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Ibarrola J, Jaffe IZ. The Mineralocorticoid Receptor in the Vasculature: Friend or Foe? Annu Rev Physiol 2024; 86:49-70. [PMID: 37788489 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-042022-015223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Originally described as the renal aldosterone receptor that regulates sodium homeostasis, it is now clear that mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) are widely expressed, including in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Ample data demonstrate that endothelial and smooth muscle cell MRs contribute to cardiovascular disease in response to risk factors (aging, obesity, hypertension, atherosclerosis) by inducing vasoconstriction, vascular remodeling, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Extrapolating from its role in disease, evidence supports beneficial roles of vascular MRs in the context of hypotension by promoting inflammation, wound healing, and vasoconstriction to enhance survival from bleeding or sepsis. Advances in understanding how vascular MRs become activated are also reviewed, describing transcriptional, ligand-dependent, and ligand-independent mechanisms. By synthesizing evidence describing how vascular MRs convert cardiovascular risk factors into disease (the vascular MR as a foe), we postulate that the teleological role of the MR is to coordinate responses to hypotension (the MR as a friend).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Ibarrola
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
| | - Iris Z Jaffe
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
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2
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Soares AG, Contreras J, Mironova E, Archer CR, Stockand JD, Abd El-Aziz TM. P2Y2 receptor decreases blood pressure by inhibiting ENaC. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e167704. [PMID: 37279066 PMCID: PMC10443811 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.167704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulating the Gq-coupled P2Y2 receptor (P2ry2) lowers blood pressure. Global knockout of P2ry2 increases blood pressure. Vascular and renal mechanisms are believed to participate in P2ry2 effects on blood pressure. To isolate the role of the kidneys in P2ry2 effects on blood pressure and to reveal the molecular and cellular mechanisms of this action, we test here the necessity of the P2ry2 and the sufficiency of Gq-dependent signaling in renal principal cells to the regulation of the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC), sodium excretion, and blood pressure. Activating P2ry2 in littermate controls but not principal cell-specific P2ry2-knockout mice decreased the activity of ENaC in renal tubules. Moreover, deletion of P2ry2 in principal cells abolished increases in sodium excretion in response to stimulation of P2ry2 and compromised the normal ability to excrete a sodium load. Consequently, principal cell-specific knockout of P2ry2 prevented decreases in blood pressure in response to P2ry2 stimulation in the deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt (DOCA-salt) model of hypertension. In wild-type littermate controls, such stimulation decreased blood pressure in this model of hypertension by promoting a natriuresis. Pharmacogenetic activation of Gq exclusively in principal cells using targeted expression of Gq-designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs and clozapine N-oxide decreased the activity of ENaC in renal tubules, promoting a natriuresis that lowered elevated blood pressure in the DOCA-salt model of hypertension. These findings demonstrate that the kidneys play a major role in decreasing blood pressure in response to P2ry2 activation and that inhibition of ENaC activity in response to P2ry2-mediated Gq signaling lowered blood pressure by increasing renal sodium excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio G. Soares
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jorge Contreras
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Elena Mironova
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Crystal R. Archer
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - James D. Stockand
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt
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3
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Nakamura T, Bonnard B, Palacios-Ramirez R, Fernández-Celis A, Jaisser F, López-Andrés N. Biglycan Is a Novel Mineralocorticoid Receptor Target Involved in Aldosterone/Salt-Induced Glomerular Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126680. [PMID: 35743123 PMCID: PMC9224513 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The beneficial effects of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonists (MRAs) for various kidney diseases are established. However, the underlying mechanisms of kidney injury induced by MR activation remain to be elucidated. We recently reported aldosterone-induced enhancement of proteoglycan expression in mitral valve interstitial cells and its association with fibromyxomatous valvular disorder. As the expression of certain proteoglycans is elevated in several kidney diseases, we hypothesized that proteoglycans mediate kidney injury in the context of aldosterone/MR pathway activation. We evaluated the proteoglycan expression and tissue injury in the kidney and isolated glomeruli of uninephrectomy/aldosterone/salt (NAS) mice. The MRA eplerenone was administered to assess the role of the MR pathway. We investigated the direct effects of biglycan, one of the proteoglycans, on macrophages using isolated macrophages. The kidney samples from NAS-treated mice showed enhanced fibrosis and increased expression of biglycan accompanying glomerular macrophage infiltration and enhanced expression of TNF-α, iNOS, Nox2, CCL3 (C-C motif chemokine ligand 3), and phosphorylated NF-κB. Eplerenone blunted these changes. Purified biglycan stimulated macrophages to express TNF-α, iNOS, Nox2, and CCL3. This was prevented by a toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) or NF-κB inhibitor, indicating that biglycan stimulation is dependent on the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. We identified the proteoglycan biglycan as a novel target of MR involved in MR-induced glomerular injury and macrophage infiltration via a biglycan/TLR4/NF-κB/CCL3 cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshifumi Nakamura
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France; (T.N.); (B.B.); (R.P.-R.)
