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García-Giménez JL, Cánovas-Cervera I, Pallardó FV. Oxidative stress and metabolism meet epigenetic modulation in physical exercise. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 213:123-137. [PMID: 38199289 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Physical exercise is established as an important factor of health and generally is recommended for its positive effects on several tissues, organs, and systems. These positive effects come from metabolic adaptations that also include oxidative eustress, in which physical activity increases ROS production and antioxidant mechanisms, although this depends on the intensity of the exercise. Muscle metabolism through mechanisms such as aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and oxidative lipid metabolism can produce metabolites and co-factors which directly impact the epigenetic machinery. In this review, we clearly reinforce the evidence that exercise regulates several epigenetic mechanisms and explain how these mechanisms can be regulated by metabolic products and co-factors produced during exercise. In fact, recent evidence has demonstrated the importance of epigenetics in the gene expression changes implicated in metabolic adaptation after exercise. Importantly, intermediates of the metabolism generated by continuous, acute, moderate, or strenuous exercise control the activity of epigenetic enzymes, therefore turning on or turning off the gene expression of specific programs which can lead to physiological adaptations after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis García-Giménez
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Av/Blasco Ibañez, 15, Valencia, 46010, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, Av/Menéndez Pelayo. 4acc, Valencia, 46010, Spain; CIBERER, The Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases, ISCIII, C. de Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Irene Cánovas-Cervera
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Av/Blasco Ibañez, 15, Valencia, 46010, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, Av/Menéndez Pelayo. 4acc, Valencia, 46010, Spain.
| | - Federico V Pallardó
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Av/Blasco Ibañez, 15, Valencia, 46010, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, Av/Menéndez Pelayo. 4acc, Valencia, 46010, Spain; CIBERER, The Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases, ISCIII, C. de Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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Regulation of Energy Substrate Metabolism in Endurance Exercise. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094963. [PMID: 34066984 PMCID: PMC8124511 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The human body requires energy to function. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the cellular currency for energy-requiring processes including mechanical work (i.e., exercise). ATP used by the cells is ultimately derived from the catabolism of energy substrate molecules—carbohydrates, fat, and protein. In prolonged moderate to high-intensity exercise, there is a delicate interplay between carbohydrate and fat metabolism, and this bioenergetic process is tightly regulated by numerous physiological, nutritional, and environmental factors such as exercise intensity and duration, body mass and feeding state. Carbohydrate metabolism is of critical importance during prolonged endurance-type exercise, reflecting the physiological need to regulate glucose homeostasis, assuring optimal glycogen storage, proper muscle fuelling, and delaying the onset of fatigue. Fat metabolism represents a sustainable source of energy to meet energy demands and preserve the ‘limited’ carbohydrate stores. Coordinated neural, hormonal and circulatory events occur during prolonged endurance-type exercise, facilitating the delivery of fatty acids from adipose tissue to the working muscle for oxidation. However, with increasing exercise intensity, fat oxidation declines and is unable to supply ATP at the rate of the exercise demand. Protein is considered a subsidiary source of energy supporting carbohydrates and fat metabolism, contributing to approximately 10% of total ATP turnover during prolonged endurance-type exercise. In this review we present an overview of substrate metabolism during prolonged endurance-type exercise and the regulatory mechanisms involved in ATP turnover to meet the energetic demands of exercise.
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Bezborodkina NN, Stepanov AV, Vorobev ML, Chestnova AY, Stein GI, Kudryavtsev BN. Cytochemical analysis of spatial structure of glycogen molecules in rat hepatocytes. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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de Oliveira EA, Dall’olio S, Tassone F, Arduini A, Nanni Costa L. The effect of stress immediately prior to stunning on proglycogen, macroglycogen, lactate and meat quality traits in different pig breeds. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2018.1449672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefania Dall’olio
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Tassone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Agnese Arduini
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Leonardo Nanni Costa
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Bezborodkina NN, Chestnova AY, Vorobev ML, Kudryavtsev BN. Spatial Structure of Glycogen Molecules in Cells. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:467-482. [PMID: 29738682 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918050012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen is a strongly branched polymer of α-D-glucose, with glucose residues in the linear chains linked by 1→4-bonds (~93% of the total number of bonds) and with branching after every 4-8 residues formed by 1→6-glycosidic bonds (~7% of the total number of bonds). It is thought currently that a fully formed glycogen molecule (β-particle) with the self-glycosylating protein glycogenin in the center has a spherical shape with diameter of ~42 nm and contains ~ 55,000 glucose residues. The glycogen molecule also includes numerous proteins involved in its synthesis and degradation, as well as proteins performing a carcass function. However, the type and force of bonds connecting these proteins to the polysaccharide moiety of glycogen are significantly different. This review presents the available data on the spatial structure of the glycogen molecule and its changes under various physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Bezborodkina
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia.
| | - A Yu Chestnova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - M L Vorobev
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - B N Kudryavtsev
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
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Ghafouri Z, Rasouli M. Physicochemical Characteristics of Rat Muscle Glycogen Fractions. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:BC05-BC08. [PMID: 28571127 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/24566.9618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Homogenization of animal tissues with cold Perchloric Acid (PCA) produces two fractions of glycogen, Acid Soluble Glycogen (ASG) and Acid Insoluble Glycogen (AIG). AIM To determine some physicochemical characteristics of muscle glycogen fractions in two groups of rat. MATERIALS AND METHODS An experimental study was conducted on two groups of five male rats. Rats in control group were kept at rest and in case group on 30 minutes physical activity. The content of carbohydrate, protein, phosphate, index and relative Molecular Weights (MWs) were determined for glycogen fractions. RESULTS Total glycogen decreased following muscular activity (1.40±0.08, mg/g wet muscle vs. 0.97±0.11, p<0.05) and the change occurred totally in ASG (1.02±0.07 vs. 0.57±0.07, p=0.017), whereas, AIG changed insignificantly (0.39±0.05 vs. 0.36±0.02, p=0.5). The protein content of AIG was about 5.5 times of ASG fraction. The ratio of carbohydrate to protein was 0.33±0.01 (mg/mg) in ASG and decreased to 0.19±0.02, p=0.01 after 30 minute activity. This ratio in AIG was about 6% of ASG fraction and did not change significantly during physical activity. The ratio of phosphate to protein was three times in ASG relative to AIG at rest and did not change following activity. The index of molecular weight was calculated for each fraction of glycogen as the ratio of concentration per osmolality (mg/mmol). The index was 1.82±0.02 for ASG at rest and decreased significantly to 1.07±0.12, p<0.05 following 30 minutes activity. The index did not change significantly for AIG fraction (0.56±0.05 vs. 0.48±0.10, p=0.4). The relative MW of the fractions of ASG to AIG was 3.3±0.3 at rest and decreased significantly to 2.2±0.6, p<0.05 following 30 minutes activity. CONCLUSION Two fractions of muscle glycogen, ASG and AIG, differ in the relative carbohydrate: protein content and ASG have a higher mean of MW and is more metabolic active form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Ghafouri
