous work supports a major role for angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-independent intrarenal angiotensin (ANG) II formation on microvascular function in type 2 diabetes mellitus. We tested the hypothesis that there is a switch from renal vascular ACE-dependent to chymase-dependent ANGII formation in diabetes mellitus. The in vitro juxtamedullary afferent arteriole (AA) contractile responses to the intrarenal conversion of the ACE-specific, chymase-resistant ANGI peptide ([Pro(10)]ANGI) to ANGII were significantly reduced in kidneys of diabetic (db/db) compared with control (db/m) mice. AA responses to the intrarenal conversion of the chymase-specific, ACE-resistant ANGI peptide ([Pro(11), D-Ala(12)]ANGI) to ANGII were significantly enhanced in kidneys of diabetic compared with control mice. AA diameters were significantly reduced by 9 ± 2, 15 ± 3, and 24 ± 3% of baseline in diabetic kidneys in response to 10, 100, and 1000 nmol/L [Pro(11), D-Ala(12)]ANGI, respectively, and the responses were significantly attenuated by angiotensin type 1 receptor or chymase-specific (JNJ-18054478) inhibition. [Pro(11), D-Ala(12)]ANGI did not produce a significant AA vasoconstriction in control kidneys. Chymase inhibition significantly attenuated ANGI-induced AA vasoconstriction in diabetic, but not control kidneys. Renal vascular mouse mast cell protease-4 or chymase/β-actin mRNA expression was significantly augmented by 5.1 ± 1.4 fold; while ACE/β-actin mRNA expression was significantly attenuated by 0.42 ± 0.08 fold in diabetic compared with control tissues. In summary, intrarenal formation of ANGII occurs primarily via ACE in the control, but via chymase in the diabetic vasculature. In conclusion, chymase-dependent mechanisms may contribute to the progression of diabetic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungmi Park
- Department of Physiology, Box P7-3, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido St, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Kitada K, Nakano D, Hitomi H, Kobori H, Deguchi K, Mori H, Masaki T, Nishiyama A. Aldosterone induces p21-regulated apoptosis via increased synthesis and secretion of tumour necrosis factor-αin human proximal tubular cells. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2012.12001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kento Kitada
- Department of Pharmacology; Kagawa University; Kagawa; Japan
| | - Daisuke Nakano
- Department of Pharmacology; Kagawa University; Kagawa; Japan
| | - Hirofumi Hitomi
- Department of Pharmacology; Kagawa University; Kagawa; Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kobori
- Department of Pharmacology; Kagawa University; Kagawa; Japan
| | - Kazushi Deguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology; Kagawa University; Kagawa; Japan
| | - Hirohito Mori
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology; Kagawa University; Kagawa; Japan
| | - Tsutomu Masaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology; Kagawa University; Kagawa; Japan
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Department of Pharmacology; Kagawa University; Kagawa; Japan
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Abstract
Oxidative stress has been paid increasing attention to as an important causative factor for diabetic vascular complications. Among possible various sources, accumulating evidence has indicated that NAD(P)H oxidase may be the most important source for reactive oxygen species production in diabetic vascular tissues. The mechanisms underlying activation and up-regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase has been supposed to be mediated by high glucose-induced protein kinase C (PKC) activation. In this review article, activation of local renin-angiotensin II system induced by chymase activation is also shown to amplify such a PKC-dependent activation of NAD(P)H oxidase. Additionally, human evidence showing the beneficial effect of antioxidants on diabetic vascular complications. Bilirubin has been recognized as a strong endogenous antioxidant. Here markedly lower prevalence of vascular complications is shown in diabetic patients with Gilbert syndrome, a congenital hyperbilirubinemia, as well as reduced markers of oxidative stress and inflammation. Lastly, statin, angiotensin II receptor blocker, chymase inhibitor, bilirubin and biliverdin, PKC β isoform inhibitor, and glucagon-like peptide-1 analog, are shown to serve as antioxidants and have some beneficial effect on diabetic vascular complications, via inhibiting PKC-NAD(P)H oxidase activation, supporting the notion that this mechanism may be an effective therapeutic target for preventing diabetic vascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Sasaki
- Department of Medicine and Regulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toyoshi Inoguchi
- Department of Medicine and Regulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Okui S, Yamamoto H, Li W, Gamachi N, Fujita Y, Kashiwamura SI, Miura D, Takai S, Miyazaki M, Urade M, Okamura H, Ueda H. Cisplatin-induced acute renal failure in mice is mediated by chymase-activated angiotensin-aldosterone system and interleukin-18. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 685:149-55. [PMID: 22543082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 03/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mechanism(s) of cisplatin-induced acute renal failure, as manifested by increases in blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, was evaluated in relation to production and activation of endogenous mediator(s) in mice. In interleukin (IL)-18-deficient (IL-18KO) mice, cisplatin failed to induce acute renal failure. Administration of recombinant IL-18 prior to cisplatin restored acute renal failure in IL-18KO mice. Accumulation of cisplatin in the kidney was not different in IL-18KO and wild-type (WT) mice, but, clearance of cisplatin was more rapid in IL-18KO mice than in WT mice. Cisplatin increased serum levels of aldosterone and angiotensin II in WT mice, but only angiotensin II levels in IL-18 KO mice. Administration of IL-18 augmented plasma levels of aldosterone and angiotensin II in WT mice. Eplerenone, an aldosterone receptor blocker, TY-51469, a chymase inhibitor and PD123319, a selective angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor antagonist, but not benazepril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, and candesartan, a selective angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist improved acute renal failure caused by cisplatin, confirming involvement of IL-18, aldosterone and angiotensin II in cisplatin-induced, chymase-dependent acute renal failure in mice. These results show that IL-18, aldosterone and angiotensin II synergistically act to prolong the accumulation of cisplatin in the kidney, leading to acute renal failure. Combined therapy with inhibitors for chymase and aldosterone receptors or AT2 receptors might reduce acute renal failure induced by cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Okui
