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da Silva Ferreira NC, Alves LA, Soares-Bezerra RJ. Potential Therapeutic Applications of P2 Receptor Antagonists: From Bench to Clinical Trials. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:919-937. [PMID: 30760187 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190213095923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular purines and pyrimidines have important physiological functions in mammals. Purines and pyrimidines act on P1 and P2 purinergic receptors, which are widely expressed in the plasma membrane in various cell types. P2 receptors act as important therapeutic targets and are associated with several disorders, such as pain, neurodegeneration, cancer, inflammation, and thrombosis. However, the use of antagonists for P2 receptors in clinical therapy, with the exception of P2Y12, is a great challenge. Currently, many research groups and pharmaceutical companies are working on the development of specific antagonist molecules for each receptor subtype that could be used as new medicines to treat their respective disorders. OBJECTIVE The present review compiles some interesting findings on the application of P2 receptor antagonists in different in vitro and in vivo experimental models as well as the progress of advanced clinical trials with these compounds. CONCLUSION Despite all of the exciting results obtained on the bench, few antagonists of P2 receptors advanced to the clinical trials, and once they reach this stage, the effectiveness of the therapy is not guaranteed, as in the example of P2X7 antagonists. Despite this, P2Y12 receptor antagonists have a history of success and have been used in therapy for at least two decades to prevent thrombosis in patients at risk for myocardial infarctions. This breakthrough is the motivation for scientists to develop new drugs with antagonistic activity for the other P2 receptors; thus, in a matter of years, we will have an evolution in the field of purinergic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natiele C da Silva Ferreira
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, 21040- 360, Brazil
| | - Luiz A Alves
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, 21040- 360, Brazil
| | - Rômulo J Soares-Bezerra
- Laboratory of Technological Development in Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
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2
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Vallon V, Unwin R, Inscho EW, Leipziger J, Kishore BK. Extracellular Nucleotides and P2 Receptors in Renal Function. Physiol Rev 2019; 100:211-269. [PMID: 31437091 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of the nucleotide/P2 receptor system in the regulation of renal hemodynamics and transport function has grown exponentially over the last 20 yr. This review attempts to integrate the available data while also identifying areas of missing information. First, the determinants of nucleotide concentrations in the interstitial and tubular fluids of the kidney are described, including mechanisms of cellular release of nucleotides and their extracellular breakdown. Then the renal cell membrane expression of P2X and P2Y receptors is discussed in the context of their effects on renal vascular and tubular functions. Attention is paid to effects on the cortical vasculature and intraglomerular structures, autoregulation of renal blood flow, tubuloglomerular feedback, and the control of medullary blood flow. The role of the nucleotide/P2 receptor system in the autocrine/paracrine regulation of sodium and fluid transport in the tubular and collecting duct system is outlined together with its role in integrative sodium and fluid homeostasis and blood pressure control. The final section summarizes the rapidly growing evidence indicating a prominent role of the extracellular nucleotide/P2 receptor system in the pathophysiology of the kidney and aims to identify potential therapeutic opportunities, including hypertension, lithium-induced nephropathy, polycystic kidney disease, and kidney inflammation. We are only beginning to unravel the distinct physiological and pathophysiological influences of the extracellular nucleotide/P2 receptor system and the associated therapeutic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Vallon
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California San Diego & VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Centre for Nephrology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom; IMED ECD CVRM R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Biomedicine/Physiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Departments of Internal Medicine and Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, and Center on Aging, University of Utah Health & Nephrology Research, VA Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Robert Unwin
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California San Diego & VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Centre for Nephrology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom; IMED ECD CVRM R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Biomedicine/Physiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Departments of Internal Medicine and Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, and Center on Aging, University of Utah Health & Nephrology Research, VA Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Edward W Inscho
