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Han YK, Lim HJ, Jang G, Jang SY, Park KM. Kidney ischemia/reperfusion injury causes cholangiocytes primary cilia disruption and abnormal bile secretion. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167225. [PMID: 38749218 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury (AKI) causes distant liver injury, to date, which causes poor outcomes of patients with AKI. Many studies have been performed to overcome AKI-associated liver injury. However, those studies have mainly focused on hepatocytes, and AKI-induced liver injury still remains a clinical problem. Here, we investigated the implication of cholangiocytes and their primary cilia which are critical in final bile secretion. Cholangiocyte, a lining cell of bile ducts, are the only liver epithelial cell containing primary cilium (a microtubule-based cell surface signal-sensing organelle). METHODS Cystathione γ-lyase (CSE, a transsulfuration enzyme) deficient and wild-type mice were subjected to kidney ischemia followed by reperfusion (KIR). Some mice were administered with N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC). RESULTS KIR damaged hepatocytes and cholagiocytes, disrupted cholangiocytes primary cilia, released the disrupted ciliary fragments into the bile, and caused abnormal bile secretion. Glutathione (GSH) and H2S levels in the livers were significantly reduced by KIR, resulting in increased the ratio oxidized GSH to total GSH, and oxidation of tissue and bile. CSE and cystathione β-synthase (CBS) expression were lowered in the liver after KIR. NAC administration increased total GSH and H2S levels in the liver and attenuated KIR-induced liver injuries. In contrast, Cse deletion caused the reduction of total GSH levels and worsened KIR-induced liver injuries, including primary cilia damage and abnormal bile secretion. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that KIR causes cholangiocyte damage, cholangiocytes primary cilia disruption, and abnormal bile secretion through reduced antioxidative ability of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Kwon Han
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Junggu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Junggu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui Jae Lim
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Junggu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science and BK21 Plus, The Graduate School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Junggu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - GiBong Jang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Junggu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science and BK21 Plus, The Graduate School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Junggu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Young Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Junggu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon Moo Park
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Junggu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Junggu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science and BK21 Plus, The Graduate School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Junggu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea.
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Zuo X, Winkler B, Lerner K, Ilatovskaya DV, Zamaro AS, Dang Y, Su Y, Deng P, Fitzgibbon W, Hartman J, Park KM, Lipschutz JH. Cilia-deficient renal tubule cells are primed for injury with mitochondrial defects and aberrant tryptophan metabolism. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2024; 327:F61-F76. [PMID: 38721661 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00225.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The exocyst and Ift88 are necessary for primary ciliogenesis. Overexpression of Exoc5 (OE), a central exocyst component, resulted in longer cilia and enhanced injury recovery. Mitochondria are involved in acute kidney injury (AKI). To investigate cilia and mitochondria, basal respiration and mitochondrial maximal and spare respiratory capacity were measured in Exoc5 OE, Exoc5 knockdown (KD), Exoc5 ciliary targeting sequence mutant (CTS-mut), control Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK), Ift88 knockout (KO), and Ift88 rescue cells. In Exoc5 KD, Exoc5 CTS-mut, and Ift88 KO cells, these parameters were decreased. In Exoc5 OE and Ift88 rescue cells they were increased. Reactive oxygen species were higher in Exoc5 KD, Exoc5 CTS-mut, and Ift88 KO cells compared with Exoc5 OE, control, and Ift88 rescue cells. By electron microscopy, mitochondria appeared abnormal in Exoc5 KD, Exoc5 CTS-mut, and Ift88 KO cells. A metabolomics screen of control, Exoc5 KD, Exoc5 CTS-mut, Exoc5 OE, Ift88 KO, and Ift88 rescue cells showed a marked increase in tryptophan levels in Exoc5 CTS-mut (113-fold) and Exoc5 KD (58-fold) compared with control cells. A 21% increase was seen in Ift88 KO compared with rescue cells. In Exoc5 OE compared with control cells, tryptophan was decreased 59%. To determine the effects of ciliary loss on AKI, we generated proximal tubule-specific Exoc5 and Ift88 KO mice. These mice had loss of primary cilia, decreased mitochondrial ATP synthase, and increased tryptophan in proximal tubules with greater injury following ischemia-reperfusion. These data indicate that cilia-deficient renal tubule cells are primed for injury with mitochondrial defects in tryptophan metabolism.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Mitochondria are centrally involved in acute kidney injury (AKI). Here, we show that cilia-deficient renal tubule cells both in vitro in cell culture and in vivo in mice are primed for injury with mitochondrial defects and aberrant tryptophan metabolism. These data suggest therapeutic strategies such as enhancing ciliogenesis or improving mitochondrial function to protect patients at risk for AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Zuo
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
| | - Brennan Winkler
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
| | - Kasey Lerner
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
| | - Daria V Ilatovskaya
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Aleksandra S Zamaro
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Yujing Dang
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
| | - Yanhui Su
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
| | - Peifeng Deng
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
| | - Wayne Fitzgibbon
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
| | - Jessica Hartman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
| | - Kwon Moo Park
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Joshua H Lipschutz
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
- Department of Medicine, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
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Kong MJ, Han SJ, Seu SY, Han KH, Lipschutz JH, Park KM. High water intake induces primary cilium elongation in renal tubular cells. Kidney Res Clin Pract 2024; 43:313-325. [PMID: 37933114 PMCID: PMC11181044 DOI: 10.23876/j.krcp.23.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary cilium protrudes from the cell surface and functions as a mechanosensor. Recently, we found that water intake restriction shortens the primary cilia of renal tubular cells, and a blockage of the shortening disturbs the ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine. Here, we investigate whether high water intake (HWI) alters primary cilia length, and if so, what is its underlying mechanism and its role on kidney urine production. METHODS Experimental mice were given free access to normal water (normal water intake) or 3% sucrose-containing water for HWI for 2 days. Some mice were administered with U0126 (10 mg/kg body weight), an inhibitor of MEK kinase, from 2 days before HWI, daily. The primary cilium length and urine amount and osmolality were investigated. RESULTS HWI-induced diluted urine production and primary cilium elongation in renal tubular cells. HWI increased the expression of α-tubulin acetyltransferase 1 (αTAT1), leading to the acetylation of α-tubulins, a core protein of the primary cilia. HWI also increased phosphorylated ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2) and exocyst complex component 5 (Exoc5) expression in the kidneys. U0126 blocked HWI-induced increases in αTAT1, p-ERK1/2, and Exoc5 expression. U0126 inhibited HWI-induced α-tubulin acetylation, primary cilium elongation, urine amount increase, and urine osmolality decrease. CONCLUSION These results show that increased water intake elongates the primary cilia via ERK1/2 activation and that ERK inhibition prevents primary cilium elongation and diluted urine production. These data suggest that the elongation of primary cilium length is associated with the production of diluted urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jung Kong
- Department of Anatomy, BK21 Plus, and Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jun Han
- Department of Anatomy, BK21 Plus, and Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Young Seu
- Department of Anatomy, BK21 Plus, and Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hwan Han
- Department of Anatomy, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joshua H. Lipschutz
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kwon Moo Park
- Department of Anatomy, BK21 Plus, and Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Tian Z, Li X, Yu X, Yan S, Sun J, Ma W, Zhu X, Tang Y. The role of primary cilia in thyroid diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1306550. [PMID: 38260150 PMCID: PMC10801159 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1306550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia (PC) are non-motile and microtube-based organelles protruding from the surface of almost all thyroid follicle cells. They maintain homeostasis in thyrocytes and loss of PC can result in diverse thyroid diseases. The dysfunction of structure and function of PC are found in many patients with common thyroid diseases. The alterations are associated with the cause, development, and recovery of the diseases and are regulated by PC-mediated signals. Restoring normal PC structure and function in thyrocytes is a promising therapeutic strategy to treat thyroid diseases. This review explores the function of PC in normal thyroid glands. It summarizes the pathology caused by PC alterations in thyroid cancer (TC), autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD), hypothyroidism, and thyroid nodules (TN) to provide comprehensive references for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijiao Tian
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinlin Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Yu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shuxin Yan
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jingwei Sun
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxin Ma
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhu
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Tang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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5
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Kim NH, Lee AY. Oxidative Stress Induces Skin Pigmentation in Melasma by Inhibiting Hedgehog Signaling. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1969. [PMID: 38001823 PMCID: PMC10669456 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12111969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that oxidative stress plays a role in melasma and disrupts primary cilia formation. Additionally, primary cilia have been suggested to have an inhibitory role in melanogenesis. This study examined the potential link between oxidative stress, skin hyperpigmentation, and primary cilia. We compared the expression levels of the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2), intraflagellar transport 88 (IFT88), and glioma-associated oncogene homologs (GLIs) in skin samples from patients with melasma, both in affected and unaffected areas. We also explored the roles of NRF2, IFT88, and GLIs in ciliogenesis and pigmentation using cultured adult human keratinocytes, with or without melanocytes. Our findings revealed decreased levels of NRF2, heme oxygenase-1, IFT88, and GLIs in lesional skin from melasma patients. The knockdown of NRF2 resulted in reduced expressions of IFT88 and GLI1, along with fewer ciliated cells. Furthermore, NRF2, IFT88, or GLI1 knockdown led to increased expressions in protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2), K10, involucrin, tyrosinase, and/or melanin. These effects were reversed by the smoothened agonist 1.1. Calcium also upregulated these proteins, but not NRF2. The upregulation of involucrin and PAR2 after NRF2 knockdown was mitigated with a calcium chelator. In summary, our study suggests that oxidative stress in NRF2-downregulated melasma keratinocytes impedes ciliogenesis and related molecular processes. This inhibition stimulates keratinocyte differentiation, resulting in melanin synthesis and melanosome transfer, ultimately leading to skin hyperpigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ai-Young Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, 814 Siksa-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 410-773, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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DiKun KM, Gudas LJ. Vitamin A and retinoid signaling in the kidneys. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 248:108481. [PMID: 37331524 PMCID: PMC10528136 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin A (VA, retinol) and its metabolites (commonly called retinoids) are required for the proper development of the kidney during embryogenesis, but retinoids also play key roles in the function and repair of the kidney in adults. Kidneys filter 180-200 liters of blood per day and each kidney contains approximately 1 million nephrons, which are often referred to as the 'functional units' of the kidney. Each nephron consists of a glomerulus and a series of tubules (proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting duct) surrounded by a network of capillaries. VA is stored in the liver and converted to active metabolites, most notably retinoic acid (RA), which acts as an agonist for the retinoic acid receptors ((RARs α, β, and γ) to regulate gene transcription. In this review we discuss some of the actions of retinoids in the kidney after injury. For example, in an ischemia-reperfusion model in mice, injury-associated loss of proximal tubule (PT) differentiation markers occurs, followed by re-expression of these differentiation markers during PT repair. Notably, healthy proximal tubules express ALDH1a2, the enzyme that metabolizes retinaldehyde to RA, but transiently lose ALDH1a2 expression after injury, while nearby myofibroblasts transiently acquire RA-producing capabilities after injury. These results indicate that RA is important for renal tubular injury repair and that compensatory mechanisms exist for the generation of endogenous RA by other cell types upon proximal tubule injury. ALDH1a2 levels also increase in podocytes, epithelial cells of the glomeruli, after injury, and RA promotes podocyte differentiation. We also review the ability of exogenous, pharmacological doses of RA and receptor selective retinoids to treat numerous kidney diseases, including kidney cancer and diabetic kidney disease, and the emerging genetic evidence for the importance of retinoids and their receptors in maintaining or restoring kidney function after injury. In general, RA has a protective effect on the kidney after various types of injuries (eg. ischemia, cytotoxic actions of chemicals, hyperglycemia related to diabetes). As more research into the actions of each of the three RARs in the kidney is carried out, a greater understanding of the actions of vitamin A is likely to lead to new insights into the pathology of kidney disorders and the development of new therapies for kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krysta M DiKun
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA; Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lorraine J Gudas
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA; Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA.
