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Ji LL, Fretwell VS, Escamilla A, Yao W, Zhang T, He M, Zhang JQ. An acute exercise at low to moderate intensity attenuated postprandial lipemia and insulin responses. J Exerc Sci Fit 2024; 22:14-22. [PMID: 38021207 PMCID: PMC10663685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2023.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different exercise intensities on postprandial lipemia (PHTG) and insulin resistance in healthy individuals. Methods Participants were 10 adult males with normal fasting triglyceride (TG) concentrations (age = 34 ± 2.8 y, body mass = 72.9 ± 2.4 kg, fasting plasma TG = 1.36 ± 0.18 mmol/l, VO2max = 43.7 ± 3.0 ml/kg/min, fasting glucose = 5.2 ± 0.2 mmol/l and fasting Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA2-IR) = 1.7 ± 0.3). In this study, each participant performed a control trial (Ctr, no exercise), and 3 exercise trials at 40 % (40%T), 60 % (60%T), and 70 % (70%T) of their VO2max. In the exercise trials, participant jogged on a treadmill for 1 h at a designated intensity. A fat-rich meal was consumed by each participant 12 h after exercise. Blood samples were taken at 0 h (before the meal), and 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, and 24 h after the meal. The plasma TG, area score under TG concentration curve over an 8 h-period (TG tAUC) after the meal, and HOMA2-IR were analyzed. Results Our results showed that at 2 h, 4 h, and 6 h after the meal, TG in all exercise trials were lower than Ctr (p < 0.05) but did not differ from each other. All the exercise trials were lower in TG tAUC scores than Ctr (p < 0.02), but differences were not observed among the exercise trials. In comparison to Ctr, a significant difference in HOMA2-IR in both 60 % T and 70 % T (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively) was observed, but not in 40 % T. Conclusion The results suggest that exercising at low to moderate exercise intensity for 1 h sufficiently attenuates a fat meal induced PHTG. Moderate exercise intensity also effectively mitigates insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa L. Ji
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
| | - Vicki S. Fretwell
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
| | - Abel Escamilla
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
| | - Wanxiang Yao
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
| | - Tianou Zhang
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
| | - Meizi He
- Department of Public Health, The University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
| | - John Q. Zhang
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
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2
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Martínez-Montoro JI, Benítez-Porres J, Tinahones FJ, Ortega-Gómez A, Murri M. Effects of exercise timing on metabolic health. Obes Rev 2023; 24:e13599. [PMID: 37416977 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome is associated with major health and socioeconomic consequences. Currently, physical exercise, together with dietary interventions, is the mainstay of the treatment of obesity and related metabolic complications. Although exercise training includes different modalities, with variable intensity, duration, volume, or frequency, which may have a distinct impact on several characteristics related to metabolic syndrome, the potential effects of exercise timing on metabolic health are yet to be fully elucidated. Remarkably, promising results with regard to this topic have been reported in the last few years. Similar to other time-based interventions, including nutritional therapy or drug administration, time-of-day-based exercise may become a useful approach for the management of metabolic disorders. In this article, we review the role of exercise timing in metabolic health and discuss the potential mechanisms that could drive the metabolic-related benefits of physical exercise performed in a time-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ignacio Martínez-Montoro
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma Bionand, Málaga, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Benítez-Porres
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma Bionand, Málaga, Spain
- Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco J Tinahones
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma Bionand, Málaga, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Ortega-Gómez
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma Bionand, Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mora Murri
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma Bionand, Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Heart Area Clinical Management Unit, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
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3
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Alvarez-Jimenez L, Moreno-Cabañas A, Ramirez-Jimenez M, Morales-Palomo F, Ortega JF, Mora-Rodriguez R. Effectiveness of statins vs. exercise on reducing postprandial hypertriglyceridemia in dyslipidemic population: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2022; 11:567-577. [PMID: 34298253 PMCID: PMC9532610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals at risk of suffering cardiovascular disease (CVD) present with larger increases in blood triglyceride (TG) concentration after a high-fat meal than do healthy individuals. These postprandial hypertriglyceride levels are an independent risk factor for CVD. Prescription of statins and a bout of prolonged exercise are both effective in lowering postprandial hypertriglyceride levels. We aimed to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of statins vs. a bout of aerobic exercise in reducing fasting and postprandial TG (PPTG) concentrations in individuals at high risk of developing CVD. METHODS Thirty-seven studies from a systematic literature search of the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were included in this review. The selected studies conducted trials involving statin therapy (n = 20) or a bout of aerobic exercise (n = 19) and measured their impact on PPTG levels as the outcome. Two studies analyzed both treatments and were included in duplicate. The meta-analysis was constructed using a random-effects model to calculate the mean difference (MD). The Student t test was used to compare the data sets for statins vs. exercise. RESULTS Overall, statin and exercise interventions showed similar reductions in PPTG levels, with an MD of -0.65 mmol/L for statins (95% confidence interval (95%CI): -0.54 to -0.77; p < 0.001) and -0.46 mmol/L for exercise (95%CI: -0.21 to -0.71; p < 0.01). However, statins lowered fasting TG levels more than exercise (MD = -1.54 mmol/L, 95%CI: -2.25 to -0.83; p = 0.009). CONCLUSION Although aerobic exercise is effective in lowering blood TG levels, statins seem to be more efficient, especially in the fasted state. A combination of exercise and statins might reveal a valuable approach to the treatment and prevention of CVD. More studies are required to determine the underlying mechanisms and the possible additive effects of these interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Alvarez-Jimenez
- Exercise Physiology Lab at Toledo, Sports Science Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo 45004, Spain
| | - Alfonso Moreno-Cabañas
- Exercise Physiology Lab at Toledo, Sports Science Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo 45004, Spain
| | - Miguel Ramirez-Jimenez
- Exercise Physiology Lab at Toledo, Sports Science Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo 45004, Spain
| | - Felix Morales-Palomo
- Exercise Physiology Lab at Toledo, Sports Science Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo 45004, Spain
| | - Juan F Ortega
- Exercise Physiology Lab at Toledo, Sports Science Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo 45004, Spain
| | - Ricardo Mora-Rodriguez
- Exercise Physiology Lab at Toledo, Sports Science Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo 45004, Spain.
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Effect of Prior Exercise on Postprandial Lipemia: An Updated Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2022; 32:501-518. [PMID: 36028221 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2022-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this systematic review was to synthesize the results from current literature examining the effects of prior exercise on the postprandial triglyceride (TG) response to evaluate current literature and provide future direction. A quantitative review was performed using meta-analytic methods to quantify individual effect sizes. A moderator analysis was performed to investigate potential variables that could influence the effect of prior exercise on postprandial TG response. Two hundred and seventy-nine effects were retrieved from 165 studies for the total TG response and 142 effects from 87 studies for the incremental area under the curve TG response. There was a moderate effect of exercise on the total TG response (Cohen's d = -0.47; p < .0001). Moderator analysis revealed exercise energy expenditure significantly moderated the effect of prior exercise on the total TG response (p < .0001). Exercise modality (e.g., cardiovascular, resistance, combination of both cardiovascular and resistance, or standing), cardiovascular exercise type (e.g., continuous, interval, concurrent, or combined), and timing of exercise prior to meal administration significantly affected the total TG response (p < .001). Additionally, exercise had a moderate effect on the incremental area under the curve TG response (Cohen's d = -0.40; p < .0001). The current analysis reveals a more homogeneous data set than previously reported. The attenuation of postprandial TG appears largely dependent on exercise energy expenditure (∼2 MJ) and the timing of exercise. The effect of prior exercise on the postprandial TG response appears to be transient; therefore, exercise should be frequent to elicit an adaptation.