| | - Benjamin Bonnard
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France; (T.N.); (B.B.); (R.P.-R.)
| | - Roberto Palacios-Ramirez
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France; (T.N.); (B.B.); (R.P.-R.)
| | - Amaya Fernández-Celis
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed (Miguel Servet Foundation), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Frédéric Jaisser
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France; (T.N.); (B.B.); (R.P.-R.)
- INSERM, Clinical Investigation Centre 1433, French-Clinical Research Infrastructure Network (F-CRIN) INI-CRCT (Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists), 54500 Nancy, France
- Correspondence: (F.J.); (N.L.-A.); Tel.: +33-144276485 (F.J.); +34-848428539 (N.L.-A.)
| | - Natalia López-Andrés
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed (Miguel Servet Foundation), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- Correspondence: (F.J.); (N.L.-A.); Tel.: +33-144276485 (F.J.); +34-848428539 (N.L.-A.)
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4
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Viengchareun S, Pussard E, Castanet M, Sachs LM, Vu TA, Boileau P, Lombès M, Martinerie L. The invention of aldosterone, how the past resurfaces in pediatric endocrinology. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 535:111375. [PMID: 34197901 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sodium and water homeostasis are drastically modified at birth, in mammals, by the transition from aquatic life to terrestrial life. Accumulating evidence during the past ten years underscores the central role for the mineralocorticoid signaling pathway, in the fine regulation of this equilibrium, at this critical period of development. Interestingly, regarding evolution, while the mineralocorticoid receptor is expressed in fish, the appearance of its related ligand, aldosterone, coincides with terrestrial life, as it is first detected in lungfish and amphibian. Thus, aldosterone is likely one of the main hormones regulating the transition from an aquatic environment to an air environment. This review will focus on the different actors of the mineralocorticoid signaling pathway from aldosterone secretion in the adrenal gland, to mineralocorticoid receptor expression in the kidney, summarizing their regulation and roles throughout fetal and neonatal development, in the light of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Say Viengchareun
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Eric Pussard
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 94275, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Mireille Castanet
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1239, CHU Rouen, Department of Pediatrics, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Laurent M Sachs
- UMR 7221 Molecular Physiology and Adaption, Department Adaptation of Life, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Thi An Vu
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Pascal Boileau
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Department of Neonatal Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Poissy-Saint-Germain, 10, Rue du Champ Gaillard 78300 Poissy France; Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, 78180, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Marc Lombès
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Laetitia Martinerie
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Université de Paris, 75019, Paris, France; Pediatric Endocrinology Department, AP-HP, Hôpital Universitaire Robert-Debre, 75019, Paris, France.