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Bae JE, Jang S, Kim JB, Hyung H, Park NY, Kim YH, Kim SH, Kim SH, Ha JM, Oh GS, Park K, Jeong K, Jang JS, Jo DS, Kim P, Lee HS, Ryoo ZY, Cho DH. Enhanced primary ciliogenesis via mitochondrial oxidative stress activates AKT to prevent neurotoxicity in HSPA9/mortalin-depleted SH-SY5Y cells. Mol Brain 2023; 16:41. [PMID: 37170364 PMCID: PMC10176837 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-023-01029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium, an antenna-like structure on the cell surface, acts as a mechanical and chemical sensory organelle. Primary cilia play critical roles in sensing the extracellular environment to coordinate various developmental and homeostatic signaling pathways. Here, we showed that the depletion of heat shock protein family A member 9 (HSPA9)/mortalin stimulates primary ciliogenesis in SH-SY5Y cells. The downregulation of HSPA9 enhances mitochondrial stress by increasing mitochondrial fragmentation and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) generation. Notably, the inhibition of either mtROS production or mitochondrial fission significantly suppressed the increase in primary ciliogenesis in HSPA9-depleted cells. In addition, enhanced primary ciliogenesis contributed to cell survival by activating AKT in SH-SY5Y cells. The abrogation of ciliogenesis through the depletion of IFT88 potentiated neurotoxicity in HSPA9-knockdown cells. Furthermore, both caspase-3 activation and cell death were increased by MK-2206, an AKT inhibitor, in HSPA9-depleted cells. Taken together, our results suggest that enhanced primary ciliogenesis plays an important role in preventing neurotoxicity caused by the loss of HSPA9 in SH-SY5Y cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Bae
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Jang
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Bum Kim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Hyung
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Yeon Park
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hwan Kim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - So Hyun Kim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Hyun Kim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Min Ha
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong Seok Oh
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuhee Park
- Bio-center, Gyeonggido Business & Science Accelerator, Suwon, Gyeonggido, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwiwan Jeong
- Bio-center, Gyeonggido Business & Science Accelerator, Suwon, Gyeonggido, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Seon Jang
- Department of Bio-Medical Analysis, Bio Campus of Korea Polytechnic, Nonsan, Chungcheongnamdo, 32943, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo Sin Jo
- ORGASIS Corp., Suwon, Gyeonggido, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Pansoo Kim
- ORGASIS Corp., Suwon, Gyeonggido, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Shik Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Zae Young Ryoo
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyung Cho
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
- ORGASIS Corp., Suwon, Gyeonggido, 16229, Republic of Korea.
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Kong MJ, Han SJ, Seu SY, Han KH, Lipschutz JH, Park KM. Shortening of primary cilia length is associated with urine concentration in the kidneys. Kidney Res Clin Pract 2023; 42:312-324. [PMID: 37313611 DOI: 10.23876/j.krcp.22.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary cilium, a microtubule-based cellular organelle present in certain kidney cells, functions as a mechano-sensor to monitor fluid flow in addition to various other biological functions. In kidneys, the primary cilia protrude into the tubular lumen and are directly exposed to pro-urine flow and components. However, their effects on urine concentration remain to be defined. Here, we investigated the association between primary cilia and urine concentration. METHODS Mice either had free access to water (normal water intake, NWI) or were not allowed access to water (water deprivation, WD). Some mice received tubastatin, an inhibitor of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6), which regulates the acetylation of α-tubulin, a core protein of microtubules. RESULTS WD decreased urine output and increased urine osmolality, concomitant with apical plasma membrane localization of aquaporin 2 (AQP2) in the kidney. After WD, compared with after NWI, the lengths of primary cilia in renal tubular epithelial cells were shortened and HDAC6 activity increased. WD induced deacetylation of α-tubulin without altering α-tubulin levels in the kidney. Tubastatin prevented the shortening of cilia through increasing HDAC6 activity and consequently increasing acetylated α-tubulin expression. Furthermore, tubastatin prevented the WD-induced reduction of urine output, urine osmolality increase, and apical plasma membrane localization of AQP2. CONCLUSIONS WD shortens primary cilia length through HDAC6 activation and α-tubulin deacetylation, while HDAC6 inhibition blocks the WD-induced changes in cilia length and urine output. This suggests that cilia length alterations are involved, at least in part, in the regulation of body water balance and urine concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jung Kong
- Department of Anatomy, BK21 Plus, Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jun Han
- Department of Anatomy, BK21 Plus, Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Young Seu
- Department of Anatomy, BK21 Plus, Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hwan Han
- Department of Anatomy, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joshua H Lipschutz
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kwon Moo Park
- Department of Anatomy, BK21 Plus, Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Moruzzi N, Valladolid-Acebes I, Kannabiran SA, Bulgaro S, Burtscher I, Leibiger B, Leibiger IB, Berggren PO, Brismar K. Mitochondrial impairment and intracellular reactive oxygen species alter primary cilia morphology. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/12/e202201505. [PMID: 36104081 PMCID: PMC9475181 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This work shows how altering energetic status and promoting intracellular/mitochondrial ROS induces cell-dependent ciliary impairments, which is relevant in diseases characterized by these features. Primary cilia have recently emerged as cellular signaling organelles. Their homeostasis and function require a high amount of energy. However, how energy depletion and mitochondria impairment affect cilia have barely been addressed. We first studied the spatial relationship between a mitochondria subset in proximity to the cilium in vitro, finding similar mitochondrial activity measured as mitochondrial membrane potential compared with the cellular network. Next, using common primary cilia cell models and inhibitors of mitochondrial energy production, we found alterations in cilia number and/or length due to energy depletion and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction. Finally, by using a mouse model of type 2 diabetes mellitus, we provided in vivo evidence that cilia morphology is impaired in diabetic nephropathy, which is characterized by ROS overproduction and impaired mitochondrial metabolism. In conclusion, we showed that energy imbalance and mitochondrial ROS affect cilia morphology and number, indicating that conditions characterized by mitochondria and radicals imbalances might lead to ciliary impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Moruzzi
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ismael Valladolid-Acebes
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sukanya A Kannabiran
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sara Bulgaro
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingo Burtscher
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Leibiger
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingo B Leibiger
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per-Olof Berggren
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Brismar
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Duan YY, Mi XJ, Su WY, Tang S, Jiang S, Wang Z, Zhao LC, Li W. Trilobatin, an Active Dihydrochalcone from Lithocarpus polystachyus, Prevents Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity via Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway-Mediated Apoptosis in Mice. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:37401-37409. [PMID: 36312396 PMCID: PMC9607670 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Although naturally occurring flavonoids have shown beneficial effects on the side effects caused by cisplatin, there are few reports on the protective effect of dihydrochalcone on the cisplatin-induced toxicity. Trilobatin (TLB), as the major sweetener and active ingredient in Lithocarpus polystachyus Rehd, is a dihydrochalcone-like compound that can be present in concentrations of up to 10% or more in tender leaves. Herein, a cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) model was established to investigate the protective effect and mechanism of TLB against the cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in mice. The results showed that TLB significantly reversed the inhibition of CRE, BUN, and MDA levels compared with the cisplatin group. Furthermore, TLB treatment (50 and 100 mg/kg) for 10 days significantly alleviated cisplatin-induced renal pathological changes. TUNEL staining showed that TLB administration can effectively improve the occurrence of apoptosis of renal tissue cells caused by cisplatin exposure. Importantly, western blot analysis verified that TLB alleviated cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by regulating the AKT/MAPK signaling pathway and apoptosis. In summary, our findings showed clearly that TLB has a significant preventive effect on cisplatin-induced AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-yang Duan
- College
of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural
University, Changchun 130118, China
- National
and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Breeding and
Development, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Xiao-jie Mi
- College
of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural
University, Changchun 130118, China
- Graduate
School of Biotechnology, and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Wen-ya Su
- College
of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural
University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Shan Tang
- College
of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural
University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Shuang Jiang
- College
of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural
University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Zi Wang
- College
of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural
University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Li-Chun Zhao
- College
of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese
Medicine, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Wei Li
- College
of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural
University, Changchun 130118, China
- National
and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Breeding and
Development, Changchun 130118, China
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11
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Jung SW, Kim S, Kim A, Park SH, Moon J, Lee S. Midbody plays an active role in fibroblast‐myofibroblast transition by mediating TGF‐β signaling. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22272. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101613r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Su Woong Jung
- Division of Nephrology Department of Internal Medicine Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Su‐Mi Kim
- Division of Nephrology Department of Internal Medicine Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Arum Kim
- Division of Nephrology Department of Internal Medicine Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Hwa Park