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Newman JW, Krishnan S, Borkowski K, Adams SH, Stephensen CB, Keim NL. Assessing Insulin Sensitivity and Postprandial Triglyceridemic Response Phenotypes With a Mixed Macronutrient Tolerance Test. Front Nutr 2022; 9:877696. [PMID: 35634390 PMCID: PMC9131925 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.877696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of meal challenge tests to assess postprandial responses in carbohydrate and fat metabolism is well established in clinical nutrition research. However, challenge meal compositions and protocols remain a variable. Here, we validated a mixed macronutrient tolerance test (MMTT), containing 56-g palm oil, 59-g sucrose, and 26-g egg white protein for the parallel determination of insulin sensitivity and postprandial triglyceridemia in clinically healthy subjects. The MMTT was administered in two study populations. In one, women with overweight/obese BMIs (n = 43) involved in an 8-week dietary intervention were administered oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) and MMTTs within 2 days of each other after 0, 2, and 8 weeks of the dietary intervention. In the other, 340 men and women between 18 and 64 years of age, with BMI from 18–40 kg/m2, completed the MMTT as part of a broad nutritional phenotyping effort. Postprandial blood collected at 0, 0.5, 3, and 6 h was used to measure glucose, insulin, and clinical lipid panels. The MMTT postprandial insulin-dependent glucose disposal was evaluated by using the Matsuda Index algorithm and the 0- and 3 h blood insulin and glucose measures. The resulting MMTT insulin sensitivity index (ISIMMTT) was strongly correlated (r = 0.77, p < 0.001) with the OGTT-dependent 2 h composite Matsuda index (ISIComposite), being related by the following equation: Log (ISIComposite) = [0.8751 x Log(ISIMMTT)] –0.2115. An area under the triglyceride excursion curve >11.15 mg/mL h–1 calculated from the 0, 3, and 6 h blood draws established mild-to-moderate triglyceridemia in agreement with ∼20% greater prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia than fasting indications. We also demonstrated that the product of the 0 to 3 h and 3 to 6 h triglyceride rate of change as a function of the triglyceride incremental area under the curve optimally stratified subjects by postprandial response patterns. Notably, ∼2% of the population showed minimal triglyceride appearance by 6 h, while ∼25% had increasing triglycerides through 6 h. Ultimately, using three blood draws, the MMTT allowed for the simultaneous determination of insulin sensitivity and postprandial triglyceridemia in individuals without clinically diagnosed disease.Clinical Trial Registration[https://clinicaltrials.gov/], identifier [NCT02298725; NCT02367287].
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Newman
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: John W. Newman,
| | - Sridevi Krishnan
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Kamil Borkowski
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sean H. Adams
- Department of Surgery, Davis School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
- Center for Alimentary and Metabolic Science, Davis School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Charles B. Stephensen
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Nancy L. Keim
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Ismail AMA. Metabolic syndrome components response to the conducted 16-week randomised-controlled training trial on an elliptical trainer. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOTHERAPY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/21679169.2021.2022756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mohamed Ali Ismail
- Department of Physical Therapy for Cardiovascular/Respiratory Disorder and Geriatrics, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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7
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Ribeiro H, Ferreira C, Brito C, Franca N, Nóbrega O, Ferreira A. The attenuation of postprandial lipemia by aerobic exercise depends on allelic variations of the Apolipoprotein B gene. Sci Sports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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FARROW MATTHEWT, MAHER JENNIFERL, NIGHTINGALE TOME, THOMPSON DYLAN, BILZON JAMESLJ. A Single Bout of Upper-Body Exercise Has No Effect on Postprandial Metabolism in Persons with Chronic Paraplegia. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:1041-1049. [PMID: 33560775 PMCID: PMC8048731 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The acute effects of a single bout of upper-body exercise on postprandial metabolism in persons with spinal cord injury are currently not well understood. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a single bout of upper-body high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) in comparison with a no-exercise control (REST) condition on postprandial metabolic responses in persons with chronic paraplegia. METHODS Ten participants (eight males, two females; age, 49 ± 10 yr; time since injury, 22 ± 13 yr) with chronic paraplegia took part in a randomized crossover study, consisting of three trials: HIIE (8 × 60 s at 70% peak power output [PPEAK]), MICE (25 min at 45% PPEAK), and REST, at least 3 d apart. Exercise was performed in the fasted state, and participants consumed a mixed-macronutrient liquid meal 1-h postexercise. Venous blood and expired gas samples were collected at regular intervals for 6-h postmeal consumption. RESULTS There were no significant differences in postprandial incremental area under the curve for triglycerides (P = 0.59) or glucose (P = 0.56) between conditions. Insulin incremental area under the curve tended to be lower after MICE (135 ± 85 nmol·L-1 per 360 min) compared with REST (162 ± 93 nmol·L-1 per 360 min), but this did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.06, d = 0.30). Participants reported a greater fondness (P = 0.04) and preference for HIIE over MICE. CONCLUSIONS After an overnight fast, a single bout of upper-body exercise before eating has no effect on postprandial metabolism in persons with chronic paraplegia, irrespective of exercise intensity. This suggests that alternative exercise strategies may be required to stimulate postprandial substrate oxidation for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- MATTHEW T. FARROW
- Department for Health, Centre for Clinical Rehabilitation and Exercise Medicine (CREM), University of Bath, Bath, UNITED KINGDOM
- Department for Health, Centre for Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism (CNEM), University of Bath, Bath, UNITED KINGDOM
- Centre for the Analysis of Motion, Entertainment Research and Applications (CAMERA), University of Bath, Bath, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - JENNIFER L. MAHER
- Department for Health, Centre for Clinical Rehabilitation and Exercise Medicine (CREM), University of Bath, Bath, UNITED KINGDOM
- Department for Health, Centre for Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism (CNEM), University of Bath, Bath, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - TOM E. NIGHTINGALE
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UNITED KINGDOM
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, CANADA
| | - DYLAN THOMPSON
- Department for Health, Centre for Clinical Rehabilitation and Exercise Medicine (CREM), University of Bath, Bath, UNITED KINGDOM
- Department for Health, Centre for Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism (CNEM), University of Bath, Bath, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - JAMES L. J. BILZON
- Department for Health, Centre for Clinical Rehabilitation and Exercise Medicine (CREM), University of Bath, Bath, UNITED KINGDOM
- Department for Health, Centre for Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism (CNEM), University of Bath, Bath, UNITED KINGDOM
- Centre for the Analysis of Motion, Entertainment Research and Applications (CAMERA), University of Bath, Bath, UNITED KINGDOM
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Abstract
Hypertriglyceridemia is one of the most common lipid abnormalities encountered in clinical practice. Many monogenic disorders causing severe hypertriglyceridemia have been identified, but in most patients triglyceride elevations result from a combination of multiple genetic variations with small effects and environmental factors. Common secondary causes include obesity, uncontrolled diabetes, alcohol misuse, and various commonly used drugs. Correcting these factors and optimizing lifestyle choices, including dietary modification, is important before starting drug treatment. The goal of drug treatment is to reduce the risk of pancreatitis in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia and cardiovascular disease in those with moderate hypertriglyceridemia. This review discusses the various genetic and acquired causes of hypertriglyceridemia, as well as current management strategies. Evidence supporting the different drug and non-drug approaches to treating hypertriglyceridemia is examined, and an easy to adopt step-by-step management strategy is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinaya Simha