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5
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Tevosian SG, Fox SC, Ghayee HK. Molecular Mechanisms of Primary Aldosteronism. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2019; 34:355-366. [PMID: 31884735 PMCID: PMC6935778 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2019.34.4.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism (PA) results from excess production of mineralocorticoid hormone aldosterone by the adrenal cortex. It is normally caused either by unilateral aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) or by bilateral aldosterone excess as a result of bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. PA is the most common cause of secondary hypertension and associated morbidity and mortality. While most cases of PA are sporadic, an important insight into this debilitating disease has been derived through investigating the familial forms of the disease that affect only a minor fraction of PA patients. The advent of gene expression profiling has shed light on the genes and intracellular signaling pathways that may play a role in the pathogenesis of these tumors. The genetic basis for several forms of familial PA has been uncovered in recent years although the list is likely to expand. Recently, the work from several laboratories provided evidence for the involvement of mammalian target of rapamycin pathway and inflammatory cytokines in APAs; however, their mechanism of action in tumor development and pathophysiology remains to be understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei G Tevosian
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shawna C Fox
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hans K Ghayee
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Nakamura T, Kurihara I, Kobayashi S, Yokota K, Murai-Takeda A, Mitsuishi Y, Morisaki M, Kohata N, Oshima Y, Minami Y, Shibata H, Itoh H. Intestinal Mineralocorticoid Receptor Contributes to Epithelial Sodium Channel-Mediated Intestinal Sodium Absorption and Blood Pressure Regulation. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:JAHA.117.008259. [PMID: 29929989 PMCID: PMC6064907 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.008259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) has pathological roles in various cell types, including renal tubule cells, myocytes, and smooth muscle cells; however, the role of MR in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) has not been sufficiently evaluated. The intestine is the sensing organ of ingested sodium; accordingly, intestinal MR is expected to have essential roles in blood pressure (BP) regulation. Methods and Results We generated IEC‐specific MR knockout (IEC‐MR‐KO) mice. With a standard diet, fecal sodium excretion was 1.5‐fold higher in IEC‐MR‐KO mice, with markedly decreased colonic expression of β‐ and γ‐epithelial sodium channel, than in control mice. Urinary sodium excretion in IEC‐MR‐KO mice decreased by 30%, maintaining sodium balance; however, a low‐salt diet caused significant reductions in body weight and BP in IEC‐MR‐KO mice, and plasma aldosterone exhibited a compensatory increase. With a high‐salt diet, intestinal sodium absorption markedly increased to similar levels in both genotypes, without an elevation in BP. Deoxycorticosterone/salt treatment elevated BP and increased intestinal sodium absorption in both genotypes. Notably, the increase in BP was significantly smaller in IEC‐MR‐KO mice than in control mice. The addition of the MR antagonist spironolactone to deoxycorticosterone/salt treatment eliminated the differences in BP and intestinal sodium absorption between genotypes. Conclusions Intestinal MR regulates intestinal sodium absorption in the colon and contributes to BP regulation. These regulatory effects are associated with variation in epithelial sodium channel expression. These findings suggest that intestinal MR is a new target for studying the molecular mechanism of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshifumi Nakamura
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isao Kurihara
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sakiko Kobayashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yokota
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayano Murai-Takeda
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Mitsuishi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuha Morisaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nao Kohata
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Oshima
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Minami
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Shibata
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Itoh
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Chen L, Gao C, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Chen E, Zhang W. Highly tamoxifen-inducible principal cell-specific Cre mice with complete fidelity in cell specificity and no leakiness. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 314:F572-F583. [PMID: 29357435 PMCID: PMC5966762 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00436.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An ideal inducible system should be cell specific and have absolutely no background recombination without induction (i.e., no leakiness), a high recombination rate after induction, and complete fidelity in cell specificity (i.e., restricted recombination exclusively in cells where the driver gene is expressed). However, such an ideal mouse model remains unavailable for collecting duct research. Here, we report a mouse model that meets these criteria. In this model, a cassette expressing ERT2CreERT2 ( ECE) is inserted at the ATG of the endogenous Aqp2 locus to disrupt Aqp2 function and to express ECE under the control of the Aqp2 promoter. The resulting allele is named Aqp2ECE. There was no indication of a significant impact of disruption of a copy of Aqp2 on renal function and blood pressure control in adult Aqp2ECE/+ heterozygotes. Without tamoxifen, Aqp2ECE did not activate a Cre-dependent red fluorescence protein (RFP) reporter in adult kidneys. A single injection of tamoxifen (2 mg) to adult mice enabled Aqp2ECE to induce robust RFP expression in the whole kidney 24 h postinjection, with the highest recombination efficiency of 95% in the inner medulla. All RFP-labeled cells expressed principal cell markers (Aqp2 and Aqp3), but not intercalated cell markers (V-ATPase B1B2, and carbonic anhydrase II). Hence, Aqp2ECE confers principal cell-specific tamoxifen-inducible recombination with absolutely no leakiness, high inducibility, and complete fidelity in cell specificity, which should be an important tool for temporospatial control of target genes in the principal cells and for Aqp2+ lineage tracing in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihe Chen