- Division of Nephrology Department of Internal Medicine Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Ju‐Young Moon
- Division of Nephrology Department of Internal Medicine Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Sang‐Ho Lee
- Division of Nephrology Department of Internal Medicine Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong Seoul Republic of Korea
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12
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Gupta A, Thirugnanam K, Thamilarasan M, Mohieldin AM, Zedan HT, Prabhudesai S, Griffin MR, Spearman AD, Pan A, Palecek SP, Yalcin HC, Nauli SM, Rarick KR, Zennadi R, Ramchandran R. Cilia proteins are biomarkers of altered flow in the vasculature. JCI Insight 2022; 7:151813. [PMID: 35143420 PMCID: PMC8986075 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.151813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia, microtubule-based organelles that project from the apical luminal surface of endothelial cells (ECs), are widely regarded as low-flow sensors. Previous reports suggest that upon high shear stress, cilia on the EC surface are lost, and more recent evidence suggests that deciliation—the physical removal of cilia from the cell surface—is a predominant mechanism for cilia loss in mammalian cells. Thus, we hypothesized that EC deciliation facilitated by changes in shear stress would manifest in increased abundance of cilia-related proteins in circulation. To test this hypothesis, we performed shear stress experiments that mimicked flow conditions from low to high shear stress in human primary cells and a zebrafish model system. In the primary cells, we showed that upon shear stress induction, indeed, ciliary fragments were observed in the effluent in vitro, and effluents contained ciliary proteins normally expressed in both endothelial and epithelial cells. In zebrafish, upon shear stress induction, fewer cilia-expressing ECs were observed. To test the translational relevance of these findings, we investigated our hypothesis using patient blood samples from sickle cell disease and found that plasma levels of ciliary proteins were elevated compared with healthy controls. Further, sickled red blood cells demonstrated high levels of ciliary protein (ARL13b) on their surface after adhesion to brain ECs. Brain ECs postinteraction with sickle RBCs showed high reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Attenuating ROS levels in brain ECs decreased cilia protein levels on RBCs and rescued ciliary protein levels in brain ECs. Collectively, these data suggest that cilia and ciliary proteins in circulation are detectable under various altered-flow conditions, which could serve as a surrogate biomarker of the damaged endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankan Gupta
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States of America
| | | | | | - Ashraf M Mohieldin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University, Irvine, United States of America
| | - Hadeel T Zedan
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shubhangi Prabhudesai
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States of America
| | - Meghan R Griffin
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States of America
| | - Andrew D Spearman
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States of America
| | - Amy Pan
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States of America
| | - Sean P Palecek
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States of America
| | - Huseyin C Yalcin
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Doha, Qatar
| | - Surya M Nauli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University, Irvine, United States of America
| | - Kevin R Rarick
- Division of Critical Care, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States of America
| | - Rahima Zennadi
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, United States of America
| | - Ramani Ramchandran
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States of America
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13
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Agborbesong E, Zhou JX, Li LX, Calvet JP, Li X. Antioxidant enzyme peroxiredoxin 5 regulates cyst growth and ciliogenesis via modulating Plk1 stability. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22089. [PMID: 34888938 PMCID: PMC9060392 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101270rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is emerging as a contributing factor to the homeostasis in cystic diseases. However, the role antioxidant enzymes play in the pathogenesis of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) remains elusive. Peroxiredoxin 5 (Prdx5) is an antioxidant enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of H2 O2 and alkyl hydroperoxide and plays an important role in different biological processes. In this study, we show that Prdx5 is downregulated in a PKD mutant mouse model and ADPKD patient kidneys. Knockdown of Prdx5 resulted in the formation of cysts in a three-dimensional mouse inner medullar collecting duct (IMCD) cell Matrigel culture system. The mechanisms of Prdx5 deficiency mediated cyst growth include: (1) induction of oxidative stress as indicated by increased mRNA expression of heme oxygenase-1, an oxidant stress marker; (2) activation of Erk, S6 and mTORC1, which contribute to cystic renal epithelial cell proliferation and cyst growth; (3) abnormal centrosome amplification and multipolar spindle formation which result in genome instability; (4) upregulation of Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) and Aurora kinase A, important mitotic kinases involved in cell proliferation and ciliogenesis; (5) impaired formation of primary cilia in mouse IMCD3 and retinal pigment epithelial cells, which could be rescued by inhibiting Plk1 activity; and (6) restraining the effect of Wnt3a and Wnt5a ligands on primary cilia in mouse IMCD3 cells, while regulating the activity of the canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling in a separate cilia independent mechanism, respectively. Importantly, we found that targeting Plk1 with its inhibitor, volasertib, delayed cyst growth in Pkd1 conditional knockout mouse kidneys. Together, these findings indicate that Prdx5 is an important antioxidant that regulates cyst growth via diverse mechanisms, in particular, the Prdx5-Plk1 axis, and that induction and activation of Prdx5, alone or together with inhibition of Plk1, represent a promising strategy for combatting ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewud Agborbesong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Julie Xia Zhou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Linda Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - James P. Calvet
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
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14
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Han YK, Kim JS, Jang G, Park KM. Cisplatin induces lung cell cilia disruption and lung damage via oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 177:270-277. [PMID: 34710564 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II) is widely used for the treatment of cancer, but its cellular toxicity, especially in the form of oxidative stress, limits its use in multiple organs including the lungs. As a cellular organelle, cilia play an important role in cellular function and can be damaged by oxidative stress. However, the effect of cisplatin-induced lung toxicity on cilia has not yet been defined. Herein, we investigated the association of cilia and oxidative stress with cisplatin-induced lung damage. METHODS Mice were administered with cisplatin. Some mice were treated with 2-(2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl-4-ylamino)-2-oxoethyl) triphenylphosphonium chloride (Mito-TEMPO, a mitochondria-specific antioxidant) before the administration of cisplatin. Disruption of cilia was evaluated by the detection of ciliary proteins and fragments in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). RESULTS Cisplatin caused the thickening of interalveolar septa, infiltration of immune cells into the interalveolar septa, and increased protein concentration and total cell number in the BALF. Cisplatin also increased ciliary fragments and proteins in the BALF. In the lungs, cisplatin increased the production of hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation, and apoptosis, while decreasing manganese superoxide dismutase, isocitrate dehydrogenase 2, and catalase expression. Treatment with Mito-TEMPO prevented cisplatin-induced lung damage, ciliary fragmentation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. CONCLUSION By increasing oxidative stress in the lung, cisplatin induces lung cell damage, disruption of cilia, and release of disrupted cilia into the BALF. This suggests that cisplatin-induced lung damage can damage the cilia, manifesting as increased ciliary proteins in the BALF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Kwon Han
- Department of Anatomy and BK21 Plus, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Junggu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Su Kim
- Department of Anatomy and BK21 Plus, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Junggu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - GiBong Jang
- Department of Anatomy and BK21 Plus, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Junggu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon Moo Park
- Department of Anatomy and BK21 Plus, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Junggu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Junggu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Han SJ, Kim JI, Lipschutz JH, Park KM. Hydrogen sulfide, a gaseous signaling molecule, elongates primary cilia on kidney tubular epithelial cells by activating extracellular signal-regulated kinase. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 25:593-601. [PMID: 34697270 PMCID: PMC8552824 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2021.25.6.593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia on kidney tubular cells play crucial roles in maintaining structure and physiological function. Emerging evidence indicates that the absence of primary cilia, and their length, are associated with kidney diseases. The length of primary cilia in kidney tubular epithelial cells depends, at least in part, on oxidative stress and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK) activation. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is involved in antioxidant systems and the ERK signaling pathway. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the role of H2S in primary cilia elongation and the downstream pathway. In cultured Madin-Darby Canine Kidney cells, the length of primary cilia gradually increased up to 4 days after the cells were grown to confluent monolayers. In addition, the expression of H2S-producing enzyme increased concomitantly with primary cilia length. Treatment with NaHS, an exogenous H2S donor, accelerated the elongation of primary cilia whereas DL-propargylglycine (a cystathionine γ-lyase inhibitor) and hydroxylamine (a cystathionine-β-synthase inhibitor) delayed their elongation. NaHS treatment increased ERK activation and Sec10 and Arl13b protein expression, both of which are involved in cilia formation and elongation. Treatment with U0126, an ERK inhibitor, delayed elongation of primary cilia and blocked the effect of NaHS-mediated primary cilia elongation and Sec10 and Arl13b upregulation. Finally, we also found that H2S accelerated primary cilia elongation after ischemic kidney injury. These results indicate that H2S lengthens primary cilia through ERK activation and a consequent increase in Sec10 and Arl13b expression, suggesting that H2S and its downstream targets could be novel molecular targets for regulating primary cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Jun Han
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Jee In Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Korea
| | - Joshua H Lipschutz
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, SC 29425, USA.,Department of Medicine, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Kwon Moo Park
- Department of Anatomy, BK21 Plus, Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