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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10
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Davitt P, Henderson G, Walker A, Arent S. Postprandial hormone response after endurance or resistance exercise in obese women. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/cep170008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Physiological changes with endurance exercise (EE) and resistance training (RT) are likely influenced by the metabolic and hormonal response to each exercise bout, but may be blunted in obese individuals. To compare acute effects of EE, RT, and a control upon hormonal changes in obese women, sedentary, obese women (n=12) participated in a randomised crossover-design study on 3 occasions. EE consisted of treadmill walking (65% VO2max for 1 h). A total-body RT workout consisted of 3 sets of 10 repetitions, 90 s rest for 8 exercises at 90-100% of 10RM. Blood samples were taken 30 min before exercise (0 min), 30 min post-exercise (120 min), and again at 200, 280, and 520 min to assess changes in growth hormone (GH), cortisol, and insulin throughout the postprandial period. A 20 kcal/kg fat-free mass (FFM) meal was given after post-exercise blood sample. There was a main effect of condition for GH ΔAUC (change in area under the curve), with both RT and EE significantly different from the control (RT = 463.0±138.2; EE = 243.2±131.6; Control = -90.4±157.6 ng/ml * 400 min, P<0.02, Control vs EE, effect size (ES) = 2.3; Control vs RT, ES=3.7; EE vs RT, ES=1.6). There were no condition effects for cortisol or insulin ΔAUC. There were no significant time-by-condition interactions for any variables. In obese women, circulating GH concentration is enhanced in the postprandial state following a single bout of either EE or RT, with the GH response being more robust than cortisol or insulin. As circulating GH has shown to be reduced in obesity, the present observations could be considered beneficial, particularly alongside the absence of enhanced cortisol level after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.M. Davitt
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mercy College, 555 Broadway, Dobbs Ferry, New York 10522, NY, USA
| | - G.C. Henderson
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, 61 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - A.J. Walker
- IFNH Center for Health and Human Performance, Rutgers University, 61 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - S.M. Arent
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, 61 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- IFNH Center for Health and Human Performance, Rutgers University, 61 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Littlefield LA, Papadakis Z, Rogers KM, Moncada-Jiménez J, Taylor JK, Grandjean PW. The effect of exercise intensity and excess postexercise oxygen consumption on postprandial blood lipids in physically inactive men. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:986-993. [PMID: 28558252 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Reductions in postprandial lipemia have been observed following aerobic exercise of sufficient energy expenditure. Increased excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) has been documented when comparing high- versus low-intensity exercise. The contribution of EPOC energy expenditure to alterations in postprandial lipemia has not been determined. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of low- and high-intensity exercise on postprandial lipemia in healthy, sedentary, overweight and obese men (age, 43 ± 10 years; peak oxygen consumption, 31.1 ± 7.5 mL·kg-1·min-1; body mass index, 31.8 ± 4.5 kg/m2) and to determine the contribution of EPOC to reductions in postprandial lipemia. Participants completed 4 conditions: nonexercise control, low-intensity exercise at 40%-50% oxygen uptake reserve (LI), high-intensity exercise at 70%-80% oxygen uptake reserve (HI), and HI plus EPOC re-feeding (HI+EERM), where the difference in EPOC energy expenditure between LI and HI was re-fed in the form of a sports nutrition bar (Premier Nutrition Corp., Emeryville, Calif., USA). Two hours following exercise participants ingested a high-fat (1010 kcals, 99 g sat fat) test meal. Blood samples were obtained before exercise, before the test meal, and at 2, 4, and 6 h postprandially. Triglyceride incremental area under the curve was significantly reduced following LI, HI, and HI+EERM when compared with nonexercise control (p < 0.05) with no differences between the exercise conditions (p > 0.05). In conclusions, prior LI and HI exercise equally attenuated postprandial triglyceride responses to the test meal. The extra energy expended during EPOC does not contribute significantly to exercise energy expenditure or to reductions in postprandial lipemia in overweight men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel A Littlefield
- a College of Health and Human Sciences, Health, Human Performance, and Recreation (HHPR), One Bear Place no. 97313, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Zacharias Papadakis
- a College of Health and Human Sciences, Health, Human Performance, and Recreation (HHPR), One Bear Place no. 97313, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Katie M Rogers
- a College of Health and Human Sciences, Health, Human Performance, and Recreation (HHPR), One Bear Place no. 97313, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - José Moncada-Jiménez
- b Department of Human Movement Sciences, Human Movement Sciences Research Center, University of Costa Rica, PO Box 239-1200, San José, Costa Rica
| | - J Kyle Taylor
- c Medical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Auburn University Montgomery, PO Box 244023, Montgomery, AL 36124, USA
| | - Peter W Grandjean
- a College of Health and Human Sciences, Health, Human Performance, and Recreation (HHPR), One Bear Place no. 97313, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
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Lopes Krüger R, Costa Teixeira B, Boufleur Farinha J, Cauduro Oliveira Macedo R, Pinto Boeno F, Rech A, Lopez P, Silveira Pinto R, Reischak-Oliveira A. Effect of exercise intensity on postprandial lipemia, markers of oxidative stress, and endothelial function after a high-fat meal. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41:1278-1284. [PMID: 27841024 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 2 different exercise intensities on postprandial lipemia, oxidative stress markers, and endothelial function after a high-fat meal (HFM). Eleven young men completed 2-day trials in 3 conditions: rest, moderate-intensity exercise (MI-Exercise) and heavy-intensity exercise (HI-Exercise). Subjects performed an exercise bout or no exercise (Rest) on the evening of day 1. On the morning of day 2, an HFM was provided. Blood was sampled at fasting (0 h) and every hour from 1 to 5 h during the postprandial period for triacylglycerol (TAG), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), and nitrite/nitrate (NOx) concentrations. Flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) was also analyzed. TAG concentrations were reduced in exercise conditions compared with Rest during the postprandial period (P < 0.004). TAG incremental area under the curve (iAUC) was smaller after HI-Exercise compared with Rest (P = 0.012). TBARS concentrations were reduced in MI-Exercise compared with Rest (P < 0.041). FMD was higher in exercise conditions than Rest at 0 h (P < 0.02) and NOx concentrations were enhanced in MI-Exercise compared with Rest at 0 h (P < 0.01). These results suggest that acute exercise can reduce lipemia after an HFM. However, HI-Exercise showed to be more effective in reducing iAUC TAG, which might suggest higher protection against postprandial TAG enhancement. Conversely, MI-Exercise can be beneficial to attenuate the susceptibility of oxidative damage induced by an HFM and to increase endothelial function in the fasted state compared with Rest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Lopes Krüger
- a Program of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance (ESEFID), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90690-200, Brazil.,b Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Bruno Costa Teixeira
- a Program of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance (ESEFID), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90690-200, Brazil.,c Physical Education School, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões, 3149 José Bonifácio Street, São Luiz Gonzaga, Rio Grande do Sul 97800-000, Brazil
| | - Juliano Boufleur Farinha
- a Program of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance (ESEFID), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90690-200, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Cauduro Oliveira Macedo
- a Program of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance (ESEFID), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90690-200, Brazil
| | - Francesco Pinto Boeno
- a Program of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance (ESEFID), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90690-200, Brazil
| | - Anderson Rech