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Chao Gao
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College , Albany, New York
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College , Albany, New York
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College , Albany, New York
| | - Enuo Chen
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College , Albany, New York
| | - Wenzheng Zhang
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College , Albany, New York
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8
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Montes-Cobos E, Schweingruber N, Li X, Fischer HJ, Reichardt HM, Lühder F. Deletion of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor in Myeloid Cells Attenuates Central Nervous System Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1319. [PMID: 29081780 PMCID: PMC5645513 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Monocytes, macrophages, and microglia can adopt two distinct phenotypes, with M1-polarized cells being more related to inflammation and autoimmunity while M2-polarized cells contribute to tissue repair and anti-inflammatory processes. Here, we show that deletion of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in bone marrow-derived macrophages and peritoneal macrophages caused their polarization toward the M2 phenotype with its distinct gene expression, altered phagocytic and migratory properties, and dampened NO production. After induction of EAE, mice that are selectively devoid of the MR in their myeloid cells (MRlysM mice) showed diminished clinical symptoms and ameliorated histological hallmarks of neuroinflammation. T cells in peripheral lymphoid organs of these mice produced less pro-inflammatory cytokines while their proliferation and the abundance of regulatory T cells were unaltered. The numbers of inflammatory monocytes and reactive microglia in the central nervous system (CNS) in MRlysM mice were significantly lower and they adopted an M2-polarized phenotype based on their gene expression profile, presumably explaining the ameliorated neuroinflammation. Our results indicate that the MR in myeloid cells plays a critical role for CNS autoimmunity, providing a rational to interfere with diseases such as MS by pharmacologically targeting this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Montes-Cobos
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Nils Schweingruber
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Institute of Neuroimmunology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Xiao Li
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Henrike J Fischer
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Institute of Neuroimmunology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Holger M Reichardt
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Fred Lühder
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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9
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Chen L, Higgins PJ, Zhang W. Development and Diseases of the Collecting Duct System. Results Probl Cell Differ 2017; 60:165-203. [PMID: 28409346 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-51436-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The collecting duct of the mammalian kidney is important for the regulation of extracellular volume, osmolarity, and pH. There are two major structurally and functionally distinct cell types: principal cells and intercalated cells. The former regulates Na+ and water homeostasis, while the latter participates in acid-base homeostasis. In vivo lineage tracing using Cre recombinase or its derivatives such as CreGFP and CreERT2 is a powerful new technique to identify stem/progenitor cells in their native environment and to decipher the origins of the tissue that they give rise to. Recent studies using this technique in mice have revealed multiple renal progenitor cell populations that differentiate into various nephron segments and collecting duct. In particular, emerging evidence suggests that like principal cells, most of intercalated cells originate from the progenitor cells expressing water channel Aquaporin 2. Mutations or malfunctions of the channels, pumps, and transporters expressed in the collecting duct system cause various human diseases. For example, gain-of-function mutations in ENaC cause Liddle's syndrome, while loss-of-function mutations in ENaC lead to Pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1. Mutations in either AE1 or V-ATPase B1 result in distal renal tubular acidosis. Patients with disrupted AQP2 or AVPR2 develop nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. A better understanding of the function and development of the collecting duct system may facilitate the discovery of new therapeutic strategies for treating kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihe Chen
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, NHLBI, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1603, USA
| | - Paul J Higgins
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, MC-165, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Wenzheng Zhang
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, MC-165, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY, 12208, USA.