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16
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Fujii R, Hasegawa S, Maekawa H, Inoue T, Yoshioka K, Uni R, Ikeda Y, Nangaku M, Inagi R. Decreased IFT88 expression with primary cilia shortening causes mitochondrial dysfunction in cisplatin-induced tubular injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 321:F278-F292. [PMID: 34338030 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00673.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The relevance of primary cilia shortening in kidney disease and its pathomechanism are largely unknown. Tubular damage in acute kidney injury (AKI) is strongly associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Thus, we investigated the interaction between primary cilia and mitochondria in cisplatin-induced AKI mouse models. We observed that the expression of intraflagellar transport 88 (IFT88), a ciliary maintenance protein, was decreased in the renal cortex following tubular damage due to cisplatin-induced AKI. This result was consistent with the decreased IFT88 expression in cisplatin-treated RPTEC/TERT1 cells (human primary proximal tubular cells) parallel to the shortening of primary cilia, suggesting a causative link between tubular damage and IFT88-mediated cilia regulation. To address the effect of impaired primary cilia with decreased IFT88 expression on tubular function, RPTEC/TERT1 cells treated with cisplatin and knocked down for IFT88 using siRNA (IFT88-KD) were assessed for phenotypic changes and mitochondrial metabolic function. Both cisplatin and IFT88-KD caused primary cilia shortening, downregulated mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation capacity, and had defective fatty acid oxidation and decreased ATP production. Furthermore, IFT88 overexpression enhanced mitochondrial respiration, which partially counteracted cisplatin-induced defective fatty acid oxidation. These results are indicative of the contribution of IFT88 to mitochondrial homeostasis. Our findings suggest that tubular mitochondrial dysfunction in cisplatin-induced AKI is mediated, at least in part, by a decrease in IFT88 expression with primary cilia shortening. That is, tubular mitochondrial damage followed by tubular injury in AKI may occur through alteration of IFT88 expression and subsequent ciliary shortening in tubular cells.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here, we demonstrated organelle cross-talk between primary cilia and mitochondria of proximal tubular cells in cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury. The primary cilia-mitochondria interaction may open new avenues for the development of novel therapeutic approaches in the treatment of acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Fujii
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Chronic Kidney Disease Pathophysiology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sho Hasegawa
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Chronic Kidney Disease Pathophysiology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Maekawa
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Chronic Kidney Disease Pathophysiology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Inoue
- Department of Physiology of Visceral Function and Body Fluid, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yoshioka
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Chronic Kidney Disease Pathophysiology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Company, Limited, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rie Uni
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Chronic Kidney Disease Pathophysiology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Ikeda
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaomi Nangaku
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Inagi
- Division of Chronic Kidney Disease Pathophysiology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Han YK, Kim JS, Lee GB, Lim JH, Park KM. Oxidative stress following acute kidney injury causes disruption of lung cell cilia and their release into the bronchoaveolar lavage fluid and lung injury, which are exacerbated by Idh2 deletion. Redox Biol 2021; 46:102077. [PMID: 34315110 PMCID: PMC8326422 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) induces distant organ injury, which is a serious concern in patients with AKI. Recent studies have demonstrated that distant organ injury is associated with oxidative stress of organ and damage of cilium, an axoneme-based cellular organelle. However, the role of oxidative stress and cilia damage in AKI-induced lung injury remains to be defined. Here, we investigated whether AKI-induced lung injury is associated with mitochondrial oxidative stress and cilia disruption in lung cells. AKI was induced in isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (Idh2, a mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme)-deleted (Idh2−/−) and wild-type (Idh2+/+) mice by kidney ischemia-reperfusion (IR). A group of mice were treated with Mito-TEMPO, a mitochondria-specific antioxidant. Kidney IR caused lung injuries, including alveolar septal thickening, alveolar damage, and neutrophil accumulation in the lung, and increased protein concentration and total cell number in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). In addition, kidney IR caused fragmentation of lung epithelial cell cilia and the release of fragments into BALF. Kidney IR also increased the production of superoxide, lipid peroxidation, and mitochondrial and nuclei DNA oxidation in lungs and decreased IDH2 expression. Lung oxidative stress and injury relied on the degree of kidney injury. Idh2 deletion exacerbated kidney IR-induced lung injuries. Treatment with Mito-TEMPO attenuated kidney IR-induced lung injuries, with greater attenuation in Idh2−/− than Idh2+/+ mice. Our data demonstrate that AKI induces the disruption of cilia and damages cells via oxidative stress in lung epithelial cells, which leads to the release of disrupted ciliary fragments into BALF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Kwon Han
- Department of Anatomy, Cardiovascular Research Institute and BK21 Plus, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Junggu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Su Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Cardiovascular Research Institute and BK21 Plus, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Junggu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwan Beom Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Cardiovascular Research Institute and BK21 Plus, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Junggu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hang Lim
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ihwa Woman's University, 25 Magokdong-ro 2-gil, Gangseo-gu, Seoul, 07804, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon Moo Park
- Department of Anatomy, Cardiovascular Research Institute and BK21 Plus, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Junggu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Ningappa M, Adenuga M, Ngo KA, Mohamed N, Narayanan T, Prasadan K, Ashokkumar C, Das J, Schmitt L, Hartman H, Sehrawat A, Salgado CM, Reyes-Mugica M, Gittes GK, Lo CW, Subramaniam S, Sindhi R. Mechanisms of Impaired Lung Development and Ciliation in Mannosidase-1-Alpha-2 ( Man1a2) Mutants. Front Physiol 2021; 12:658518. [PMID: 34366878 PMCID: PMC8343402 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.658518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ciliary defects cause heterogenous phenotypes related to mutation burden which lead to impaired development. A previously reported homozygous deletion in the Man1a2 gene causes lethal respiratory failure in newborn pups and decreased lung ciliation compared with wild type (WT) pups. The effects of heterozygous mutation, and the potential for rescue are not known. PURPOSE We hypothesized that survival and lung ciliation, (a) would decrease progressively in Man1a2 +/- heterozygous and Man1a2 -/- null newborn pups compared with WT, and (b) could be enhanced by gestational treatment with N-Acetyl-cysteine (NAC), an antioxidant. METHODS Man1a2+/- adult mice were fed NAC or placebo from a week before breeding through gestation. Survival of newborn pups was monitored for 24 h. Lungs, liver and tails were harvested for morphology, genotyping, and transcriptional profiling. RESULTS Survival (p = 0.0001, Kaplan-Meier) and percent lung ciliation (p = 0.0001, ANOVA) measured by frequency of Arl13b+ respiratory epithelial cells decreased progressively, as hypothesized. Compared with placebo, gestational NAC treatment enhanced (a) lung ciliation in pups with each genotype, (b) survival in heterozygous pups (p = 0.017) but not in WT or null pups. Whole transcriptome of lung but not liver demonstrated patterns of up- and down-regulated genes that were identical in living heterozygous and WT pups, and completely opposite to those in dead heterozygous and null pups. Systems biology analysis enabled reconstruction of protein interaction networks that yielded functionally relevant modules and their interactions. In these networks, the mutant Man1a2 enzyme contributes to abnormal synthesis of proteins essential for lung development. The associated unfolded protein, hypoxic and oxidative stress responses can be mitigated with NAC. Comparisons with the developing human fetal lung transcriptome show that NAC likely restores normal vascular and epithelial tube morphogenesis in Man1a2 mutant mice. CONCLUSION Survival and lung ciliation in the Man1a2 mutant mouse, and its improvement with N-Acetyl cysteine is genotype-dependent. NAC-mediated rescue depends on the central role for oxidative and hypoxic stress in regulating ciliary function and organogenesis during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylarappa Ningappa
- Hillman Center for Pediatric Transplantation, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Morayooluwa Adenuga
- Hillman Center for Pediatric Transplantation, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Kim A. Ngo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Nada Mohamed
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Tejaswini Narayanan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Krishna Prasadan
- Rangos Research Center Animal Imaging Core, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Chethan Ashokkumar
- Hillman Center for Pediatric Transplantation, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jishnu Das
- Hillman Center for Pediatric Transplantation, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Departments of Immunology and Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Lori Schmitt
- Histology Core Laboratory Manager, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Hannah Hartman
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Anuradha Sehrawat
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Claudia M. Salgado
- Division of Pediatric Pathology, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Miguel Reyes-Mugica
- Division of Pediatric Pathology, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - George K. Gittes
- Surgeon-in-Chief Emeritus, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Cecilia W. Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Shankar Subramaniam
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, and Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Rakesh Sindhi
- Hillman Center for Pediatric Transplantation, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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19