- PhD Student, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rasouli
- Professor, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunogenetic Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
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Gejl KD, Ørtenblad N, Andersson E, Plomgaard P, Holmberg H, Nielsen J. Local depletion of glycogen with supramaximal exercise in human skeletal muscle fibres. J Physiol 2017; 595:2809-2821. [PMID: 27689320 PMCID: PMC5407966 DOI: 10.1113/jp273109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Glycogen is stored in local spatially distinct compartments within skeletal muscle fibres and is the main energy source during supramaximal exercise. Using quantitative electron microscopy, we show that supramaximal exercise induces a differential depletion of glycogen from these compartments and also demonstrate how this varies with fibre types. Repeated exercise alters this compartmentalized glycogen depletion. The results obtained in the present study help us understand the muscle metabolic dynamics of whole body repeated supramaximal exercise, and suggest that the muscle has a compartmentalized local adaptation to repeated exercise, which affects glycogen depletion. ABSTRACT Skeletal muscle glycogen is heterogeneously distributed in three separated compartments (intramyofibrillar, intermyofibrillar and subsarcolemmal). Although only constituting 3-13% of the total glycogen volume, the availability of intramyofibrillar glycogen is of particular importance to muscle function. The present study aimed to investigate the depletion of these three subcellular glycogen compartments during repeated supramaximal exercise in elite athletes. Ten elite cross-country skiers (aged 25 ± 4 years, V̇O2 max : 65 ± 4 ml kg-1 min-1 ; mean ± SD) performed four ∼4 min supramaximal sprint time trials (STT 1-4) with 45 min of recovery. The subcellular glycogen volumes in musculus triceps brachii were quantified from electron microscopy images before and after both STT 1 and 4. During STT 1, the depletion of intramyofibrillar glycogen was higher in type 1 fibres [-52%; (-89:-15%)] than type 2 fibres [-15% (-52:22%)] (P = 0.02), whereas the depletion of intermyofibrillar glycogen [main effect: -19% (-33:0%), P = 0.006] and subsarcolemmal glycogen [main effect: -35% (-66:0%), P = 0.03] was similar between fibre types. By contrast, only intermyofibrillar glycogen volume was significantly reduced during STT 4, in both fibre types [main effect: -31% (-50:-11%), P = 0.002]. Furthermore, for each of the subcellular compartments, the depletion of glycogen during STT 1 was associated with the volumes of glycogen before STT 1. In conclusion, the depletion of spatially distinct glycogen compartments differs during supramaximal exercise. Furthermore, the depletion changes with repeated exercise and is fibre type-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper D. Gejl
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical BiomechanicsSDU Muscle Research ClusterUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
| | - Niels Ørtenblad
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical BiomechanicsSDU Muscle Research ClusterUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
- Swedish Winter Sports Research CentreDepartment of Health SciencesMid Sweden UniversityÖstersundSweden
| | - Erik Andersson
- Swedish Winter Sports Research CentreDepartment of Health SciencesMid Sweden UniversityÖstersundSweden
| | - Peter Plomgaard
- The Centre of Inflammation and MetabolismDepartment of Infectious Diseases and CMRCRigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Clinical BiochemistryRigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Hans‐Christer Holmberg
- Swedish Winter Sports Research CentreDepartment of Health SciencesMid Sweden UniversityÖstersundSweden
- Swedish Olympic CommitteeStockholmSweden
| | - Joachim Nielsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical BiomechanicsSDU Muscle Research ClusterUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
- Department of PathologySDU Muscle Research ClusterOdense University HospitalOdense
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Mojibi N, Rasouli M. Comparison of Methods to Assay Liver Glycogen Fractions: The Effects of Starvation. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:BC17-BC20. [PMID: 28511372 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/24783.9555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are several methods to extract and measure glycogen in animal tissues. Glycogen is extracted with or without homogenization by using cold Perchloric Acid (PCA). AIM Three procedures were compared to determine glycogen fractions in rat liver at different physiological states. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study was conducted on two groups of rats, one group of five rats were fed standard rodent laboratory food and were marked as controls, and another five rats were starved overnight (15 hour) as cases. The glycogen fractions were extracted and measured by using three methods: classical homogenization, total-glycogen-fractionation and homogenization-free protocols. RESULTS The data of homogenization methods showed that following 15 hour starvation, total glycogen decreased (36.4±1.9 vs. 27.7±2.5, p=0.01) and the change occurred entirely in Acid Soluble Glycogen (ASG) (32.0±1.1 vs. 22.7±2.5, p=0.01), while Acid Insoluble Glycogen (AIG) did not change significantly (4.9±0.9 vs. 4.6±0.3, p=0.7). Similar results were achieved by using the method of total-glycogen-fractionation. Homogenization-free procedure indicated that ASG and AIG fractions compromise about 2/3 and 1/3 of total glycogen and the changes occurred in both ASG (24.4±2.6 vs. 16.7±0.4, p<0.05) and AIG fraction (8.7±0.8 vs. 7.1±0.3, p=0.05). CONCLUSION The findings of 'homogenization assay method' indicate that ASG is the major portion of liver glycogen and is more metabolically active form. The same results were obtained by using 'total-glycogen-fractionation method'. 'Homogenization-free method' gave different results, because AIG has been contaminated with ASG fraction. In both 'homogenization' and 'homogenization-free' methods ASG must be extracted at least twice to prevent contamination of AIG with ASG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Mojibi
- PhD Student, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rasouli
- Professor, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunogenetic Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
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Chaosap C, Parr T, Wiseman J. Effect of compensatory growth on forms of glycogen, postmortem proteolysis, and meat quality in pigs. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:2231-42. [PMID: 21317347 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-2953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current experiment was designed to examine if a compensatory feed regimen influenced storage of glycogen forms, activity of proteolytic systems, and meat quality. Female pigs (Large White × Landrace × Duroc cross) with an initial age of 74 d were allocated to 6 feeding treatment groups (n=8 for each group). Groups then consumed feed ad libitum for 40 (A40), 42 (A42), or 82 d (A82). The compensatory growth groups were fed 0.70 of ad libitum intake for 40 d (R40) followed by refeeding for ad libitum intake for 2 (R40A2) or 42 d (R40A42). Pigs were slaughtered at the end of the restriction period (SL1), then after refeeding for 2 (SL2) and 42 d (SL3). The feeding regimen caused restricted animals at SL2 to have a decreased BW (P=0.039), with the refed animals undergoing compensatory growth by SL3 so BW was not different (P=0.829). At SL1 there was a trend for the R40 pigs to have less intramuscular fat than A40 (P=0.084). There was a trend for macroglycogen (MG; P=0.051) and a significant effect for proglycogen (ProG; P=0.014) to be greater at slaughter in R40 than A40, along with a greater postmortem decline in both MG (P=0.033) and ProG (P=0.022) over the first 2 h in R40, which was associated with the R40 having a lower pH at 24 h postmortem (P=0.043). After