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California San Diego & VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Centre for Nephrology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom; IMED ECD CVRM R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Biomedicine/Physiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Departments of Internal Medicine and Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, and Center on Aging, University of Utah Health & Nephrology Research, VA Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jens Leipziger
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California San Diego & VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Centre for Nephrology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom; IMED ECD CVRM R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Biomedicine/Physiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Departments of Internal Medicine and Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, and Center on Aging, University of Utah Health & Nephrology Research, VA Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Bellamkonda K Kishore
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California San Diego & VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Centre for Nephrology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom; IMED ECD CVRM R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Biomedicine/Physiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Departments of Internal Medicine and Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, and Center on Aging, University of Utah Health & Nephrology Research, VA Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, Utah
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3
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Ferreira NCDS, Soares-Bezerra RJ, da Silveira RFC, da Silva CM, de Oliveira CS, Calheiros AS, Alves TM, Zani CL, Alves LA. New Insights in Purinergic Therapy: Novel Antagonists for Uridine 5'-Triphosphate-Activated P2Y Receptors from Brazilian Flora. J Med Food 2018; 22:211-224. [PMID: 30526214 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2018.0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
P2Y2 and P2Y4 receptors are physiologically activated by uridine 5'-triphosphate (UTP) and are widely expressed in many cell types in humans. P2Y2 plays an important role in inflammation and proliferation of tumor cells, which could be attenuated with the use of antagonists. However, little is known about the physiological functions related to P2Y4, due to the lack of selective ligands for these receptors. This can be solved through the search for novel compounds with antagonistic activity. The aim of this study was to discover new potential antagonist candidates for P2Y2 and P2Y4 receptors from natural products. We applied a calcium measurement methodology to identify new antagonist candidates for these receptors. First, we established optimal conditions for the calcium assay using J774.G8, a murine macrophage cell line, which expresses functional P2Y2 and P2Y4 receptors and then, we performed the screening of plant extracts at a cutoff concentration of 50 μg/mL. ATP and ionomycin, known intracellular calcium inductors, were used to stimulate cells. The calculated EC50 were 11 μM and 103 nM, respectively. These cells also responded to the UTP stimulation with an EC50 of 1.021 μM. Screening assays were performed and a total of 100 extracts from Brazilian plants were tested. Joannesia princeps Vell. (stem) and Peixotoa A. Juss (flower and leaf) extracts stood out due to their ability to inhibit UTP-induced responses without causing cytotoxicity, and presented an IC50 of 32.32, 14.99, and 12.98 μg/mL, respectively. Collectively, our results point to the discovery of potential antagonist candidates from Brazilian flora for UTP-activated receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rômulo José Soares-Bezerra
- 1 Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Oswaldo Cruz Institute , Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Clayton Menezes da Silva
- 1 Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Oswaldo Cruz Institute , Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carla Santos de Oliveira
- 1 Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Oswaldo Cruz Institute , Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andrea Surrage Calheiros
- 2 Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute , Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tânia Maria Alves
- 3 Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Products, René Rachou Research Center , Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Carlos Leomar Zani
- 3 Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Products, René Rachou Research Center , Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luiz Anastacio Alves
- 1 Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Oswaldo Cruz Institute , Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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4