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Wang W, Jack BM, Wang HH, Kavanaugh MA, Maser RL, Tran PV. Intraflagellar Transport Proteins as Regulators of Primary Cilia Length. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:661350. [PMID: 34095126 PMCID: PMC8170031 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.661350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are small, antenna-like organelles that detect and transduce chemical and mechanical cues in the extracellular environment, regulating cell behavior and, in turn, tissue development and homeostasis. Primary cilia are assembled via intraflagellar transport (IFT), which traffics protein cargo bidirectionally along a microtubular axoneme. Ranging from 1 to 10 μm long, these organelles typically reach a characteristic length dependent on cell type, likely for optimum fulfillment of their specific roles. The importance of an optimal cilia length is underscored by the findings that perturbation of cilia length can be observed in a number of cilia-related diseases. Thus, elucidating mechanisms of cilia length regulation is important for understanding the pathobiology of ciliary diseases. Since cilia assembly/disassembly regulate cilia length, we review the roles of IFT in processes that affect cilia assembly/disassembly, including ciliary transport of structural and membrane proteins, ectocytosis, and tubulin posttranslational modification. Additionally, since the environment of a cell influences cilia length, we also review the various stimuli encountered by renal epithelia in healthy and diseased states that alter cilia length and IFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Brittany M Jack
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Henry H Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Matthew A Kavanaugh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Robin L Maser
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Pamela V Tran
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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20
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Promotion of cancer cell stemness by Ras. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:467-476. [PMID: 33544116 PMCID: PMC7925005 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSC) may be the most relevant and elusive cancer cell population, as they have the exquisite ability to seed new tumors. It is plausible, that highly mutated cancer genes, such as KRAS, are functionally associated with processes contributing to the emergence of stemness traits. In this review, we will summarize the evidence for a stemness driving activity of oncogenic Ras. This activity appears to differ by Ras isoform, with the highly mutated KRAS having a particularly profound impact. Next to established stemness pathways such as Wnt and Hedgehog (Hh), the precise, cell cycle dependent orchestration of the MAPK-pathway appears to relay Ras activation in this context. We will examine how non-canonical activities of K-Ras4B (hereafter K-Ras) could be enabled by its trafficking chaperones calmodulin and PDE6D/PDEδ. Both dynamically localize to the cellular machinery that is intimately linked to cell fate decisions, such as the primary cilium and the centrosome. Thus, it can be speculated that oncogenic K-Ras disrupts fundamental polarized signaling and asymmetric apportioning processes that are necessary during cell differentiation.
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21
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Hong YA, Park CW. Catalytic Antioxidants in the Kidney. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10010130. [PMID: 33477607 PMCID: PMC7831323 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species are highly implicated in kidney injuries that include acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, hypertensive nephropathy, and diabetic nephropathy. Therefore, antioxidant agents are promising therapeutic strategies for kidney diseases. Catalytic antioxidants are defined as small molecular mimics of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, and some of them function as potent detoxifiers of lipid peroxides and peroxynitrite. Several catalytic antioxidants have been demonstrated to be effective in a variety of in vitro and in vivo disease models that are associated with oxidative stress, including kidney diseases. This review summarizes the evidence for the role of antioxidant enzymes in kidney diseases, the classifications of catalytic antioxidants, and their current applications to kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ah Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
| | - Cheol Whee Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
- Institute for Aging and Metabolic Diseases, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2258-6038
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22
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Ma CX, Ma XN, Li YD, Fu SB. The Role of Primary Cilia in Thyroid Cancer: From Basic Research to Clinical Applications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:685228. [PMID: 34168619 PMCID: PMC8218906 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.685228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia (PC) are microtubule-based organelles that are present on nearly all thyroid follicle cells and play an important role in physiological development and in maintaining the dynamic homeostasis of thyroid follicles. PC are generally lost in many thyroid cancers (TCs), and this loss has been linked to the malignant transformation of thyrocytes, which is regulated by PC-mediated signaling reciprocity between the stroma and cancer cells. Restoring PC on TC cells is a possible promising therapeutic strategy, and the therapeutic response and prognosis of TC are associated with the presence or absence of PC. This review mainly discusses the role of PC in the normal thyroid and TC as well as their potential clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Xu Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ni Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ying-Dong Li
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Song-Bo Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Song-Bo Fu,
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Kim YC, Ganguly S, Nespoux J, Freeman B, Zhang H, Brenner D, Dhar D, Vallon V. Western Diet Promotes Renal Injury, Inflammation, and Fibrosis in a Murine Model of Alström Syndrome. Nephron Clin Pract 2020; 144:400-412. [PMID: 32629454 DOI: 10.1159/000508636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alström syndrome is a rare recessive genetic disease caused by mutations in ALMS1, which encodes a protein that is related to cilia function and intracellular endosome trafficking. The syndrome has been linked to impaired glucose metabolism and CKD. Polymorphisms in Alms1 have likewise been linked to CKD, but little is known about the modification of the phenotype by environmental factors. METHODS To gain further insights, the fat aussie (foz) mouse strain, a genetic murine model of Alström syndrome, was exposed to a normal chow (NC) or to a Western diet (WD, 20% fat, 34% sucrose by weight, and 0.2% cholesterol) and renal outcomes were measured. RESULTS Body weight and albuminuria were higher in foz than in wild-type (WT) mice on both diets but WD significantly increased the difference. Measurement of plasma creatinine and cystatin C indicated that glomerular filtration rate was preserved in foz versus WT independent of diet. Renal markers of injury, inflammation, and fibrosis were similar in both genotypes on NC but significantly greater in foz than in WT mice on WD. A glucose tolerance test performed in foz and WT mice on WD revealed similar basal blood glucose levels and subsequent blood glucose profiles. CONCLUSIONS WD sensitizes a murine model of Alström syndrome to kidney injury, inflammation, and fibrosis, an effect that may not be solely due to effects on glucose metabolism. Polymorphisms in Alms1 may induce CKD in part by modulating the deleterious effects of high dietary fat and sucrose on kidney outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Chul Kim
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego & VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Souradipta Ganguly
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Josselin Nespoux
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego & VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Brent Freeman
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego & VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego & VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - David Brenner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Debanjan Dhar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Volker Vallon
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego & VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA,
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24
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Chikamori M, Kimura H, Inagi R, Zhou J, Nangaku M, Fujii T. Intracellular calcium response of primary cilia of tubular cells to modulated shear stress under oxidative stress. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:044102. [PMID: 32665806 PMCID: PMC7334031 DOI: 10.1063/5.0010737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia of tubular cells are sensory organelles. Bending of the primary cilia with shear stress from urinary flow results in the elevation of intracellular calcium levels and activation of signaling pathways that maintain kidney function. Elongation of primary cilia is reported to occur due to oxidative stress, which is a major cause of ischemia-reperfusion injury and is accompanied by decreased kidney function. However, in the context of diminished kidney function, this elongation is yet to be investigated. In this study, we developed a new microfluidic device to monitor changes in the intracellular calcium levels while modulating shear stress on the cilia under different degrees of oxidative stress. The microfluidic device was designed to expose even shear stress in the observed area while supplying drugs in four different stepwise concentrations. The results showed that primary cilia were elongated by hydrogen peroxide, which induces oxidative stress. It was also observed that the elongated primary cilia were more sensitive to shear stress than those with normal morphology. This microfluidic device could, thus, be useful in the analysis of the morphology of the primary cilia, under low perfusion conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatomo Chikamori
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | | | - Reiko Inagi
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Jing Zhou
- Center for Polycystic Kidney Disease Research and Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Masaomi Nangaku
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Teruo Fujii
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
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25
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Martin-Hurtado A, Lastres-Becker I, Cuadrado A, Garcia-Gonzalo FR. NRF2 and Primary Cilia: An Emerging Partnership. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9060475. [PMID: 32498260 PMCID: PMC7346227 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9060475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
When not dividing, many cell types target their centrosome to the plasma membrane, where it nucleates assembly of a primary cilium, an antenna-like signaling structure consisting of nine concentric microtubule pairs surrounded by membrane. Primary cilia play important pathophysiological roles in many tissues, their dysfunction being associated with cancer and ciliopathies, a diverse group of congenital human diseases. Several recent studies have unveiled functional connections between primary cilia and NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2), the master transcription factor orchestrating cytoprotective responses to oxidative and other cellular stresses. These NRF2-cilia relationships are reciprocal: primary cilia, by promoting autophagy, downregulate NRF2 activity. In turn, NRF2 transcriptionally regulates genes involved in ciliogenesis and Hedgehog (Hh) signaling, a cilia-dependent pathway with major roles in embryogenesis, stem cell function and tumorigenesis. Nevertheless, while we found that NRF2 stimulates ciliogenesis and Hh signaling, a more recent study reported that NRF2 negatively affects these processes. Herein, we review the available evidence linking NRF2 to primary cilia, suggest possible explanations to reconcile seemingly contradictory data, and discuss what the emerging interplay between primary cilia and NRF2 may mean for human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martin-Hurtado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (IIBM), UAM-CSIC, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-H.); (I.L.-B.); (A.C.)