- a Program of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance (ESEFID), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90690-200, Brazil
| | - Pedro Lopez
- a Program of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance (ESEFID), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90690-200, Brazil
| | - Ronei Silveira Pinto
- a Program of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance (ESEFID), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90690-200, Brazil
| | - Alvaro Reischak-Oliveira
- a Program of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance (ESEFID), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90690-200, Brazil
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Rudman SM, Gray KP, Batista JL, Pitt MJ, Giovannucci EL, Harper PG, Loda M, Mucci LA, Sweeney CJ. Risk of prostate cancer-specific death in men with baseline metabolic aberrations treated with androgen deprivation therapy for biochemical recurrence. BJU Int 2016; 118:919-926. [PMID: 26805930 DOI: 10.1111/bju.13428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the associations of host metabolic factors and metabolic syndrome on prostate cancer-specific death (PCSD) and overall survival (OS) in patients treated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for biochemically recurrent disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS The analysis included 273 patients with prostate cancer treated with ADT for rising prostate-specific antigen level after surgery or radiotherapy. Patients were assessed for the presence of diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and obesity before commencing ADT, and Adult Treatment Panel III criteria were used to assess the presence of the composite diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. A competing risks regression model was used to assess associations of time to PCSD with the metabolic conditions, while a multivariable Cox regression model was used to assess associations of OS with metabolic syndrome and metabolic conditions. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 11.6 years, 157 patients (58%) died, of whom 58 (21%) died from prostate cancer. At the start of ADT the median (range) patient age was 74 (46-92) years and the median PSA level was 3.0 ng/mL. Metabolic syndrome was observed in 31% of patients; hypertension (68%) and dyslipidaemia (47%) were the most common metabolic conditions. No association of PCSD and metabolic syndrome status was observed. Patients with hypertension tended to have a higher cumulative incidence of PCSD than those without hypertension (sub-distribution hazard ratio [HR] 1.59, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.89, 2.84; P = 0.11) although the difference was not statistically significant. Patients with metabolic syndrome had an increased risk of death from all causes (HR 1.56, 95% CI 1.07, 2.29; P = 0.02) when compared with patients without metabolic syndrome, as did patients with hypertension (HR 1.72, 95% CI 1.18, 2.49; P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS No association of PCSD and metabolic syndrome was observed in this cohort of men receiving ADT for biochemically recurrent prostate cancer. Metabolic syndrome was associated with an increased risk of death from all causes and a similar effect was also observed for patients with prostate cancer with hypertension alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Rudman
- Department of Oncology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Kathryn P Gray
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julie L Batista
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael J Pitt
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter G Harper
- Department of Oncology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Massimo Loda
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lorelei A Mucci
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher J Sweeney
- Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Nellemann B, Christensen B, Vissing K, Thams L, Sieljacks P, Larsen MS, Jørgensen JOL, Nielsen S. Ten weeks of aerobic training does not result in persistent changes in VLDL triglyceride turnover or oxidation in healthy men. Eur J Endocrinol 2014; 171:603-13. [PMID: 25117466 DOI: 10.1530/eje-14-0333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Very low density lipoprotein triglyceride (VLDL-TG) and free fatty acids (FFA) constitute a substantial proportion of human energy supply both at rest and during exercise. Exercise acutely decreases VLDL-TG concentration, and VLDL-TG clearance is increased after an exercise bout. However, the effects of long-term training are not clear. DESIGN The aim was to investigate long-term effects of training by direct assessments of VLDL-TG and palmitate kinetics and oxidation in healthy lean men (n=9) at rest, before and after a 10-week training program, compared with a non-training control group (n=9). METHODS VLDL-TG kinetics were assessed by a primed constant infusion of [1-14C]VLDL-TG, and VLDL-TG oxidation by specific activity (14CO2) in expired air. The metabolic study days were placed 60-72 h after the last exercise bout. RESULTS Palmitate kinetics and oxidation were assessed by a 2 h constant infusion of [9,10-(3)H]palmitate. In the training group (n=9), maximal oxygen uptake increased significantly by ≈20% (P<0.05), and the insulin sensitivity (assessed by the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp) improved significantly (P<0.05). Despite these metabolic improvements, no changes were observed in VLDL-TG secretion, clearance, or oxidation or in palmitate kinetics. CONCLUSION We conclude that 10 weeks of exercise training did not induce changes in VLDL-TG and palmitate kinetics in healthy lean men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitte Nellemann
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, 8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkSection of Sports ScienceDepartment of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Britt Christensen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, 8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkSection of Sports ScienceDepartment of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kristian Vissing
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, 8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkSection of Sports ScienceDepartment of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Line Thams
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, 8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkSection of Sports ScienceDepartment of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter Sieljacks
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, 8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkSection of Sports ScienceDepartment of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mads Sørensen Larsen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, 8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkSection of Sports ScienceDepartment of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens Otto Lunde Jørgensen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, 8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkSection of Sports ScienceDepartment of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren Nielsen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, 8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkSection of Sports ScienceDepartment of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Exercise and dietary-mediated reductions in postprandial lipemia. J Nutr Metab 2014; 2014:902065. [PMID: 25061524 PMCID: PMC4100364 DOI: 10.1155/2014/902065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Postprandial hyperlipemia produces long-term derangements in lipid/lipoprotein metabolism, vascular endothelial dysfunction, hypercoagulability, and sympathetic hyperactivity which are strongly linked to atherogenesis. The purpose of this review is to (1) provide a qualitative analysis of the available literature examining the dysregulation of postprandial lipid metabolism in the presence of obesity, (2) inspect the role of adiposity distribution and sex on postprandial lipid metabolism, and (3) examine the role of energy deficit (exercise- and/or energy restriction-mediated), isoenergetic low-carbohydrate diets, and omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid supplementation on postprandial lipid metabolism. We conclude from the literature that central adiposity primarily accounts for sex-related differences in postprandial lipemia and that aerobic exercise attenuates this response in obese or lean men and women to a similar extent through potentially unique mechanisms. In contrast, energy restriction produces only mild reductions in postprandial lipemia suggesting that exercise may be superior to energy restriction alone as a strategy for lowering postprandial lipemia. However, isoenergetic very low-carbohydrate diets and n-3 fatty acid supplementation reduce postprandial lipemia indicating that macronutrient manipulations reduce postprandial lipemia in the absence of energy restriction. Therefore, interactions between exercise/energy restriction and alterations in macronutrient content remain top priorities for the field to identify optimal behavioral treatments to reduce postprandial lipemia.