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10
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Adler-Wailes DC, Kramer JA, DePamphilis ML. Geminin Is Essential for Pluripotent Cell Viability During Teratoma Formation, but Not for Differentiated Cell Viability During Teratoma Expansion. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 26:285-302. [PMID: 27821018 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are unusual in that geminin has been reported to be essential either to prevent differentiation by maintaining expression of pluripotency genes or to prevent DNA rereplication-dependent apoptosis. To distinguish between these two incompatible hypotheses, immune-compromised mice were inoculated subcutaneously with ESCs harboring conditional Gmnn alleles alone or together with a tamoxifen-dependent Cre recombinase gene. Mice were then injected with tamoxifen at various times during which the ESCs proliferated and differentiated into a teratoma. For comparison, the same ESCs were cultured in vitro in the presence of monohydroxytamoxifen. The results revealed that geminin is a haplosufficient gene that is essential for ESC viability before they differentiate into a teratoma, but once a teratoma is established, the differentiated cells can continue to proliferate in the absence of Gmnn alleles, geminin protein, and pluripotent stem cells. Thus, differentiated cells did not require geminin for efficient proliferation within the context of a solid tissue, although they did when teratoma cells were cultured in vitro. These results provide proof-of-principle that preventing geminin function could prevent malignancy in tumors derived from pluripotent cells by selectively eliminating the progenitor cells with little harm to normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane C Adler-Wailes
- 1 Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joshua A Kramer
- 2 Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Melvin L DePamphilis
- 1 Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development , Bethesda, Maryland
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11
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Wang F, Lu X, Peng K, Fang H, Zhou L, Su J, Nau A, Yang KT, Ichihara A, Lu A, Zhou SF, Yang T. Antidiuretic Action of Collecting Duct (Pro)Renin Receptor Downstream of Vasopressin and PGE2 Receptor EP4. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 27:3022-3034. [PMID: 27000064 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015050592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the kidney, the (pro)renin receptor (PRR) is predominantly expressed in the collecting duct (CD), particularly in intercalated cells, and it is regulated by the PGE2 receptor EP4 Notably, EP4 also controls urinary concentration through regulation of aquaporin 2 (AQP2). Here, we tested the hypothesis that sequential activation of EP4 and PRR determines AQP2 expression in the CD, thus mediating the antidiuretic action of vasopressin (AVP). Water deprivation (WD) elevated renal PRR expression and urinary soluble PRR excretion in rats. Intrarenal infusion of a PRR decoy peptide, PRO20, or an EP4 antagonist partially prevented the decrease in urine volume and the increase in urine osmolality and AQP2 expression induced by 48-hour WD. In primary cultures of rat inner medullary CD cells, AQP2 expression induced by AVP treatment for 24 hours depended on sequential activation of the EP4 receptor and PRR. Additionally, mice lacking PRR in the CD exhibited increased urine volume and decreased urine osmolality under basal conditions and impaired urine concentrating capability accompanied by severe volume loss and a dangerous level of plasma hyperosmolality after WD. Together, these results suggest a previously undescribed linear AVP/PGE2/EP4/PRR pathway in the CD for regulation of AQP2 expression and urine concentrating capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Xiaohan Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Kexin Peng
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Hui Fang
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Su
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Adam Nau
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Kevin T Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Atsuhiro Ichihara
- Department of Medicine II, Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Aihua Lu
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Tianxin Yang
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah;
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Adult nephron-specific MR-deficient mice develop a severe renal PHA-1 phenotype. Pflugers Arch 2016; 468:895-908. [PMID: 26762397 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-015-1785-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone is the main mineralocorticoid hormone controlling sodium balance, fluid homeostasis, and blood pressure by regulating sodium reabsorption in the aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron (ASDN). Germline loss-of-function mutations of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in humans and in mice lead to the "renal" form of type 1 pseudohypoaldosteronism (PHA-1), a case of aldosterone resistance characterized by salt wasting, dehydration, failure to thrive, hyperkalemia, and metabolic acidosis. To investigate the importance of MR in adult epithelial cells, we generated nephron-specific MR knockout mice (MR(Pax8/LC1)) using a doxycycline-inducible system. Under standard diet, MR(Pax8/LC1) mice exhibit inability to gain weight and significant weight loss compared to control mice. Interestingly, despite failure to thrive, MR(Pax8/LC1) mice survive but develop a severe PHA-1 phenotype with higher urinary Na(+) levels, decreased plasma Na(+), hyperkalemia, and higher levels of plasma aldosterone. This phenotype further worsens and becomes lethal under a sodium-deficient diet. Na(+)/Cl(-) co-transporter (NCC) protein expression and its phosphorylated form are downregulated in the MR(Pax8/LC1) knockouts, as well as the αENaC protein expression level, whereas the expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is increased. A diet rich in Na(+) and low in K(+) does not restore plasma aldosterone to control levels but is sufficient to restore body weight, plasma, and urinary electrolytes. In conclusion, MR deletion along the nephron fully recapitulates the features of severe human PHA-1. ENaC protein expression is dependent on MR activity. Suppression of NCC under hyperkalemia predominates in a hypovolemic state.