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación del Hospital Universitario de La Paz (IdiPAZ), 28047 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Lastres-Becker
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (IIBM), UAM-CSIC, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-H.); (I.L.-B.); (A.C.)
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación del Hospital Universitario de La Paz (IdiPAZ), 28047 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28013 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Cuadrado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (IIBM), UAM-CSIC, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-H.); (I.L.-B.); (A.C.)
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación del Hospital Universitario de La Paz (IdiPAZ), 28047 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28013 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesc R. Garcia-Gonzalo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (IIBM), UAM-CSIC, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-H.); (I.L.-B.); (A.C.)
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación del Hospital Universitario de La Paz (IdiPAZ), 28047 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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26
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Liu P, Dodson M, Fang D, Chapman E, Zhang DD. NRF2 negatively regulates primary ciliogenesis and hedgehog signaling. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000620. [PMID: 32053600 PMCID: PMC7043785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are lost during cancer development, but the mechanism regulating cilia degeneration is not determined. While transcription factor nuclear factor-erythroid 2-like 2 (NRF2) protects cells from oxidative, proteotoxic, and metabolic stress in normal cells, hyperactivation of NRF2 is oncogenic, although the detailed molecular mechanisms by which uncontrolled NRF2 activation promotes cancer progression remain unclear. Here, we report that NRF2 suppresses hedgehog (Hh) signaling through Patched 1 (PTCH1) and primary ciliogenesis via p62/sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1). PTCH1, a negative regulator of Hh signaling, is an NRF2 target gene, and as such, hyperactivation of NRF2 impairs Hh signaling. NRF2 also suppresses primary cilia formation through p62-dependent inclusion body formation and blockage of Bardet–Biedl syndrome 4 (BBS4) entrance into cilia. Simultaneous ablation of PTCH1 and p62 completely abolishes NRF2-mediated inhibition of both primary ciliogenesis and Hh signaling. Our findings reveal a previously unidentified role of NRF2 in controlling a cellular organelle, the primary cilium, and its associated Hh signaling pathway and also uncover a mechanism by which NRF2 hyperactivation promotes tumor progression via primary cilia degeneration and aberrant Hh signaling. A better understanding of the crosstalk between NRF2 and primary cilia/Hh signaling could not only open new avenues for cancer therapeutic discovery but could also have significant implications regarding pathologies other than cancer, including developmental disorders, in which improper primary ciliogenesis and Hh signaling play a major role. This study reveals a novel role for the transcription factor NRF2 in controlling the primary cilium and its associated Hedgehog signaling pathway and also uncovers a mechanism by which NRF2 hyperactivation promotes tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Matthew Dodson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Deyu Fang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Eli Chapman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Donna D Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America.,The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
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Li YH, Zhu D, Cao Z, Liu Y, Sun J, Tan L. Primary cilia respond to intermittent low-magnitude, high-frequency vibration and mediate vibration-induced effects in osteoblasts. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 318:C73-C82. [PMID: 31577514 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00273.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to investigate the role of primary cilia in low-magnitude, high-frequency vibration (LMHFV) treatment of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts (OBs). We used chloral hydrate (CH), which has a well-characterized function in chemically removing primary cilia, to elucidate the role of primary cilia in LMHFV-induced OB osteogenic responses through cell viability assay, Western blot analysis, real-time quantitative RT-PCR, and histochemical staining methods. We observed a significant, 30% decrease in the number of MC3T3-E1 OBs with primary cilia (reduced from 64.3 ± 5%) and an approximately 50% reduction in length of primary cilia (reduced from 3 ± 0.8 μm) after LMHFV stimulation. LMHFV stimulation upregulated protein expression of the bone matrix markers collagen 1 (COL-1), osteopontin (OPN), and osteoclacin(OCN) in MC3T3-E1 OBs, indicating that LMHFV induces osteogenesis. High-concentration or long-duration CH exposure resulted in inhibition of MC3T3-E1 OB survival. In addition, Western blot analysis and RT-PCR revealed that CH treatment prevented LMHFV-induced osteogenesis. Furthermore, decreased alkaline phosphate activity, reduced OB differentiation, mineralization, and maturation were observed in CH-pretreated and LMHFV-treated OBs. We showed that LMHFV induces morphological changes in primary cilia that may fine-tune their mechanosensitivity. In addition, we demonstrated the significant inhibition by CH of LMHFV-induced OB mineralization, maturation, and differentiation, which might reveal the critical role of primary cilia in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hui Li
- Department of Cardiology and Echocardiography, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dong Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zongbing Cao
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanwei Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Komarynets O, Chassot A, Bernabeu E, Czogalla J, Roth I, Liaudet N, Prodon F, Loffing J, Feraille E. Aldosterone controls primary cilium length and cell size in renal collecting duct principal cells. FASEB J 2019; 34:2625-2640. [PMID: 31908048 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901947r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are nonmotile sensory organelles found on the surface of almost all kidney tubule epithelial cells. Being exposed to the tubular lumen, primary cilia are thought to be chemo- and mechanosensors of luminal composition and flux, respectively. We hypothesized that, Na+ transport and primary cilia exist in a sensory functional connection in mature renal tubule epithelial cells. Our results demonstrate that primary cilium length is reduced in mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) knockout (KO) mice in a cell autonomous manner along the aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron (ADSN) compared with wild type (as µm ± SEM; 3.1 ± 0.2 vs 4.0 ± 0.1). In mouse cortical collecting duct (mCCD)cl1 cells, which are a model of collecting duct (CD) principal cells, changes in Na+ transport intensity were found to mediate primary cilium length in response to aldosterone (as µm ± SEM: control: 2.7 ± 0.9 vs aldosterone treated: 3.8 ± 0.8). Cilium length was positively correlated with the availability of IFT88, a major intraflagellar anterograde transport complex B component, which is stabilized in response to exposure to aldosterone treatment. This suggests that the abundance of IFT88 is a regulated, rate limiting factor in the elongation of primary cilia. As previously observed in vivo, aldosterone treatment increased cell volume of cultured CD principal cells. Knockdown of IFT88 prevents ciliogenesis and inhibits the adaptive increase in cell size that was observed in response to aldosterone treatment. In conclusion, our results reveal a functional connection between Na+ transport, primary cilia, and cell size, which may play a key role in the morphological and functional adaptation of the CD to sustained changes in active Na+ reabsorption due to variations in aldosterone secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Komarynets
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine of Geneva, University Medical Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Chassot
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine of Geneva, University Medical Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eva Bernabeu
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine of Geneva, University Medical Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jan Czogalla
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Roth
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine of Geneva, University Medical Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Liaudet
- Service of Bioimaging, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François Prodon
- Service of Bioimaging, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Eric Feraille
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine of Geneva, University Medical Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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29
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Choi ES, Al Faruque H, Kim JH, Cho JH, Park KM, Kim E. Immunochromatographic assay to detect α-tubulin in urine for the diagnosis of kidney injury. J Clin Lab Anal 2019; 34:e23015. [PMID: 31423640 PMCID: PMC6977356 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds Shortening of primary cilia in kidney epithelial cells is associated with kidney injury and involved with the induced level of α‐tubulin in urine. Therefore, rapid detection and quantification of α‐tubulin in the urine samples could be used to the preliminary diagnosis of kidney injury. Methods Cellulose‐based nanobeads modified with α‐tubulin were used for the detection probe of competitive immunochromatographic (IC) assay. The concentration of α‐tubulin in the urine samples was determined by IC assay and compared with the amount determined by Western blotting analysis. Results The relationship between α‐tubulin concentration and the colorimetric intensity resulted from IC assay was determined by logistic regression, and the correlation coefficient (R2) was 0.9948. When compared to the amount determined by Western blotting analysis, there was a linear relationship between the α‐tubulin concentrations measured by the two methods and the R2 value was 0.823. Conclusions This method is simple, rapid, and adequately sensitive to detect α‐tubulin in patient urine samples, which could be used for the clinical diagnosis of kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Sook Choi
- Companion Diagnostics and Medical Technology Research Group, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Korea
| | - Hasan Al Faruque
- Companion Diagnostics and Medical Technology Research Group, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Korea
| | - Jung-Hee Kim
- Companion Diagnostics and Medical Technology Research Group, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Korea
| | - Jang-Hee Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kwon Moo Park
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Eunjoo Kim
- Companion Diagnostics and Medical Technology Research Group, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Korea
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30
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Abstract
Primary cilia are singular, sensory organelles that extend from the plasma membrane of most quiescent mammalian cells. These slender, microtubule-based organelles receive and transduce extracellular cues and regulate signaling pathways. Primary cilia are critical to the development and function of many tissue types, and mutation of ciliary genes causes multi-system disorders, termed ciliopathies. Notably, renal cystic disease is one of the most common clinical features of ciliopathies, highlighting a central role for primary cilia in the kidney. Additionally, acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease are associated with altered primary cilia lengths on renal epithelial cells, suggesting ciliary dynamics and renal physiology are linked. Here we describe methods to examine primary cilia in kidney tissue and in cultured renal cells. We include immunofluorescence and scanning electron microscopy to determine ciliary localization of proteins and cilia structure. Further, we detail cellular assays to measure cilia assembly and disassembly, which regulate cilia length.