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Zhang Y, Peti-Peterdi J, Heiney KM, Riquier-Brison A, Carlson NG, Müller CE, Ecelbarger CM, Kishore BK. Clopidogrel attenuates lithium-induced alterations in renal water and sodium channels/transporters in mice. Purinergic Signal 2015; 11:507-18. [PMID: 26386699 PMCID: PMC4648798 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-015-9469-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium (Li) administration causes deranged expression and function of renal aquaporins and sodium channels/transporters resulting in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI). Extracellular nucleotides (ATP/ADP/UTP), via P2 receptors, regulate these transport functions. We tested whether clopidogrel bisulfate (CLPD), an antagonist of ADP-activated P2Y(12) receptor, would affect Li-induced alterations in renal aquaporins and sodium channels/transporters. Adult mice were treated for 14 days with CLPD and/or Li and euthanized. Urine and kidneys were collected for analysis. When administered with Li, CLPD ameliorated polyuria, attenuated the rise in urine prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and resulted in significantly higher urinary arginine vasopressin (AVP) and aldosterone levels as compared to Li treatment alone. However, urine sodium excretion remained elevated. Semi-quantitative immunoblotting revealed that CLPD alone increased renal aquaporin 2 (AQP2), Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC2), Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC), and the subunits of the epithelial Na channel (ENaC) in medulla by 25-130 %. When combined with Li, CLPD prevented downregulation of AQP2, Na-K-ATPase, and NKCC2 but was less effective against downregulation of cortical α- or γ-ENaC (70 kDa band). Thus, CLPD primarily attenuated Li-induced downregulation of proteins involved in water conservation (AVP-sensitive), with modest effects on aldosterone-sensitive proteins potentially explaining sustained natriuresis. Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy revealed strong labeling for P2Y(12)-R in proximal tubule brush border and blood vessels in the cortex and less intense labeling in medullary thick ascending limb and the collecting ducts. Therefore, there is the potential for CLPD to be directly acting at the tubule sites to mediate these effects. In conclusion, P2Y(12)-R may represent a novel therapeutic target for Li-induced NDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Center on Aging, University of Utah Health Sciences Center & Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, 500 Foothill Drive (151M), Salt Lake City, UT, 84148, USA
| | - János Peti-Peterdi
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo Street, ZNI 313, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Kristina M Heiney
- Department of Internal Medicine and Center on Aging, University of Utah Health Sciences Center & Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, 500 Foothill Drive (151M), Salt Lake City, UT, 84148, USA
| | - Anne Riquier-Brison
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo Street, ZNI 313, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Noel G Carlson
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy and Center on Aging Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), University of Utah Health Sciences Center & Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, 500 Foothill Drive (151B), Salt Lake City, UT, 84148, USA
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Carolyn M Ecelbarger
- Department of Medicine, Center for the Study of Sex Differences in Health, Aging, and Disease, Georgetown University, 4000 Reservoir Road NW Bldg D, Rm 392, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Bellamkonda K Kishore
- Department of Internal Medicine and Center on Aging, University of Utah Health Sciences Center & Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, 500 Foothill Drive (151M), Salt Lake City, UT, 84148, USA.
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5
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Zhang Y, Sun Y, Ding G, Huang S, Zhang A, Jia Z. Inhibition of Mitochondrial Complex-1 Prevents the Downregulation of NKCC2 and ENaCα in Obstructive Kidney Disease. Sci Rep 2015. [PMID: 26207612 PMCID: PMC4513566 DOI: 10.1038/srep12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ureteral obstruction with subsequent hydronephrosis is a common clinical complication. Downregulation of renal sodium transporters in obstructed kidneys could contribute to impaired urinary concentrating capability and salt waste following the release of a ureteral obstruction. The current study was undertaken to investigate the role of mitochondrial complex-1 inhibition in modulating sodium transporters in obstructive kidney disease. Following unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) for 7 days, a global reduction of sodium transporters, including NHE3, α-Na-K-ATPase, NCC, NKCC2, p-NKCC2, ENaCα, and ENaCγ, was observed, as determined via qRT-PCR and/or Western blotting. Interestingly, inhibition of mitochondrial complex-1 by rotenone markedly reversed the downregulation of NKCC2, p-NKCC2, and ENaCα. In contrast, other sodium transporters were not affected by rotenone. To study the potential mechanisms involved in mediating the effects of rotenone on sodium transporters, we examined a number of known sodium modulators, including PGE2, ET1, Ang II, natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP, and CNP), and nitric oxide synthases (iNOS, nNOS, and eNOS). Importantly, among these modulators, only BNP and iNOS were significantly reduced by rotenone treatment. Collectively, these findings demonstrated a substantial role of mitochondrial dysfunction in mediating the downregulation of NKCC2 and ENaCα in obstructive kidney disease, possibly via iNOS-derived nitric oxide and BNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- 1] Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China [2] Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China [3] Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Children Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Ying Sun