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Terker AS, Yarbrough B, Ferdaus MZ, Lazelle RA, Erspamer KJ, Meermeier NP, Park HJ, McCormick JA, Yang CL, Ellison DH. Direct and Indirect Mineralocorticoid Effects Determine Distal Salt Transport. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:2436-45. [PMID: 26712527 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015070815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess aldosterone is an important contributor to hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Conversely, low circulating aldosterone causes salt wasting and hypotension. Aldosterone activates mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) to increase epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) activity. However, aldosterone may also stimulate the thiazide-sensitive Na(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter (NCC). Here, we generated mice in which MRs could be deleted along the nephron to test this hypothesis. These kidney-specific MR-knockout mice exhibited salt wasting, low BP, and hyperkalemia. Notably, we found evidence of deficient apical orientation and cleavage of ENaC, despite the salt wasting. Although these mice also exhibited deficient NCC activity, NCC could be stimulated by restricting dietary potassium, which also returned BP to control levels. Together, these results indicate that MRs regulate ENaC directly, but modulation of NCC is mediated by secondary changes in plasma potassium concentration. Electrolyte balance and BP seem to be determined, therefore, by a delicate interplay between direct and indirect mineralocorticoid actions in the distal nephron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Terker
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; and
| | - Bethzaida Yarbrough
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; and
| | - Mohammed Z Ferdaus
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; and
| | - Rebecca A Lazelle
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; and
| | - Kayla J Erspamer
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; and
| | - Nicholas P Meermeier
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; and
| | - Hae J Park
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; and
| | - James A McCormick
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; and
| | - Chao-Ling Yang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; and Renal Section, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon
| | - David H Ellison
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; and Renal Section, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon
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Montes-Cobos E, Li X, Fischer HJ, Sasse A, Kügler S, Didié M, Toischer K, Fassnacht M, Dressel R, Reichardt HM. Inducible Knock-Down of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor in Mice Disturbs Regulation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System and Attenuates Heart Failure Induced by Pressure Overload. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143954. [PMID: 26605921 PMCID: PMC4659617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) inactivation in mice results in early postnatal lethality. Therefore we generated mice in which MR expression can be silenced during adulthood by administration of doxycycline (Dox). Using a lentiviral approach, we obtained two lines of transgenic mice harboring a construct that allows for regulatable MR inactivation by RNAi and concomitant expression of eGFP. MR mRNA levels in heart and kidney of inducible MR knock-down mice were unaltered in the absence of Dox, confirming the tightness of the system. In contrast, two weeks after Dox administration MR expression was significantly diminished in a variety of tissues. In the kidney, this resulted in lower mRNA levels of selected target genes, which was accompanied by strongly increased serum aldosterone and plasma renin levels as well as by elevated sodium excretion. In the healthy heart, gene expression and the amount of collagen were unchanged despite MR levels being significantly reduced. After transverse aortic constriction, however, cardiac hypertrophy and progressive heart failure were attenuated by MR silencing, fibrosis was unaffected and mRNA levels of a subset of genes reduced. Taken together, we believe that this mouse model is a useful tool to investigate the role of the MR in pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Montes-Cobos
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xiao Li
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Henrike J. Fischer
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - André Sasse
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kügler
- Department of Neurology, Center for Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Didié
- Institute of Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
- Partner site Göttingen, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Karl Toischer
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
- Partner site Göttingen, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Fassnacht
- Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Dressel
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
- Partner site Göttingen, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Holger M. Reichardt
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Terker AS, Ellison DH. Renal mineralocorticoid receptor and electrolyte homeostasis. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 309:R1068-70. [PMID: 26136532 PMCID: PMC4839474 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00135.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The renal mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is a steroid hormone receptor essential for maintaining electrolyte homeostasis. Its role in mediating effects of aldosterone was likely vital in enabling the evolution of terrestrial life. Dysregulated aldosterone-MR signaling has been identified as the cause of multiple clinical diseases, suggesting the physiological importance of the MR. While the physiology of this pathway has been studied for over 60 years, only more recently have genetic mouse models been available to dissect its function in vivo. This review will focus on recent advances in our knowledge of MR function with an emphasis on these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Terker
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; and
| | - David H Ellison
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; and Veteran Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon
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Lother A, Moser M, Bode C, Feldman RD, Hein L. Mineralocorticoids in the heart and vasculature: new insights for old hormones. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 55:289-312. [PMID: 25251996 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010814-124302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid aldosterone is a key regulator of water and electrolyte homeostasis. Numerous recent developments have advanced the field of mineralocorticoid pharmacology—namely, clinical trials have shown the beneficial effects of aldosterone antagonists in chronic heart failure and post-myocardial infarction treatment. Experimental studies using cell type-specific gene targeting of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) gene in mice have revealed the importance of extrarenal aldosterone signaling in cardiac myocytes, endothelial cells, vascular smooth cells, and macrophages. In addition, several molecular pathways involving signal transduction via the classical MR as well as the G protein-coupled receptor GPER mediate the diverse spectrum of effects of aldosterone on cells. This knowledge has initiated the development of new pharmacological ligands to specifically interfere with targets on different levels of aldosterone signaling. For example, aldosterone synthase inhibitors such as LCI699 and the novel nonsteroidal MR antagonist BAY 94-8862 have been tested in clinical trials. Interference with the interaction between MR and its coregulators seems to be a promising strategy toward the development of selective MR modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Lother
- Heart Center, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
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Barrett KV, McCurley AT, Jaffe IZ. Direct contribution of vascular mineralocorticoid receptors to blood pressure regulation. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2014; 40:902-9. [PMID: 23710823 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is an extremely prevalent cardiovascular risk factor and current antihypertensive therapies do not adequately treat hypertension in many affected individuals. Thus, a better understanding of mechanisms of hypertension could lead to novel therapies. Mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) are known to regulate blood pressure by responding to aldosterone in the kidney to regulate sodium retention. Recent evidence supports a direct contribution of the vasculature to control of BP and suggests the possibility that MR antagonists may also lower blood pressure by acting on extrarenal MR. This review summarizes existing research considering the role of the vascular MR in regulating vasoreactivity and blood pressure. Multiple studies indicate a role for vascular MR in modulating vasoconstriction and vasorelaxation. Activation of MR in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells leads to increased reactive oxygen species production and decreased availability of nitric oxide, important regulators of vascular reactivity. Transgenic mouse models, including an endothelial MR overexpressing mouse and a smooth muscle cell-specific MR-knockout mouse, support a direct role for vascular MR in control of blood pressure. This new evidence demonstrating that vascular MR directly contribute to control of vasoreactivity and blood pressure supports vascular MR and the pathways they control as novel therapeutic targets to treat hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen V Barrett
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Sackler School of Biomedical Graduate Studies, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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McGraw AP, McCurley A, Preston IR, Jaffe IZ. Mineralocorticoid receptors in vascular disease: connecting molecular pathways to clinical implications. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2014; 15:340. [PMID: 23719923 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-013-0340-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), a steroid-hormone-activated transcription factor, plays a substantial role in cardiovascular diseases. MR antagonists (MRAs) have long been appreciated as effective treatments for heart failure and hypertension; however, recent research suggests that additional patient populations may also benefit from MRA therapy. Experimental evidence demonstrates that in addition to its classic role in the regulating sodium handling in the kidney, functional MR is expressed in the blood vessels and contributes to hypertension, vascular inflammation and remodeling, and atherogenesis. MR activation drives pathological phenotypes in smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and inflammatory cells, whereas MRAs inhibit these effects. Collectively, these studies demonstrate a new role for extrarenal MR in cardiovascular disease. This review summarizes these new lines of evidence and how they contribute to the mechanisms of atherosclerosis, pulmonary and systemic hypertension, and vein graft failure, and describes new patient populations that may benefit from MRA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P McGraw
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA, USA.
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Rossier BC, Staub O, Hummler E. Genetic dissection of sodium and potassium transport along the aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron: importance in the control of blood pressure and hypertension. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:1929-41. [PMID: 23684652 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we discuss genetic evidence supporting Guyton's hypothesis stating that blood pressure control is critically depending on fluid handling by the kidney. The review is focused on the genetic dissection of sodium and potassium transport in the distal nephron and the collecting duct that are the most important sites for the control of sodium and potassium balance by aldosterone and angiotensin II. Thanks to the study of Mendelian forms of hypertension and their corresponding transgenic mouse models, three main classes of diuretic receptors (furosemide, thiazide, amiloride) and the main components of the aldosterone- and angiotensin-dependent signaling pathways were molecularly identified over the past 20 years. This will allow to design rational strategies for the treatment of hypertension and for the development of the next generation of diuretics.