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Pruski M, Lang B. Primary Cilia-An Underexplored Topic in Major Mental Illness. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:104. [PMID: 30886591 PMCID: PMC6409319 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Though much progress has been made in recent years towards understanding the function and physiology of primary cilia, they remain a somewhat elusive organelle. Some studies have explored the role of primary cilia in the developing nervous system, and their dysfunction has been linked with several neurosensory deficits. Yet, very little has been written on their potential role in psychiatric disorders. This article provides an overview of some of the functions of primary cilia in signalling pathways, and demonstrates that they are a worthy candidate in psychiatric research. The links between primary cilia and major mental illness have been demonstrated to exist at several levels, spanning genetics, signalling pathways, and pharmacology as well as cell division and migration. The primary focus of this review is on the sensory role of the primary cilium and the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of psychiatric disease. As such, the primary cilium is demonstrated to be a key link between the cellular environment and cell behaviour, and hence of key importance in the considerations of the nature and nurture debate in psychiatric research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pruski
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Critical Care Laboratory, Critical Care Directorate, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
- School of Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Bing Lang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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Higgins M, Obaidi I, McMorrow T. Primary cilia and their role in cancer. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:3041-3047. [PMID: 30867732 PMCID: PMC6396132 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.9942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles that are expressed on almost all mammalian cells. It has become apparent that these structures are important signaling hubs that serve crucial roles in Wnt, hedgehog, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Notch signaling pathways. A number of diseases have been found to involve dysfunctional primary cilia; collectively these diseases are called ciliopathies. In recent years, there has been more focus on the association between primary cilia and cancer, including renal, pancreatic and breast cancer. Numerous studies have demonstrated that various types of cancer cells fail to express cilia. Notably, it has also been indicated that a number of renal carcinogens induce a significant loss of cilia in renal epithelial cells. The present review focuses on the existing literature regarding primary cilia and their involvement with cancer signaling pathways, providing a brief overview of the structural features and functions of primary cilia, then discussing the evidence associating primary cilia with cancer, and presenting the available information on the ERK/MAPK, hedgehog and Wnt signaling pathways, and their involvement in primary cilia in association with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Higgins
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ismael Obaidi
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Tara McMorrow
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Kong MJ, Bak SH, Han KH, Kim JI, Park JW, Park KM. Fragmentation of kidney epithelial cell primary cilia occurs by cisplatin and these cilia fragments are excreted into the urine. Redox Biol 2018; 20:38-45. [PMID: 30292083 PMCID: PMC6172485 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium, which protrudes from the cell surface, is associated with the pathogenesis of various diseases, including acute kidney injury (AKI). Primary cilium length dynamically changes during the progression of diseases. However, its relevance in disease and the underlying mechanism are largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of primary cilia in AKI induced by cisplatin, an effective anticancer drug, and the underlying mechanisms. In addition, we evaluated the usefulness of length alteration and deciliation of primary cilia into the urine for the diagnosis of AKI. Cisplatin induced shortening, elongation, and normalization of the primary cilia in kidney epithelial cells over time. During shortening, primary cilia fragments and ciliary proteins were excreted into the urine. During deciliation, cell proliferation and the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor and proliferating cell nuclear antigen were not significantly changed. Shortening and deciliation of primary cilia were observed before significant increases in plasma creatinine and blood urea nitrogen concentration occurred. Pretreatment with Mito-Tempo, a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant, prevented cisplatin-induced primary cilium shortening and inhibited the increases in superoxide formation, lipid peroxidation, blood urea nitrogen, and tissue damage. In contrast, isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (Idh2) gene deletion, which results in defect of the NADPH-associated mitochondrial antioxidant system, exacerbated cisplatin-induced changes in mice. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that cisplatin induces deciliation into the urine and antioxidant treatment prevents this deciliation, renal dysfunction, and tissue damage after cisplatin injection. These results suggest that cisplatin-induced AKI is associated with primary cilia and urine primary cilia proteins might be a non-invasive biomarker of kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jung Kong
- Department of Anatomy, Cardiovascular Research Institute and BK21 Plus, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Junggu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hong Bak
- Department of Anatomy, Cardiovascular Research Institute and BK21 Plus, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Junggu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hwan Han
- Department of Anatomy, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, 911-1 Mok-6-dong, Yangcheon-ku, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee In Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine and MRC, College of Medicine, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero 250-gil, Dalseogu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeen-Woo Park
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon Moo Park
- Department of Anatomy, Cardiovascular Research Institute and BK21 Plus, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Junggu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea.
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Park KM. Can Tissue Cilia Lengths and Urine Cilia Proteins Be Markers of Kidney Diseases? Chonnam Med J 2018; 54:83-89. [PMID: 29854673 PMCID: PMC5972129 DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2018.54.2.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is an organelle which consists of a microtubule in the core and a surrounding cilia membrane, and has long been recognized as a “vestigial organelle”. However, new evidence demonstrates that the primary cilium has a notable effect on signal transduction in the cell and is associated with some genetic and non-genetic diseases. In the kidney, the primary cilium protrudes into the Bowman's space and the tubular lumen from the apical side of epithelial cells. The length of primary cilia is dynamically altered during the normal cell cycle, being shortened by retraction into the cell body at the entry of cell division and elongated at differentiation. Furthermore, the length of primary cilia is also dynamically changed in the cells, as a result and/or cause, during the progression of various kidney diseases including acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. Notably, recent data has demonstrated that the shortening of the primary cilium in the cell is associated with fragmentation, apart from retraction into the cell body, in the progression of diseases and that the fragmented primary cilia are released into the urine. This data reveals that the alteration of primary cilia length could be related to the progression of diseases. This review will consider if primary cilia length alteration is associated with the progression of kidney diseases and if the length of tissue primary cilia and the presence or increase of cilia proteins in the urine is indicative of kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwon Moo Park
- Department of Anatomy and BK21 Plus, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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35
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Deficiency of primary cilia in kidney epithelial cells induces epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 496:450-454. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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36
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Walz G. Role of primary cilia in non-dividing and post-mitotic cells. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 369:11-25. [PMID: 28361305 PMCID: PMC5487853 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2599-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The essential role of primary (non-motile) cilia during the development of multi-cellular tissues and organs is well established and is underlined by severe disease manifestations caused by mutations in cilia-associated molecules that are collectively termed ciliopathies. However, the role of primary cilia in non-dividing and terminally differentiated, post-mitotic cells is less well understood. Although the prevention of cells from re-entering the cell cycle may represent a major chore, primary cilia have recently been linked to DNA damage responses, autophagy and mitochondria. Given this connectivity, primary cilia in non-dividing cells are well positioned to form a signaling hub outside of the nucleus. Such a center could integrate information to initiate responses and to maintain cellular homeostasis if cell survival is jeopardized. These more discrete functions may remain undetected until differentiated cells are confronted with emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Walz
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, University Freiburg Medical Center, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
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37
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Han SJ, Jang HS, Seu SY, Cho HJ, Hwang YJ, Kim JI, Park KM. Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury disrupts the homeostasis of kidney primary cilia via oxidative stress. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:1817-1828. [PMID: 28495528 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a major complication of hepatic surgeries. The primary cilium protrudes to the lumen of kidney tubules and plays an important role in renal functions. Disruption of primary cilia homeostasis is highly associated with human diseases including AKI. Here, we investigated whether transient hepatic ischemia induces length change and deciliation of kidney primary cilia, and if so, whether reactive oxygen species (ROS)/oxidative stress regulates those. HIR induced damages to the liver and kidney with increases in ROS/oxidative stress. HIR shortened the cilia of kidney epithelial cells and caused them to shed into the urine. This shortening and shedding of cilia was prevented by Mn(III) tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridyl) porphyrin (MnTMPyP, an antioxidant). The urine of patient undergone liver resection contained ciliary proteins. These findings indicate that HIR induces shortening and deciliation of kidney primary cilia into the urine via ROS/oxidative stress, suggesting that primary cilia is associated with HIR-induced AKI and that the presence of ciliary proteins in the urine could be a potential indication of kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Jun Han
- Department of Anatomy, Cardiovascular Research Institute and BK21 Plus, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Junggu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Seong Jang
- Department of Anatomy, Cardiovascular Research Institute and BK21 Plus, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Junggu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Young Seu
- Department of Anatomy, Cardiovascular Research Institute and BK21 Plus, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Junggu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Cho
- Department of Anatomy, Cardiovascular Research Institute and BK21 Plus, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Junggu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jin Hwang
- Department of Surgery, Kyungpook National University Medical Center, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, 807 Hoguk-ro, Bukgu, Daegu 41404, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee In Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine and MRC, College of Medicine, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero 250-gil, Dalseogu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon Moo Park
- Department of Anatomy, Cardiovascular Research Institute and BK21 Plus, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Junggu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea.