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Heden TD, Liu Y, Kearney ML, Park Y, Dellsperger KC, Thomas TR, Kanaley JA. Prior exercise and postprandial incretin responses in lean and obese individuals. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 45:1897-905. [PMID: 23559122 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318294b225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) help regulate postprandial triacylglycerol (TAG) and insulin concentrations, but the effects of acute aerobic exercise on GLP-1 or GIP responses are unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine whether reductions in postprandial TAG and insulin with exercise are associated with GLP-1 and GIP responses. METHODS Thirteen normal-weight (NW) and 13 obese (Ob) individuals participated in two, 4-d trials in random order including an exercise (EX) and a no exercise (NoEX) trial. Diet was controlled during both trials. The EX trial consisted of 1 h of treadmill walking (55%-60% of V˙O2peak) during the evening of day 3 of the trial, 12 h before a 4-h mixed meal test on day 4, during which frequent blood samples were collected to assess postprandial lipemia, glycemia, insulin, C-peptide, GIP, and GLP-1 responses. Insulin secretion was estimated using the insulinogenic index, and insulin clearance was estimated using the ratio of insulin to C-peptide. RESULTS Postprandial TAG were 29% lower after EX in Ob individuals (P < 0.05) but were not significantly altered in NW individuals (P > 0.05). The drop in postprandial HDL cholesterol was attenuated with EX in Ob individuals (P < 0.05). Insulin responses were 14% lower after EX in Ob individuals (P < 0.05), and this was associated with reduced insulin secretion (P < 0.05), with no change in insulin clearance (P > 0.05). Glucose, C-peptide, GIP, and GLP-1 were not different between trials. CONCLUSION A 1-h bout of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise the night before a mixed meal attenuates TAG and insulin responses in Ob but not NW individuals, an effect not associated with altered GLP-1 or GIP responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Heden
- 1Departments of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO; 2Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO; and 3Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
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Bays HE, Tighe AP, Sadovsky R, Davidson MH. Prescription omega-3 fatty acids and their lipid effects: physiologic mechanisms of action and clinical implications. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 6:391-409. [DOI: 10.1586/14779072.6.3.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Freese EC, Gist NH, Cureton KJ. Effect of prior exercise on postprandial lipemia: an updated quantitative review. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 116:67-75. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00623.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reducing postprandial triglycerides (TG) can lower the risk for cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to perform a meta-analytic review of the literature to estimate the effect of prior exercise on postprandial lipemia. A total of 121 effects were found from 76 studies for the total TG response and 70 effects from 44 studies for the incremental area under the curve (iAUC) TG response. The weighted mean effect was moderate for the total TG response, Cohen's d = −0.60 ( P < 0.0001), and for the iAUC response, Cohen's d = −0.59 ( P < 0.0001). Moderator analysis revealed women exhibited a larger reduction ( P < .01) in the total TG response following exercise ( d = −0.96) than men ( d = −0.57); high-intensity interval training induced a larger reduction ( P < .05) in the iAUC response ( d = −1.49) than aerobic ( d = −0.58) or resistance ( d = −0.13) exercise, and participants maintaining an energy deficit following exercise exhibited a greater reduction in the iAUC response ( d = −0.67) compared with participants in energy balance ( d = −0.28). We conclude that prior acute exercise reduces postprandial lipemia, with the magnitude of effect influenced by sex, type of exercise, and energy deficit following exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C. Freese
- Metabolism and Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Nicholas H. Gist
- Metabolism and Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Kirk J. Cureton
- Metabolism and Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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Henderson GC. Sexual dimorphism in the effects of exercise on metabolism of lipids to support resting metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:162. [PMID: 25339941 PMCID: PMC4188128 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise training is generally a healthful activity and an effective intervention for reducing the risk of numerous chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease and diabetes. This is likely both a result of prevention of weight gain over time and direct effects of exercise on metabolism of lipids and the other macronutrient classes. Importantly, a single bout of exercise can alter lipid metabolism and metabolic rate for hours and even into the day following exercise, so individuals who regularly exercise, even if not performed every single day, overall could experience a substantial change in their resting metabolism that would reduce risk for metabolic diseases. However, resting metabolism does not respond similarly in all individuals to exercise participation, and indeed gender or sex is a major determinant of the response of resting lipid metabolism to prior exercise. In order to fully appreciate the metabolic effects and health benefits of exercise, the differences between men and women must be considered. In this article, the differences in the effects of exercise on resting metabolic rate, fuel selection after exercise, as well as the shuttling of triglyceride and fatty acids between tissues are discussed. Furthermore, concepts related to sex differences in the precision of homeostatic control and sex differences in the integration of metabolism between various organs are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C. Henderson
- Department of Exercise Science, Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- *Correspondence: Gregory C. Henderson, Department of Exercise Science, Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, 70 Lipman Drive, Loree Building, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA e-mail:
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Abstract
This review examines the effect of prior exercise on postprandial triacylglycerol (pTAG) concentrations, an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Numerous studies have shown that a single bout of exercise reduces pTAG concentrations; however, several modulators such as exercise energy expenditure/deficit, mode of exercise (aerobic/resistance/high intensity/intermittent exercise or combinations), type of meal (moderate or high fat), time frame between exercise and meal and target group may individually or in conjunction influence this effect. On the other hand, at least for aerobic exercise, training reduces pTAG concentrations transiently (~2 days); therefore, exercise sessions should be frequent enough to maintain this clinically significant improvement. For the healthy population, it seems that a subject's preference and ability determine which type of exercise to undertake to attenuate pTAG concentrations; an energy expenditure of ~30 kJ/kg of body mass (or ~2-2.5 MJ) not combined with a corresponding increase in energy intake is required; for resistance or intermittent exercise, for those following a moderate rather than a high-fat diet, and for those with obesity (expressed as kJ/kg of body mass), a smaller energy expenditure is probably sufficient. More studies are needed to investigate dose-response/plateau effects, as well as the threshold of energy expenditure in those with diabetes mellitus and other high-risk populations. Finally, investigation of the underlying mechanisms may be clinically helpful in individualizing the appropriate intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I. Maraki
- Laboratory of Nutrition & Clinical Dietetics, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Labros S. Sidossis
- Laboratory of Nutrition & Clinical Dietetics, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sealy Center on Aging, Institute for Translational Sciences and Shriners Hospital for Children, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX, USA
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Ferreira AP, Ferreira CB, Brito CJ, Souza VC, Córdova C, Nóbrega OT, França NM. The effect of aerobic exercise intensity on attenuation of postprandial lipemia is dependent on apolipoprotein E genotype. Atherosclerosis 2013; 229:139-44. [PMID: 23642733 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of aerobic exercise intensity on postprandial lipemia according to allelic variants of the apolipoprotein E gene. METHODS Three groups of 10 healthy men each were formed based genotyping of the APOE gene, rested or performed 500 Kcal tests in a random sequence separated by a minimum 48 h interval, as follows: (a) no exercise (control), (b) intense intermittent exercise, (c) moderate continuous exercise. Each test series was completed 30-min before ingestion of a high-fat meal (1 g fat/kg). Venous blood was collected before and at 1, 2, 3 and 4 h after the high-fat meal. Postprandial lipemia was assessed using the area under the curve approach as well as the kinetic profile of mean lipid variables. Statistical significance was adopted at P ≤ 0.05 level. RESULTS The main results show that, in the moderate continuous exercise, total postprandial cholesterolemia was higher in ɛ4 than in ɛ2 carriers, whereas under intense intermittent exercise, total and LDL cholesterolemia were higher in ɛ4 than in ɛ2 and ɛ3 carriers. There was no difference in the lipemic profile of the subjects across APOE genotypes at baseline. CONCLUSION Moderate and intense exercise were effective in attenuating PPL in both ɛ2 and ɛ3 subjects, with ɛ2 subjects being more susceptible to the lipid lowering effect of moderate training than ɛ3 subjects. Carriers of the ɛ4 allele, however, showed no attenuation of postprandial lipemia.