- 1] Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China [2] Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China [3] Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Children Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Guixia Ding
- 1] Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China [2] Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China [3] Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Children Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Songming Huang
- 1] Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China [2] Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China [3] Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Children Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- 1] Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China [2] Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China [3] Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Children Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhanjun Jia
- 1] Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China [2] Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China [3] Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Children Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
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6
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Kishore BK, Carlson NG, Ecelbarger CM, Kohan DE, Müller CE, Nelson RD, Peti-Peterdi J, Zhang Y. Targeting renal purinergic signalling for the treatment of lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 214:176-88. [PMID: 25877068 PMCID: PMC4430398 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lithium still retains its critical position in the treatment of bipolar disorder by virtue of its ability to prevent suicidal tendencies. However, chronic use of lithium is often limited by the development of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI), a debilitating condition. Lithium-induced NDI is due to resistance of the kidney to arginine vasopressin (AVP), leading to polyuria, natriuresis and kaliuresis. Purinergic signalling mediated by extracellular nucleotides (ATP/UTP), acting via P2Y receptors, opposes the action of AVP on renal collecting duct (CD) by decreasing the cellular cAMP and thus AQP2 protein levels. Taking a cue from this phenomenon, we discovered the potential involvement of ATP/UTP-activated P2Y2 receptor in lithium-induced NDI in rats and showed that P2Y2 receptor knockout mice are significantly resistant to Li-induced polyuria, natriuresis and kaliuresis. Extension of these studies revealed that ADP-activated P2Y12 receptor is expressed in the kidney, and its irreversible blockade by the administration of clopidogrel bisulphate (Plavix(®)) ameliorates Li-induced NDI in rodents. Parallel in vitro studies showed that P2Y12 receptor blockade by the reversible antagonist PSB-0739 sensitizes CD to the action of AVP. Thus, our studies unravelled the potential beneficial effects of targeting P2Y2 or P2Y12 receptors to counter AVP resistance in lithium-induced NDI. If established in further studies, our findings may pave the way for the development of better and safer methods for the treatment of NDI by bringing a paradigm shift in the approach from the current therapies that predominantly counter the anti-AVP effects to those that enhance the sensitivity of the kidney to AVP action.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. K. Kishore
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Nephrology Research, Department of Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Center on Aging, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - N. G. Carlson
- Center on Aging, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - C. M. Ecelbarger
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Center for the Study of Sex Differences in Health, Aging, and Disease, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - D. E. Kohan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Nephrology Research, Department of Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - C. E. Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - R. D. Nelson
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - J. Peti-Peterdi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Y. Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Nephrology Research, Department of Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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7
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Zhang Y, Peti-Peterdi J, Müller CE, Carlson NG, Baqi Y, Strasburg DL, Heiney KM, Villanueva K, Kohan DE, Kishore BK. P2Y12 Receptor Localizes in the Renal Collecting Duct and Its Blockade Augments Arginine Vasopressin Action and Alleviates Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 26:2978-87. [PMID: 25855780 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