refeeding for 2 d (SL2), only MG of R40A2 was greater (P=0.030) than A42 and had a trend for a greater difference of decline at 24 h postmortem (P=0.091), which was associated with lower pH at 24 h (P=0.012). The data suggest that the concentrations of ProG are more labile and recovered to the concentrations of pigs fed for ad libitum intake sooner than MG. After full compensation in SL3, there was no difference for MG content (at 0 h, P=0.721; at 2 h, P=0.987; at 24 h, P=0.343), ProG content (at 0 h, P=0.879; at 2 h, P=0.946; at 24 h, P=0.459), and muscle pH (at 45 min, P=0.373; at 24 h, P=0.226). At all slaughter points, there was no difference in shear force (at SL1, P=0.101; at SL2, P=0.420; at SL3, P=0.167). There were no significant effects of the feeding regimen on micro- and milli-calpain large subunit gene expression (for micro-calpain at SL1, P=0.450; at SL2, P=0.171; at SL3, P=0.281; for milli-calpain at SL1, P=0.666; at SL2, P=0.123; at SL3, P=0.617) or the activity of the 2 proteolytic enzymes at any of the slaughter dates (for micro-calpain at SL1, P=0.238; at SL2, P =0.238; at SL3, P=0.222; for milli-calpain at SL1, P=0.296; at SL2, P=0.230; at SL3, P=0.615). In R40 there was a trend (P=0.070) for greater gene expression of caspase 3, whereas in R40A2 the increase was significant (P=0.009) relative to pigs consuming feed ad libitum. However, gene expression of the E3 ligase, MuRF1, at SL3 was less in R40A42 (P=0.019). Although compensatory growth does appear to influence the expression of various proteolytic systems, the changes do not appear to be associated with meat quality as measured by shear force.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chaosap
- Division of Animal Sciences, The University of Nottingham, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD United Kingdom.
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Harmon KJ, Bolinger MT, Rodnick KJ. Carbohydrate energy reserves and effects of food deprivation in male and female rainbow trout. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2010; 158:423-31. [PMID: 21130180 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of nutritional state on carbohydrate, lipid, and protein stores in the heart, liver, and white skeletal muscle of male and female rainbow trout. For fed animals we also partitioned glycogen into fractions based on acid solubility. Fish (10-14 months-old, ~400-500 g) were held at 14 °C and either fed (1% of body weight, every other day) or deprived of food for 14 days. Under fed conditions, glycogen was increased 54% in ventricles from males compared with females, and elevated in the liver (87%) and white muscle (70%) in sexually-maturing versus immature males. Acid soluble glycogen predominated over the acid insoluble fraction in all tissues and was similar between sexes. Food deprivation 1) selectively reduced glycogen and free glucose in male ventricles by ~30%, and 2) did not change glycogen in the liver or white muscle, or triglyceride, protein or water levels in any tissues for both sexes. These data highlight sex differences in teleost cardiac stores and the metabolism of carbohydrates, and contrast with mammals where cardiac glycogen increases during fasting and acid insoluble glycogen is a significant fraction. Increased glycogen in the hearts of male rainbow trout appears to pre-empt sex-specific cardiac growth while storage of acid soluble glycogen may reflect a novel strategy for efficient synthesis and mobilization of glycogen in fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli J Harmon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209-8007, USA
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Bröjer J, Holm S, Jonasson R, Hedenström U, Essén-Gustavsson B. Synthesis of proglycogen and macroglycogen in skeletal muscle of Standardbred trotters after intermittent exercise. Equine Vet J 2010:335-9. [PMID: 17402443 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05564.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY The degradation of glycogen and its two forms, proglycogen (PG) and macroglycogen (MG) has been studied in horses performing different types of exercise, but no information is available about the resynthesis of PG and MG after exercise. OBJECTIVES To determine the resynthesis of PG and MG in skeletal muscle after intermittent uphill exercise. METHODS At a training camp 9 well-trained Standardbred trotters performed a training session comprising a warm-up period, 7 repeated 500 m bouts of exercise on an uphill slope and a recovery period. Muscle biopsies (m. gluteus medius) for analysis of PG, MG, glucose and glucose-6-phosphate were taken at rest, at the end of exercise and 1, 4, 8, 24, 48 and 72 h post exercise. Blood samples for analysis of glucose, lactate and insulin were collected before exercise, immediately after the last bout of exercise and then as for the muscle biopsies. RESULTS The MG and PG concentration pre-exercise was 311 - 47 and 305 +/- 55 mmol/kg dwt respectively. The exercise caused a decrease in PG (A 63 +/- 26 mmol/kg dwt) and MG (delta 136 +/- 68 mmol/kg dwt). Immediately after the last sprint plasma glucose and lactate increased compared to values pre-exercise. During the first hour post exercise there was a further decrease in MG in 7 out of 9 horses. The rate of glycogen resynthesis during 1-24 h was higher for MG than for PG. The rate of muscle glycogen resynthesis thereafter was slower and did not differ between MG and PG up to 72 h. CONCLUSION After repeated bouts of exercise on a slope, resynthesis of glycogen is a slow process and the resynthesis of proglycogen differs from that of macroglycogen. The fraction most depleted during exercise (MG) had no resynthesis during the first hour of recovery but then had the highest rate of resynthesis during the remainder of the first 24 h period. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE If the time between exercise sessions during training is too short the recovery period will be inadequate for complete restoration of muscle glycogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bröjer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Barnes PD, Singh A, Fournier PA. Homogenization-dependent responses of acid-soluble and acid-insoluble glycogen to exercise and refeeding in human muscles. Metabolism 2009; 58:1832-9. [PMID: 19709696 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2009] [Revised: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Muscle glycogen exists as acid-insoluble (AIG) and acid-soluble (ASG) forms, with AIG levels reported in most recent studies in humans to be the most responsive to exercise and refeeding. Because the muscle samples in these studies were not homogenized to extract glycogen, such homogenization-free protocols might have resulted in a suboptimal yield of ASG. Our goal, therefore, was to determine whether similar findings can be achieved using homogenized muscle samples by comparing the effect of exercise and refeeding on ASG and AIG levels. Eight male participants cycled for 60 minutes at 70% Vo(2peak) before ingesting 10.9 +/- 0.6 g carbohydrate per kilogram body mass over 24 hours. Muscle biopsies were taken before exercise and after 0, 2, and 24 hours of recovery. Using a homogenization-dependent protocol to extract glycogen, 77% to 91% of it was extracted as ASG, compared with 11% to 24% with a homogenization-free protocol. In response to exercise, muscle glycogen levels fell from 366 +/- 24 to 184 +/- 46 mmol/kg dry weight and returned to 232 +/- 32 and 503 +/- 59 mmol/kg dry weight after 2 and 24 hours, respectively. Acid-soluble glycogen but not AIG accounted for all the changes in total glycogen during exercise and refeeding when extracted using a homogenization-dependent protocol, but AIG was the most responsive fraction when extracted using a homogenization-free protocol. In conclusion, the patterns of response of ASG and AIG levels to changes in glycogen concentrations in human muscles are highly dependent on the protocol used to acid-extract glycogen, with the physiologic significance of the many previous studies on AIG and ASG being in need of revision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip D Barnes