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Davitt PM, Arent SM, Tuazon MA, Golem DL, Henderson GC. Postprandial triglyceride and free fatty acid metabolism in obese women after either endurance or resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 114:1743-54. [PMID: 23580597 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00095.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of two exercise modalities on postprandial triglyceride (TG) and free fatty acid (FFA) metabolism. Sedentary, obese women were studied on three occasions in randomized order: endurance exercise for 60 min at 60-65% aerobic capacity (E), ~60 min high-intensity resistance exercise (R), and a sedentary control trial (C). After exercise, a liquid-mixed meal containing [U-(13)C]palmitate was consumed, and subjects were studied over 7 h. Isotopic enrichment (IE) of plasma TG, plasma FFA, and breath carbon dioxide compared with meal IE indicated the contribution of dietary fat to each pool. Total and endogenously derived plasma TG content was reduced significantly in both E and R compared with C (P < 0.05), with no effect of exercise on circulating exogenous (meal-derived) TG content. Exogenous plasma FFA content was increased significantly following both E and R compared with C (P < 0.05), whereas total and endogenous FFA concentrations were elevated only in E (P < 0.05) compared with C. Fatty acid (FA) oxidation rates were increased significantly after E and R compared with C (P < 0.05), with no difference between exercise modalities. The present results indicate that E and R may be equally effective in reducing postprandial plasma TG concentration and enhancing lipid oxidation when the exercise sessions are matched for duration rather than for energy expenditure. Importantly, tracer results indicated that the reduction in postprandial lipemia after E and R exercise bouts is not achieved by enhanced clearance of dietary fat but rather, is achieved by reduced abundance of endogenous FA in plasma TG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Davitt
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
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Trombold JR, Christmas KM, Machin DR, Kim IY, Coyle EF. Acute high-intensity endurance exercise is more effective than moderate-intensity exercise for attenuation of postprandial triglyceride elevation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 114:792-800. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01028.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute exercise has been shown to attenuate postprandial plasma triglyceride elevation (PPTG). However, the direct contribution of exercise intensity is less well understood. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of exercise intensity on PPTG and postprandial fat oxidation. One of three experimental treatments was performed in healthy young men ( n = 6): nonexercise control (CON), moderate-intensity exercise (MIE; 50% V̇o2peak for 60 min), or isoenergetic high-intensity exercise (HIE; alternating 2 min at 25% and 2 min at 90% V̇o2peak). The morning after the exercise, a standardized meal was provided (16 kcal/kg BM, 1.02 g fat/kg, 1.36 g CHO/kg, 0.31 g PRO/kg), and measurements of plasma concentrations of triglyceride (TG), glucose, insulin, and β-hydroxybutyrate were made in the fasted condition and hourly for 6 h postprandial. Indirect calorimetry was used to determine fat oxidation in the fasted condition and 2, 4, and 6 h postprandial. Compared with CON, both MIE and HIE significantly attenuated PPTG [incremental AUC; 75.2 (15.5%), P = 0.033, and 54.9 (13.5%), P = 0.001], with HIE also significantly lower than MIE ( P = 0.03). Postprandial fat oxidation was significantly higher in MIE [83.3 (10.6%) of total energy expenditure] and HIE [89.1 (9.8) %total] compared with CON [69.0 (16.1) %total, P = 0.039, and P = 0.018, respectively], with HIE significantly greater than MIE ( P = 0.012). We conclude that, despite similar energy expenditure, HIE was more effective than MIE for lowering PPTG and increasing postprandial fat oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R. Trombold
- The Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Kevin M. Christmas
- The Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Daniel R. Machin
- The Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Il-Young Kim
- The Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Edward F. Coyle
- The Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
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Wagmacker DS, Souza KK, da Graca JV, da Costa Barreto G, Macêdo PCS, Ferreira TF, Ladeia AM. Acute effect of moderate intensity physical exercise on postprandial hyperlipaemia of individuals with central obesity. Health (London) 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2012.412a221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Miyashita M, Sasai H, Tanaka K. Post-prandial capillary triacylglycerol responses to moderate exercise in centrally obese middle-aged men. J Sports Sci 2011; 28:1269-75. [PMID: 20845218 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2010.498485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we wished to determine whether 30 min of moderate-intensity exercise, corresponding to minimal recommended guidelines, attenuates post-prandial capillary triacylglycerol concentrations in obese men. Ten middle-aged, centrally obese men (age 46 +/- 2 years, body mass index 31.6 +/- 1.0 kg · m(-2), waist circumference 104.6 +/- 2.2 cm) completed two 2-day trials (exercise and control) at least one week apart in a randomized, repeated-measures design. On day 1, participants either cycled for 30 min at approximately 60% of maximal heart rate in the afternoon or rested (no exercise). On day 2 of both trials, after a 10-h overnight fast, participants consumed a test meal of moderate fat content (35%) for breakfast. Capillary blood samples were collected in the fasted state (0 h) and at 2, 4, and 6 h post-prandially on day 2. Total area under the capillary triacylglycerol concentration versus time curve was significantly lower on the exercise than control trial (P = 0.023). One 30-min session of moderate-intensity cycling is effective in lowering post-prandial capillary triacylglycerol concentration in obese middle-aged men. These findings may have important implications for exercise recommendations as a means to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease if such exercise is performed for an extended period.
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Miyashita M, Stensel DJ, Burns SF, Sasai H, Tanaka K. The effects of 30min of exercise on cardiovascular disease risk factors in healthy and obese individuals. Atherosclerosis 2011; 216:496-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ferreira AP, Ferreira CB, Souza VCD, Córdova CODA, Silva GCB, Nóbrega ODT, França NMD. The influence of intense intermittent versus moderate continuous exercise on postprandial lipemia. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2011; 66:535-41. [PMID: 21655743 PMCID: PMC3093782 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322011000400003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Postprandial lipemia is characterized by an increased concentration of circulating lipids after fat intake and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Exercise is known to reduce postprandial lipemia and its negative clinical outcomes. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effect of intense intermittent versus moderate continuous exercise using the same energy expenditure in postprandial lipemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty healthy men (aged 21.5 ± 3.5 years) performed a random sequence of either rest or 500 Kcal tests separated by a minimum 48 h interval as follows: (a) no exercise (control), (b) intense intermittent exercise, or (c) moderate continuous exercise. Each test series was completed 30 min before ingestion of a high-fat meal (1 g fat/kg). Venous blood was collected before and at 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours after the high-fat meal. Postprandial lipemia was assessed using the area under the curve approach as well as a kinetic profile of mean lipid variables. Statistical significance was tested at the p<0.05 level. RESULTS With both statistical approaches, intense intermittent and moderate continuous exercises were both effective in reducing postprandial triglycerides; however, only intense intermittent exercise reduced the levels of postprandial very low density lipoprotein. Intense intermittent and continuous exercise produced lower levels of insulinemia using the area under the curve analysis only. CONCLUSION Intense intermittent or continuous exercise with an energy expenditure of 500 kcal completed 30 min before ingestion of high-fat meal reduced postprandial lipid levels to different levels in physically active men. Understanding these relevant differences will enable clinicians to provide the best exercise prescription for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparecido Pimentel Ferreira
- Department of Physical Education, Grupo de Estudos em Fisiologia do Exercício e Saúde, Universidade Paulista, Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil.