P2Y12 receptor (P2Y12-R) signaling is mediated through Gi, ultimately reducing cellular cAMP levels. Because cAMP is a central modulator of arginine vasopressin (AVP)-induced water transport in the renal collecting duct (CD), we hypothesized that if expressed in the CD, P2Y12-R may play a role in renal handling of water in health and in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. We found P2Y12-R mRNA expression in rat kidney, and immunolocalized its protein and aquaporin-2 (AQP2) in CD principal cells. Administration of clopidogrel bisulfate, an irreversible inhibitor of P2Y12-R, significantly increased urine concentration and AQP2 protein in the kidneys of Sprague-Dawley rats. Notably, clopidogrel did not alter urine concentration in Brattleboro rats that lack AVP. Clopidogrel administration also significantly ameliorated lithium-induced polyuria, improved urine concentrating ability and AQP2 protein abundance, and reversed the lithium-induced increase in free-water excretion, without decreasing blood or kidney tissue lithium levels. Clopidogrel administration also augmented the lithium-induced increase in urinary AVP excretion and suppressed the lithium-induced increase in urinary nitrates/nitrites (nitric oxide production) and 8-isoprostane (oxidative stress). Furthermore, selective blockade of P2Y12-R by the reversible antagonist PSB-0739 in primary cultures of rat inner medullary CD cells potentiated the expression of AQP2 and AQP3 mRNA, and cAMP production induced by dDAVP (desmopressin). In conclusion, pharmacologic blockade of renal P2Y12-R increases urinary concentrating ability by augmenting the effect of AVP on the kidney and ameliorates lithium-induced NDI by potentiating the action of AVP on the CD. This strategy may offer a novel and effective therapy for lithium-induced NDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Nephrology Research and Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Janos Peti-Peterdi
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; and
| | - Noel G Carlson
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, Utah; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, and Center on Aging, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Younis Baqi
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | | | | | - Karie Villanueva
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Bellamkonda K Kishore
- Nephrology Research and Department of Internal Medicine, Center on Aging, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah;
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8
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Kishore BK, Zhang Y, Gevorgyan H, Kohan DE, Schiedel AC, Müller CE, Peti-Peterdi J. Cellular localization of adenine receptors in the rat kidney and their functional significance in the inner medullary collecting duct. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 305:F1298-305. [PMID: 23986514 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00254.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The Gi-coupled adenine receptor (AdeR) binds adenine with high affinity and potentially reduces cellular cAMP levels. Since cAMP is an important second messenger in the renal transport of water and solutes, we localized AdeR in the rat kidney. Real-time RT-PCR showed higher relative expression of AdeR mRNA in the cortex and outer medulla compared with the inner medulla. Immunoblots using a peptide-derived and affinity-purified rabbit polyclonal antibody specific for an 18-amino acid COOH-terminal sequence of rat AdeR, which we generated, detected two bands between ∼30 and 40 kDa (molecular mass of native protein: 37 kDa) in the cortex, outer medulla, and inner medulla. These bands were ablated by preadsorption of the antibody with the immunizing peptide. Immunofluorescence labeling showed expression of AdeR protein in all regions of the kidney. Immunoperoxidase revealed strong labeling of AdeR protein in the cortical vasculature, including the glomerular arterioles, and less intense labeling in the cells of the collecting duct system. Confocal immunofluorescence imaging colocalized AdeR with aquaporin-2 protein to the apical plasma membrane in the collecting duct. Functionally, adenine (10 μM) significantly decreased (P < 0.01) 1-deamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin (10 nM)-induced cAMP production in ex vivo preparations of inner medullary collecting ducts, which was reversed by PSB-08162 (20 μM, P < 0.01), a selective antagonist of AdeR. Thus, we demonstrated the expression of AdeR in the renal vasculature and collecting ducts and its functional relevance. This study may open a new avenue for the exploration of autocrine/paracrine regulation of renal vascular and tubular functions by the nucleobase adenine in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bellamkonda K Kishore
- Nephrology Research (151M Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, 500 Foothill Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84148.
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9
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Simulation of incomplete obstructive uropathy in rats by injecting an artificial calculus into the bladder. Bull Exp Biol Med 2013; 154:810-3. [PMID: 23658930 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-013-2062-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Incomplete varying obstruction of the urinary tract was reproduced by injecting artificial stomatological material into the rat bladder. Inflammatory changes and nephrosclerosis were detected in the renal tissue on days 14 and 21 of the experiment. Urinary concentration of total protein and activity of γ-glutamylaminotransferase increased. A direct positive correlation between the volume percentage of connective tissue and activities of the renal enzymes in the urine was detected.