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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James AP, Barnes PD, Palmer TN, Fournier PA. Proglycogen and macroglycogen: artifacts of glycogen extraction? Metabolism 2008; 57:535-43. [PMID: 18328357 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2007.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Most recent studies on the physiology of proglycogen and macroglycogen in skeletal muscles have adopted a homogenization-free acid extraction protocol to separate these 2 pools of glycogen. The purposes of this study were to determine (a) whether this protocol is suitable; (b) if the acid-insoluble glycogen fraction corresponds to proglycogen; and (c) if this fraction accounts for most of the changes in muscle glycogen content, irrespective of muscle fiber types. Using the rat as our experimental model, this study shows that when the conditions of acid extraction are optimized, 52% to 64% of glycogen in rat muscles is found as acid-soluble glycogen as opposed to approximately 16% when glycogen is extracted using a homogenization-free extraction protocol. Moreover, there is no evidence that the acid-insoluble glycogen corresponds to proglycogen because gel chromatography of the acid-insoluble and acid-soluble glycogen fractions shows similar elution profiles of high-molecular weight glycogen. Finally, irrespective of muscle fiber types, the acid-soluble glycogen accounts for most of the changes in total muscle glycogen levels during the fasting-to-fed transition, whereas the levels of the acid-insoluble glycogen remain stable or increase marginally. In conclusion, this study shows that the homogenization-free acid extraction of muscle glycogen underestimates the proportion of acid-soluble glycogen and that the findings of the studies that have adopted such an extraction protocol to examine the physiology of acid-insoluble and acid-soluble glycogens require reexamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P James
- School of Public Health, Curtin University of Technology, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
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Effect of glycogen concentration and form on the response to electrical stimulation and rate of post-mortem glycolysis in ovine muscle. Meat Sci 2008; 78:202-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2007.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Revised: 06/05/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Foskett A, Williams C, Boobis L, Tsintzas K. Carbohydrate availability and muscle energy metabolism during intermittent running. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008; 40:96-103. [PMID: 18091017 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181586b2c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the influence of ingesting a carbohydrate-electrolyte (CHO-E) solution on muscle glycogen use and intermittent running capacity after consumption of a carbohydrate (CHO)-rich diet. METHODS Six male volunteers (mean +/- SD: age 22.7 +/- 3.4 yr; body mass (BM) 75.0 +/- 4.3 kg; V O2 max 60.2 +/- 1.6 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1)) performed two trials separated by 14 d in a randomized, crossover design. Subjects consumed either a 6.4% CHO-E solution or a placebo (PLA) in a double-blind fashion immediately before each trial (8 mL x kg(-1) BM) and at 15-min intervals (3 mL x kg(-1) BM) during intermittent high-intensity running to fatigue performed after CHO loading for 2 d. Muscle biopsy samples were obtained before exercise, after 90 min of exercise, and at fatigue. RESULTS Subjects ran longer in the CHO-E trial (158.0 +/- 28.4 min) compared with the PLA trial (131.0 +/- 19.7 min; P < 0.05). There were no differences in muscle glycogen use for the first 90 min of exercise (approximately 2 mmol of glucosyl units per kilogram of dry matter (DM) per minute). However, there was a trend for a greater use in the PLA trial after 90 min (4.2 +/- 2.8 mmol x kg(-1) DM x min(-1)) compared with the CHO-E trial (2.5 +/- 0.7 mmol x kg(-1) DM x min(-1); P = 0.10). Plasma glucose concentrations were higher at fatigue in the CHO-E than in the PLA trial (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that CHO-E ingestion improves endurance capacity during intermittent high-intensity running in subjects with high preexercise muscle glycogen concentrations. The greater endurance capacity cannot be explained solely by differences in muscle glycogen, and it may actually be a consequence of the higher plasma glucose concentration towards the end of exercise that provided a sustained source of CHO for muscle metabolism and for the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Foskett
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand.
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16
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Lima-Silva AE, Fernandes TC, De-Oliveira FR, Nakamura FY, Gevaerd MDS. Metabolismo do glicogênio muscular durante o exercício físico: mecanismos de regulação. REV NUTR 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-52732007000400009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Uma série de estudos tem sido realizada para compreensão do metabolismo de glicogênio muscular durante o exercício. Estudos clássicos apontaram uma associação entre as reservas iniciais de glicogênio muscular e o tempo de sustentação do esforço. O glicogênio muscular diminui de forma semi-logarítmica em função do tempo, mas a concentração desse substrato não chega a zero, o que sugere a participação de outros mecanismos de fadiga na interrupção do exercício prolongado. Nesse tipo de atividade, a depleção de glicogênio, primeiro, ocorre nas fibras de contração lenta, seguida pela depleção nas de contração rápida. A diminuição na taxa de utilização de glicogênio muscular está sincronicamente ligada ao aumento no metabolismo de gordura, mas o mecanismo fisiológico é pouco compreendido. Estudos recentes sugerem que uma diminuição da insulina durante o exercício limitaria o transporte de glicose pela membrana plasmática, causando um aumento no consumo de ácidos graxos. Alguns estudos têm demonstrado, também, que a própria estrutura do glicogênio muscular pode controlar a entrada de ácidos graxos livres na célula, via proteína quinase. Fisicamente, a molécula de glicogênio se apresenta de duas formas, uma com estrutura molecular menor (aproximadamente, 4,10(5) Da, Proglicogênio) e outra maior (aproximadamente, 10(7) Da, Macroglicogênio). Aparentemente, a forma Proglicogênio é metabolicamente mais ativa no exercício e a Macroglicogênio mais suscetível a aumentar com dietas de supercompensação. Maior concentração de hipoxantinas e amônia no exercício com depleção de glicogênio muscular também foi relatada, mas estudos com melhor controle da intensidade do esforço podem ajudar a elucidar essa questão.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Eduardo Lima-Silva
- Instituto Superior e Centro Educacional Luterano Bom Jesus, Brasil; Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil
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17
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Marchand I, Tarnopolsky M, Adamo KB, Bourgeois JM, Chorneyko K, Graham TE. Quantitative assessment of human muscle glycogen granules size and number in subcellular locations during recovery from prolonged exercise. J Physiol 2007; 580:617-28. [PMID: 17272352 PMCID: PMC2075564 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.122457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Although data relating to muscle glycogen are interpreted as showing it is homogenous when quantified biochemically, it is actually in granules in specific subcellular locations. We hypothesized that postexercise restoration of muscle glycogen would occur initially by an increase in granule number followed by an increase in size, and also that restoration would differ in various subcellular locations. Five men performed prolonged exercise and had muscle biopsies taken at 0, 4, 24 and 48 h of recovery. We quantified granule number and size as well as the total volume of glycogen in the subsarcolemmal and the intra- and intermyofibrillar regions, using transmission electron microscopy. Muscle glycogen was reduced to 36 +/- 8.3 mmol glucosyl units (kg dry weight)(-1) at exhaustion, and was preferentially depleted and subsequently repleted in the intramyofibrillar space. The repletion rate was greatest in the first 4 h; this was associated with a 186% increase in number (P < or = 0.05) and no change in particle size (P > or = 0.05). From 4 h to 48 h, there was an increase in particle size (P < or = 0.05) but not number (P > or = 0.05). Net rate of G volume synthesis per unit area was 50% greater (P < or = 0.05) in the subsarcolemmal than the myofibrillar compartment. Conversely, the net rate of single-particle volume synthesis was greater (P < or = 0.05) in the myofibrillar than the subsarcolemmal compartment. Glycogen granules varied in size and number depending on location, and in all compartments resynthesis of glycogen was characterized initially by an increase in granule number and later by an increase in size.