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Is the effect of prior exercise on postprandial lipaemia the same for a moderate-fat meal as it is for a high-fat meal? Br J Nutr 2010; 105:506-16. [PMID: 21073762 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510003995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Moderate-intensity exercise can lower the TAG response to a high-fat meal; however, the British diet is moderate in fat, and no study to date has compared the effect of such exercise on responses to high-fat and moderate-fat meals. The present work investigated the effect of brisk walking performed 13 h before intake of both high-fat and moderate-fat meals on postprandial plasma TAG concentrations. Eight inactive, overweight men completed four separate 2 d trials, i.e. rest (Con) or a 90-min treadmill walk (Ex) on the evening of day 1, followed by the ingestion of a moderate-fat (Mod) or high-fat (High) meal on the morning of day 2. High-fat meals contained 66 % of total energy as fat, while the percentage was 35 % for moderate-fat meals; both the meals were, however, isoenergetic. On day 2, venous blood was sampled in the fasted state, 30 and 60 min after ingesting the test meal and then hourly until 6 h post-meal. Exercise reduced plasma TAG concentrations significantly (P < 0·001), with no exercise × meal interaction (P = 0·459). Walking reduced the total TAG response to a high-fat meal by 29 % (relative to High Con); the same bout of exercise performed before ingesting a moderate-fat meal lowered total TAG by 26 % (compared with Mod Con). The ability of a single moderate-intensity aerobic exercise bout to lower postprandial TAG concentrations is just as great, in percentage terms, when the test meal ingested is of a moderate rather than a high fat content.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To present the effect of negative energy balance on postprandial triacylglycerol concentrations (pTAG), an independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. RECENT FINDINGS Aerobic exercise reduces pTAG; however, recent findings confirm that this effect is only evident with an accompanying energy deficit. Moreover, a recent study showed that acute diet-induced energy deficit also reduces pTAG. The extent of energy deficit required to significantly attenuate pTAG depends on the type of given meal, the type of deficit (aerobic/resistance exercise, diet, or combination of diet and exercise), and patients' health status. Apart from the acute effects, prolonged energy deficit leading to moderate weight loss attenuates pTAG, when it is combined with other known hypotriacylglycerolemic agents, such as carbohydrate restriction. SUMMARY For healthy population, it seems that it is up to patient's preference and ability which type of energy deficit will follow to attenuate pTAG; an energy deficit of approximately 30 kJ/kg of body mass is required; for resistance exercise a smaller deficit is probably sufficient. More studies are needed to investigate dose-response/plateau effects, the effects of energy deficit-energy surplus every other day, and the threshold of energy deficit-weight loss in diabetics and other high-risk populations. Finally, investigation of the underlying mechanisms may be clinicall helpful in individualizing the appropriate intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Maraki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sealy Center on Aging, Institute for Translational Sciences and Shriners Burns Institute, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA
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Alhusseini. Effect of Exercise Training on Adiponectin Receptor Expression and Insulin Resistance in Mice Fed a High Fat Diet. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3844/ajbbsp.2010.77.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Weippert M, Kumar M, Kreuzfeld S, Arndt D, Rieger A, Stoll R. Comparison of three mobile devices for measuring R-R intervals and heart rate variability: Polar S810i, Suunto t6 and an ambulatory ECG system. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 109:779-86. [PMID: 20225081 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1415-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The first aim of this study was to compare an ambulatory five-lead ECG system with the commercially available breast belt measuring devices; Polar S810i and Suunto t6, in terms of R-R interval measures and heart rate variability (HRV) indices. The second aim was to compare different HRV spectral analysis methods. Nineteen young males (aged between 22 and 31 years, median 24 years) underwent simultaneous R-R interval recordings with the three instruments during supine and sitting rest, moderate dynamic, and moderate to vigorous static exercise of the upper and lower limb. For each subject, 17 R-R interval series of 3-min length were extracted from the whole recordings and then analyzed in frequency domain using (1) a fast Fourier transform (FFT), (2) an autoregressive model (AR), (3) a Welch periodogram (WP) and (4) a continuous wavelet transform (CWT). Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) and Bland-Altman limits of agreement (LoA) method served as criteria for measurement agreement. Regarding the R-R interval recordings, ICC (lower ICC 95% confidence interval >0.99) as well as LoA (maximum LoA: -15.1 to 14.3 ms for ECG vs. Polar) showed an excellent agreement between all devices. Therefore, the three instruments may be used interchangeably in recording and interpolation of R-R intervals. ICCs for HRV frequency parameters were also high, but in most cases LoA analysis revealed unacceptable discrepancies between the instruments. The agreement among the different frequency transform methods can be taken for granted when analyzing the normalized power in low and high frequency ranges; however, not when analyzing the absolute values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Weippert
- Institute for Preventive Medicine, University of Rostock, St.-Georg-Str. 108, 18055 Rostock, Germany.
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Kraus WE, Slentz CA. Exercise training, lipid regulation, and insulin action: a tangled web of cause and effect. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009; 17 Suppl 3:S21-6. [PMID: 19927141 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2009.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are a strong mediator of coronary artery disease and cardiovascular risk. Although the effects of exercise to improve high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and serum triglycerides (TGs) have been known for some time, the effects of different amounts and intensities of exercise on fasting and postprandial serum lipids are little understood. Normal lipid physiology is perturbed in insulin resistant states, where inhibition of lipolysis is impaired, particularly in the postprandial period when excursions in insulin and serum TGs are particularly high. In our STRRIDE (Studies of a Targeted Risk Reduction Intervention through Defined Exercise) study, three important metabolic cardiovascular risk-related variables were improved more by moderate intensity than vigorous-intensity exercise. Moderate-intensity exercise was significantly more effective at lowering TGs and improving insulin sensitivity than was vigorous exercise. Additionally, a composite score for metabolic syndrome improved significantly with low-amount/moderate, but did not with low-amount/vigorous-intensity exercise. That all three of these strong, independent, cardiovascular risk factors were significantly affected by moderate-intensity exercise suggests that regular walking exercise might be as effective, if not more so, than more vigorous exercise in favorably modifying cardiovascular risk. Despite the impressive effects of regular exercise on fasting lipids and atherogenic dyslipidemia, they are more impressive when compared with the trajectory of changes that occur in individuals that remain inactive, without regular exposure to regular exercise. A scientific priority for future investigations should be to study the independent and combined effects of exercise intensity and amount on exercise responses through a direct comparison between two groups matched on amount but differing in intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Kraus
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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Pafili ZK, Bogdanis GC, Tsetsonis NV, Maridaki M. Postprandial lipemia 16 and 40 hours after low-volume eccentric resistance exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41:375-82. [PMID: 19127187 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31818703ec] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is evidence to suggest that muscle damage caused by resistance exercise (RE) may increase postprandial lipemia (PPL). This study examined PPL for two consecutive days after a protocol of low-volume eccentric RE that caused muscle damage. METHODS Nine healthy, untrained male volunteers aged 27.2 +/- 1.1 yr performed a session of eccentric RE consisting of eight sets of inclined leg presses at six repetition maximum with 3-min rest intervals. A high-fat meal (1.2 g fat, 1.2 g carbohydrate, 0.22 g protein, and 68.6 kJ kg(-1) body mass) was administered 16 h (day 1) and 40 h (day 2) after exercise as well as after an overnight fast with no prior exercise (control condition [C]). Venous blood samples were obtained before and hourly for 6 h after each meal. RESULTS The duration of the exercise session (including rest intervals) was 25.6 +/- 0.2 min, whereas net exercise time was 4.6 +/- 0.2 min. Total energy expenditure was 0.64 +/- 0.04 MJ. Serum creatine kinase and ratings of perceived muscle soreness were significantly elevated on day 1 and peaked on day 2. Triacylglycerol total area under the curve was 12.1% lower on day 1 compared with C (7.51 +/- 0.99 vs. 8.54 +/- 1.07 mmol L(-1) 6h(-1), P < 0.02), whereas no difference existed between C and day 2. Serum insulin incremental area under the curve was significantly elevated on day 2 compared with C, indicating transient insulin resistance. CONCLUSION These results show that low-volume eccentric RE is effective in reducing postprandial triacylglycerol concentration despite the low energy expenditure. Muscle damage does not have a detrimental effect on PPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe K Pafili