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10
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Boesen EI. Chronic elevation of IL-1β induces diuresis via a cyclooxygenase 2-mediated mechanism. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 305:F189-98. [PMID: 23657858 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00075.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic renal inflammation is an increasingly recognized phenomenon in multiple disease states, but the impact of specific cytokines on renal function is unclear. Previously, we found that 14-day interleukin-1β (IL-1β) infusion increased urine flow in mice. To determine the mechanism by which this occurs, the current study tested the possible involvement of three classical prodiuretic pathways. Chronic IL-1β infusion significantly increased urine flow (6.5 ± 1 ml/day at day 14 vs. 2.3 ± 0.3 ml/day in vehicle group; P < 0.05) and expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, all three nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms, and endothelin (ET)-1 in the kidney (P < 0.05 in all cases). Urinary prostaglandin E metabolite (PGEM) excretion was also significantly increased at day 14 of IL-1β infusion (1.21 ± 0.26 vs. 0.29 ± 0.06 ng/day in vehicle-infused mice; P = 0.001). The selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib markedly attenuated urinary PGEM excretion and abolished the diuretic response to chronic IL-1β infusion. In contrast, deletion of NOS3, or inhibition of NOS1 with L-VNIO, did not blunt the diuretic effect of IL-1β, nor did pharmacological blockade of endothelin ETA and ETB receptors with A-182086. Consistent with a primary effect on water transport, IL-1β infusion markedly reduced inner medullary aquaporin-2 expression (P < 0.05) and did not alter urinary Na⁺ or K⁺ excretion. These data indicate a critical role for COX-2 in mediating the effects of chronic IL-1β elevation on the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- E I Boesen
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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Kishore BK, Ecelbarger CM. Lithium: a versatile tool for understanding renal physiology. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 304:F1139-49. [PMID: 23408166 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00718.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
By virtue of its unique interactions with kidney cells, lithium became an important research tool in renal physiology and pathophysiology. Investigators have uncovered the intricate relationships of lithium with the vasopressin and aldosterone systems, and the membrane channels or transporters regulated by them. While doing so, their work has also led to 1) questioning the role of adenylyl cyclase activity and prostaglandins in lithium-induced suppression of aquaporin-2 gene transcription; 2) unraveling the role of purinergic signaling in lithium-induced polyuria; and 3) highlighting the importance of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) in lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI). Lithium-induced remodeling of the collecting duct has the potential to shed new light on collecting duct remodeling in disease conditions, such as diabetes insipidus. The finding that lithium inhibits glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) has opened an avenue for studies on the role of GSK3β in urinary concentration, and GSK isoforms in renal development. Finally, proteomic and metabolomic profiling of the kidney and urine in rats treated with lithium is providing insights into how the kidney adapts its metabolism in conditions such as acquired NDI and the multifactorial nature of lithium-induced NDI. This review provides state-of-the-art knowledge of lithium as a versatile tool for understanding the molecular physiology of the kidney, and a comprehensive view of how this tool is challenging some of our long-standing concepts in renal physiology, often with paradigm shifts, and presenting paradoxical situations in renal pathophysiology. In addition, this review points to future directions in research where lithium can lead the renal community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bellamkonda K Kishore
- Nephrology Research (151M) VA SLC Health Care System, 500 Foothill Dr, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA.