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18
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Ylä-Ajos MS, Lindahl G, Young JF, Theil PK, Puolanne E, Enfält AC, Andersen HJ, Oksbjerg N. Post-mortem activity of the glycogen debranching enzyme and change in the glycogen pools in porcine M. longissimus dorsi from carriers and non-carriers of the RN− gene. Meat Sci 2007; 75:112-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2006.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Revised: 06/02/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Bee G, Biolley C, Guex G, Herzog W, Lonergan SM, Huff-Lonergan E. Effects of available dietary carbohydrate and preslaughter treatment on glycolytic potential, protein degradation, and quality traits of pig muscles. J Anim Sci 2006; 84:191-203. [PMID: 16361507 DOI: 10.2527/2006.841191x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study was conducted to determine the interactive effects of a glycogen-reducing diet fed to finishing pigs and length of preslaughter transportion on muscle metabolic traits, proteolysis of intermediate filament and costameric proteins, and meat quality traits. Large White gilts and barrows (n = 48) were selected at 88 kg of BW and individually fed for 21 d a diet (2.6 kg/d) either high (HC) or low (LC) in available carbohydrates. Six gilts and 6 barrows fed the HC and LC diets were subjected to 0 or 3 h of transportation on the day of slaughter. Muscle temperature and pH were measured at 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5, and 24 h postmortem in the LM and 24 h postmortem in the dark (STD) and light (STL) portion of the semitendinosus. At 24 h postmortem, glycolytic potential (GP) was determined in the LM, STD, and STL, as well as proteolysis of titin, nebulin, desmin, vinculin, and talin in the LM and STD. The GP was lower (P < 0.05) in muscles from LC-pigs than in muscles from HC-pigs. The LC diet also resulted in lower (P < 0.05) pH, and a darker (P = 0.03), less (P < 0.01) yellow color in the STL. The LC diet decreased (P = 0.04) cooking losses in the STL and STD. The 3-h journey further decreased (P = 0.05) the GP in the STD, regardless of the diet, but transport had no effect (P > or = 0.67) on the GP of the LM and STL. Ultimate pH of the LM was lower (P = 0.02), and both portions of the semitendinosus were darker (P = 0.01) and less yellow (P < 0.01), in pigs transported 3 vs. 0 h. In pigs transported for 3 h, intact vinculin tended to be more (P = 0.08) degraded in the LM, which coincided with lower (P = 0.04) drip losses in the LM of pigs transported for 3 compared with 0 h. Increased (P < 0.01) proteolysis of titin paralleled lower (P = 0.02) shear force values in the STD of pigs transported 3 vs. 0 h. Although the present results demonstrated the potential of a glycogen-reducing diet to alter the GP of different porcine muscles, the effect of these changes on meat quality traits was limited to higher ultimate pH and darker color in the STL. The positive effects of length of transportation on water-holding capacity (LM and STD) and meat color (STD and STL) were only partially related to the resting muscle glycogen concentration because the 3-h transport lowered the GP only in the muscle with the lowest basal glycogen concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bee
- Agroscope Liebefeld-Posieux, Swiss Federal Research Station for Animal Production and Dairy Products (ALP), Posieux 1725, Switzerland.
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20
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Bröjer JT, Essén-Gustavsson B, Annandale EJ, Valberg SJ. Proglycogen, macroglycogen, glucose, and glucose-6-phosphate concentrations in skeletal muscles of horses with polysaccharide storage myopathy performing light exercise. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67:1589-94. [PMID: 16948606 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.9.1589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine concentrations of proglycogen (PG), macroglycogen (MG), glucose, and glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) in skeletal muscle of horses with polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) before and after performing light submaximal exercise. ANIMALS 6 horses with PSSM and 4 control horses. PROCEDURES Horses with PSSM completed repeated intervals of 2 minutes of walking followed by 2 minutes of trotting on a treadmill until muscle cramping developed. Four untrained control horses performed a similar exercise test for up to 20 minutes. Serum creatine kinase (CK) activity was measured before and 4 hours after exercise. Concentrations of total glycogen (G(t)), PG, MG, G-6-P, free glucose, and lactate were measured in biopsy specimens of gluteal muscle obtained before and after exercise. RESULTS Mean serum CK activity was 26 times higher in PSSM horses than in control horses after exercise. Before exercise, muscle glycogen concentrations were 1.5, 2.2, and 1.7 times higher for PG, MG, and G(t), respectively, in PSSM horses, compared with concentrations in control horses. No significant changes in G(t), PG, MG, G-6-P, and lactate concentrations were detected after exercise. However, free glucose concentrations in skeletal muscle increased significantly in PSSM horses after exercise. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Analysis of the results suggests that glucose uptake in skeletal muscle is augmented in horses with PSSM after light exercise. There is excessive storage of PG and MG in horses with PSSM, and high concentrations of the 2 glycogen fractions may affect functional interactions between glycogenolytic and glycogen synthetic enzymes and glycosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan T Bröjer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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21
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Shearer J, Graham TE, Battram DS, Robinson DL, Richter EA, Wilson RJ, Bakovic M. Glycogenin activity and mRNA expression in response to volitional exhaustion in human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2005; 99:957-62. [PMID: 15860684 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00275.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogenolysis results in the selective catabolism of individual glycogen granules by glycogen phosphorylase. However, once the carbohydrate portion of the granule is metabolized, the fate of glycogenin, the protein primer of granule formation, is not known. To examine this, male subjects ( n = 6) exercised to volitional exhaustion (Exh) on a cycle ergometer at 75% maximal O2uptake. Muscle biopsies were obtained at rest, 30 min, and Exh (99 ± 10 min). At rest, total glycogen concentration was 497 ± 41 and declined to 378 ± 51 mmol glucosyl units/kg dry wt following 30 min of exercise ( P < 0.05). There were no significant changes in proglycogen, macroglycogen, glycogenin activity, or mRNA in this period ( P ≥ 0.05). Exh resulted in decreases in total glycogen, proglycogen, and macroglycogen as well as glycogenin activity ( P < 0.05). These decrements were associated with a 1.9 ± 0.4-fold increase in glycogenin mRNA over resting values ( P < 0.05). Glycogenolysis in the initial exercise period (0–30 min) was not adequate to induce changes in glycogenin; however, later in exercise when concentration and granule number decreased further, decrements in glycogenin activity and increases in glycogenin mRNA were demonstrated. Results show that glycogenin becomes inactivated with glycogen catabolism and that this event coincides with an increase in glycogenin gene expression as exercise and glycogenolysis progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Shearer
- Department of Human Biology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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22