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8131, Hyogo, Japan
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Abstract
Chymase, a serine protease found in mast cell granules, is released into the interstitium following injury or inflammation. Chymase is the primary ACE-independent pathway of angiotensin II formation, and also functions to activate TGF-beta and other promoters of extracellular matrix degradation, thereby playing a role in tissue remodeling. In the diseased kidney, chymase-containing mast cells markedly increase and their density correlates with tubulointerstitial fibrosis severity. Studies in humans support the pathologic role of chymase in diabetic nephropathy, while animal studies form the basis for the importance of increased chymase-dependent angiotensin II formation in progressive hypertensive, diabetic and inflammatory nephropathies. Moreover, humans with kidney disease express chymase in diseased blood vessels in concordance with significantly elevated plasma chymase levels. Conversely, specific chymase inhibitors attenuate angiotensin II production and renal fibrosis in animal models, suggesting their potential therapeutic benefit in human nephropathy, where chymase-containing mast cells accumulate and contribute to progressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haimanot Wasse
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Ahmad S, Simmons T, Varagic J, Moniwa N, Chappell MC, Ferrario CM. Chymase-dependent generation of angiotensin II from angiotensin-(1-12) in human atrial tissue. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28501. [PMID: 22180785 PMCID: PMC3236741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Since angiotensin-(1-12) [Ang-(1-12)] is a non-renin dependent alternate precursor for the generation of cardiac Ang peptides in rat tissue, we investigated the metabolism of Ang-(1-12) by plasma membranes (PM) isolated from human atrial appendage tissue from nine patients undergoing cardiac surgery for primary control of atrial fibrillation (MAZE surgical procedure). PM was incubated with highly purified ¹²⁵I-Ang-(1-12) at 37°C for 1 h with or without renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors [lisinopril for angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), SCH39370 for neprilysin (NEP), MLN-4760 for ACE2 and chymostatin for chymase; 50 µM each]. ¹²⁵I-Ang peptide fractions were identified by HPLC coupled to an inline γ-detector. In the absence of all RAS inhibitor, ¹²⁵I-Ang-(1-12) was converted into Ang I (2±2%), Ang II (69±21%), Ang-(1-7) (5±2%), and Ang-(1-4) (2±1%). In the absence of all RAS inhibitor, only 22±10% of ¹²⁵I-Ang-(1-12) was unmetabolized, whereas, in the presence of the all RAS inhibitors, 98±7% of ¹²⁵I-Ang-(1-12) remained intact. The relative contribution of selective inhibition of ACE and chymase enzyme showed that ¹²⁵I-Ang-(1-12) was primarily converted into Ang II (65±18%) by chymase while its hydrolysis into Ang II by ACE was significantly lower or undetectable. The activity of individual enzyme was calculated based on the amount of Ang II formation. These results showed very high chymase-mediated Ang II formation (28±3.1 fmol × min⁻¹ × mg⁻¹, n = 9) from ¹²⁵I-Ang-(1-12) and very low or undetectable Ang II formation by ACE (1.1±0.2 fmol×min⁻¹ × mg⁻¹). Paralleling these findings, these tissues showed significant content of chymase protein that by immunocytochemistry were primarily localized in atrial cardiac myocytes. In conclusion, we demonstrate for the first time in human cardiac tissue a dominant role of cardiac chymase in the formation of Ang II from Ang-(1-12).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarfaraz Ahmad
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America.
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Thomas MC, Groop PH. New approaches to the treatment of nephropathy in diabetes. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2011; 20:1057-71. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2011.591785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chymase converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II and it can also convert precursors of TGF-β and MMP-9 to their active forms. Therefore, diseases related to angiotensin II TGF-β, and MMP-9 could potentially be treated with chymase inhibitors. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the appropriate targets and safety of chymase inhibitors. Six diseases with notable mortality or morbidity as targets of chymase inhibitors are focused on; abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs), nephropathy and retinopathy, cardiomyopathy, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), organ fibrosis and intestinal diseases. EXPERT OPINION If chymase inhibition proves to be a useful strategy for the attenuation of angiotensin II, TGF-β and MMP-9 in vivo, the application of chymase inhibitors is likely to become widespread in various diseases in the clinical setting. Chymase inhibitors are anticipated not to interfere with the homeostasis of resting tissues, that is, those not affected by injury or inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Takai
- Osaka Medical College, Department of Pharmacology, Daigaku-machi 2-7, Takatsuki City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan.
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