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Zhang Y, Morris KL, Sparrow SK, Dwyer KM, Enjyoji K, Robson SC, Kishore BK. Defective renal water handling in transgenic mice over-expressing human CD39/NTPDase1. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 303:F420-30. [PMID: 22622462 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00060.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 hydrolyzes extracellular ATP and ADP to AMP. Previously, we showed that CD39 is expressed at several sites within the kidney and thus may impact the availability of type 2 purinergic receptor (P2-R) ligands. Because P2-Rs appear to regulate urinary concentrating ability, we have evaluated renal water handling in transgenic mice (TG) globally overexpressing hCD39. Under basal conditions, TG mice exhibited significantly impaired urinary concentration and decreased protein abundance of AQP2 in the kidney compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Urinary excretion of total nitrates/nitrites was significantly higher in TG mice, but the excretion of AVP or PGE(2) was equivalent to control WT mice. There were no significant differences in electrolyte-free water clearance or fractional excretion of sodium. Under stable hydrated conditions (gelled diet feeding), the differences between the WT and TG mice were negated, but the decrease in urine osmolality persisted. When water deprived, TG mice failed to adequately concentrate urine and exhibited impaired AVP responses. However, the increases in urinary osmolalities in response to subacute dDAVP or chronic AVP treatment were similar in TG and WT mice. These observations suggest that TG mice have impaired urinary concentrating ability despite normal AVP levels. We also note impaired AVP release in response to water deprivation but that TG kidneys are responsive to exogenous dDAVP or AVP. We infer that heightened nucleotide scavenging by increased levels of CD39 altered the release of endogenous AVP in response to dehydration. We propose that ectonucleotidases and modulated purinergic signaling impact urinary concentration and indicate potential utility of targeted therapy for the treatment of water balance disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Nephrology Research, Department of Veterans Administration Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA
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Zhang Y, Pop IL, Carlson NG, Kishore BK. Genetic deletion of the P2Y2 receptor offers significant resistance to development of lithium-induced polyuria accompanied by alterations in PGE2 signaling. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 302:F70-7. [PMID: 21975874 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00444.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium (Li)-induced polyuria is due to resistance of the medullary collecting duct (mCD) to the action of arginine vasopressin (AVP), apparently mediated by increased production of PGE(2). We previously reported that the P2Y(2) receptor (P2Y(2)-R) antagonizes the action of AVP on the mCD and may play a role in Li-induced polyuria by enhancing the production of PGE(2) in mCD. Hence, we hypothesized that genetic deletion of P2Y(2)-R should ameliorate Li-induced polyuria. Wild-type (WT) or P2Y(2)-R knockout (KO) mice were fed normal or Li-added diets for 14 days and euthanized. Li-induced polyuria, and decreases in urine osmolality and AQP2 protein abundance in the renal medulla, were significantly less compared with WT mice despite the lack of differences in Li intake or terminal serum or inner medullary tissue Li levels. Li-induced increased urinary excretion of PGE(2) was not affected in KO mice. However, prostanoid EP(3) receptor (EP3-R) protein abundance in the renal medulla of KO mice was markedly lower vs. WT mice, irrespective of the dietary regimen. The protein abundances of other EP-Rs were not altered across the groups irrespective of the dietary regimen. Ex vivo stimulation of mCD with PGE(2) generated significantly more cAMP in Li-fed KO mice (130%) vs. Li-fed WT mice (100%). Taken together, these data suggest 1) genetic deletion of P2Y(2)-R offers significant resistance to the development of Li-induced polyuria; and 2) this resistance is apparently due to altered PGE(2) signaling mediated by a marked decrease in EP3-R protein abundance in the medulla, thus attenuating the EP3-mediated decrease in cAMP levels in mCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Nephrology Research (151M VA SLC Health Care System, 500 Foothill Dr., Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA
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Abstract
The distal nephron plays a critical role in the renal control of homeostasis. Until very recently most studies focused on the control of Na(+), K(+), and water balance by principal cells of the collecting duct and the regulation of solute and water by hormones from the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and by antidiuretic hormone. However, recent studies have revealed the unexpected importance of renal intercalated cells, a subtype of cells present in the connecting tubule and collecting ducts. Such cells were thought initially to be involved exclusively in acid-base regulation. However, it is clear now that intercalated cells absorb NaCl and K(+) and hence may participate in the regulation of blood pressure and potassium balance. The second paradigm-challenging concept we highlight is the emerging importance of local paracrine factors that play a critical role in the renal control of water and electrolyte balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Eladari
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris Descartes, INSERM UMRS 872, Equipe 3, F-75006, Paris, France; ,