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Pösö A, Puolanne E. Carbohydrate metabolism in meat animals. Meat Sci 2005; 70:423-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2004.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2004] [Revised: 11/26/2004] [Accepted: 12/01/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Andersen HJ, Oksbjerg N, Young JF, Therkildsen M. Feeding and meat quality – a future approach. Meat Sci 2005; 70:543-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2004.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2004] [Revised: 07/12/2004] [Accepted: 07/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Essén-Gustavsson B, Jensen-Waern M, Jonasson R, Andersson L. Effect of exercise on proglycogen and macroglycogen content in skeletal muscles of pigs with the Rendement Napole mutation. Am J Vet Res 2005; 66:1197-201. [PMID: 16111158 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate influence of the Rendement Napole (RN-) mutation on proglycogen (PG) and macroglycogen (MG) content in skeletal muscles before and after exercise and evaluate glycogen concentrations within various muscle fiber types. ANIMALS 5 pigs with the RN- mutation and 3 noncarrier pigs. PROCEDURE Pigs performed 2 exercise tests on a treadmill. In the first, pigs (mean body weight, 27 kg) ran a distance of approximately 800 m. In the second, pigs (mean body weight, 63 kg) ran until fatigued. Biopsy specimens (biceps femoris muscle) for determination of PG and MG contents were obtained before and after exercise, 24 hours after the first test, and 3 hours after the second test. Histochemical analysis was performed on specimens obtained before and after the second test. RESULTS Before exercise, PG stores did not differ markedly between groups, but MG stores were twice as high in pigs with the RN- mutation, compared with noncarrier pigs. The MG content decreased to a similar extent in both groups after exercise. Resynthesis of MG was greater in pigs with the RN- mutation than in noncarrier pigs by 3 hours after exercise. A low glycogen content after exercise was observed in many type I and type IIA fibers and in some type lIB fibers. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The RN- mutation was associated with high MG stores in skeletal muscle that did not influence exercise performance. The RN- mutation did not impair glycogenolysis during exercise but may induce faster resynthesis of MG after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitta Essén-Gustavsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section for Comparative Physiology and Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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25
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Bertram HC, Jakobsen HJ, Nielsen OB. Origin of the high-frequency resonances in 1H NMR spectra of muscle tissue: an in vitro slow magic-angle spinning study. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:3229-3234. [PMID: 15826082 DOI: 10.1021/jf047868j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution slow magic-angle spinning (150 Hz) 1H PASS NMR spectroscopy is performed on intact excised rat m. tibialis anterior. Untreated muscles and muscles in vitro incubated in Krebs-Ringers buffer based on deuterium oxide are investigated. In the high-frequency region of the 1H NMR spectra, resonances from H4 (approximately 7.1-7.2 ppm) and H2 (approximately 8.2-8.5 ppm) in histidine are observed. In addition, a resonance appears at 6.7 ppm for the untreated muscles. However, this resonance is absent in muscles following incubation in deuterium oxide. On the basis of its behavior in deuterium oxide combined with supplementary measurements for creatine solutions, the 6.7 ppm resonance is ascribed to the amino protons in creatine. Moreover, the present study demonstrates that the observation of the 6.7 ppm resonance depends on pH, which explains earlier reports stating its occasional appearance. Finally, measurements on solutions of ATP/AMP and histidine indicate that both ATP/AMP and histidine contribute to the resonances at approximately 8.2-8.5 ppm in the 1H NMR spectra of muscle tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Christine Bertram
- Department of Food Science, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Research Centre Foulum, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
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26
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Wee SL, Williams C, Tsintzas K, Boobis L. Ingestion of a high-glycemic index meal increases muscle glycogen storage at rest but augments its utilization during subsequent exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2005; 99:707-14. [PMID: 15831796 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01261.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of preexercise breakfast containing high- and low-glycemic index (GI) carbohydrate (CHO) (2.5g CHO/kg body mass) on muscle glycogen metabolism. On two occasions, 14 days apart, seven trained men ran at 71% maximal oxygen uptake for 30 min on a treadmill. Three hours before exercise, in a randomized order, subjects consumed either isoenergetic high- (HGI) or low-GI (LGI) CHO breakfasts that provided (per 70 kg body mass) 3.43 MJ energy, 175 g CHO, 21 g protein, and 4 g fat. The incremental areas under the 3-h plasma glucose and serum insulin response curves after the HGI meal were 3.9- (P < 0.05) and 1.4-fold greater (P < 0.001), respectively, than those after the LGI meal. During the 3-h postprandial period, muscle glycogen concentration increased by 15% (P < 0.05) after the HGI meal but remained unchanged after the LGI meal. Muscle glycogen utilization during exercise was greater in the HGI (129.1 +/- 16.1 mmol/kg dry mass) compared with the LGI (87.9 +/- 15.1 mmol/kg dry mass; P < 0.01) trial. Although the LGI meal contributed less CHO to muscle glycogen synthesis in the 3-h postprandial period compared with the HGI meal, a sparing of muscle glycogen utilization during subsequent exercise was observed in the LGI trial, most likely as a result of better maintained fat oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiou-Liang Wee
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK
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Shearer J, Graham TE. Novel Aspects of Skeletal Muscle Glycogen and Its Regulation During Rest and Exercise. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2004; 32:120-6. [PMID: 15243208 DOI: 10.1097/00003677-200407000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although it is often viewed as a homogenous substrate, glycogen is comprised of individual granules or 'glycosomes' that vary in their composition, subcellular localization, and metabolism. These differences result in additional levels of regulation allowing granules to be regulated individually or regionally within the cell during both rest and exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Shearer
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Battram DS, Shearer J, Robinson D, Graham TE. Caffeine ingestion does not impede the resynthesis of proglycogen and macroglycogen after prolonged exercise and carbohydrate supplementation in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2003; 96:943-50. [PMID: 14617526 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00745.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of caffeine (Caf) ingestion on pro- (PG) and macroglycogen (MG) resynthesis in 10 healthy men. Subjects completed two trials, consisting of a glycogen-depleting exercise, while ingesting either Caf or placebo capsules. Throughout recovery, biopsies were taken at 0 (exhaustion), 30, 120, and 300 min, and 75 g of carbohydrate were ingested at 0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 min. Whereas Caf ingestion resulted in a higher blood glucose concentration and decreased glycogen synthase fractional velocity (P <or= 0.05), no effect was observed in either the amount or rate of PG and MG resynthesis. PG concentration increased significantly at each time point during recovery, whereas MG concentration remained unchanged until 120 min. The net rate of PG resynthesis was 115 mmol x kg dw(-1) x h(-1) during the first 30 min of recovery, and then it significantly decreased by 62% throughout the remaining 4.5 h of recovery. The net rate of MG resynthesis was 77% lower than the net rate of PG resynthesis during the first 30 min of recovery and remained constant throughout 5 h of recovery despite increasing levels of insulin. In conclusion, Caf ingestion does not impede the resynthesis of PG or MG after an extensive depletion of muscle glycogen and with the provision of exogenous dietary carbohydrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Battram