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Smooth muscle cell mineralocorticoid receptors: role in vascular function and contribution to cardiovascular disease. Pflugers Arch 2013; 465:1661-70. [PMID: 23636772 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1282-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), a member of the steroid receptor family, regulates blood pressure by mediating the effects of the hormone aldosterone on renal sodium handling. In recent years, it has become clear that MR is expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and interest has grown in understanding the direct role of SMC MR in regulating vascular function. This interest stems from multiple clinical studies where MR inhibitor treatment reduced the incidence of cardiovascular events and mortality. This review summarizes the most recent advances in our understanding of SMC MR in regulating normal vascular function and in promoting vascular disease. Many new studies suggest a role for SMC MR activation in stimulating vascular contraction and contributing to vessel inflammation, fibrosis, and remodeling. These detrimental vascular effects of MR activation appear to be independent of changes in blood pressure and are synergistic with the presence of endothelial dysfunction or damage. Thus, in humans with underlying cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular risk factors, SMC MR activation may promote hypertension, atherosclerosis, and vascular aging. Further exploration of the molecular mechanisms for the effects of SMC MR activation has the potential to identify novel therapeutic targets to prevent or treat common cardiovascular disorders.
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McCurley A, Pires PW, Bender SB, Aronovitz M, Zhao MJ, Metzger D, Chambon P, Hill MA, Dorrance AM, Mendelsohn ME, Jaffe IZ. Direct regulation of blood pressure by smooth muscle cell mineralocorticoid receptors. Nat Med 2012; 18:1429-33. [PMID: 22922412 PMCID: PMC3491085 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy McCurley
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Kerecuk L, Long DA, Ali Z, Anders C, Kolatsi-Joannou M, Scambler PJ, Woolf AS. Expression of Fraser syndrome genes in normal and polycystic murine kidneys. Pediatr Nephrol 2012; 27:991-8. [PMID: 21993971 PMCID: PMC3337421 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-012-2100-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fraser syndrome (FS) features renal agenesis and cystic kidneys. Mutations of FRAS1 (Fraser syndrome 1)and FREM2 (FRAS1-related extracellular matrix protein 2)cause FS. They code for basement membrane proteins expressed in metanephric epithelia where they mediate epithelial/mesenchymal signalling. Little is known about whether and where these molecules are expressed in more mature kidneys. METHODS In healthy and congenital polycystic kidney (cpk)mouse kidneys we sought Frem2 expression using a LacZ reporter gene and quantified Fras family transcripts. Fras1 immunohistochemistry was undertaken in cystic kidneys from cpk mice and PCK (Pkhd1 mutant) rats (models of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease) and in wildtype metanephroi rendered cystic by dexamethasone. RESULTS Nascent nephrons transiently expressed Frem2 in both tubule and podocyte epithelia. Maturing and adult collecting ducts also expressed Frem2. Frem2 was expressed in cpk cystic epithelia although Frem2 haploinsufficiency did not significantly modify cystogenesis in vivo. Fras1 transcripts were significantly upregulated, and Frem3 downregulated, in polycystic kidneys versus the non-cystic kidneys of littermates. Fras1 was immunodetected in cpk, PCK and dexamethasone-induced cystepithelia. CONCLUSIONS These descriptive results are consistent with the hypothesis that Fras family molecules play diverse roles in kidney epithelia. In future, this should be tested by conditional deletion of FS genes in nephron segments and collecting ducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Kerecuk
- UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Corina Anders
- School of Biomedicine, University of Manchester and Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | - Adrian S. Woolf
- School of Biomedicine, University of Manchester and Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- Developmental and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
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[Progress in Cre/lox site-specific recombination system in higher eukaryotes]. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2012; 34:177-89. [PMID: 22382059 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2012.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cre/lox system derived from P1 bacteriaphage can quickly and effectively achieve gene insertion, deletion, replacement, and inversion by means of site-specific recombination. As one of the most important tools for gene targeting at present, Cre/lox system has been widely used in Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa L., Mus musculus, Drosophila melanogaster, Danio rerio, and other higher eukaryotic organisms. This review roundly described the basic profile of Cre/lox system, and its application in higher eukaryotes. In addition, we also discussed the main problems and developmental trend of the Cre/lox system in this review, which can be a good reference for using Cre/lox system to realize the gene manipulations of the different high eukaryotic organisms.
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