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS ERL7226, F-75006, Paris, France
- Département de Physiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Régine Chambrey
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris Descartes, INSERM UMRS 872, Equipe 3, F-75006, Paris, France; ,
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS ERL7226, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Janos Peti-Peterdi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033;
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Vallon V, Rieg T. Regulation of renal NaCl and water transport by the ATP/UTP/P2Y2 receptor system. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 301:F463-75. [PMID: 21715471 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00236.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides (e.g., ATP) activate ionotropic P2X and metabotropic P2Y receptors in the plasma membrane to regulate and maintain cell function and integrity. This includes the renal tubular and collecting duct system, where the locally released nucleotides act in a paracrine and autocrine way to regulate transport of electrolytes and water and maintain cell volume. A prominent role has been assigned to Gq-coupled P2Y(2) receptors, which are typically activated by both ATP and UTP. Studies in gene knockout mice revealed an antihypertensive activity of P2Y(2) receptors that is linked to vasodilation and an inhibitory influence on renal salt reabsorption. Flow induces apical ATP release in the thick ascending limb, and first evidence indicates an inhibitory influence of P2Y(2) receptor tone on the expression and activity of the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter NKCC2 in this segment. The apical ATP/UTP/P2Y(2) receptor system in the connecting tubule/cortical collecting duct mediates the inhibitory effect of dietary salt on the open probability of the epithelial sodium channel ENaC and inhibits ENaC activity during aldosterone escape. Connexin 30 has been implicated in the luminal release of the ATP involved in the regulation of ENaC. An increase in collecting duct cell volume in response to manipulating water homeostasis increases ATP release. The subsequent activation of P2Y(2) receptors inhibits vasopressin-induced cAMP formation and water reabsorption, which facilitates water excretion and stabilizes cell volume. Thus recent studies have established the ATP/UTP/P2Y(2) receptor system as a relevant regulator of renal salt and water homeostasis and blood pressure regulation. The pathophysiological relevance and therapeutic potential remains to be determined, but dual effects of P2Y(2) receptor activation on both the vasculature and renal salt reabsorption implicate these receptors as potential therapeutic targets in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Vallon
- Dept. of Medicine, Univ. of California San Diego, 92161, USA.
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Zhang Y, Listhrop R, Ecelbarger CM, Kishore BK. Renal sodium transporter/channel expression and sodium excretion in P2Y2 receptor knockout mice fed a high-NaCl diet with/without aldosterone infusion. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 300:F657-68. [PMID: 21190950 PMCID: PMC4068121 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00549.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2Y(2) receptor (P2Y2-R) antagonizes sodium reabsorption in the kidney. Apart from its effect in distal nephron, hypothetically, P2Y(2)-R may modulate activity/abundances of sodium transporters/channel subunits along the nephron via antagonism of aldosterone or vasopressin or interaction with mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) or oxidative stress (OS). To determine the extent of the regulatory role of P2Y(2)-R in renal sodium reabsorption, in study 1, we fed P2Y(2)-R knockout (KO; n = 5) and wild-type (WT; n = 5) mice a high (3.15%)-sodium diet (HSD) for 14 days. Western blotting revealed significantly higher protein abundances for cortical and medullary bumetanide-sensitive Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC2), medullary α-1-subunit of Na-K-ATPase, and medullary α-subunit of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) in KO vs. WT mice. Molecular analysis of urine showed increased excretion of nitrates plus nitrites (NOx), PGE(2), and 8-isoprostane in the KO, relative to WT mice, supporting a putative role for these molecules in determining alterations of proteins involved in sodium transport along the nephron. To determine whether genotype differences in response to aldosterone might have played a role in these differences due to HSD, in study 2 aldosterone levels were clamped (by osmotic minipump infusion). Clamping aldosterone (with HSD) led to significantly impaired natriuresis with elevated Na/H exchanger isoform 3 in the cortex, and NKCC2 in the medulla, and modest but significantly lower levels of NKCC2, and α- and β-ENaC in the cortex of KO vs. WT mice. This was associated with significantly reduced urinary NOx in the KO, although PGE(2) and 8-isoprostane remained significantly elevated vs. WT mice. Taken together, our results suggest that P2Y(2)-R is an important regulator of sodium transporters along the nephron. Pre- or postreceptor differences in the response to aldosterone, perhaps mediated via prostaglandins or changes in NOS activity or OS, likely play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Nephrology Research, Department of Veterans Administration Salt Lake City Health Care System, Departments of Medicine Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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