- Department of Human Biology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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29
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Rosenvold K, Andersen HJ. Factors of significance for pork quality—a review. Meat Sci 2003; 64:219-37. [DOI: 10.1016/s0309-1740(02)00186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2002] [Revised: 07/08/2002] [Accepted: 07/08/2002] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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30
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Johnson MJ, Lortie G, Simoneau JA, Boulay MR. Glycogen depletion of human skeletal muscle fibers in response to high-frequency electrical stimulation. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY = REVUE CANADIENNE DE PHYSIOLOGIE APPLIQUEE 2003; 28:424-33. [PMID: 12955869 DOI: 10.1139/h03-031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the pattern of change in muscular glycogen content in response to high-frequency electrical stimulation (HFES). Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis muscle of 7 healthy young men before, 15 min after, and 30 min after electrical stimulation delivered at a 50-Hz frequency (15 s on, 45 s off) at an intensity of 100 mA. The glycogen content of type I, IIA, and IIB muscle fibres was evaluated using microphotometry of periodic acid Schiff (PAS) stained fibres. After 15 min of electrical stimulation, the glycogen content in type I, IIA, and IIB muscle fibres significantly decreased from 113 +/- 10 (mean +/- SE) to 103 +/- 10 (p < or = 0.05), 129 +/- 9 to 102 +/- 12 (p < or = 0.01), and 118 +/- 8 to 90 +/- 13 (p < or = 0.01) arbitrary relative units, respectively. No further decrement in glycogen content was observed in all three fibre types following an additional 15 min of HFES. In addition, isometric force decreased by approximately 50%, from 125.9 +/- 20.0 N to 64.2 +/- 7.7 N (p < or = 0.01), during the first 15 contractions. No further decrease in isometric force was observed following an additional 15 contractions of HFES. These results reveal that significant reductions in isometric force of knee extensor muscles and glycogen content of all human skeletal muscle fibre types in vastus lateralis muscle are observable after 15 min of neuromuscular high-frequency transcutaneous electrical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel J Johnson
- Dept. of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Ste-Foy Quebec, G1K 7P4
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31
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Rosenvold K, Essén-Gustavsson B, Andersen HJ. Dietary manipulation of pro- and macroglycogen in porcine skeletal muscle. J Anim Sci 2003; 81:130-4. [PMID: 12597382 DOI: 10.2527/2003.811130x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate how feeding-induced changes in muscle glycogen stores affect the ratio of between the glycogen pools, pro- and macroglycogen. Pro- and macroglycogen content were determined in longissumus muscle from slaughter pigs subjected to a feeding strategy known to reduce total glycogen stores. Furthermore, early postslaughter glycolysis of the two glycogen forms was determined. The feeding strategy involved a diet (GLYRED diet) with a low digestible carbohydrate (5%)/high fat (18%) content, which was fed to the pigs the last 3 wk before harvest. A control group was fed a standard pig diet (49% digestible carbohydrate/5% fat). Total glycogen was reduced by 48 micromol/g dry weight (d.w.) in GLYRED pigs during the 3-wk feeding period. This was mainly due to a reduction in macroglycogen of 42 micromol/g d.w. During postmortem glycolysis the proglycogen appeared to be degraded in favor of macroglycogen. Moreover, total glycogen was degraded to a larger extent in muscle from the control pigs compared with muscle from GLYRED pigs. This difference was due to a significantly greater degradation of proglycogen in the control pigs. In conclusion, the results support earlier studies suggesting that proglycogen and macroglycogen are different glycogen pools that have different functions. Furthermore, the results show that the muscle glycogen pools can be manipulated through diet and that proglycogen is degraded in favor of macroglycogen under the anaerobic conditions postmortem.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rosenvold
- Department of Animal Product Quality, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele
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Rosenvold K, Lærke H, Jensen S, Karlsson A, Lundström K, Andersen H. Manipulation of critical quality indicators and attributes in pork through vitamin E supplementation, muscle glycogen reducing finishing feeding and pre-slaughter stress. Meat Sci 2002; 62:485-96. [DOI: 10.1016/s0309-1740(02)00045-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2001] [Revised: 01/24/2002] [Accepted: 01/28/2002] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Prats C, Bernal C, Cadefau JA, Frias J, Tibolla M, Cussó R. Glycogen depletion and resynthesis during 14 days of chronic low-frequency stimulation of rabbit muscle. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1573:68-74. [PMID: 12383944 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(02)00332-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Electro-stimulation alters muscle metabolism and the extent of this change depends on application intensity and duration. The effect of 14 days of chronic electro-stimulation on glycogen turnover and on the regulation of glycogen synthase in fast-twitch muscle was studied. The results showed that macro- and proglycogen degrade simultaneously during the first hour of stimulation. After 3 h, the muscle showed net synthesis, with an increase in the proglycogen fraction. The glycogen content peaked after 4 days of stimulation, macroglycogen being the predominant fraction at that time. Glycogen synthase was determined during electro-stimulation. The activity of this enzyme was measured at low UDPG concentration with either high or low Glu-6-P content. Western blots were performed against glycogen synthase over a range of stimulation periods. Activation of this enzyme was maximum before the net synthesis of glycogen, partial during net synthesis, and low during late synthesis. These observations suggest that the more active, dephosphorylated and very low phosphorylated forms of glycogen synthase may participate in the first steps of glycogen resynthesis before net synthesis is observed, while partially phosphorylated forms are most active during glycogen elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Prats
- Unitat de Bioquímica, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Spain