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38
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Xu Q, Liu W, Liu X, Liu W, Wang H, Yao G, Zang L, Hayashi T, Tashiro SI, Onodera S, Ikejima T. Silibinin negatively contributes to primary cilia length via autophagy regulated by histone deacetylase 6 in confluent mouse embryo fibroblast 3T3-L1 cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 420:53-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2766-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Han SJ, Jang HS, Kim JI, Lipschutz JH, Park KM. Unilateral nephrectomy elongates primary cilia in the remaining kidney via reactive oxygen species. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22281. [PMID: 26923764 PMCID: PMC4770282 DOI: 10.1038/srep22281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The length of primary cilia is associated with normal cell and organ function. In the kidney, the change of functional cilia length/mass is associated with various diseases such as ischemia/reperfusion injury, polycystic kidney disease, and congenital solitary kidney. Here, we investigate whether renal mass reduction affects primary cilia length and function. To induce renal mass reduction, mice were subjected to unilateral nephrectomy (UNx). UNx increased kidney weight and superoxide formation in the remaining kidney. Primary cilia were elongated in proximal tubule cells, collecting duct cells and parietal cells of the remaining kidney. Mn(III) Tetrakis (1-methyl-4-pyridyl) porphyrin (MnTMPyP), an antioxidant, reduced superoxide formation in UNx-mice and prevented the elongation of primary cilia. UNx increased the expression of phosphorylated ERK, p21, and exocyst complex members Sec8 and Sec10, in the remaining kidney, and these increases were prevented by MnTMPyP. In MDCK, a kidney tubular epithelial cell line, cells, low concentrations of H2O2 treatment elongated primary cilia. This H2O2-induced elongation of primary cilia was also prevented by MnTMPyP treatment. Taken together, these data demonstrate that kidney compensation, induced by a reduction of renal mass, results in primary cilia elongation, and this elongation is associated with an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Jun Han
- Department of Anatomy and BK 21 Project, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Seong Jang
- Department of Anatomy and BK 21 Project, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee In Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine and MRC, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 705-717, Republic of Korea
| | - Joshua H Lipschutz
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Department of Medicine, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kwon Moo Park
- Department of Anatomy and BK 21 Project, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea
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40
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Boehlke C, Janusch H, Hamann C, Powelske C, Mergen M, Herbst H, Kotsis F, Nitschke R, Kuehn EW. A Cilia Independent Role of Ift88/Polaris during Cell Migration. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140378. [PMID: 26465598 PMCID: PMC4605505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ift88 is a central component of the intraflagellar transport (Ift) complex B, essential for the building of cilia and flagella from single cell organisms to mammals. Loss of Ift88 results in the absence of cilia and causes left-right asymmetry defects, disordered Hedgehog signaling, and polycystic kidney disease, all of which are explained by aberrant ciliary function. In addition, a number of extraciliary functions of Ift88 have been described that affect the cell-cycle, mitosis, and targeting of the T-cell receptor to the immunological synapse. Similarly, another essential ciliary molecule, the kinesin-2 subunit Kif3a, which transports Ift-B in the cilium, affects microtubule (MT) dynamics at the leading edge of migrating cells independently of cilia. We now show that loss of Ift88 impairs cell migration irrespective of cilia. Ift88 is required for the polarization of migrating MDCK cells, and Ift88 depleted cells have fewer MTs at the leading edge. Neither MT dynamics nor MT nucleation are dependent on Ift88. Our findings dissociate the function of Ift88 from Kif3a outside the cilium and suggest a novel extraciliary function for Ift88. Future studies need to address what unifying mechanism underlies the different extraciliary functions of Ift88.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heike Janusch
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Hamann
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Miriam Mergen
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Henriette Herbst
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fruzsina Kotsis
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland Nitschke
- Life Imaging Center, Center for Biosystems Analysis, Albert-Ludwig-University, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Biological Signaling Studies (bioss), Albert-Ludwig-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - E. Wolfgang Kuehn
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Biological Signaling Studies (bioss), Albert-Ludwig-University, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Shin JH, Bae DJ, Kim ES, Kim HB, Park SJ, Jo YK, Jo DS, Jo DG, Kim SY, Cho DH. Autophagy Regulates Formation of Primary Cilia in Mefloquine-Treated Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2015; 23:327-32. [PMID: 26157548 PMCID: PMC4489826 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2015.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia have critical roles in coordinating multiple cellular signaling pathways. Dysregulation of primary cilia is implicated in various ciliopathies. To identify specific regulators of autophagy, we screened chemical libraries and identified mefloquine, an anti-malaria medicine, as a potent regulator of primary cilia in human retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells. Not only ciliated cells but also primary cilium length was increased in mefloquine-treated RPE cells. Treatment with mefloquine strongly induced the elongation of primary cilia by blocking disassembly of primary cilium. In addition, we found that autophagy was increased in mefloquine-treated cells by enhancing autophagic flux. Both chemical and genetic inhibition of autophagy suppressed ciliogenesis in mefloquine-treated RPE cells. Taken together, these results suggest that autophagy induced by mefloquine positively regulates the elongation of primary cilia in RPE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Shin
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701
| | - Dong-Jun Bae
- ASAN Institute for Life Science, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul 138-736
| | - Eun Sung Kim
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701
| | - Han Byeol Kim
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701
| | - So Jung Park
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701
| | - Yoon Kyung Jo
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701
| | - Doo Sin Jo
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- The School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Yeob Kim
- ASAN Institute for Life Science, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul 138-736
| | - Dong-Hyung Cho
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701
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BIX-01294-induced autophagy regulates elongation of primary cilia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 460:428-33. [PMID: 25796328 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we showed that BIX-01294 treatment strongly activates autophagy. Although, the interplay between autophagy and ciliogenesis has been suggested, the role of autophagy in ciliogenesis is controversial and largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of autophagy induced by BIX-01294 on the formation of primary cilia in human retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells. Treatment of RPE cells with BIX-01294 caused strong elongation of the primary cilium and increased the number of ciliated cells, as well as autophagy activation. The elongated cilia in serum starved cultured cells were gradually decreased by re-feeding the cells with normal growth medium. However, the disassembly of cilia was blocked in the BIX-01294-treated cells. In addition, both genetic and chemical inhibition of autophagy suppressed BIX-01294-mediated ciliogenesis in RPE cells. Taken together, these results suggest that autophagy induced by BIX-01294 positively regulates the elongation of primary cilium.
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43
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Farag MM, Ahmed GO, Shehata RR, Kazem AH. Thymoquinone improves the kidney and liver changes induced by chronic cyclosporine A treatment and acute renal ischaemia/reperfusion in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2015; 67:731-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
This study was designed to evaluate the effects of chronic cyclosporine A (CsA) treatment and acute renal ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) on the kidney and liver in thymoquinone (TQ)-treated rats.
Methods
In the CsA study, adult male rats were divided into control, CsA (25 mg/kg per day), TQ (10 mg/kg per day) and CsA + TQ groups, and rat treatment was for 28 days. In the I/R study, adult male rats were divided into sham-operated, I/R (renal ischaemia for 60 min followed by 60 min reperfusion) and TQ + I/R (TQ 10 mg/kg, 24 h and 1 h before ischaemia) groups.
Key findings
CsA treatment and renal I/R caused kidney and liver dysfunction as evaluated by histopathological changes and biochemical parameters. TQ treatment reduced elevated serum indices back to control levels and ameliorated CsA-induced kidney and liver histopathological changes. In renal and hepatic tissues, CsA and renal I/R induced significant increases in malondialdehyde levels with significant decreases in reduced glutathione levels and superoxide dismutase activities. Such changes in oxidative stress markers were counteracted by TQ treatment.
Conclusions
Kidney and liver injury due to CsA or renal I/R can be significantly reduced by TQ, which resets the oxidant/antioxidant balance of the affected organs through scavenging free radicals and antilipoperoxidative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Farag
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ghada O Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Rowaida R Shehata
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amani H Kazem
- Department of Pathology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Mittwede PN, Xiang L, Lu S, Clemmer JS, Hester RL. Oxidative stress contributes to orthopedic trauma-induced acute kidney injury in obese rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 308:F157-63. [PMID: 25428128 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00537.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
After trauma, obese patients have an increased risk of developing acute kidney injury (AKI). We have demonstrated that obese Zucker (OZ) rats, but not lean Zucker (LZ) rats, develop AKI 24 h after orthopedic trauma. ROS have been implicated in the pathophysiology of AKI in models of critical illness. However, the contribution of ROS to trauma-induced AKI in the setting of obesity has not been determined. We hypothesized that AKI in OZ rats after trauma is mediated by increased oxidative stress. Male LZ and OZ rats were divided into control and trauma groups, with a subset receiving treatment after trauma with the antioxidant apocynin (50 mg/kg ip, 2 mM in drinking water). The day after trauma, glomerular filtration rate, plasma creatinine, urine kidney injury molecule-1, and albumin excretion as well as renal oxidant and antioxidant activity were measured. After trauma, compared with LZ rats, OZ rats exhibited a significant decrease in glomerular filtration rate along with significant increases in plasma creatinine and urine kidney injury molecule-1 and albumin excretion. Additionally, oxidative stress was significantly increased in OZ rats, as evidenced by increased renal NADPH oxidase activity and urine lipid peroxidation products (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances), and OZ rats also had suppressed renal superoxide dismutase activity. Apocynin treatment significantly decreased oxidative stress and AKI in OZ rats but had minimal effects in LZ rats. These results suggest that ROS play an important role in AKI in OZ rats after traumatic injury and that ROS may be a potential future therapeutic target in the obese after trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N Mittwede
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Lusha Xiang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Silu Lu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - John S Clemmer
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Robert L Hester
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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