- Department of Sports Medicine and Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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Melton CE, Tucker PS, Fisher-Wellman KH, Schilling BK, Bloomer RJ. Acute exercise does not attenuate postprandial oxidative stress in prediabetic women. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2009; 37:27-36. [PMID: 20048485 DOI: 10.3810/psm.2009.04.1680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with impaired lipid and glucose metabolism are at increased risk for postprandial oxidative stress. Acute exercise can attenuate the rise in both blood triglyceride (TAG) and glucose, and increase antioxidant enzyme activity after food intake, which may decrease the oxidative stress response. This study investigated the effect of acute exercise on blood TAG and oxidative stress biomarkers in prediabetic women. Sixteen prediabetic women (30 +/- 3 years of age; fasting blood glucose, 107 +/- 3 mg x dL(-1); body mass index, 32 +/- 2 kg x m(-2)) consumed a high-fat meal with and without a session of aerobic exercise 15 minutes preceding the meal (45-minute duration, 65% heart rate reserve), in a random order cross-over design. Blood samples were collected premeal (fasted) and at 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours postmeal and assayed for Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), xanthine oxidase (XO) activity, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), TAG, and glucose. No interaction or condition main effects were noted (P > 0.05). However, time main effects were noted for XO, H2O2, MDA, and TAG (P < 0.0001), with values higher from 1 to 6 hours postmeal compared with premeal, and for TEAC (P = 0.05), with values lower at 4 hours postmeal. Glucose remained relatively unchanged (P > 0.05). Acute exercise, performed at the intensity and duration of the present study, does not influence postprandial TAG and oxidative stress in obese prediabetic women. Such individuals may need a greater volume of exercise for measurable effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtnee E Melton
- Cardiorespiratory/Metabolic Laboratory, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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Mestek ML, Plaisance EP, Ratcliff LA, Taylor JK, Wee SO, Grandjean PW. Aerobic exercise and postprandial lipemia in men with the metabolic syndrome. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 40:2105-11. [PMID: 18981938 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181822ebd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is currently unclear as to how exercise prescription variables influence attenuations of postprandial lipemia (PPL) in men with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) after exercise. Therefore, the purposes of this investigation were to compare the effects of low- and moderate-intensity exercise and accumulated versus continuous exercise on PPL in males with MetS. METHODS Fourteen males with MetS (waist circumference (WC) = 110.2 +/- 10.9 cm; triglycerides (TG) = 217 +/- 84 mg dL(-1); fasting blood glucose = 105 +/- 7 mg dL(-1); high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) = 44 +/- 7 mg dL(-1); systolic blood pressure (SBP) = 120 +/- 12 mm Hg; diastolic blood pressure (DBP) = 76 +/- 10 mm Hg) completed a control condition consisting of a high-fat meal and blood sampling at 2 h intervals for 6 h. Next, participants completed the following exercise conditions: 1) continuous moderate-intensity (MOD-1), 2) continuous low-intensity (LOW-1), and 3) two accumulated moderate-intensity sessions (MOD-2). The test meal and blood sampling were repeated 12-14 h after exercise. Area under the curve (AUC) scores and temporal postprandial responses were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA for TG and insulin. RESULTS The TG AUC decreased by 27% after LOW-1. TG concentrations were also reduced by 22% and 21% at 4 h postmeal after LOW-1 and MOD-1, yet TG parameters were no different from the control condition after MOD-2 (P < 0.05 for all). CONCLUSION These findings indicate that 500 kcal of continuous aerobic exercise before a meal attenuates PPL in men with MetS. This outcome can be achieved through low- or moderate-intensity exercise performed in a single session. Accumulating moderate-intensity exercise does not appear to effectively modulate PPL in men with MetS.
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Tsekouras YE, Magkos F, Kellas Y, Basioukas KN, Kavouras SA, Sidossis LS. High-intensity interval aerobic training reduces hepatic very low-density lipoprotein-triglyceride secretion rate in men. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 295:E851-8. [PMID: 18664593 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90545.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A single bout of strenuous endurance exercise reduces fasting plasma triglyceride (TG) concentrations the next day (12-24 h later) by augmenting the efficiency of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-TG removal from the circulation. Although much of the hypotriglyceridemia associated with training is attributed to the last bout of exercise, the relevant changes in VLDL-TG metabolism have never been investigated. We therefore examined basal VLDL-TG kinetics in a group of sedentary young men (n=7) who underwent 2 mo of supervised high-intensity interval training (3 sessions/wk; running at 60 and 90% of peak oxygen consumption in 4-min intervals for a total of 32 min; gross energy expenditure: 446+/-29 kcal) and a nonexercising control group (n=8). Each subject completed two stable isotope-labeled tracer infusion studies in the postabsorptive state, once before and again after the intervention (approximately 48 h after the last exercise bout in the training group). Peak oxygen consumption increased by approximately 18% after training (P <or= 0.05), whereas body weight and body composition were not altered. Fasting plasma VLDL-TG concentration was reduced after training by approximately 28% (P <or= 0.05), and this was due to reduced hepatic VLDL-TG secretion rate (by approximately 35%, P <or= 0.05) with no changes (<5%, P>0.7) in VLDL-TG plasma clearance rate and the mean residence time of VLDL-TG in the circulation. No significant changes in VLDL-TG concentration and kinetics were observed in the nonexercising control group (all P >or= 0.3). We conclude that a short period of high-intensity interval aerobic training lowers the rate of VLDL-TG secretion by the liver in previously sedentary men. This is different from the mechanism underlying the hypotriglyceridemia of acute exercise; however, it remains to be established whether our finding reflects an effect of the longer time lapse from the last exercise bout, an effect specific to the type of exercise performed, or an effect of aerobic training itself.
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Exercise of low energy expenditure along with mild energy intake restriction acutely reduces fasting and postprandial triacylglycerolaemia in young women. Br J Nutr 2008; 101:408-16. [PMID: 18570693 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114508012233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A single bout of prolonged, moderate-intensity endurance exercise lowers fasting and postprandial TAG concentrations the next day. However, the TAG-lowering effect of exercise is dose-dependent and does not manifest after light exercise of low energy cost ( < 2 MJ). We aimed to investigate whether superimposing mild energy intake restriction to such exercise, in order to augment total energy deficit, potentiates the hypotriacylglycerolaemic effect. Eight healthy, sedentary, premenopausal women (age 27.1 (sem 1.3) years; BMI 21.8 (sem 0.9) kg/m2) performed two oral fat tolerance tests in the morning on two different occasions: once after a single bout of light exercise (100 min at 30 % of peak oxygen consumption; net energy expenditure 1.04 (sem 0.01) MJ) coupled with mild energy intake restriction (1.39 (sem 0.22) MJ) on the preceding day, and once after resting coupled with isoenergetic feeding on the preceding day (control). Fasting plasma TAG, TAG in the TAG-rich lipoproteins (TRL-TAG) and serum insulin concentrations were 18, 34 and 30 % lower, respectively, after exercise plus diet compared with the control trial (P < 0.05). Postprandial concentrations of plasma TAG and TRL-TAG were 19 and 27 % lower after exercise plus diet compared with the control condition (P < 0.01), whereas postprandial insulin concentrations were not different. It is concluded that a combination of light exercise along with mild hypoenergetic diet may be a practical and feasible intervention to attenuate fasting and postprandial triacylglycerolaemia, especially for people who cannot exercise for prolonged periods of time at moderate-to-high intensities, such as many sedentary individuals.
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