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Bröjer J, Jonasson R, Schuback K, Essén-Gustavsson B. Pro- and macroglycogenolysis in skeletal muscle during maximal treadmill exercise. Equine Vet J 2002:205-8. [PMID: 12405687 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose was to investigate the degradation of proglycogen and macroglycogen in skeletal muscle during intense exercise. Ten Standardbred trotters performed a maximal treadmill exercise test comprising a warm-up period, an exercise period, starting at 7 m/s with increments of 1 m/s every 60 s until the onset of fatigue (mean +/- s.d. 246 +/- 32 s) and a walking recovery period. Muscle biopsies were taken at rest, immediately after exercise and 15 min postexercise. The exercise caused a marked anaerobic metabolism as shown by the decrease in both muscle ATP and creatine phosphate and increase in muscle lactate. Free muscle glucose increased immediately postexercise and a further increase was noted 15 min later. There was a significant decrease (P<0.05) in proglycogen (57.1 +/- 22.2 mmol/kg dw) and macroglycogen (63.0 +/- 65.5 mmol/kg dw) during exercise. The proglycogen concentration tended to increase 15 min after exercise (19.9 +/- 27.3 mmol/kg dw; P = 0.06). The results from this study demonstrate that both proglycogen and macroglycogen contribute equally to glycogenolysis during intense exercise and suggest that glycogen resynthesis starts in the proglycogen pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bröjer
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala
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Essén-Gustavsson B, Jensen-Waern M. Effect of an endurance race on muscle amino acids, pro- and macroglycogen and triglycerides. Equine Vet J 2002:209-13. [PMID: 12405688 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05420.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Glycogenolysis and lipolysis are essential for energy production in muscle during prolonged exercise but less is known about the role of amino acid metabolism. The aim was to study the effect of an endurance race on pro- and macroglycogen, triglycerides and amino acid concentrations in muscle and on selected blood parameters, especially the amino acid response in the blood during the recovery phase. Seven endurance-trained horses completed a race covering 100-120 km. Blood samples were collected one day before the race, after the finish and 1 and 8 days after the race. Needle biopsy specimens from the gluteus medius muscle were taken on completion of the race and 8 days postrace. The pro- and macroglycogen concentrations were lower and most amino acid concentrations were higher in the muscle after the finish of the race, than 8 days postrace, whereas the triglyceride concentrations did not differ. The concentrations of several amino acids in serum were higher during the recovery phase than before the race. The observed changes suggest that an endurance race influences amino acid metabolism and a net protein degradation may occur that persists during the recovery phase. Furthermore, the results suggest that macroglycogen is utilised to a greater extent than proglycogen during an endurance race. Further research is needed concerning amino acid metabolism during an endurance race as it seems to play an important role both for performance and recovery after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Essén-Gustavsson
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala
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Bröjer JT, Stämpfli HR, Graham TE. Analysis of proglycogen and macroglycogen content in muscle biopsy specimens obtained from horses. Am J Vet Res 2002; 63:570-5. [PMID: 11939321 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine proglycogen (PG) and macroglycogen (MG) content in equine skeletal muscle and to compare 2 analytical methods (acid hydrolysis [AC] and PG plus MG determination) for measurement of total muscle glycogen content (Gly(tot)) in biopsy specimens. SAMPLE POPULATION Muscle biopsy specimens obtained from 41 clinically normal horses. PROCEDURE Forty-five muscle biopsy specimens obtained from the middle gluteal (n = 31) or triceps (14) muscle were analyzed, using AC and MG plus PG determination for Gly(tot). Variability within muscle biopsy specimens for each method was calculated from duplicate analyses of muscle specimens. In a second experiment, variation in MG and PG content between muscle biopsy specimens and the effect of sample collection depth on the concentration of MG and PG in the middle gluteal muscle was evaluated. RESULTS There was a strong correlation (r = 0.99) between Gly(tot) values obtained by use of AC and MG plus PG determination. Coefficients of variation for within- and between-specimen variability of Gly(tot) were approximately 4% for each method. The PG fraction was always in excess of the MG fraction. Biopsy specimens obtained from the superficial part of the middle gluteal muscle contained significantly more Gly(tot) and PG than specimens obtained from deeper parts. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study confirms that MG and PG exist in equine skeletal muscle and can be measured reliably in biopsy samples. This technique could be applied in future studies to investigate glycogen metabolism in exercising horses and horses with glycogen-storage diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan T Bröjer
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Canada
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Aschenbach WG, Suzuki Y, Breeden K, Prats C, Hirshman MF, Dufresne SD, Sakamoto K, Vilardo PG, Steele M, Kim JH, Jing SL, Goodyear LJ, DePaoli-Roach AA. The muscle-specific protein phosphatase PP1G/R(GL)(G(M))is essential for activation of glycogen synthase by exercise. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:39959-67. [PMID: 11522787 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m105518200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In skeletal muscle both insulin and contractile activity are physiological stimuli for glycogen synthesis, which is thought to result in part from the dephosphorylation and activation of glycogen synthase (GS). PP1G/R(GL)(G(M)) is a glycogen/sarcoplasmic reticulum-associated type 1 phosphatase that was originally postulated to mediate insulin control of glycogen metabolism. However, we recently showed (Suzuki, Y., Lanner, C., Kim, J.-H., Vilardo, P. G., Zhang, H., Jie Yang, J., Cooper, L. D., Steele, M., Kennedy, A., Bock, C., Scrimgeour, A., Lawrence, J. C. Jr., L., and DePaoli-Roach, A. A. (2001) Mol. Cell. Biol. 21, 2683-2694) that insulin activates GS in muscle of R(GL)(G(M)) knockout (KO) mice similarly to the wild type (WT). To determine whether PP1G is involved in glycogen metabolism during muscle contractions, R(GL) KO and overexpressors (OE) were subjected to two models of contraction, in vivo treadmill running and in situ electrical stimulation. Both procedures resulted in a 2-fold increase in the GS -/+ glucose-6-P activity ratio in WT mice, but this response was completely absent in the KO mice. The KO mice, which also have a reduced GS activity associated with significantly reduced basal glycogen levels, exhibited impaired maximal exercise capacity, but contraction-induced activation of glucose transport was unaffected. The R(GL) OE mice are characterized by enhanced GS activity ratio and an approximately 3-4-fold increase in glycogen content in skeletal muscle. These animals were able to tolerate exercise normally. Stimulation of GS and glucose uptake following muscle contraction was not significantly different as compared with WT littermates. These results indicate that although PP1G/R(GL) is not necessary for activation of GS by insulin, it is essential for regulation of glycogen metabolism under basal conditions and in response to contractile activity, and may explain the reduced muscle glycogen content in the R(GL) KO mice, despite the normal insulin activation of GS.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Aschenbach
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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